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RobertMuggah_2017G-_城市面临的最大风险—以及解决方案_
So, here's a prediction . 有一个预言是这样的
prediction:n.预报;预言;
If we get our cities right, we just might survive the 21st century. 如果我们搞好了城市 我们就可以平安活过二十一世纪
We get them wrong, and we're done for. 反之,如果我们弄糟了 我们就完蛋了
Cities are the most extraordinary experiment in social engineering that we humans have ever come up with . 在人类目前为止的所有社会工程里 城市是最伟大的尝试
extraordinary:adj.非凡的;特别的;离奇的;临时的;特派的; social engineering:n.社会工程(根据政治信念改造社会); come up with:提出;想出;赶上;
If you live in a city, and even if you live in a slum -- which 20 percent of the world's urban population does -- you're likely to be healthier, wealthier, better educated and live longer than your country cousins. 如果你生活在城市 甚至是和全世界百分之二十的城市人口一样 住在贫民窟里 你都会比别人更加健康,富有,有教养 并且比你那些住在乡村的表亲们长寿
slum:vi.(为猎奇或救济等)去贫民窟;n.贫民窟;陋巷;脏乱的地方; urban:adj.城市的;都市的;城镇的;都市音乐的;
There's a reason why three million people are moving to cities every single week. 每个星期就有三百万的人移居城市 这不是没有原因的
Cities are where the future happens first. 未来的第一步总发生在城市里
They're open, they're creative , they're dynamic , they're democratic , they're cosmopolitan , they're sexy. 这里开放,创新,具有活力,民主 城市是国际化的 让人着迷的
creative:adj.创造性的; dynamic:n.动力; adj.充满活力的; democratic:adj.民主的;民主政治的;大众的; cosmopolitan:adj.世界性的;四海一家的;n.四海为家者;世界主义者;
They're the perfect antidote to reactionary nationalism . 也是反动民族主义的解药
antidote:n.[药]解毒剂;解药;矫正方法; reactionary:adj.保守的,反动的;反动主义的;反对改革的;n.反动分子;反动派;保守派; nationalism:n.民族主义;国家主义;民族特性;
But cities have a dark side. 但是城市有它黑暗的一面
They take up just three percent of the world's surface area, but they account for more than 75 percent of our energy consumption , and they emit 80 percent of our greenhouse gases. 它只占据世界百分之三的面积 但却消耗着百分之七十五的能源 并且产生百分之八十的温室气体
account for:对…负有责任;对…做出解释;说明…的原因;导致;(比例)占; consumption:n.消费;消耗;肺痨; emit:v.发出,射出,散发(光、热、声音、气等); greenhouse:n.温室;暖房;
There are hundreds of thousands of people who die in our cities every single year from violence , and millions more who are killed as a result of car accidents and pollution. 每年有数以千计的人 在城市里死于暴力行为 而死于车祸和污染 更有数百万人
violence:n.暴力;侵犯;激烈;歪曲; as a result:结果;
In Brazil , where I live, we've got 25 of the 50 most homicidal cities on the planet. 我居住在巴西 全球50个谋杀率最高的城市中, 巴西一国占据25个
Brazil:n.巴西(拉丁美洲国家); homicidal:adj.杀人的;行凶的;有杀人嗜好的;杀气腾腾的;
And a quarter of our cities have chronic water shortages -- and this, in a country with 20 percent of the known water reserves . 并且四分之一的城市 有长期水资源短缺的问题 还是在全国百分之二十已知水储量的基础上
chronic:adj.慢性的;长期的;习惯性的; shortages:n.不足,缺乏(shortage的复数形式); reserves:n.[油气]储量; v.储备;
So cities are dual-edged. 所以城市具有两面性
Part of the problem is that, apart from a handful of megacities in the West and the Far East, we don't know that much about the thousands of cities in Africa, in Latin America , in Asia, where 90 percent of all future population growth is set to take place . 其中的问题是 避开人们熟悉的东西方大城市不讲 我们不了解那些 而那里却有未来百分之九十的人口增长
megacities:n.大城市(megacity的复数); Latin America:n.拉丁美洲(以西班牙语或葡萄牙语为主要语言的美洲地区); take place:发生;举行;
So why this knowledge gap ? 为什么会产生这样的知识缺口呢？
gap:n.差距;间隙;缺口;间隔;v.使豁裂;豁开;
Well, part of the problem is that we still see the world through the lens of nation-states . 有一部分原因是 我们还在透过民族国家的视角看世界
lens:n.透镜,镜头;晶状体;隐形眼镜;汽车的灯玻璃;v.给…摄影; nation-states:n.民族国家;单一民族国家(nation-state的复数形式);
We're still locked in a 17th-century paradigm of parochial national sovereignty . 我们还封闭在十七世纪的模式里 狭隘,崇尚国家最高统治权
paradigm:n.范例;词形变化表; parochial:adj.教区的;狭小的;地方范围的; sovereignty:n.主权;主权国家;君主;独立国;
And yet, in the 1600's, when nation-states were really coming into their own, less than one percent of the world's population resided in a city. 然而,在十七世纪里 当民族国家进入全盛时期 全世界少于百分之一的人口 居住于城市
resided:居住;存在;
Today, it's 54 percent. 今天,城市人口增长到百分之五十四
And by 2050, it will be closer to 70 percent. 更甚,2050年前 城市人口将增长到百分之七十
So the world has changed. 世界改变了
We have these 193 nation-states, but we have easily as many cities that are beginning to rival them in power and influence . 如今全世界有193个国家 但是我们有同样多数量的城市 可以在力量和影响上与之竞争
rival:v.与…相匹敌;比得上;adj.竞争的;n.竞争对手; influence:n.影响;势力;感化;有影响的人或事;v.影响;改变;
Just look at New York. 以纽约为例
The Big Apple has 8.5 million people and an annual budget of 80 billion dollars. 大苹果城（纽约别名）拥有850万人口 年度财物预算800亿美元
Big Apple:n.纽约市; annual:n.年报;年鉴;年刊;adj.每年的;年度的;一年的; budget:n.预算,预算费;v.安排,预定;把…编入预算;adj.廉价的;
Its GDP is 1.5 trillion , which puts it higher than Argentina and Australia, 城市GDP1.5万亿美元 总计超过阿根廷和澳大利亚
trillion:n.[数]万亿;adj.万亿的;num.[数]万亿; Argentina:n.阿根廷(位于拉丁美洲);
Nigeria and South Africa. 尼日利亚和南非
Its roughly 40,000 police officers means it has one of the largest police departments in the world, rivaling all but the largest nation-states. 它拥有大约4万位警员 是全世界最大规模的警察局之一 可与国相竞
roughly:adv.粗糙地;概略地; rivaling:n.对手;竞争者;vt.与…竞争;比得上某人;vi.竞争;adj.竞争的;
But cities like New York or S?o Paulo or Johannesburg or Dhaka or Shanghai -- they're punching above their weight economically , but below their weight politically . 但是像纽约 圣保罗 约翰尼斯堡 达卡 或者上海 它们在经济上影响力巨大 却在政治领域上稍逊一筹
Dhaka:n.达卡(孟加拉首都); punching:v.拳打;以拳痛击;给…打孔;(punch的现在分词) economically:adv.经济地;在经济上;节俭地; politically:adv.政治上;
And that's going to have to change. 我们要改变这种状态
Cities are going to have to find their political voice if we want to change things. 如果想要改变
Now, I want to talk to you a little bit about the risks that cities are facing -- some of the big mega-risks. 现在,我想和你们谈一谈 那些巨大的风险 那些巨大的风险
I'm also going to talk to you briefly about some of the solutions. 我也会简短地提出一些解决方案
briefly:adv.简要地;简短地;暂时地;
I'm going to do this using a big data visualization that was developed with Carnegie Mellon's CREATE Lab and my institute , along with many, many others. 我会用一个由卡耐基梅隆CREATE研究室 和我个人的,以及许多其他的研究室 所开发的大数据可视化的方法
visualization:n.形象化;清楚地呈现在心; institute:v.开始(调查);制定;创立;提起(诉讼);n.学会,协会;学院;
I want you to first imagine the world not as made up of nation-states, but as made up of cities. 我想要你去想象一个 不是由国家所组成的世界 而是由城市所组成的世界
made up of:由…组成,由…构成;
What you see here is every single city with a population of a quarter million people or more. 现在你所看到的是一个个单独的城市 他们都拥有至少25万城市人口
Now, without going into technical detail, the redder the circle, the more fragile that city is, and the bluer the circle, the more resilient . 暂时不谈技术细节 圆点越红,城市越脆弱 圆点越蓝,城市越具有韧性
technical:adj.工艺的,科技的;技术上的;专门的; fragile:adj.脆的;易碎的; resilient:adj.弹回的,有弹力的;
Fragility occurs when the social contract comes unstuck . 城市的脆弱性源于社会契约的紊乱
Fragility:n.脆弱;[力]易碎性;虚弱; occurs:v.重现(occur的第三人称单数); social contract:n.社会契约; unstuck:adj.松开的,未粘住的;紊乱的;失灵的;
And what we tend to see is a convergence of multiple kinds of risks: income inequality, poverty , youth unemployment , different issues around violence, even exposure to droughts , cyclones and earthquakes. 这表现于一下几方面 收于不平等 贫困 青年失业 不同的社会暴力问题 甚至遭遇干旱,飓风和地震
convergence:n.[数]收敛;会聚,集合; multiple:adj.数量多的;多种多样的;n.倍数; poverty:n.贫困;困难;缺少;低劣; unemployment:n.失业;失业率;失业人数; issues:n.重要议题;争论的问题;v.宣布;公布;发出;(issue的第三人称单数和复数) exposure:n.暴露;显露;揭露;面临; droughts:n.[气候]干旱(drought的复数);旱灾灾情; cyclones:n.[气象]旋风;[化工]旋风分离器(cyclone的复数);
Now obviously, some cities are more fragile than others. 一些城市是明显比其他脆弱
The good news, if there is any, is that fragility is not a permanent condition. 但好消息是, 脆弱性不是永久的
permanent:adj.永久的,永恒的;n.烫发;
Some cities that were once the most fragile cities in the world, like Bogotá in Colombia or Ciudad Juárez in Mexico, have now fallen more around the national average. 有一些城市曾经很脆弱 像哥伦比亚首都波哥大 或者是墨西哥的华雷斯成 现在已经超过世界国家平均水平
The bad news is that fragility is deepening , especially in those parts of the world that are most vulnerable , in North Africa, the Middle East , in South Asia and Central Asia. 而坏消息是总体脆弱性在加深 尤其是在世界上那些最贫困的地区 北非,中东 东南亚与中南亚地区
deepening:n.加深,延深;向下侵蚀;v.使深化;加深(deepen的现在分词); especially:adv.尤其;特别;格外;十分; vulnerable:adj.易受攻击的,易受…的攻击;易受伤害的;有弱点的; Middle East:n.中东(包括亚洲西南部和非洲东北部);
There, we're seeing fragility rising way beyond scales we've ever seen before. 在那里,它们的的脆弱性 以我们无法想象的程度在加深
scales:n.规模范围; v.攀登; (scale的第三人称单数和复数)
When cities become too fragile they can collapse , tip over and fail. 当它积累到一定程度时, 城市将会崩溃 整个垮掉衰竭
collapse:vi.倒塌;瓦解;暴跌;vt.使倒塌,使崩溃;使萎陷;折叠;n.倒塌;失败;衰竭;
And when that happens, we have explosive forms of migration : refugees . 到那时 它将会产生无数形式的移民 难民
explosive:n.炸药;爆炸物;adj.易爆炸的;可能引起爆炸的;易爆发的;可能引起冲动的; migration:n.迁移;迁徙;转移;移居; refugees:n.避难者;逃亡者;难民;(refugee的复数)
There are more than 22 million refugees in the world today, more than at any other time since the second world war. 今天世界上存在两千两百万难民 自第二次世界大战后至今为止最多数量
Now, there's not one refugee crisis; there are multiple refugee crises . 而现在,这可不止一个危机 而是多重难民危机
crises:n.危机,紧要关头;危险期(crisis的复数形式);
And contrary to what you might read in the news, the vast majority of refugees aren't fleeing from poor countries to wealthy countries, they're moving from poor cities into even poorer cities -- often, cities nearby . 而且与你在新闻中读到不同的是 很大一部分的难民 而是条件更差,更贫困的城市 而是条件更差,更贫困的城市 也就是所谓的邻近城市
contrary:adj.相反的;对立的;adv.相反地;n.相反;反面; majority:n.大部分:大多数:多数票:成年人: fleeing:v.迅速离开;逃避,逃跑;(flee的现在分词) nearby:adj.附近的,邻近的;adv.在附近;prep.在…附近;
Every single dot on this map represents an agonizing story of struggle and survival . 地图上每一个小点都讲诉着一个痛心的故事 它们代表着挣扎和苦难
represents:v.代表;维护…的利益;相当于;(represent的第三人称单数) agonizing:adj.痛苦的;令人焦虑不安的;v.苦苦思索;焦虑不已;(agonize的现在分词) survival:n.幸存,残存;幸存者,残存物;
But I want to briefly tell you about what's not on that map, and that's internal displacement . 但我想简单的告诉你地图上没有什么 那就是境内流离失所者
internal:n.内脏;本质;adj.内部的;里面的;体内的;(机构)内部的; displacement:n.取代,位移;[船]排水量;
There are more than 36 million people who have been internally displaced around the world. 在这个世界上 他们活得像那些逃亡者
internally:adv.内部地;国内地;内在地; displaced:v.取代;替代;置换;迫使(某人)离开家园;转移;(displace的过去式和过去分词)
These are people living in refugee-like conditions, but lacking the equivalent international protection and assistance. 他们活得像那些逃亡者 但是缺少了自己国家的保护和帮助
equivalent:adj.等价的,相等的;同意义的;n.等价物,相等物;
And to understand their plight , 为了了解他们的困境
plight:n.困境;境况;誓约;vt.保证;约定;
I want to zoom in briefly on Syria . 我想去放大叙利亚
Syria:n.叙利亚共和国;
Syria suffered one of the worst droughts in its history between 2007 and 2010. 2007年到2010年, 叙利亚经历了有史以来最严重的干旱
More than 75 percent of its agriculture and 85 percent of its livestock were wiped out. 摧毁了百分之七十五的农作物 和百分之八十五的家畜
livestock:n.家畜;牲畜;
And in the process , over a million people moved into cities like Aleppo, Damascus and Homs . 而在这之间,超过一百万人逃离去别的城市 像阿勒波,大马士革和霍姆斯
process:v.处理;加工;列队行进;n.过程,进行;方法,adj.经过特殊加工(或处理)的; Homs:n.霍姆斯(叙利亚城市名);
As food prices began to rise, you also had equivalent levels of social unrest . 当食物价格上涨时 也会产生同等级的社会不安
unrest:n.不安;动荡的局面;不安的状态;
And when the regime of President Assad began cracking down, you had an explosion of refugees. 当阿萨德总统的政权开始崩塌的时候 难民的数量急剧膨胀
regime:n.政权,政体;社会制度;管理体制; cracking:n.破裂;开裂;adj.裂解的;分裂的; explosion:n.爆炸;爆发;激增;
You also had over six million internally displaced people, many of whom when on to become refugees. 同时超过6百万的人流离失所 他们中很多人也都成为了难民
And they didn't just move to neighboring countries like Jordan or Lebanon or Turkey. 他们不仅仅逃亡到周边的国家,像约旦 黎巴嫩或者土耳其
neighboring:adj.邻近的;接壤的;v.邻近;使接近;位于…附近;(neighbor的现在分词) Lebanon:n.黎巴嫩(西南亚国家,位于地中海东岸);
They also moved up north towards Western Europe. 他们也向北边迁移去西欧
See, over 1.4 million Syrians made the perilous journey through the Mediterranean and up through Turkey to find their way into two countries, primarily : 超过一百四十万的叙利亚人 从地中海地区到土耳其 为的是抵达这两个国家
Syrians:n.叙利亚人(Syrian的复数); perilous:adj.危险的,冒险的; journey:n.旅行;行程;vi.旅行; Mediterranean:n.地中海;adj.地中海的; primarily:adv.首先;主要地,根本上;
Germany and Sweden. 德国和瑞士
Now, climate change -- not just drought, but also sea level rise, is probably one of the most severe existential threats that cities face. 现在,气候变了 不仅是干旱, 也产生了海平面上升的问题 这对城市来说 那是因为全世界有三分之二都是临海城市
sea level:海平面; severe:adj.极为恶劣的;十分严重的;严厉的;苛刻的; existential:adj.存在主义的;有关存在的;存在判断的;
That's because two-thirds of the world's cities are coastal . 那是因为全世界有三分之二都是临海城市
two-thirds:n.三分之二;三分之二的;三分之二地; coastal:adj.沿海的;海岸的;
Over 1.5 billion people live in low-lying , flood-prone coastal areas. 超过一百五十万人口住在低洼、 容易被淹没的沿海地区
low-lying:adj.低洼的;
What you see here is a map that shows sea level rise in relation to changes in temperature. 你现在看到的是海平面上升的地图 和温度变化有关
Climate scientists predict that we're going to see anywhere between three and 30 feet of sea level rise this side of the century. 气候学家预测未来 在本世纪末之前
And it's not just low island nation-states that are going to suffer -- 不仅是岛屿国家将受影响
Kiribati or the Maldives or the Solomons or Sri Lanka -- and they will suffer, but also massive cities like Dhaka, like Hong Kong, like Shanghai. 基里巴斯、马尔代夫 或者是所罗门斯或者是斯里兰卡 它们将受到严重影响 同样的,类似达卡这样的大城市, 香港 上海
Maldives:n.马尔代夫(亚洲群岛国家名); massive:adj.大量的;巨大的,厚重的;魁伟的;
Cities of 10, 20, 30 million people or more are literally going to be wiped off the face of this earth. 那些一千万人口以上的城市 都将被淹没
literally:adv.按字面:字面上:确实地:
They're going to have to adapt , or they're going to die. 他们没有选择,若不能适应, 要不然就是死
adapt:vt.使适应;改编;vi.适应;
I want to take you also all the way over to the West, because this isn't just a problem in Asia or Africa or Latin America, this is a problem also in the West. 我们来看一看西方国家 因为这不只是亚洲 或者非洲或者拉丁美洲的问题 这也是一些西方国家的问题
This is Miami. 这是迈阿密
Many of you know Miami is one of the wealthiest cities in the United States; it's also one of the most flood-prone. 你们都知道迈阿密 也是最受洪灾影响的城市之一 从2017这一年 我们已经看出来了它的受影响程度
United:adj.联合的; v.联合,团结; (unite的过去分词和过去式)
That's been made painfully evident by natural disasters throughout 2017.
painfully:adv.痛苦地,费力地; evident:adj.明显的;明白的; disasters:n.灾难(disaster的复数); throughout:adv.自始至终,到处;全部;prep.贯穿,遍及;
But Miami is built on porous limestone -- a swamp .
porous:adj.多孔渗水的;能渗透的;有气孔的; limestone:n.[岩]石灰岩; swamp:v.淹没;使不堪承受;使疲于应对;使应接不暇;n.沼泽(地);
There's no way any kind of flood barrier is going to keep the water from seeping in. 世界上不存在任何一种拦洪坝 可以阻挡洪水渗透进来
barrier:n.屏障;障碍;障碍物;关口;v.用栅围住; seeping:v.渗;渗透;(seep的现在分词)
As we scroll back, and we look across the Caribbean and along the Gulf , we begin to realize that those cities that have suffered worst from natural crises -- 当我们往后看 越过加勒比海和沿途的海湾 我们就会意识到 那些受到自然灾害影响的城市—
scroll:n.纸卷;卷轴;涡卷形装饰;v.滚屏;滚动; Caribbean:adj.加勒比海的;加勒比人的;加勒比语的;n.加勒比海; Gulf:n.海湾;深渊;分歧;漩涡;vt.吞没;
Port-au-Prince , New Orleans , Houston -- as severe and as awful as those situations have been, they're a dress rehearsal for what's to come. 太子湾,新奥尔良,休斯顿— 都经历过十分可怕的自然灾害 但他们随时都为未知的未来做好准备
Port-au-Prince:n.太子港(海地首都); Orleans:n.奥尔良(法国城市); Houston:n.休斯顿(美国得克萨斯州港市); dress rehearsal:n.彩排;
No city is an island. 没有城市一个孤岛
Every city is connected to its rural hinterland in complex ways -- often, in relation to the production of food. 每一个城市都与它内地所连接 在很多方面— 很多时候食物产量都会受影响
rural:adj.农村的,乡下的;田园的,有乡村风味的; hinterland:n.内地;穷乡僻壤;靠港口供应的内地贸易区; complex:adj.复杂的;合成的;n.复合体;综合设施;
I want to take you to the northern part of the Amazon , in Rond?nia. 现在我们去看亚马逊的北边,隆多尼亚
Amazon:亚马逊;古希腊女战士;
This is one of the world's largest terrestrial carbon sinks, processing millions of carbon every single year. 它是世界上最大的森林碳化池 每年吸取百万吨的二氧化碳
terrestrial:adj.地球的;陆地的,[生物]陆生的;人间的;n.陆地生物;地球上的人; carbon:n.[化学]碳;碳棒;复写纸;adj.碳的;碳处理的; processing:v.加工;处理;审核;数据处理;v.列队行进;缓缓前进;(process的现在分词)
What you see here is a single road over a 30-year period. 你现在看到的是一条三十年的路
On either side you see land being cleared for pasture , for cattle, but also for soy and sugar production. 在道路的两边是家畜的牧场 但也是黄豆和糖的生产地
pasture:n.草地;牧场;牧草;v.放牧;吃草;
You're seeing deforestation on a massive scale. 我们未来将会看到巨大规模的森林砍伐
deforestation:n.采伐森林;森林开伐;
The red area here implies a net loss of forest over the last 14 years. 这个红色的区域是超过十四年的森里净亏损
implies:v.意味着(imply的第三人称单数);蕴含;暗指;
The blue, if you could see it -- there's not much -- implies there's been an incremental gain. 如果你可以看到的话, 蓝色的区域其实没有很多 可以看出红色区域的不断增加
incremental:adj.增加的,增值的;
Now, as grim and gloomy as the situation is -- and it is -- there is a little bit of hope. 现在,情况险峻 我们的希望少之又少
grim:adj.冷酷的;糟糕的;残忍的; gloomy:adj.黑暗的;沮丧的;阴郁的;
See, the Brazilian government, from the national to the state to the municipal level, has also introduced a whole range -- a lattice -- of parks and protected areas. 巴西政府 从国家到省级再到地方 都推出了全方位—格状的—公园和保护区
municipal:adj.市政的,市的;地方自治的; lattice:n.[晶体]晶格;格子;格架;vt.使成格子状;
And while not perfect, and not always limiting encroachment , they have served to tamp back deforestation. 虽然不完美,且无法随时限制侵蚀 它们多少对森林砍伐具有填塞作用
encroachment:n.侵入,侵犯;侵蚀; tamp:v.夯实,砸实;填塞;n.捣棒;打夯的工具;
The same applies not just in Brazil but all across the Americas, into the United States, Canada and around the world. 这种情况不仅仅在巴西, 还横跨整个美洲 到美国,加拿大和全世界
applies:v.适用;申请;运用;专心;(apply的第三人称单数)
So let's talk about solutions. 因此我们要来聊聊解决方案
Despite climate denial at the highest levels, cities are taking action. 虽然最高层否认全球变暖的说法 城市却在采取一定的行动
Despite:prep.尽管,不管;n.轻视;憎恨;侮辱; denial:n.否认;否定;剥夺(应有的权利);拒不承认(令人不快、痛苦的事);
You know, when the US pulled out of the Paris Climate Agreement, hundreds of cities in the United States and thousands more around the world doubled down on their climate commitments . 当美国推出巴黎气候协议 美国数百个城市以及全球数千个城市 都投入了两倍的气候承诺
commitments:n.承诺,保证;委托;承担义务;献身;(commitment的复数)
(Applause) （掌声）
And when the White House cracked down on so-called " undocumented migrants " 当白宫取缔在庇护城市中所谓的
White House:n.白宫(美国总统官邸,位于首都华盛顿); cracked:adj.疯狂;破裂的;有裂纹的;v.破裂;裂开;断裂;(crack的过去分词和过去式) so-called:adj.所谓的;号称的; undocumented:adj.无事实证明的;无正式文件的; migrants:n.移民;移居者;候鸟(migrant的复数形式);
in sanctuary cities, hundreds of cities and counties and states sat up in defiance and refused to enact that order. 数百个城市,郡,州都十分反对 并且拒绝执行该法令
sanctuary:n.避难所;至圣所;耶路撒冷的神殿; counties:n.郡,县;(county的复数) defiance:n.蔑视;挑战;反抗; enact:vt.颁布;制定法律;扮演;发生;
(Applause) （掌声）
So cities are and can take action. 城市正在作出相应的行动
But we're going to need to see a lot more of it, especially in the global south. 但是我们需要更多 尤其是南半球的那些城市
global:adj.全球的;总体的;球形的;
You see, parts of Africa and Latin America are urbanizing before they industrialize . 非洲和南美的一些区域在工业化前
urbanizing:vt.使都市化;使文雅; industrialize:v.(使国家或地区)工业化;
They're growing at three times the global average in terms their population. 他们的人口增长 比世界平均超出3倍
And this is putting enormous strain on infrastructure and services. 这样会给社会基础设施和服务 增加巨大的压力
enormous:adj.庞大的,巨大的;凶暴的,极恶的; strain:n.压力;品系;应力;张力;v.扭伤;拉紧;滤;损伤; infrastructure:n.基础设施;公共建设;下部构造;
Now, there is a golden opportunity. 现在,有一个绝好的机会
It's a small opportunity but a golden one: in the next 10 to 20 years, to really start designing in principles of resilience into our cities. 机会很小,但确是一个金钥匙: 在接下来的10年至20年期间, 去真正将社会恢复力注入我们的城市
principles:n.原则;主义;本质;政策;(principle的复数) resilience:n.恢复力;弹力;顺应力;
There's not one single way of doing this, but there are a number of ways that are emerging . 只采用一个方法是行不通的 但是我们有很多选择
emerging:adj.新兴的;v.出现,浮现,露出;暴露;(emerge的现在分词)
And I've spoken with hundreds of urban planners , development specialists, architects and civic activists, and a number of recurring principles keep coming out. 我个人已经和数百位城市规划者, 开发专家, 建筑师和民权运动人士谈过, 这些原则都是我们的必谈话题
planners:n.规划师;规划人员(planner的复数);计划人员; architects:n.建筑师;设计师;创造者;(architect的复数); civic:adj.市的;公民的,市民的; recurring:v.再发生;反复出现;(recur的现在分词)
I just want to pass on six. 这里我想告诉大家6个原则
First: cities need a plan and a strategy to implement it. 第一:城市需要计划 和一个实行策略
strategy:n.策略;行动计划;部署;战略; implement:v.实施;执行;贯彻;使生效;n.工具;
I mean, it sounds crazy, but the vast majority of world cities don't actually have a plan or a vision . 这样说可能听起来很不可思议 但世界上大部分的城市实则是没有计划 或者未来的构想
vision:n.视力;美景;幻象;想象力;v.想象;显现;梦见;
They're too busy putting out daily fires to think ahead strategically . 人们忙着处理眼前的问题, 却忽略了远观计划
strategically:adv.战略性地;战略上;
I mean, every city wants to be creative, happy, liveable , resilient -- who doesn't? 每个城市都需要创意 快乐,宜居,有恢复力— 谁不想要？
liveable:adj.适于居住的;可住的;
The challenge is, how do you get there? 可问题是,你如何做到呢？
And urban governance plays a key role. 所以城市政府的角色很重要
governance:n.管理;统治;支配;
You could do worse than take a page from the book of Singapore. 你可以选择步新加坡的后尘, 或者更糟
In 1971, Singapore set a 50-year urban strategy and renews it every five years. 1971年,新加坡 制定了一个50年的都市化策略 每五年就更新一次
renews:vt.使更新;续借;复兴;重申;vi.更新;重新开始;
What Singapore teaches us is not just the importance of continuity , but also the critical role of autonomy and discretion . 新加坡教会我们的, 不只是持续的重要性 也是自治和考虑周到的重要角色
continuity:n.连续性;一连串;分镜头剧本; critical:adj.鉴定的;[核]临界的;批评的,爱挑剔的;危险的;决定性的;评论的; autonomy:n.自治,自治权; discretion:n.自由裁量权;谨慎;判断力;判定;考虑周到;
Cities need the power to be able to issue debt , to raise taxes, to zone effectively, to build affordable housing. 城市需要发行债券的权利 去提高税收 有效分区 和建造负担得起的住房
debt:n.债务;借款;罪过; affordable:adj.负担得起的;
What cities need is nothing less than a devolution revolution , and this is going to require renegotiating the terms of the contract with a nation-state. 城市需要一个权利下放的革命 这将需要重新考虑一些和国家的契约
nothing less than:完全是;不亚于;与…一模一样; devolution:n.相传,转移;委付;依次;落下; revolution:n.革命;旋转;运行;循环; renegotiating:v.重新商议;(renegotiate的现在分词)
Second: you've got to go green. 第二: 你需要绿化
Cities are already leading global decarbonization efforts. 城市已经在努力带领全球低碳化
decarbonization:n.脱碳作用;除碳法;
They're investing in congestion pricing schemes , in climate reduction emission targets, in biodiversity , in parks and bikeways and walkways and everything in between. 他们在投资阔塞定价法 排放减量的气候目标 生物多样性、公园、自行车道和人行道 以及其间的所有事情
investing:v.投资;投入(时间、精力等);(invest的现在分词) congestion:n.拥挤;拥塞;充血; schemes:n.方案,计划;阴谋(scheme的复数);v.计划,设计;谋划(scheme的三单形式); reduction:n.减少;缩小;降低;减价;折扣;缩图; emission:n.(光、热等的)发射,散发;喷射;发行; biodiversity:n.生物多样性; bikeways:n.自行车专用道;(bikeways是bikeway的复数); walkways:n.通道,[建]走道;
There's an extraordinary menu of options they have to choose from. 他们的选择数不尽数
options:n.选择; v.得到或获准进行选择; (option的三单形式)
One of the great things is, cities are already investing heavily in renewables -- in solar and wind -- not just in North America , but especially in Western Europe and parts of Asia. 其中很好的一件事情是 很多城市已经在太阳能 和风能领域注入重大投资 不只是在北美,也在西欧 和亚洲某些区域
renewables:n.可再生能源(renewable的复数); North America:n.北美洲;
There are more than 8,000 cities right now in the world today with solar plants. 今天我们的世界拥有太阳能发电厂的城市 其中三百个城市已经可以能源自主化
There are 300 cities that have declared complete energy autonomy. 其中三百个城市已经可以能源自主化
One of my favorite stories comes from Medellín, which invested in a municipal hydroelectric plant, which doesn't only service its local needs, but allows the city to sell excess energy back onto the national grid . 我最喜欢的一个故事来自麦德林 麦德林投资了一座水力发电厂 它不只满足当地的需求 还可以将对于的能源卖给全国电力网
invested:v.投资;投入;(invest的过去分词和过去式) hydroelectric:adj.水力发电的;水电治疗的; excess:n.超过,超额;过度,过量;无节制;adj.额外的,过量的;附加的; national grid:n.全国高压输电线网;
And it's not alone. 然而这不是个例
There are a thousand other cities just like it. 还有上千个其他相似的城市
Third: invest in integrated and multi-use solutions. 第三:投资在整合性和多用性解决方案上
integrated:adj.综合的; v.整合; (integrate的过去式和过去分词)
The most successful cities are those that are going to invest in solutions that don't solve just one problem, but that solve multiple problems. 那些投资在解决方案上的, 往往是那些最成功的城市 可以同时解决多个问题
Take the case of integrated public transport . 用公共运输系统为例
public transport:n.公共交通;公交车辆;
When done well -- rapid bus transit , light rail, bikeways, walkways, boatways -- these can dramatically reduce emissions and congestion. 当它设计得当的时候 迅速运转的巴士运输, 轻轨铁路, 自行车道,人行道,水路 能急剧减少排放和交通阻塞
transit:n.运输;经过;v.运送;经过; dramatically:adv.戏剧地;引人注目地;adv.显著地,剧烈地; emissions:n.(光、热、气等的)发出,排放;排放物;散发物;(emission的复数)
But they can do a lot more than that. 还不只如此
They can improve public health. 他们可以改善公众健康
improve:v.改进;改善;
They can reduce dispersion . 他们可以减少分散
dispersion:n.分散;分散体系;散布;
They can even increase safety. 他们可以增加安全性
A great example of this comes from Seoul . 首尔就提供了一个很好的例子
Seoul:n.[城]首尔;
You see, Seoul's population doubled over the last 30 years, but the footprint barely changed. 过去30年,首尔的人口增加一倍 但是它的排碳量几乎不变
footprint:n.足迹;脚印; barely:adv.仅仅,勉强;几乎不;公开地;贫乏地;
How? 这是为什么？
Well, 75 percent of Seoul's residents get to work using what's been described as one of the most extraordinary public transport systems in the world. 百分之75的首尔居民所使用的上班方式 是被称为 世界上最高效的公共运输系统 然而首尔过去是个汽车国家
residents:n.居民;住院医生;房客;(resident的复数) described:v.描述;形容;把…称为;做…运动;(describe的过去分词和过去式)
And Seoul used to be car country. 然而首尔过去是个汽车国家
Next, fourth: build densely but also sustainably . 接着第四: 密集的建设也要注意永存性
densely:adv.浓密地;密集地; sustainably:adv.支撑得住;能保持住地;
The death of all cities is the sprawl . 无计划扩展是城市的死穴
sprawl:vi.蔓延; vt.懒散地伸开; n.蔓生;
Cities need to know how to build resiliently, but also in a way that's inclusive . 城市需要有韧性得建造 也要有包容性
inclusive:adj.包括的,包含的;
This is a picture right here of Dallas-Fort Worth. 这是一张达拉斯沃斯堡的图片
And what you see is its population also doubled over the last 30 years. 你现在看到是过去30年增加一倍的人口
But as you can see , it spread into edge cities and suburbia as far as the eye can see. 但同时也可以用我们的肉眼看到 散布在边缘和郊区的人口
as you can see:正如你所看到的;你是知道的; suburbia:n.郊区;郊区居民; as far as:至于…;
Cities need to know when not to build, so as not to reproduce urban sprawl and slums of downward accountability . 城市需要学会留白建设 以此避免盲目扩展 和贫民区
reproduce:v.繁殖;复制;再现;生育; slums:n.贫民,[经]贫民区(slum的复数); v.到贫民窟去; downward:adj.下降的;向下的;adv.同"downwards"; accountability:n.有义务;有责任;可说明性;
The problem with Dallas-Forth Worth is just five percent of its residents get to work using public transport -- five. 达拉斯沃斯堡的问题是 只有百分之五的居民 有机会使用公交系统
Ninety-five percent use cars, which partly explains why it's got some of the longest commuting times in North America. 而百分之九十五的居民使用车 这也就解释了为什么它在北美 拥有最长通勤时间的记录
commuting:n.乘公交车上下班;经常往来;
Singapore, by contrast , got it right. 相比之下,新加坡就是一个正面的例子
contrast:n.对比;对照;反差;明显的差异;v.对比;对照;形成对比;
They built vertically and built in affordable housing to boot. 他们垂直建设 同时也建造了居民负担得起的住房
vertically:adv.垂直地;
Fifth: steal. 第五:偷窃
The smartest cities are nicking , pilfering , stealing, left, right and center. 最聪明的城市要学会做一个小偷 左边,右边,中间
nicking:n.基因巧合;血管局部缩窄;v.刻痕于;轻伤;攻击(nick的现在分词); pilfering:n.偷窃行为;v.盗(pilfer的现在分词);
They don't have time to waste. 他们没有可以浪费的时间
They need tomorrow's technology today, and they're going to leapfrog to get there. 他们需要最新的科技 而且他们需要跳跃式前进
technology:n.技术;工艺;术语; leapfrog:n.跳背游戏;跳蛙游戏;交互跃进;vi.跳背;跳蛙;交替前进;vt.跃过;
This is New York, but it's not just New York that's doing a lot of stealing, it's Singapore, it's Seoul, it's Medellín. 这是纽约 但不仅是纽约在偷, 新加坡,首尔,麦德林也在
The urban renaissance is only going to be enabled when cities start borrowing from one another. 要达到城市复兴 城市需要借鉴、分享彼此的经验
renaissance:n.文艺复兴(欧洲14至17世纪); enabled:v.使得;授予…权力;(enabled是enable的过去式)
And finally : work in global coalitions . 最后:全球联盟化
finally:adv.终于;最终;(用于列举)最后;彻底地; coalitions:n.联合;结盟(coalition的复数);
You know, there are more than 200 inner-city coalitions in the world today. 今天的世界上有超过200个城市内联盟
inner-city:n.(居民拥挤,住屋破旧的)市中心平民区;adj.市中心的;
There are more city coalitions than there are coalitions for nation-states. 城市联盟的数目 比国家联盟还要多
Just take a look at the Global Parliament of Mayors , set up by the late Ben Barber , who was driving an urban rights movement. 看看全球市长议会 为已故的本杰明巴布尔 在推动城市权利运动时所创立
take a look at:看一看;检查; Parliament:n.议会,国会; Mayors:市长; Barber:vt.为…理发;修整;n.理发师;vi.当理发师;
Or consider the C40, a marvelous network of cities that has gathered thousands together to deliver clean energy. 还有C40 这个惊人的城市网, 将数千个城市聚集在一起 以提供清洁能源
marvelous:adj.了不起的;非凡的;令人惊异的;不平常的;
Or look at the World Economic Forum , which is developing smart city protocols . 或者世界经济论坛 它在发展智能城市协议
Forum:n.论坛,讨论会;法庭;公开讨论的广场; protocols:n.协议; v.拟定议定书;
Or the 100 Resilient Cities initiative , which is leading a resilience revival . 或者100恢复型城市方案 去引领恢复力的重振
initiative:n.倡议;主动性;积极性;主动权;adj.起始的; revival:n.复兴;复活;苏醒;恢复精神;再生效;
ICLEI, UCLG, Metropolis -- these are the movements of the future. ICLEI, UCLG, 国际化大都市 这些是通往未来的方向
Metropolis:n.大都市;首府;重要中心;
What they all realize is that when cities work together, they can amplify their voice, not just on the national stage, but on the global stage. 它们都意识到当城市聚集在一起 就可以放大它们的声音 不再只局限于国家舞台, 也在世界舞台上
amplify:vt.放大,扩大;增强;详述;vi.详述;
And with a voice comes, potentially , a vote -- and then maybe even a veto . 而这些声音的回声就是—选票权 甚至是否决权
potentially:adv.可能地,潜在地; veto:n.否决权;vt.否决;禁止;vi.否决;禁止;
When nation-states default on their national sovereignty, cities have to step up. 当国家建立在全体的国家主权上 城市得站起来
default:n.违约;拖欠;缺席;缺陷;v.违约;拖欠;缺乏;不履行;
They can't wait. 它们不可以等待
And they don't need to ask for permission. 它们不需要寻求许可
They can exert their own sovereignty. 它们可以行使自己的主权
exert:v.施加;努力;运用;行使;
They understand that the local and the global have really, truly come together, that we live in a global, local world, and we need to adjust our politics accordingly . 它们懂得地区和全球 已经真正的联合在一起 我们住在一个全球的地方性世界 我们也需要改变相应的政策
adjust:v.调整;调节;适应;习惯; politics:n.政治;钩心斗角;政治观点;v.(贬)从事政治活动;(politic的第三人称单数) accordingly:adv.因此,于是;相应地;照著;
As I travel around the world and meet mayors and civic leaders, 当我巡游世界,与各个市长 和文明领袖们见面时
I'm amazed by the energy, enthusiasm and effectiveness they bring to their work. 他们在工作上所表现处的能量,热情和效率 都让我感到惊奇
enthusiasm:n.热心,热忱,热情; effectiveness:n.效力;
They're pragmatists . 他们是实用主义者
pragmatists:实用主义者;
They're problem-solvers. 他们是问题解决者
They're para-diplomats. 他们是平行外交官
And in this moment of extraordinary international uncertainty , when our multilateral institutions are paralyzed and our nation-states are in retreat , cities and their leaders are our new 21st-century visionaries . 与此同时,国际上的不确定性很高 当我们的多国制度瘫痪时 我们的民族国家也在倒退 城市和它们的领导是我们21世界的前瞻者
uncertainty:n.不确定,不可靠; multilateral:adj.[数]多边的;多国的,多国参加的; institutions:n.机构;慈善机构;风俗习惯,制度;(institution的复数) paralyzed:adj.瘫痪的;麻痹的;v.使麻痹;使无力;使失去勇气(paralyze的过去分词); retreat:v.撤退;退却;后退;退缩;n.撤退;退却;退缩;退避; visionaries:n.空想主义者;愿景者;远见者(visionary的复数);
They deserve -- no, they have a right to -- a seat at the table. 他们值得——不,他们有权利取得一席之地
deserve:vi.应受,应得;
Thank you. 谢谢
(Applause) （掌声）