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RobertLang_2008-_全新折纸_
My talk is " Flapping Birds and Space Telescopes ." 我演讲的题目是《展翅的鸟儿与太空望远镜》。
Flapping:n.拍动;摇摆运动;adj.摇摆运动的;挥动的;v.拍打,轻拍(flap的现在分词); Telescopes:n.望远镜; v.套叠; (telescope的第三人称单数)
And you would think that should have nothing to do with one another, but I hope by the end of these 18 minutes, you'll see a little bit of a relation. 你会觉得他们相互之间没有联系, 但我希望在18分钟以后, 你能看到一些关联。
have nothing to do with:与…无关; a little bit of a:一点点了;
It ties to origami . So let me start. 这与折纸有关。下面我就开始了。
origami:n.折纸手工;折纸手工品;
What is origami? 什么是折纸？
Most people think they know what origami is. It's this: flapping birds, toys, cootie catchers , that sort of thing. 很多人以为他们知道折纸是什么。它是这样的: 展翅的鸟儿、玩具、东西南北之类的东西。
cootie:n.虱子; catchers:n.捕手,捕捉者;接球手;
And that is what origami used to be. 折纸术以前是这样的。
But it's become something else. 但它已经改变了。
It's become an art form, a form of sculpture . 它已经成为了一种艺术形式,一种雕塑形式。
sculpture:n.雕塑;雕刻;刻蚀;vt.雕塑;雕刻;刻蚀;vi.从事雕刻;
The common theme -- what makes it origami -- is folding, is how we create the form. 共同的主题——折纸术的本质—— 是折叠,也是我们如何创造形态的。
You know, it's very old. This is a plate from 1797. 你们知道,这非常古老。这是1797年的一幅画。
It shows these women playing with these toys. 上面是这些妇女们玩纸玩具的场景。
If you look close, it's this shape, called a crane . 如果你靠近点看,它是这种形状的,叫做鹤。
crane:n.吊车,起重机;鹤;vi.伸着脖子看;迟疑,踌躇;vt.用起重机起吊;伸长脖子;
Every Japanese kid learns how to fold that crane. 每个日本孩子 都学折纸鹤。
fold:v.折叠;包;可叠平(以便贮存或携带);裹;n.褶;褶层;折叠部分;褶痕;
So this art has been around for hundreds of years, and you would think something that's been around that long -- so restrictive, folding only -- everything that could done has been done a long time ago. 所以这种艺术已经存在了数百年, 你可能会想如果某种东西 已经存在了这么久——如此有限制性,只能折叠—— 那么所有能做出的东西应该在很久以前就做出来了。
And that might have been the case. 实际情况也许会是如此。
But in the 20th century, a Japanese folder named Yoshizawa came along, and he created tens of thousands of new designs. 但在20世纪, 一位名为吉泽的日本折纸艺术家出现了, 他创造出了数万种全新的设计。
folder:n.文件夹;折叠机;折叠式印刷品;
But even more importantly, he created a language -- a way we could communicate, a code of dots, dashes and arrows. 更重要的是,他创造了一种语言—— 一种我们可以交流的方式, 一种由点、破折号和箭头构成的代码。
Harkening back to Susan Blackmore's talk, we now have a means of transmitting information with heredity and selection , and we know where that leads. 联系到苏珊·布莱克摩尔的演讲, 我们现在有了一种通过传承与选择 传递信息的方法, 我们也知道它的走向。
Harkening:vi.倾听;留心;vt.倾听;留心;听出(等于hearken); transmitting:v.传送;输送;发射;传播;传染;(transmit的现在分词) heredity:n.遗传,遗传性; selection:n.选择;选拔;挑选;被挑选的人(或物);
And where it has led in origami is to things like this. 而它在折纸术中产生的 是这样的东西。
This is an origami figure: one sheet , no cuts, folding only, hundreds of folds. 这是一个折纸作品: 一张纸,没有裁剪,只有折叠,数百次折叠。
sheet:n.薄板;床单;纸张;报纸;v.覆盖;展开;给…铺床单;铺开;adj.片状的;
This too is origami, and this shows where we've gone in the modern world. 而这也是折纸, 它显示出我们在现代世界中的已经走到哪了。
Naturalism . Detail. 自然主义。细节。
Naturalism:n.自然主义;本能行动;自然论;
You can get horns , antlers -- even if you look close, cloven hooves . 你可以做出犄角,鹿角—— 如果你靠近看,偶蹄。
horns:n.喇叭; v.截锯…的角; antlers:n.[脊椎]鹿角;[脊椎][中医]茸角(antler的复数); cloven:adj.劈开的,分裂的;偶蹄的;v.劈开(cleave的过去分词); hooves:n.蹄(hoof的复数);蹄脚;v.用蹄踢;步行(hoof的三单形式);
And it raises a question: what changed? 这就引出一个问题:什么发生了改变？
And what changed is something you might not have expected in an art, which is math. 发生变化的是一种 你在艺术中可能不曾期待的东西, 那就是数学。
That is, people applied mathematical principles to the art, to discover the underlying laws. 也就是说,人们将数学原理应用 到艺术中, 来发现潜在的规律。
applied:adj.应用的;实用的;v.应用;使用;申请,请求;(apply的过去分词和过去式) mathematical:adj.数学的,数学上的;精确的; principles:n.原则;主义;本质;政策;(principle的复数) underlying:adj.根本的; v.构成…的基础; (underlie的现在分词)
And that leads to a very powerful tool. 这就形成了一种强大的工具。
The secret to productivity in so many fields -- and in origami -- is letting dead people do your work for you. 在众多领域提高生产力的秘密—— 包括在折纸术中—— 是让死去的人为你工作。
productivity:n.生产力;生产率;生产能力;
(Laughter) （笑声）
Because what you can do is take your problem and turn it into a problem that someone else has solved, and use their solutions. 因为你所能做的 是将你的问题 转变成一个其他人已经解决的问题, 并运用他们的解决方法。
And I want to tell you how we did that in origami. 而我想要告诉你们,我们是如何在折纸术中做到这一点的。
Origami revolves around crease patterns. 折纸术是围绕折痕图进行的。
revolves:vi.旋转;循环出现;反复考虑;n.旋转;循环;旋转舞台; crease:n.折痕;折缝;v.起皱;弄皱;使起折痕;
The crease pattern shown here is the underlying blueprint for an origami figure. 这个折痕图就是一个折纸造型 的设计图
blueprint:vt.计划;制成蓝图;n.蓝图,设计图;计划;
And you can't just draw them arbitrarily . 设计图可不能随便画。
arbitrarily:adv.武断地;反复无常地;专横地;
They have to obey four simple laws. 它们必须遵循4个简单的规则。
obey:v.遵守;服从;顺从;
And they're very simple, easy to understand. 它们非常简单,并且很好理解。
The first law is two-colorability. You can color any crease pattern with just two colors without ever having the same color meeting. 第一个规则是双可着色性。你可以用两种颜色 填充你想画的的折痕图而 相同的颜色不会相邻。
The directions of the folds at any vertex -- the number of mountain folds, the number of valley folds -- always differs by two. Two more or two less. 在任何顶点的折叠方向-- 凸折法的数量,凹折法的数量-- 之间总是相差两下。多折或少折两下。
vertex:n.顶点;[昆]头顶;[天]天顶;
Nothing else. 就这么简单。
If you look at the angles around the fold, you find that if you number the angles in a circle, all the even-numbered angles add up to a straight line. 如果观察折痕周围的角, 你会发现在数围成一圈的角时, 所有列为偶数的角加起来是一条直线。
All the odd-numbered angles add up to a straight line. 所有列为奇数的角加起来是一个直线。
odd-numbered:adj.奇数的,单数的;
And if you look at how the layers stack , you'll find that no matter how you stack folds and sheets , a sheet can never penetrate a fold. 接下来,如果观察这些纸是怎么叠加起来的, 你会发现不论怎样叠加褶层和纸片, 纸片永远不能 穿透褶层。
layers:n.层;表层;层次;阶层;v.把…分层堆放;(layer的第三人称单数和复数) stack:n.堆栈;一摞;大量;许多;v.(使)放成整齐的一叠(或一摞,一堆); sheets:n.床单;被单;薄片,薄板;(sheet的复数) penetrate:v.渗透;进入;穿过;看透;
So that's four simple laws. That's all you need in origami. 这就是四则简单的规则。在折纸艺术中这就是全部。
All of origami comes from that. 所有的折纸都源于这些。
And you'd think, "Can four simple laws give rise to that kind of complexity ?" 现在你觉得:“那些复杂的工艺 能是从四则简单的规则中衍生出来的吗？”
give rise to:使发生,引起; complexity:n.复杂性;难以理解的局势
But indeed, the laws of quantum mechanics can be written down on a napkin , and yet they govern all of chemistry, all of life, all of history. 但是,事实上,量子力学的法则 可以在一张餐巾纸上写出来。 而它们可以支配所有的化学, 甚至生活和历史的全部。
quantum mechanics:n.量子力学; napkin:n.餐巾;餐巾纸;尿布;
If we obey these laws, we can do amazing things. 如果遵循这些规则, 我们能做出令人吃惊的事。
So in origami, to obey these laws, we can take simple patterns -- like this repeating pattern of folds, called textures -- and by itself it's nothing. 所以折纸时,在遵循这些规则的情况下, 我们可以做出简单的样式-- 比如这个重复的折叠样式,叫做纹理-- 虽然这样单独看起来很普通。
textures:n.纹理;材质(texture的复数);v.使具有某种结构(texture的三单形式);
But if we follow the laws of origami, we can put these patterns into another fold that itself might be something very, very simple, but when we put it together, we get something a little different. 但如果我们遵守折纸的规则, 我们能把这些样式加入另一种折法, 这种折法本身非常非常的简单。 但当我们把它加进来, 会得到很不一样的东西。
This fish, 400 scales -- again, it is one uncut square, only folding. 这条鱼有400片鱼鳞, 同样,它是一张没被剪过的正方形纸张。
scales:n.规模范围; v.攀登; (scale的第三人称单数和复数) uncut:adj.未切的;毛边的;未雕琢的;未割的;
And if you don't want to fold 400 scales, you can back off and just do a few things, and add plates to the back of a turtle , or toes . 如果你不想折400片鱼鳞, 你可以退而求其次,做些简单的折叠 得到一只乌龟的背壳或脚趾。
turtle:海龟,乌龟 toes:n.脚趾;足尖部;有…脚趾的;v.用脚尖走;(toe的第三人称单数和复数)
Or you can ramp up and go up to 50 stars on a flag, with 13 stripes . 或者可以提升成为一面拥有 50颗星星和13条横条的旗子（美国国旗）。
ramp:n.斜坡,坡道;敲诈;vi.蔓延;狂跳乱撞;敲诈;vt.敲诈;使有斜面; stripes:n.条子布;条纹布(stripe复数形式);v.给…加条纹(stripe的三单形式);
And if you want to go really crazy, 1,000 scales on a rattlesnake . 如果你想做些疯狂的事情, 这有一条有1000片鳞片的响尾蛇。
rattlesnake:n.[脊椎]响尾蛇;
And this guy's on display downstairs , so take a look if you get a chance. 这个作品展示在楼下, 所以你们有机会可以看看。
on display:展览,公开展出; downstairs:adv.在楼下;往楼下;adj.楼下的;n.楼下(尤指地面的一层);
The most powerful tools in origami have related to how we get parts of creatures . 在折纸艺术中,最有用的方法 和我们怎样构造生物的一部分有关。
creatures:n.生物;动物;(具有某种特征的)人(creature的复数)
And I can put it in this simple equation . 我可以用一个简单的等式来解释。
equation:n.方程式,等式;相等;[化学]反应式;
We take an idea, combine it with a square, and you get an origami figure. 我们产生了一个想法, 把它与张纸片结合,就能得到一个折纸作品。
(Laughter) （笑声）
What matters is what we mean by those symbols . 重要的是这些符号代表什么。
symbols:n.符号;象征;标志;符号表(symbol的复数);
And you might say, "Can you really be that specific ? 你们可能会问:“真的能做到那么具体吗？
specific:adj.特殊的,特定的;明确的;详细的;[药]具有特效的;n.特性;细节;特效药;
I mean, a stag beetle -- it's got two points for jaws, it's got antennae . Can you be that specific in the detail?" 我是说一只鹿角虫有两个点状的嘴, 和触角。你真的能做到具体到细节吗？”
stag beetle:n.锹甲;鹿角甲虫; antennae:n.[电讯]天线(等于aerial);[昆]触须;[植]蕊喙;直觉;
And yeah, you really can. 是的,真的可以。
So how do we do that? Well, we break it down into a few smaller steps. 那该怎么做呢？我们把它分成 几个小步骤。
So let me stretch out that equation. 为此,让我来展开这个等式。
stretch out:v.伸出;伸直四肢;
I start with my idea. I abstract it. 我先从我的构思开始,使它抽象化。
abstract:n.摘要; adj.抽象的; vt.摘要; vi.做摘要;
What's the most abstract form? It's a stick figure . 什么是最抽象的形式呢？线条画。
stick figure:n.人物线条画;简笔人物画;
And from that stick figure, I somehow have to get to a folded shape that has a part for every bit of the subject. 然后从这个线条画,我得用某种方式得到折叠的式样, 并且包括想要表现对象的所有部分。
somehow:adv.以某种方法;莫名其妙地;
A flap for every leg. 一片三角形折叠对应一条腿。
And then once I have that folded shape that we call the base, you can make the legs narrower, you can bend them, you can turn it into the finished shape. 然后,我们称这个折叠的式样为基础。 你可以使它的腿变细,使其弯曲, 你可以把它做成成品。
Now the first step: pretty easy. 第一步:很简单。
Take an idea, draw a stick figure. 做出一个构思,画一幅线条图。
The last step is not so hard, but that middle step -- going from the abstract description to the folded shape -- that's hard. 最后一步也不是很难,但中间的一步-- 把抽象的描绘变为折叠的式样-- 这很难。
description:n.说明;形容;描写(文字);类型;
But that's the place where the mathematical ideas can get us over the hump . 但就是在这,数学理论让我们 翻越难关。
over the hump:v.度过最困难时期;已度过一半时间;
And I'm going to show you all how to do that so you can go out of here and fold something. 我要向你们展示怎样做, 这样离开这里后,你们可以叠出些东西。
But we're going to start small. 但我们要先从小的开始。
This base has a lot of flaps in it. 这个基础有很多片状物。
flaps:n.马唇肿胀;
We're going to learn how to make one flap. 我们要学习怎样做一个片状物。
How would you make a single flap? 你会怎样叠一个片状物呢？
Take a square. Fold it in half, fold it in half, fold it again, until it gets long and narrow , and then we'll say at the end of that, that's a flap. 拿一张正方形的纸,把它对折再对折, 直到它变得又长又细, 然后这个的尾部就是一个片状物。
narrow:adj.狭窄的; v.使窄小; n.峡谷; (场所,物品等的)狭窄部分;
I could use that for a leg, an arm, anything like that. 我能用它做一条腿,一只手臂,和所有相似的东西。
What paper went into that flap? 在片状物中是什么样的纸呢？
Well, if I unfold it and go back to the crease pattern, you can see that the upper left corner of that shape is the paper that went into the flap. 如果把它展开去看它的折痕图, 你们可以看到在纸片的左上角的形状 就是构成片状物的纸。
unfold:v.(使)展开;打开;展示;透露; upper:adj.上面的;内陆的;n.靴面;兴奋剂;
So that's the flap, and all the rest of the paper's left over. 所以那就是一个片状物,和所有剩下的纸。
all the rest:其他所有相关信息;
I can use it for something else. 我可以用剩下的部分做点别的。
Well, there's other ways of making a flap. 也有另外的做片状物的方法。
There's other dimensions for flaps. 也有不同形状的片状物。
dimensions:n.规模,大小;
If I make the flaps skinnier , I can use a bit less paper. 如果把片状物叠得更细一些,所用的纸会更少。
skinnier:极瘦的;皮包骨的;小气的(skinny的比较级);
If I make the flap as skinny as possible, 如果把片状物尽可能的叠细,
skinny:adj.极瘦的;干瘦的;皮包骨的;紧身的;n.(不公开的)信息;内幕消息;
I get to the limit of the minimum amount of paper needed. 就能只用片状物所需的最少的纸。
minimum:n.最低限度;最小值;最少量;极小量;adj.最低的;最小的;最低限度的;
And you can see there, it needs a quarter-circle of paper to make a flap. 就像你们所看到的,只需要纸上四分之一个圆就可以作出一个片状物。
There's other ways of making flaps. 还有别的做片状物的方法。
If I put the flap on the edge, it uses a half circle of paper. 如果把片状物放在纸片边上,就需要一个半圆的纸。
And if I make the flap from the middle, it uses a full circle. 如果把片状物放在纸片的中心,就需要一整圆。
So no matter how I make a flap, it needs some part of a circular region of paper. 就是说不论怎样叠, 片状物是由 纸上圆形区域的一部分做成的。
circular:adj.圆形的; n.(同时送达很多人的)印刷信函(或通知、广告); region:n.地区;范围;部位;
So now we're ready to scale up. 现在让我们来提升到新的水平。
What if I want to make something that has a lot of flaps? 如果要叠一个有很多片状物的东西该怎么办呢？
What if:如果…怎么办?
What do I need? I need a lot of circles. 我需要什么？我需要很多的圆。
And in the 1990s, origami artists discovered these principles and realized we could make arbitrarily complicated figures just by packing circles. 在二十世纪九十年代, 折纸艺术家发现了这些规则, 并了解到我们可以通过组合圆形 来叠出任意复杂的形状。
complicated:adj.复杂的;难懂的;v.使复杂化;(complicate的过去分词和过去式)
And here's where the dead people start to help us out. 这就是那些死去的人能帮到我们的地方。
Because lots of people have studied the problem of packing circles. 因为很多人都研究过 组合圆形的问题。
I can rely on that vast history of mathematicians and artists looking at disc packings and arrangements . 我可以依赖那些有关圆的组合和排列的 大量的数学与艺术的历史。
rely:vi.依靠;信赖; mathematicians:n.[数]数学家(mathematician的复数形式); arrangements:n.安排;筹备;布置;商定;(arrangement的复数)
And I can use those patterns now to create origami shapes. 然后我可以用这些式样来制造折纸的形状。
So we figured out these rules whereby you pack circles, you decorate the patterns of circles with lines according to more rules. That gives you the folds. 我们可以依据这些规则来组合圆形, 依据更多的规矩我们可以 用线条来装饰圆。这就有了折叠线。
whereby:adv.凭借;通过…;借以;与…一致; decorate:v.装饰;装点;装潢;点缀; according to:根据,据说;
Those folds fold into a base. You shape the base. 沿这些线折叠就可以得到大体形状。你们就做出了大体的形状。
You get a folded shape -- in this case, a cockroach . 你们得到一个折叠的形状,在这里,是一只蟑螂。
cockroach:n.蟑螂
And it's so simple. 而且它非常的简单。
(Laughter) （笑声）
It's so simple that a computer could do it. 因为它很简单,电脑就可以把它做出来。
And you say, "Well, you know, how simple is that?" 你们可能问“那能有多简单呢？”
But computers, you need to be able to describe things in very basic terms, and with this we could. 但是要用电脑,你们需要用最基本的方法 来描述一件事物。而这里我们可以做到。
describe:v.描述;形容;把…称为;画出…图形;
So I wrote a computer program a bunch of years ago called TreeMaker, and you can download it from my website. 所以我在很多年前写了一个电脑程序, 叫做TreeMaker(造树者）,你们可以在我的网页上下载它。
a bunch of:一群;一束;一堆;
It's free. It runs on all the major platforms -- even Windows. 它是免费的。它可以在大部分的操作系统里面运行,甚至在Windows里。
platforms:n.平台; v.把…放在台上;
(Laughter) （笑声）
And you just draw a stick figure, and it calculates the crease pattern. 然后你们就可以自己画一个线条图, 这个程序会根据线条图计算折痕。
It does the circle packing, calculates the crease pattern, and if you use that stick figure that I just showed, which you can kind of tell -- it's a deer, it's got antlers -- you'll get this crease pattern. 这个程序可以排列圆形,计算折痕, 还有如果你们用刚才我展示的线条图, 你们可以看出它是一只有角的鹿, 你们就可以得到这个折痕图。
And if you take this crease pattern, you fold on the dotted lines, you'll get a base that you can then shape into a deer, with exactly the crease pattern that you wanted. 用这个折痕图,折叠有虚线的地方, 你们就能得到一个基础,然后再用 你们想用的方法 叠出一只鹿。
And if you want a different deer, not a white-tailed deer, you change the packing, and you can do an elk. 如果你们想要一只不同种的鹿, 而不是白尾鹿, 你们可以改变圆形的排列, 然后得到一只麋鹿。
Or you could do a moose . 或是一只驼鹿。
moose:n.[脊椎]驼鹿;麋;[复数moose];
Or really, any other kind of deer. 或是其它任何一种鹿。
These techniques revolutionized this art. 这些技术改革了这门艺术。
techniques:n.技巧;技艺;工艺;技术;(technique的复数) revolutionized:adj.革命化的;被彻底改革的;v.彻底改革(revolutionize的过去式);
We found we could do insects, spiders , which are close -- things with legs, things with legs and wings, things with legs and antennae. 我们发现我们可以叠出昆虫, 或是相近的蜘蛛, 有脚的东西,有脚和翅膀的东西, 和有脚和触角的东西。
spiders:n.蜘蛛(spider的复数)
And if folding a single praying mantis from a single uncut square wasn't interesting enough, then you could do two praying mantises from a single uncut square. 如果用一张没剪过的正方形纸叠一只螳螂 还不够有趣的话, 你们可以用一张没剪过的正方形纸 叠两只螳螂。
mantises:n.[昆]螳螂;
She's eating him. 她在吃他。
I call it " Snack Time." 我称之为“点心时间”。
Snack:n.点心;小吃;快餐;易办到的事;v.吃点心(或快餐、小吃);
And you can do more than just insects. 你们能做的不只是昆虫。
This -- you can put details: toes and claws . A grizzly bear has claws . 你们可以把它做到有细节, 像指头和爪子。一只有爪子的北美洲灰熊。
claws:n.(动物或禽类的)爪,脚爪; v.(用爪子或手指甲)抓,撕,挠(claw的第三人称单数和复数) grizzly bear:n.[动]灰熊;
This tree frog has toes. 和这只有脚趾的树蛙。
tree frog:na.[动]雨蛙;
Actually, lots of people in origami now put toes into their models. 实际上,在折纸艺术中有很多人把指头加入到他们的模型中。
Toes have become an origami meme . 指头变成了折纸艺术的文化基因。
meme:n.大脑模仿病毒;文化基因;弥母;
Because everyone's doing it. 因为每个人都在做。
You can make multiple subjects. 你可以做出多种的物体。
multiple:adj.数量多的;多种多样的;n.倍数;
So these are a couple of instrumentalists . 像这里有一些音乐家。
instrumentalists:n.工具主义者;乐器演奏家;adj.工具主义的;
The guitar player from a single square, the bass player from a single square. 一个正方形做出的吉他手。 一个正方形做出的贝斯手。
bass:n.鲈鱼;男低音;低音部;椴树;adj.低音的;
And if you say, "Well, but the guitar, bass -- that's not so hot. 如果你说,“好吧,但吉他和贝斯 不够帅。
Do a little more complicated instrument." 做些更复杂的乐器吧。”
Well, then you could do an organ . 那你可以做一架风琴。
organ:n.[生物]器官;机构;风琴;管风琴;嗓音;
(Laughter) （笑声）
And what this has allowed is the creation of origami-on-demand. 所以在这个世界里我们能 做出所需要的创造。
creation:n.创造,创作;创作物,产物;
So now people can say, I want exactly this and this and this, and you can go out and fold it. 如果现在有人说,我想要这个这个还有这个。 你就可以精确的把它们叠出来。
And sometimes you create high art, and sometimes you pay the bills by doing some commercial work. 有时可以做纯艺术。 有时可以做些商品卖钱。
commercial:adj.贸易的;商业的;赢利的;以获利为目的的;n.(电台或电视播放的)广告;
But I want to show you some examples. 但是我想给你们看一些例子。
Everything you'll see here, except the car, is origami. 除了车子, 你们将看到的所有东西都是折纸。
(Video) （影片）
(Applause) （掌声）
Just to show you, this really was folded paper. 就是想展示给你们这些真实的折纸。
Computers made things move, but these were all real folded objects that we made. 电脑使所有的东西动起来。 但是这些折纸全都是货真价实的。
And we can use this not just for visuals , but it turns out to be useful even in the real world. 我们不只可以在视觉上运用到折纸艺术, 它实际上在现实世界中也很有用。
visuals:n.图形部分;外观改装;可视教具(visual的复数);
Surprisingly , origami, and the structures that we've developed in origami, turn out to have applications in medicine, in science, in space, in the body, consumer electronics and more. 令人惊奇的,折纸 和从折纸中发展出来的结构 可以在医药学,科学, 太空,身体和电子产品等等上得到应用。
Surprisingly:adv.令人惊讶地;出乎意料地 structures:n.结构; v.建造(structure的第三人称单数形式); consumer:n.[经]消费者;[生,生态]消费者; electronics:n.电子学;电子工业;
And I want to show you some of these examples. 我想展示一些例子。
One of the earliest was this pattern: this folded pattern, studied by Koryo Miura, a Japanese engineer. 在最早的应用中有这样一个样式, 折纸样式, 由日本的工程师Koryo Miura发明的。
He studied a folding pattern, and realized this could fold down into an extremely compact package that had a very simple opening and closing structure. 他研究这个折纸样式,然后发现 可以折出很紧凑的包装, 有很简单的开口和闭合结构。
extremely:adv.非常,极其;极端地; compact:n.合同,契约;小粉盒;adj.紧凑的,紧密的;简洁的;vt.使简洁;使紧密结合;
And he used it to design this solar array . 他应用这个技术设计了这个太阳能电池板。
array:n.数组,阵列;排列,列阵;大批,一系列;衣服;v.排列,部署;打扮;
It's an artist's rendition , but it flew in a Japanese telescope in 1995. 这是一个艺术家的表演,但它在1995应用到了 一架日本望远镜。
rendition:n.译文;演奏;提供;引渡逃奴;
Now, there is actually a little origami in the James Webb space telescope, but it's very simple. 现在在詹姆斯韦伯太空望远镜中只有 一点点的折纸艺术,但它十分之简单。
The telescope -- going up in space, it unfolds in two places. 这架进入太空的望远镜 在两处展开。
unfolds:vt.打开;呈现;vi.展开;显露;
It folds in thirds. It's a very simple pattern -- you wouldn't even call that origami. 它在第三个处折叠。它是一个很简单的式样, 你都不会把它称作折纸。
They certainly didn't need to talk to origami artists. 这些科学家的确不用跟折纸艺术家讨论。
But if you want to go higher and go larger than this, then you might need some origami. 但当你要更深入的研究时, 折纸术是必需的。
Engineers at Lawrence Livermore National Lab had an idea for a telescope much larger. 劳伦斯利物穆尔国家实验室的工程师们 有一个关于一个更大的望远镜的构想。
They called it "The Eyeglass ." 他们称之为“镜片”。
Eyeglass:n.眼镜;镜片;
The design called for geosynchronous orbit , 26,000 miles up, 100-meter diameter lens . 这个设计需要同步轨道, 高于地面26000英里, 和直径100米的镜片。
geosynchronous:adj.对地同步的;与地球的相对位置不变的; orbit:n.轨道;眼眶;势力范围;生活常规;vi.盘旋;绕轨道运行;vt.绕…轨道而行; diameter:n.直径;对径;放大率;放大倍数; lens:n.透镜,镜头;晶状体;隐形眼镜;汽车的灯玻璃;v.给…摄影;
So, imagine a lens the size of a football field. 所以镜片有一个橄榄球场那么大。
There were two groups of people who were interested in this: planetary scientists who want to look up, and then other people who wanted to look down. 有两类人对这个望远镜有兴趣: 想要观察太空的行星学家, 和其他想要观察地球的人。
planetary:adj.行星的;
Whether you look up or look down, how do you get it up in space? You've got to get it up there in a rocket. 不论你想观察什么, 该怎么上太空呢？你需要一个火箭。
And rockets are small. So you have to make it smaller. 而且火箭一般都很小。所以你需要把望远镜做的小一些。
How do you make a large sheet of glass smaller? 怎么把一大片玻璃变小呢？
Well, about the only way is to fold it up somehow. 唯一的办法就是折叠。
So you have to do something like this -- this was a small model. 所以你要做这样的事, 这一个小型的模型。
For the lens, you divide up the panels , you add flexures. 对于镜片,你把板面分区然后加上弯曲。
panels:n.面板(panel的复数); v.嵌镶(panel的第三人称单数形式);
But this pattern's not going to work to get something 100 meters down to a few meters. 但是这个样式不能把100米的东西 变成几米。
So the Livermore engineers, wanting to make use of the work of dead people, or perhaps live origamists, said, "Let's see if someone else is doing this sort of thing." 所以利物穆尔的工程师们, 想要利用那些死去的人的成果, 或是活着的折纸艺术家的成果。 工程师们说“看看有没有别人在做这类事。”
make use of:使用,利用;
So they looked into the origami community , we got in touch with them, and I started working with them. 所以他们研究折纸圈。 我们和折纸艺术家取得联系,而我开始和他们一起工作。
community:n.社区;[生态]群落;共同体;团体; in touch with:同…有联系,和…有接触;
And we developed a pattern together that scales to arbitrarily large size, but that allows any flat ring or disc to fold down into a very neat , compact cylinder . 我们一起开发了一个 可以应用到任意大小, 但可以允许所有的平面环或圆盘 折成一个整洁紧凑的圆柱体的样式。
neat:adj.整洁的;整齐的;有序的;有条理的; cylinder:n.圆筒;汽缸;[数]柱面;圆柱状物;
And they adopted that for their first generation , which was not 100 meters -- it was a five-meter. 他们在第一代的望远镜中采用了这个样式。 而第一代并不是100米而是5米。
adopted:adj.被收养的;被采用的;v.采用;接受;(adopt的过去式和过去分词); first generation:adj.出生在美国的;原件第一代;
But this is a five-meter telescope -- has about a quarter-mile focal length . 但是这个5米的望远镜 有0.25英里的焦距。
focal length:n.焦距;
And it works perfectly on its test range, and it indeed folds up into a neat little bundle . 而且在它的测试范围内效果很好。 它也的确被叠成了一小捆。
bundle:n.包; v.匆匆送走; (成群地)匆忙赶往;
Now, there is other origami in space. 现在,还有别的折纸术应用到太空中。
Japan Aerospace [Exploration] Agency flew a solar sail, and you can see here that the sail expands out, and you can still see the fold lines. 日本航空【探索者】部门发射了一个太阳光帆。 你们可以看到帆伸展开, 还有帆上的折叠线。
Aerospace:n.航空宇宙;[航]航空航天空间; Agency:n.代理,中介;代理处,经销处; expands:v.展开; (expand的第三人称单数)
The problem that's being solved here is something that needs to be big and sheet-like at its destination, but needs to be small for the journey . 在这里所被解决的问题是 做出了一个在旅途中很小 但在目的地很大的薄片状的物体。
journey:n.旅行;行程;vi.旅行;
And that works whether you're going into space, or whether you're just going into a body. 这个可以作用于当你想进入太空, 或是想进入人的身体时。
And this example is the latter . 这个例子就是进入人身体的。
latter:adj.后者的;近来的;后面的;较后的;
This is a heart stent developed by Zhong You at Oxford University. 这是由牛津大学的钟游发明的 心脏手术支架。
stent:n.斯滕特氏印模膏;展伸;adj.扩张的;
It holds open a blocked artery when it gets to its destination, but it needs to be much smaller for the trip there, through your blood vessels . 它在到达目的地时会打开被堵塞的动脉血管。 但在旅途中它需要变得很小才能通过 你的血管。
artery:n.动脉;干道;主流; vessels:n.血管(vessel的复数);船舶;容器;
And this stent folds down using an origami pattern, based on a model called the water-bomb base. 这个支架运用一种折纸术被叠小。 我们称这个模型为水弹模型。
Airbag designers also have the problem of getting flat sheets into a small space. 安全气囊的设计师也遇到了同样的 把大薄片塞进小空间里的 问题。
Airbag:n.安全气囊(遇车祸时充气保护车内的人);
And they want to do their design by simulation . 而且他们都是通过仿真技术来做设计。
simulation:n.仿真;模拟;模仿;假装;
So they need to figure out how, in a computer, to flatten an airbag. 所以他们需要在电脑里研究出 怎样使安全气囊变平。
flatten:vt.击败,摧毁;使…平坦;vi.变平;变单调;
And the algorithms that we developed to do insects turned out to be the solution for airbags to do their simulation. 我们所开发出的叠昆虫的 算法在这里变成了 在仿真技术中解决安全气囊问题的 方法。
solution:n.解决方案;溶液;溶解;解答; airbags:n.安全气囊(遇车祸时充气保护车内的人);(airbag的复数)
And so they can do a simulation like this. 所以设计师可以做一个这个的模仿。
Those are the origami creases forming, and now you can see the airbag inflate and find out: does it work? 那些就是折纸的折痕, 现在你们所看到的就是正在放气的安全气囊 并且大家可以知道这方法管不管用。
creases:n.[服装]皱纹; v.使起折痕; inflate:vt.使充气;使通货膨胀;vi.膨胀;充气;
And that leads to a really interesting idea. 这个例子实际上可以 推导出一个十分有趣的构想。
You know, where did these things come from? 你们知道,这些发明设计都是从哪来么？
Well, the heart stent came from that little blow-up box that you might have learned in elementary school . 这个心脏手术支架 是从大家小学就学到的 纸气球中衍生来的。
blow-up:n.单相交;发脾气;放大; elementary school:小学;
It's the same pattern, called "the water-bomb base." 它们有着相同的构造,称之为“水弹模型”。
The airbag-flattening algorithm came from all the developments of circle packing and the mathematical theory that was really developed just to create insects -- things with legs. 那个使安全气囊变平的算法是 从那些实际上只是 发明出来用来叠昆虫, 也就是有腿的东西, 的数学理论。
The thing is, that this often happens in math and science. 其实呢,这样的事经常 发生在数学和科学里面。
When you get math involved , problems that you solve for aesthetic value only, or to create something beautiful, turn around and turn out to have an application in the real world. 当你运用数学,解决 你纯粹为了美学价值 或是创造美而想解决的问题时, 实际上结果反过来 在现实世界中也可以应用。
involved:adj.有关的; v.涉及; (involve的过去式和过去分词) aesthetic:adj.美的;美学的;审美的,具有审美趣味的; application:n.应用;申请;应用程序;敷用;
And as weird and surprising as it may sound, origami may someday even save a life. 而且即使听上去很奇怪, 折纸术有一天可能会救人一命。
weird:adj.奇怪的;奇异的;离奇的;n.命运;宿命;命运女神;
Thanks. 谢谢。
(Applause) （掌声）