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RobertFull_2014U-_自然界最恶心生物的小秘密，运用到了机器人上_
Even nature's most disgusting creatures have important secrets, but who would want a swarm of cockroaches coming towards them? 它们可以穿过像草地这样的复杂地形, 也身怀一些绝技, 不过谁会想见到一大群蟑螂 朝自己冲来呢？
disgusting:adj.令人不快的;令人厌恶的;v.使作呕;使厌恶;使反感;(disgust的现在分词) creatures:n.生物;动物;(具有某种特征的)人(creature的复数) swarm:n.一大群(蜜蜂等昆虫); vi.成群地来回移动; cockroaches:n.[昆]蟑螂(cockroach的复数);
Yet one of the greatest differences between natural and human technologies relates to robustness . 然而,在自然和人类技术间最大的不同之处中, 有一项与健壮性有关。
technologies:n.技术;科技(technology的复数); robustness:n.[自]鲁棒性;[计]稳健性;健壮性;
Robust systems are stable in complex and new environments. 健壮系统能保持稳定, 即使是在复杂和新的环境里。
stable:n.马厩;牛棚;adj.稳定的;牢固的;坚定的;vi.被关在马厩;赶入马房; complex:adj.复杂的;合成的;n.复合体;综合设施;
Remarkably , cockroaches can self-stabilize running over rough terrain . 引人注意的是,蟑螂可以保持自身稳定地 跑过崎岖的路面。
Remarkably:adv.非常;极为;格外;出乎意料地 terrain:n.[地理]地形,地势;领域;地带;
When we put a jet pack on them, or give them a perturbation like an earthquake, we discovered that their wonderfully tuned legs allow them to self-stabilize without using any of their brainpower . 我们又给它们装上了喷气背包, 或是增加了像地震那样的扰动, 结果发现,它们的腿调整能力极强, 使得它们可以自我保持稳定 而无需大脑的辅助。
perturbation:n.[数][天]摄动;不安;扰乱; wonderfully:adv.精彩地;惊人地;极好地; tuned:v.(为乐器)调音,校音;调整,调节(发动机);调频道(tune的过去分词和过去式) brainpower:n.智能;智囊团;
They can go over complex terrain like grass, no problem, and not get destabilized . 它们可以穿过像草地这样的复杂地形, 没有问题,不会失稳。
destabilized:v.使(制度、国家、政府等)动摇; (destabilize的过去式和过去分词)
We discovered a new behavior where, because of their shape, they actually roll automatically to their side to go through this artificial test bit of grass. 我们发现了一种新的行为, 跟它们的体形密切相关, 他们实际上是自动翻向一边 来穿过这片人造实验草丛。
automatically:adv.自动地;机械地;无意识地;adj.不经思索的; artificial:adj.人造的;仿造的;虚伪的;非原产地的;武断的;
Robust systems can perform multiple tasks with the same structure . 健壮系统可以承担多重任务, 系统结构却无需变动。
perform:v.表演;执行;履行;演出;工作,运转(好/不好); multiple:adj.数量多的;多种多样的;n.倍数; structure:n.结构;构造;建筑物;vt.组织;构成;建造;
Here's a new behavior we've discovered. 这是我们发现的一种新的行为。
The animals rapidly invert and disappear in less than 150 milliseconds — you never see them — using the same structures that they use to run, their legs. 这些小家伙快速地翻了个个儿然后躲起来, 不到150毫秒——你根本看不到—— 所用的结构仍然是它们用来跑的腿。
invert:vt.使…转化; n.颠倒的事物; adj.转化的; disappear:v.消失;失踪;不复存在; milliseconds:n.[计量]毫秒(millisecond的复数形式); structures:n.结构; v.建造(structure的第三人称单数形式);
They can run upside down very rapidly on rods , branches and wires, and if you perturb one of those branches, they can do this. 它们可以翻过身来跑, 非常快,在竿子、树枝和电线上都行, 如果你在树枝上施加扰动, 它们就会这样,
upside down:adj.颠倒的;乱七八糟的; rods:n.鱼竿(rod的复数);棒条体;v.装避雷针;用杆捅清(rod的单三形式);
They can perform gymnastic maneuvers like no robot we have yet. 它们可以做出体操动作, 我们还没有机器人可以做到。
gymnastic:adj.体操的,体育的; maneuvers:n.军事演习(maneuver的复数);
And they have nearly unlimited maneuverability with that same structure and unprecedented access to a variety of different areas. 它们的动作能力几乎是无限的, 使用的是同一结构, 适应各种不同环境的能力 也是前所未见的。
unlimited:adj.无限制的;无限量的;无条件的; maneuverability:n.可操作性;[航][车辆][船]机动性; unprecedented:adj.空前的;无前例的; variety:n.多样;种类;杂耍;变化,多样化;
They have wings for flying when they get warm, but they use those same wings to flip over if they get destabilized. 它们有翅膀,觉得热的时候可用来飞行, 而同样是翅膀,在它们失稳时, 可以帮它们翻过来。
flip:n.浏览;空翻;轻抛;捻掷;v.迅速翻动;按(开关);按(按钮);开(或关)(机器等);
Very effective . 非常有效。
effective:adj.有效的,起作用的;实际的,实在的;给人深刻印象;
Robust systems are also fault tolerant and fail-safe . 健壮系统也是能容错并且防止故障的。
tolerant:adj.宽容的;容忍的;有耐药力的; fail-safe:adj.自动防故障装置的;n.自动防故障装置;
This is the foot of a cockroach.
It has spines , gluey pads and claws , but if you take off those feet, they can still go over rough terrain, like the bottom video that you see, without hardly slowing down. Extraordinary . 这是一只蟑螂脚,
spines:n.[解剖]脊柱;棘状突起;体刺(spine的复数); pads:n.软垫,护垫; v.填充,覆盖,保护; (pad的第三人称单数和复数) claws:n.(动物或禽类的)爪,脚爪; v.(用爪子或手指甲)抓,撕,挠(claw的第三人称单数和复数) Extraordinary:adj.非凡的;特别的;离奇的;临时的;特派的;
They can run up mesh without their feet.
mesh:n.网格;网状物;陷阱;困境;圈套;v.(使)吻合,相配,匹配,适合;
Here's an animal using a normal, alternating tripod : three legs, three legs, three legs, but in nature, the insects often have lost their legs.
alternating:adj.交替的;交互的;v.使交替;依次(alternate的ing形式); tripod:n.[摄]三脚架;三脚桌;
Here's one moving with two middle legs gone.
It can even lose three legs, in a tripod, and adopt a new gait , a hopping gait.
adopt:v.采取;接受;收养;正式通过; gait:n.步法,步态;v.训练步法; hopping:adj.很活跃的;忙忙碌碌的;v.单脚跳行;齐足(或双足)跳行;(hop的现在分词)
And I point out that all of these videos are slowed down 20 times, so they're actually really fast, when you see this.
Robust systems are also damage resistant .
resistant:adj.抵抗的,反抗的;顽固的;n.抵抗者;
Here's an animal climbing up a wall.
It looks like a rapid, smooth, vertical climb, but when you slow it down, you see something very different. 但在慢镜头下,
vertical:n.垂直线;垂直位置;adj.竖的;垂直的;直立的;纵向的;
Here's what they do.
They intentionally have a head-on collision with the wall so they don't slow down and can transition up it in 75 milliseconds.
intentionally:adv.故意地,有意地; head-on collision:迎面相撞;对正碰撞;正撞;正面相撞; transition:n.过渡;转变;变革;变迁;v.经历转变过程;过渡;
And they can do this in part because they have extraordinary exoskeletons . 它们可以做到这一点,
exoskeletons:n.[昆]外骨骼;
And they're really just made up of compliant joints that are tubes and plates connected to one another.
made up of:由…组成,由…构成; compliant:adj.顺从的;服从的;应允的; joints:n.关节; v.接合,联合; (joint的第三人称单数和复数)
Here's a dissection of an abdomen of a cockroach.
dissection:n.解剖,切开;解剖体;详细查究; abdomen:n.腹部;下腹;腹腔;
You see these plates, and you see the compliant membrane .
membrane:n.膜;薄膜;羊皮纸;
My engineering colleague at Berkeley designed with his students a novel manufacturing technique where you essentially origami the exoskeleton, you laser cut it, laminate it, and you fold it up into a robot. 和他的学生们一起设计了 一种新型制造技术,
engineering:n.工程;工程学;v.密谋策划;设计制造;改变…的基因;(engineer的现在分词) colleague:n.同事,同僚; novel:adj.新奇的;异常的;n.小说; manufacturing:n.制造业;工业;v.制造;生产(manufacture的现在分词); technique:n.技巧,技术;手法; essentially:adv.本质上;本来; origami:n.折纸手工;折纸手工品; laminate:vt.将锻压成薄片;分成薄片;vi.分成薄片;n.薄片制品;层压制件; fold:v.折叠;包;可叠平(以便贮存或携带);裹;n.褶;褶层;折叠部分;褶痕;
And you can do that now in less than 15 minutes.
These robots, called DASH, for Dynamic Autonomous Sprawled Hexapod , are highly compliant robots, and they're remarkably robust as a result of these features.
Dynamic:n.动力; adj.充满活力的; Autonomous:adj.自治的;自主的;自发的; Sprawled:adj.四肢伸开的;v.躺卧;蔓生(sprawl的过去式和过去分词); Hexapod:n.昆虫;六脚的节足动物;adj.六脚的; highly:adv.高度地;非常;非常赞许地; as a result:结果;
They're certainly incredibly damage resistant.
incredibly:adv.难以置信地;非常地;
(Laughter) （笑声）
They even have some of the behaviors of the cockroaches.
So they can use their smart, compliant body to transition up a wall in a very simple way.
They even have some of the beginnings of the rapid inversion behavior where they disappear. 它们甚至可以做一点初级的 快速翻身动作
inversion:n.倒置;反向;倒转;
Now we want to know why they can go anywhere.
We discovered that they can go through three-millimeter gaps , the height of two pennies, two stacked pennies, and when they do this, they can actually run through those confined spaces at high speeds, although you never see it. 现在我们想知道:为什么它们可以畅通无阻？ 我们发现它们可以穿过 而当它们钻进去时, 虽然你根本看不见。
gaps:n.差异,缺口;缝隙(gap的复数形式);v.裂开;使豁裂(gap的第三人称单数形式); stacked:adj.放有大量…的; v.(使)放成整齐的一叠(或一摞、一堆); (stack的过去分词和过去式) run through:n.贯通;从头到尾读一遍;排练; confined:adj.狭窄的; v.限制(confine的过去式和过去分词);
To understand it better, we did a CT scan of the exoskeleton and showed that they can compress their body by over 40 percent. 为了更好地进行了解, 发现它们可以压缩自己的身体
CT scan:n."CATscan"的单数; compress:vi.受压缩小;vt.压缩,压紧;精简;
We put them in a materials testing machine to look at the stress strain analysis and showed that they can withstand forces 800 times their body weight, and after this they can fly and run absolutely normally . 我们把它们放进了一个材料测试仪器
strain:n.压力;品系;应力;张力;v.扭伤;拉紧;滤;损伤; analysis:n.分析;分解;验定; withstand:vt.抵挡;禁得起;反抗;vi.反抗; absolutely:adv.绝对地;完全地; normally:adv.正常地;通常地,一般地;
So you never know where curiosity-based research will lead, and someday you may want a swarm of cockroach-inspired robots to come at you. 并且有一天你可能会希望看到
you never know:(非正式)很难说,不可预知;
(Laughter) （笑声）
Thank you.
(Applause) （掌声）