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RobertFull_2005-_探索动物移动的奥秘_
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I want you to imagine that you're a student in my lab. |
想象一下你是我实验室里的一个学生。 |
What I want you to do is to create a biologically-inspired design. |
我想让你做一个由生物激发灵感的设计。 |
And so here's the challenge: |
挑战是这样的: |
I want you to help me create a fully 3D, dynamic , parameterized contact model. |
我想让你帮我制造出一个全3D、参数化的动力接触模型。 |
dynamic:n.动力; adj.充满活力的; parameterized:adj.[数]参数化的;v.使参数化(parameterize的过去式和过去分词); contact:n.接触,联系;v.使接触,联系;
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The translation of that is, could you help me build a foot? |
翻译一下,意思就是能不能帮我造一只脚? |
And it is a true challenge, and I do want you to help me. |
这件事真的很有挑战,我确实需要你们的帮助。 |
Of course, in the challenge there is a prize. |
当然,这是有奖励的。 |
It's not quite the TED Prize, but it is an exclusive t-shirt from our lab. |
不太算是TED奖品,但是我们实验室的特别版T恤。 |
exclusive:adj.独有的;排外的;专一的;n.独家新闻;独家经营的项目;排外者;
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So please send me your ideas about how to design a foot. |
所以请将你们关于如何设计一只脚的想法发个我。 |
Now if we want to design a foot, what do we have to do? |
好,如果我们想设计一只脚,需要做什么呢? |
We have to first know what a foot is. |
首先我们需要知道脚是什么。 |
If we go to the dictionary, it says, "It's the lower extremity of a leg that is in direct contact with the ground in standing or walking" |
如果我们去查字典,字典上说:“脚是在站立及行走时, 腿的最末端直接接触地面的部位。” |
extremity:n.极端;绝境;非常手段;手足;
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That's the traditional definition . |
这是传统的定义。 |
traditional:传统的,惯例的, definition:n.定义;清晰度;(尤指词典里的词或短语的)释义;解释;
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But if you wanted to really do research, what do you have to do? |
但如果你真的想要做研究,还要做什么呢? |
You have to go to the literature and look up what's known about feet. |
你必须还要去翻阅文献,看关于脚人们都知道了些什么。 |
literature:n.文学;文献;文艺;著作;
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So you go to the literature. (Laughter) |
所以你去查阅了文献。(笑) |
Maybe you're familiar with this literature. |
也许你对这些作品很熟悉。 |
familiar:adj.熟悉的;常见的;亲近的;n.常客;密友;
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The problem is, there are many, many feet. |
问题是,这里有很多很多只脚。 |
How do you do this? |
该怎么办呢? |
You need to survey all feet and extract principles of how they work. |
你需要去调查这所有的脚,并且从中提炼出它们是如何工作的理论。 |
survey:n.调查;测量;审视;纵览;vt.调查;勘测;俯瞰;vi.测量土地; extract:v.提取;取出;摘录;榨取;n.汁;摘录;榨出物;选粹; principles:n.原则;主义;本质;政策;(principle的复数)
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And I want you to help me do that in this next clip . |
在下一张图上,我就想让你来帮我做这件事。 |
clip:v.剪辑;修剪;削减;固定;n.夹;夹子;速度;钳;
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As you see this clip, look for principles, and also think about experiments that you might design in order to understand how a foot works. |
当你看这张图时,请寻找理论。 而且考虑你要设计什么样的实验 才能帮助你明白这些脚是如何工作的。 |
See any common themes? Principles? |
看到有什么共同点了吗?共同的原理? |
What would you do? |
你接下来要怎么做? |
What experiments would you run? |
要进行什么样的实验? |
Wow. (Applause) |
哇。(鼓掌) |
Our research on the biomechanics of animal locomotion has allowed us to make a blueprint for a foot. |
我们关于动物运动力方面的生物力学研究 使得我们可以为一只脚绘制出蓝图。 |
biomechanics:n.生物力学;生物机械学; locomotion:n.运动;移动;旅行; blueprint:vt.计划;制成蓝图;n.蓝图,设计图;计划;
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It's a design inspired by nature, but it's not a copy of any specific foot you just looked at, but it's a synthesis of the secrets of many, many feet. |
这是一个由自然启发而来的设计,不单单是复制你刚才看到的某只特定的脚, 而是综合了许多许多只脚的秘密。 |
inspired:adj.受到启发的; v.鼓舞; (inspire的过去分词和过去式) specific:adj.特殊的,特定的;明确的;详细的;[药]具有特效的;n.特性;细节;特效药; synthesis:n.综合,[化学]合成;综合体;
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Now it turns out that animals can go anywhere. |
现在人们发现动物哪儿都能去。 |
They can locomote on substrates that vary as you saw -- in the probability of contact, the movement of that surface and the type of footholds that are present. |
它们能在不同的情况下移动—— 这些变化因素包括接触形势,表面的运动 以及它们所呈现的不同的立足点。 |
locomote:vt.移动;行动; substrates:n.基板;基底(substrate的复数);基片; vary:vi.变化;变异;违反;vt.改变;使多样化;变奏; probability:n.可能性;机率;[数]或然率; footholds:n.演示页面;脚架犯规(foothold的复数);
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If you want to study how a foot works, we're going to have to simulate those surfaces, or simulate that debris . |
若想要研究脚是如何工作的 我们就需要模仿这些表面,或那些碎片。 |
simulate:vt.模仿;假装;冒充;adj.模仿的;假装的; debris:n.碎片,残骸;
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When we did that, here's a new experiment that we did: we put an animal and had it run -- this grass spider -- on a surface with 99 percent of the contact area removed. |
当我们进行模仿时,这里是我们做的一个新实验: 我们将一只动物放上去然后让它跑——这是一只草蛛—— 被放在一个99%的接触区域都被去除了的表面上。 |
spider:n.蜘蛛;
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But it didn't even slow down the animal. |
但它甚至没有使动物的移动缓慢下来。 |
It's still running at the human equivalent of 300 miles per hour. |
草蛛仍然以相当于人类300英里/小时的速度移动着。 |
equivalent:adj.等价的,相等的;同意义的;n.等价物,相等物;
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Now how could it do that? Well, look more carefully. |
它是怎么办到的?好吧,仔细的看。 |
When we slow it down 50 times we see how the leg is hitting that simulated debris. |
当我们以50倍的速度将其放慢,就可以看到腿是如何接触那些仿制的碎片的。 |
simulated:adj.假装的; v.假装; (simulate的过去式和过去分词)
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The leg is acting as a foot. |
腿发挥了脚的功能。 |
And in fact, the animal contacts other parts of its leg more frequently than the traditionally defined foot. |
事实上,动物用腿的其他部位接触表面 比用传统定义界定的足频繁得多。 |
contacts:v.联系,联络;(contact的第三人称单数) frequently:adv.频繁地,经常地;时常,屡次; traditionally:adv.传统上;习惯上;传说上; defined:adj.有定义的,确定的; v.使明确;
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The foot is distributed along the whole leg. |
足分布在整条腿上。 |
distributed:adj.分布的;分散的;v.分发;分配;使分布(distribute的过去分词和过去式)
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You can do another experiment where you can take a cockroach with a foot, and you can remove its foot. |
你也可以做另一个实验,用一只带脚的蟑螂, 然后把它所有的脚都去掉。 |
cockroach:n.蟑螂
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I'm passing some cockroaches around. Take a look at their feet. |
我在分发一些蟑螂。来看看他们的脚是什么样子的。 |
cockroaches:n.[昆]蟑螂(cockroach的复数); Take a look at:看一看;检查;
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Without a foot, here's what it does. It doesn't even slow down. |
没有了脚,这是他们继续做的事。它甚至都没有慢下来。 |
It can run the same speed without even that segment . |
没有那个部分它们仍可以以同样的速度移动。 |
segment:n.段;部分;片;弓形;v.分割;划分;
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No problem for the cockroach -- they can grow them back, if you care. |
别为蟑螂担心——它们还能把脚长回来,如果你很在意。 |
How do they do it? |
它们是怎么做到的? |
Look carefully: this is slowed down 100 times, and watch what it's doing with the rest of its leg. |
仔细看:这是放慢100倍后的。 观察他们在用腿的其余部分做什么。 |
It's acting, again, as a distributed foot. |
又一次,腿作为被广泛分布的足了。 |
Very effective . |
很有效果。 |
effective:adj.有效的,起作用的;实际的,实在的;给人深刻印象;
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Now, the question we had is, how general is a distributed foot? |
现在问题是,到底有多少动物有类似的分布足? |
And the next behavior I'll show you of this animal just stunned us the first time that we saw it. |
下面将要为你们展示的这个动物,我们第一次看时感到很震惊。 |
stunned:adj.震惊的; v.使昏迷; (stun的过去分词和过去式)
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Journalists , this is off the record , it's embargoed -- take a look at what that is! |
记者们,这可是没人报道过的,被禁止的—— 看那是什么! |
Journalists:n.新闻记者(journalist的复数); off the record:adj.非正式的;不留记录的;非公开的; embargoed:adj.被禁止的;被禁运的;v.禁止或限制(embargo的过去式和过去分词);
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That's a bipedal octopus that's disguised as a rolling coconut . |
这个两足的章鱼试图佯装成一个可以滚动的椰子。 |
bipedal:adj.两足动物的;二足的;n.两足动物; octopus:n.章鱼; disguised:v.假扮;装扮;伪装;掩蔽;掩饰(disguise的过去分词和过去式) coconut:n.椰子;椰子肉;
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It was discovered by Christina Huffard and filmed by Sea Studios , right here from Monterey . |
克里斯蒂娜?胡法德发现了它 这影片由海洋工作室(Sea Studios)在蒙特瑞拍摄的。 |
Studios:n.工作室(studio的复数); Monterey:n.蒙特利(美国一座城市);
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We've also described another species of bipedal octopus. |
我们也关注了另一种双足章鱼。 |
described:v.描述;形容;把…称为;做…运动;(describe的过去分词和过去式) species:n.[生物]物种;种类;
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This one disguises itself as floating algae . |
这一只将自己伪装成了浮动的海藻。 |
disguises:v.假扮; n.伪装物; algae:n.[植]藻类;[植]海藻;
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It walks on two legs and it holds the other arms up in the air so that it can't be seen. |
它用两条腿走路然后将两只胳膊高举在空中,以保证不让其他生物看见。 |
(Applause) |
(鼓掌) |
And look what it does with its foot to get over challenging terrain . |
看,当他们要通过崎岖不平的地面时是如何使用脚的。 |
terrain:n.[地理]地形,地势;领域;地带;
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It uses that beautiful distributed foot to make it as if those obstacles are not even there. |
它用它们那美丽的均匀分布的足,使得这些障碍好似不存在一般。 |
obstacles:n.障碍;障碍物;阻碍;(obstacle的复数形式)
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Truly extraordinary . |
真的很特别。 |
extraordinary:adj.非凡的;特别的;离奇的;临时的;特派的;
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In 1951, Escher made this drawing. He thought he created an animal fantasy . |
1951年,埃舍尔画了这幅画。他觉得自己创造出了一个神奇的动物。 |
fantasy:n.幻想; adj.虚幻的; v.空想;
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But we know that art imitates life, and it turns out nature, three million years ago, evolved the next animal. |
但是我们知道艺术模仿生命, 因此人们发现300万年前,自然进化孕育了要展出的这下一个动物。 |
imitates:v.仿效;模仿;(imitate的第三人称单数) evolved:v.(使)逐渐形成;进化;进化形成;(evolve的过去分词和过去式)
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It's a shrimp-like animal called the stomatopod, and here's how it moves on the beaches of Panama: it actually rolls, and it can even roll uphill . |
这个像小虾的动物被称为口脚类动物, 这里是它如何在巴拿马的海滩上移动的: 它其实在滚动,而且竟然还能向上滚。 |
uphill:adj.上坡的,向上的;adv.向上地;往上坡;n.上升;登高;
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It's the ultimate distributed foot; its whole body in this case is acting like its foot. |
这最终是因为均匀分布的足;在这种情况下,它的整个身子都扮演着脚的角色。 |
ultimate:adj.最终的;极限的;根本的;n.终极;根本;基本原则;
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So, if we want to then to our blueprint add the first important feature, we want to add distributed foot contact. |
所以我们为我们的蓝图上加上第一个重要的特征, 我们加上均匀分布的足。 |
Not just with the traditional foot, but also the leg, and even of the body |
不光是在传统的足部部位,也在腿上。 而且甚至是在身上。 |
Can this help us inspire the design of novel robots? |
这能启示我们设计出新的机器人吗? |
novel:adj.新奇的;异常的;n.小说;
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We biologically inspired this robot, named RHex, built by these extraordinary engineers over the last few years. |
我们受到生物的启示所创造的机器人,叫做RHex, RHex在过去几年前由这些卓越的工程师创造出来。 |
biologically:adv.生物学上,生物学地;
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RHex's foot started off to be quite simple, then it got tuned over time, and ultimately resulted in this half circle. |
RHex的脚一开始时非常简单, 但是它总是被修改,知道最后变成了这样的半圆形。 |
tuned:v.(为乐器)调音,校音;调整,调节(发动机);调频道(tune的过去分词和过去式) ultimately:adv.最终;最后;归根结底;终究;
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Why is that? The video will show you. |
这是为什么?下面这段录像将为您解开疑惑。 |
Watch where the robot, now, contacts its leg in order to deal with this very difficult terrain. |
看这个机器人,现在,当它如何用腿接触这些有障碍的地表,试图翻越过去。 |
What you'll see, in fact, is that it's using that half circle leg as a distributed foot. |
你会看到,事实上,它用这半圆形的脚当做均匀分布的足了。 |
Watch it go over this. |
看它翻越这里。 |
You can see it here well on this debris. |
你可以从这里看它穿过这些碎片。 |
Extraordinary. No sensing, all the control is built right into the tuned legs. |
非常棒。没有传感装置,所有的控制组件都装在这个谐调的腿中了。 |
Really simple, but beautiful. |
很简单,但非常棒。 |
Now, you might have noticed something else about the animals when they were running over the rough terrain. |
现在,你可能要关注这些动物的其他方面了, 当它们跑过崎岖不平的地表面时。 |
And my assistant's going to help me here. |
我的助手要帮我一下。 |
When you touched the cockroach leg -- can you get the microphone for him? |
当你摸蟑螂的腿时——你能帮我把话筒递给他吗? |
microphone:n.麦克风;传声器;话筒;
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When you touched the cockroach leg, what did it feel like? |
当你摸蟑螂的腿时,有什么感觉? |
Did you notice something? |
感觉到什么不同了吗? |
Boy: Spiny . |
男孩:很多刺。 |
Spiny:adj.多刺的;麻烦的;尖刺状的;
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Robert Full: It's spiny, right? It's really spiny, isn't it? It sort of hurts. |
罗伯特?福尔:很多刺,是吗?感觉很扎,对不对?有点疼。 |
Maybe we could give it to our curator and see if he'd be brave enough to touch the cockroach. |
也许我们应该把蟑螂给监护人,看他有没有勇气也摸一摸。 |
curator:n.馆长;监护人;管理者;
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(Laughter) |
(笑) |
Chris Anderson: Did you touch it? |
克里斯?安德森:你摸过吗? |
RF: So if you look carefully at this, what you see is that they have spines and until a few weeks ago, no one knew what they did. |
罗伯特?福尔:所以当你很仔细的观察,会发现上面真的有很多刺。 直到几周前,一直也没人知道这些刺是用来做什么的。 |
spines:n.[解剖]脊柱;棘状突起;体刺(spine的复数);
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They assumed that they were for protection and for sensory structures . |
他们推测那些刺起到保护作用,是用来感知周围结构用的。 |
assumed:adj.假定的;假设的;v.假定;假设;认为;承担;(assume的过去分词和过去式) sensory:adj.感觉的;知觉的;传递感觉的; structures:n.结构; v.建造(structure的第三人称单数形式);
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We found that they're for something else -- here's a segment of that spine. |
后来我们发现它们有别的功效——这里是一根刺的一部分 |
They're tuned such that they easily collapse in one direction to pull the leg out from debris, but they're stiff in the other direction so they capture disparities in the surface. |
它们的构造使得它们都很容易向一个方向倒 把一条腿从碎片中拔出, 这些毛很硬,不会弯向另一个方向,因此可以对付不同的表面。 |
collapse:vi.倒塌;瓦解;暴跌;vt.使倒塌,使崩溃;使萎陷;折叠;n.倒塌;失败;衰竭; stiff:adj.呆板的; v.僵硬地; n.死尸; v.诈骗; capture:v.俘虏;捕获;攻占;夺得;刻画,描述;n.(被)捕获;(被)俘获 disparities:不一致(disparity的复数);
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Now crabs don't miss footholds, because they normally move on sand -- until they come to our lab. |
螃蟹不需要寻找立足点,因为他们通常在沙子上行走—— 知道他们被请入我们的实验室。 |
crabs:n.蟹类;吊钳;脾气坏的人(crab的复数);v.捕蟹;抱怨;侧航(crab的三单形式); normally:adv.正常地;通常地,一般地;
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And where they have a problem with this kind of mesh , because they don't have spines. |
然后他们在这些网子上移动会遇到问题, 因为他们没有刚毛。 |
mesh:n.网格;网状物;陷阱;困境;圈套;v.(使)吻合,相配,匹配,适合;
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The crabs are missing spines, so they have a problem in this kind of rough terrain. |
螃蟹由于没有刚毛,所以在这些不平整的表面上移动会显得不自在。 |
But of course, we can deal with that, because we can produce artificial spines. |
但当然,我们能帮助它们, 因为我们可以制造人工刚毛。 |
artificial:adj.人造的;仿造的;虚伪的;非原产地的;武断的;
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We can make spines that catch on simulated debris and collapse on removal to easily pull them out. |
我们可以制造能够应付仿制碎片的刚毛 而且在我们不需要它们时还能很容易的拔出。 |
removal:n.去除;消除;清除;除去;
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We did that by putting these artificial spines on crabs, as you see here, and then we tested them. |
我们把这些人工的刚毛装在螃蟹腿上, 你看,我们测试一下。 |
Do we really understand that principle of tuning ? The answer is, yes! |
我们真正明白调谐的原理了吗?答案是:对! |
tuning:n.调谐;收听;调音;v.(为乐器)调音;调节(发动机);调频道;(tune的现在分词)
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This is slowed down 20-fold, and the crab just zooms across that simulated debris. |
这是放慢20倍后的,螃蟹飞速的横穿过这个模拟碎片。 |
(Laughter) (Applause) |
(笑声)(掌声) |
A little better than nature. |
比自然形成的稍微好一些。 |
So to our blueprint, we need to add tuned spines. |
所以在我们的蓝图上,要加上具有调谐作用的刺。 |
Now will this help us think about the design of more effective climbing robots? |
这些可以帮助我们设计出更会爬墙的机器人吗? |
Well, here's RHex -- RHex has trouble on rails -- on smooth rails, as you see here. |
这里是RHex——RHex穿过轨道时遇到了麻烦——在平滑的轨道上,你看。 |
So why not add a spine? My colleagues did this at U Penn. |
为什么不加一个刺呢?我的同事帮他加上了。 |
colleagues:n.同事;同行(colleague的复数);
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Dan Koditschek put some steel nails -- very simple version -- on the robot -- and here's RHex, now, going over those steel -- those rails. No problem! |
丹?柯蒂斯将一些钢钉——非常简单的型号——装在机器人上—— 于是现在的RHex,越过那些钢制的——轨道。没有问题! |
How does it do it? |
它是怎么做到的? |
Let's slow it down and you can see the spines in action. |
我们放慢速度,你就能看到那些刺是如何工作的了。 |
Watch the leg come around, and you'll see it grab on right there. |
看腿移动过来了,你看它刚好能抓稳。 |
grab:v.攫取;霸占;将…深深吸引;n.攫取;霸占;夺取之物;
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It couldn't do that before, it would just slip and get stuck and tip over. |
以前它是办不到的,只会打滑、卡主然后翻倒。 |
slip:v.溜;下降;滑落;n.纸条;衬裙; tip:n.小窍门,小费;v.给…小费;使倾斜;
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And watch again, right there -- successful. |
现在再看一遍,就这样——成功。 |
Now just because we have a distributed foot and spines doesn't mean you can climb vertical surfaces. |
现在只拥有有均匀分布的足以及刺 并不代表可以爬上垂直的表面。 |
vertical:n.垂直线;垂直位置;adj.竖的;垂直的;直立的;纵向的;
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This is really, really difficult. |
这个真的非常,非常难。 |
But look at this animal do it! |
但看动物们很多都会! |
One of the ones I'm passing around is climbing up this vertical surface that's a smooth metal plate. |
有这样一个动物是在光滑的金属盘子表面向上爬。 |
It's extraordinary how fast it can do it -- but if you slow it down, you see something that's quite extraordinary. |
它们的爬行速度快得惊人—— 看如果放慢速度,你会发现一些很神奇的事。 |
It's a secret. The animal effectively climbs by slipping and look -- and doing, actually, terribly, with respect to grabbing on the surface. |
这是个秘密。动物很有效的利用滑动,看—— 事实上,很恐怖的是,它们在抓取表面。 |
slipping:n.滑动;adj.渐渐松弛的;v.滑动;(slip的现在分词); with respect:怀有敬意; grabbing:v.抓住;夺得;利用,抓住(机会)(grab的现在分词)
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It looks, in fact, like it's swimming up the surface. |
看上去像从表面上游了上去。 |
We can actually model that behavior better as a fluid , if you look at it. |
我们其实可以将这一行为模仿为流动体的,如果你仔细观察。 |
fluid:adj.流动的;流畅的;不固定的;n.流体;液体;
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The distributed foot, actually, is working more like a paddle . |
这些分布式足事实上工作原理更像是桨。 |
paddle:n.划桨;明轮翼;vt.拌;搅;用桨划;vi.划桨;戏水;涉水;
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The same is true when we looked at this lizard running on fluidized sand. |
当我观察蜥蜴在流态化的沙子上移动时,结果相同。 |
lizard:n.蜥蜴;类蜥蜴爬行动物;
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Watch its feet. |
看它的脚。 |
It's actually functioning as a paddle even though it's interacting with a surface that we normally think of as a solid. |
事实上它起到了桨的作用。 即使它接触的表面通常被我们认为是固体。 |
interacting:v.交流;沟通;合作;相互影响;(interact的现在分词)
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This is not different from what my former undergraduate discovered when she figured out how lizards can run on water itself. |
这与我以前的一个本科生学生所发现的没有什么不同 当她发现蜥蜴是如何在水面上行走的。 |
undergraduate:n.本科生; lizards:n.[动]蜥蜴,蜥蜴爬虫类动物;(lizard的复数)
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Can you use this to make a better robot? |
可以利用这个制造更好的机器人吗? |
Martin Buehler did -- who's now at Boston Dynamics -- he took this idea and made RHex to be Aqua RHex. |
马丁?比埃勒进行了尝试——他现在在波士顿动力公司—— 他采用了这个点子并将RHex改造为Aqua RHex。 |
Boston:n.波士顿(美国城市); Dynamics:n.动力学,力学; Aqua:n.水;溶液;浅绿色;adj.浅绿色的;
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So here's RHex with paddles , now converted into an incredibly maneuverable swimming robot. |
所以RHex有了蹚水的桨, 现在被改造为不可思议且操纵灵活的游泳机器人了。 |
paddles:n.船桨(paddle的复数);划浆;v.划桨(paddle的三单形式); converted:adj.修改的;改变信仰的;v.转变;改变信仰(convert的过去式和过去分词形式); incredibly:adv.难以置信地;非常地; maneuverable:adj.有机动性的;容易操作的;可调动的;
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For rough surfaces, though, animals add claws . |
然而对于粗糙的表面,动物为自己添加了爪子。 |
claws:n.(动物或禽类的)爪,脚爪; v.(用爪子或手指甲)抓,撕,挠(claw的第三人称单数和复数)
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And you probably feel them if you grabbed it. |
当你抓住它们时应该能感觉到这些爪子。 |
grabbed:v.抓住;攫取;抓住,夺得;(grab的过去分词和过去式)
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Did you touch it? |
你有没有碰碰它? |
CA: I did. |
CA:我碰了。 |
RF: And they do really well at grabbing onto surfaces with these claws. |
RF:它们可以很有效的利用这些爪子钳住表面。 |
Mark Cutkosky at Stanford University, one of my collaborators , is an extraordinary engineer who developed this technique called Shape Deposition Manufacturing , where he can imbed claws right into an artificial foot. |
斯坦福大学的马克?库特科斯基,我的一位同事,是一位杰出的工程师 他发明了一种技术叫做“形状沉积制造”, 利用这种技术,他可以将爪子嵌入人工足中。 |
collaborators:n.[劳经]合作者;投敌者(collaborator的复数); technique:n.技巧,技术;手法; Deposition:n.沉积(物);沉淀(物);罢免;证人陈述; Manufacturing:n.制造业;工业;v.制造;生产(manufacture的现在分词); imbed:vt.埋藏(等于embed);
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And here's the simple version of a foot for a new robot that I'll show you in a bit. |
这里有一个新机器人脚的简易版本。 |
So to our blueprint, let's attach claws. |
在我们的蓝图上加上爪子。 |
attach:v.贴上;重视;把…固定,把…附(在…上);参加;与…有联系;
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Now if we look at animals, though, to be really maneuverable in all surfaces, the animals use hybrid mechanisms that include claws, and spines, and hairs, and pads , and glue , and capillary adhesion and a whole bunch of other things. |
现在让我们看看那些真正能在任何表面上移动的动物, 它们都要用到混合动力机制 包括爪子、刺、毛发、肉趾、胶、毛细管粘附 还有很多其他的东西。 |
hybrid:n.杂种,混血儿;混合物;adj.混合的;杂种的; mechanisms:n.机制;[机]机构(mechanism的复数);机械;[机]机构学; pads:n.软垫,护垫; v.填充,覆盖,保护; (pad的第三人称单数和复数) glue:n.胶;胶水;v.粘贴; capillary:adj.细长的;表面张力的;n.毛细管;毛细血管; adhesion:n.粘附;支持;固守; bunch:n.群;串;突出物;vi.隆起;打褶;形成一串;vt.使成一串;使打褶;
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These are all from different insects. |
这些都是来自不同的昆虫。 |
There's an ant crawling up a vertical surface. |
这里有一只蚂蚁在垂直的表面上往上爬。 |
crawling:v.爬行;匍匐行进;(crawl的现在分词)
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Let's look at that ant. |
让我们来观察一下这只蚂蚁。 |
This is the foot of an ant. You see the hairs and the claws and this thing here. |
这是蚂蚁的一只脚。你看这里有毛发以及爪子。 |
This is when its foot is is in the air. |
这是蚂蚁自然状态下的脚。 |
Watch what happens when the foot goes onto your sandwich . |
观察这脚放在你的三明治上会发生些什么。 |
sandwich:n.三明治;夹心面包片;
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You see what happens? |
看到发生了些什么了吗? |
That pad comes out. And that's where the glue is. |
这些垫伸展出来。这就是胶所在的地方。 |
Here from underneath is an ant foot, and when the claws don't dig in, that pad automatically comes out without the ant doing anything. |
这下面是一只蚂蚁脚。 当爪子不深入抓取时,垫会自动出来,不需要蚂蚁做任何事情。 |
underneath:prep.在…的下面;在…的支配下;n.下面;底部;adj.下面的;底层的; automatically:adv.自动地;机械地;无意识地;adj.不经思索的;
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It just extrudes . |
它就自己被挤压了出来。 |
extrudes:vt.挤出,压出;使突出;逐出;vi.突出,喷出;
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And this was a hard shot to get -- I think this is the shot of the ant foot on the superstrings. |
很难拍摄到这种状态——这大概是在超弦状态下拍摄的蚂蚁脚。 |
So it's pretty tough to do. |
真的很难办到。 |
This is what it looks like close up -- here's the ant foot, and there's the glue. |
这就是近看的效果—— 这是一只蚂蚁脚,然后这里是胶状物。 |
And we discovered this glue may be an interesting two-phase mixture . |
而且我们发现这些胶状物可能是两种物质的混合物。 |
two-phase:n.二相;adj.[电]双相的(等于quarter-phase); mixture:n.混合;结合体;混合物;集合体;
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It certainly helps it to hold on. |
这显然可以帮助我们抓住墙壁。 |
So to our blueprint, we stick on some sticky pads. |
所以要在我们的蓝图上添加粘胶垫。 |
sticky:adj.粘的;粘性的;
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Now you might think for smooth surfaces we get inspiration here. |
现在你可以考虑光滑表面了,因为我们已经有了相应的灵感。 |
Now we have something better here. |
在这里我们有些更好的。 |
The gecko 's a really great example of nanotechnology in nature. |
壁虎绝对是自然界中最好的纳米技术例子。 |
gecko:n.[脊椎]壁虎; nanotechnology:n.纳米技术;
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These are its feet. |
这些是他的脚。 |
They're -- almost look alien. And the secret, which they stick on with, involves their hairy toes . |
他们看起来——甚至像外星人的脚。而且秘密在于 他们有毛茸茸的脚趾头。 |
involves:v.包含;需要;牵涉;牵连;影响;(使)参加,加入(involve的第三人称单数) toes:n.脚趾;足尖部;有…脚趾的;v.用脚尖走;(toe的第三人称单数和复数)
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They can run up a surface at a meter per second, take 30 steps in that one second -- you can hardly see them. |
它们可以以1米/秒的速度在表面上移动。 一秒钟内走30步——你几乎都看不到它们。 |
If we slow it down, they attach their feet at eight milliseconds , and detach them in 16 milliseconds. |
但如果我们将这一过程放慢,会发现它们的脚与表面接触时间仅为8毫秒, 而脚离开表面的时间仅为16毫秒。 |
milliseconds:n.[计量]毫秒(millisecond的复数形式); detach:v.分离;派遣;使超然;
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And when you watch how they detach it, it is bizarre . |
当你观察它们是如何将脚与表面分开时,会感觉很奇怪。 |
bizarre:adj.奇异的(指态度,容貌,款式等);
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They peel away from the surface like you'd peel away a piece of tape. |
他们把脚从表面撕开,就像你把胶带撕开一样。 |
Very strange. How do they stick? |
很奇怪。他们是怎么粘上的? |
If you look at their feet, they have leaf-like structures called linalae with millions of hairs. |
观察他们的脚,你会发现这种叶状结构叫做linalae, 并且有成千上万的毛发。 |
And each hair has the worst case of split ends possible. |
而且每根毛都分叉极为严重。 |
split:v.分离;使分离;劈开;离开;分解;n.劈开;裂缝;adj.劈开的;
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It has a hundred to a thousand split ends, and that's the secret, because it allows intimate contact. |
又分了成百上千个叉。 这就是秘密,因为这样可以更为亲密的接触物体表面。 |
intimate:n.知己; v.暗示; adj.亲密的;
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The gecko has a billion of these 200-nanometer-sized split ends. |
壁虎拥有10亿个这样200纳米大小的分叉。 |
And they don't stick by glue, or they don't work like velcro , or they don't work with suction . |
它们不利用胶状物,不用尼龙搭扣,也不用吸附力。 |
velcro:n.维可牢(一种尼龙搭扣的商标名称); suction:n.吸;吸力;抽吸;
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We discovered they work by intermolecular forces alone. |
我们发现它们只用分子间引力作用。 |
intermolecular:adj.分子间的;作用于分子间的,存在于分子间的;
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So to our blueprint, we split some hairs. |
所以在我们的蓝图上,我们将一些毛发分叉。 |
This has inspired the design of the first self-cleaning dry adhesive -- the patent issued , we're happy to say. |
这也为第一个具有自我清洁能力的胶提供了设计灵感—— 而且这一项目也申请了专利,我们很开心的宣布。 |
self-cleaning:adj.自动清洗的;自洁式的; adhesive:n.粘合剂;胶黏剂;adj.粘着的;带粘性的; patent:vt.授予专利; adj.专利的; n.专利权; issued:v.宣布;公布;发出;将…诉诸法律;(issue的过去分词和过去式)
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And here's the simplest version in nature, and here's my collaborator Ron Fearing's attempt at an artificial version of this dry adhesive made from polyurethane . |
这里是自然界中最简单的版本。 我的同事罗恩?菲尔凌试图 利用聚氨酯制造这种人工干胶。 |
attempt:n.企图,试图;攻击;v.企图,试图;尝试; polyurethane:n.聚氨酯;聚亚安酯;
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And here's the first attempt to have it work on some load. |
这是第一次试验将其粘在同样的表面上。 |
There's enormous interest in this in a variety of different fields. |
在很多领域里,人们都对其非常感兴趣。 |
enormous:adj.庞大的,巨大的;凶暴的,极恶的; variety:n.多样;种类;杂耍;变化,多样化;
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You could think of a thousand possible uses, I'm sure. |
我敢保证你能想出上千种用途。 |
Lots of people have, and we're excited about realizing this as a product. |
很多人发现了这是一种产品,我们对此也很激动。 |
We have imagined products, for example, this one: we imagined a bio-inspired Band-Aid , where we took the glue off the Band-Aid. |
我们曾经想象过要制造这样的产品,比如: 由生物启发的创可贴,这样我们可以不用在创可贴上用粘胶。 |
bio-inspired:生物启发;仿生学;仿生物智慧; Band-Aid:n.创可贴;adj.补缀的;
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We took some hairs from a molting gecko; put three rolls of them on here, and then made this Band-Aid. |
我们在蜕皮的壁虎身上取得一些毛发; 将三卷毛发用在此处,制造出新的创可贴。 |
molting:n.[动]蜕皮;换羽;v.脱毛;换羽(molt的ing形式);
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This is an undergraduate volunteer -- we have 30,000 undergraduates so we can choose among them -- that's actually just a red pen mark. |
这是一位本科生志愿者—— 我们有三万个本科生,所以可以从他们之中挑选—— 这仅仅是个红色笔印。 |
volunteer:n.志愿者;志愿兵;adj.志愿的;v.自愿; undergraduates:n.本科生,大学生;
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But it makes an incredible Band-Aid. |
但这方法真的制造出了不可思议的创可贴。 |
incredible:adj.难以置信的,惊人的;
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It's aerated , it can be peeled off easily, it doesn't cause any irritation , it works underwater . |
其中添注了二氧化碳,可以被轻易地揭掉,不会带来小困扰,而且还具有防水功能。 |
aerated:adj.充气的; v.充气,让空气进入(areate的过去分词形式); irritation:n.刺激;激怒,恼怒,生气;兴奋;令人恼火的事; underwater:adj.在水中的;水面下的;adv.在水下;n.水下;
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I think this is an extraordinary example of how curiosity-based research -- we just wondered how they climbed up something -- can lead to things that you could never imagine. |
这是一个很好的例子,来说明有好奇心而且启发的研究—— 我们只是好奇它们如何爬上一些表面的—— 可以引领你发现一些想不到的事情。 |
It's just an example of why we need to support curiosity-based research. |
这是一个例子来说明为什么我们需要支持那些由好奇心启发的研究。 |
Here you are, pulling off the Band-Aid. |
现在你撕掉创可贴。 |
So we've redefined , now, what a foot is. |
所以现在我们对脚重新进行了定义。 |
redefined:adj.重新定义的;vt.对…再加以解说;再给…下定义(redefine的过去分词);
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The question is, can we use these secrets, then, to inspire the design of a better foot, better than one we see in nature? |
问题是,我们可否用这些秘密 来启发我们设计出比自然形成的更好的脚吗? |
Here's the new project: we're trying to create the first climbing search-and-rescue robot -- no suction or magnets -- that can only move on limited kinds of surfaces. |
这里有一个新的项目: 我们试图制造第一个可爬墙的搜索救援机器人——不用吸盘以及磁铁—— 可以在特定的表面上移动。 |
magnets:n.磁铁;磁石;吸铁石;有吸引力的人(或地方、事物);(magnet的复数) limited:adj.有限的; n.高级快车; v.限制; (limit的过去分词和过去式)
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I call the new robot RiSE, for "Robot in Scansorial Environment" -- that's a climbing environment -- and we have an extraordinary team of biologists and engineers creating this robot. |
我称这个新机器人为RiSE, 是“攀登环境机器人”的简称——它可以爬墙。 我们共同制造这个机器人的小组中有杰出的生物学家以及工程师。 |
biologists:n.生物学家(biologist的复数);
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And here is RiSE. |
这就是RiSE。 |
It's six-legged and has a tail. Here it is on a fence and a tree. |
它有6条腿和一条尾巴。这是它在一个篱笆上,还有在一颗树上。 |
And here are RiSE's first steps on an incline . |
这是RiSE在倾斜的表面走出的第一步。 |
incline:v.(使)倾向于,有…的趋势;(使)倾斜;n.斜坡;倾斜;斜度;
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You have the audio ? You can hear it go up. |
你们有耳机吧?可以听到它往上走。 |
audio:adj.声音的;录音的;
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And here it is coming up at you, in its first steps up a wall. |
它在向你走来,第一次爬墙。 |
Now it's only using its simplest feet here, so this is very new. |
这里它仅仅用最简单的脚,所以很新。 |
But we think we got the dynamics right of the robot. |
但是我想我们已经理解了这个机器人的动力装置。 |
Mark Cutkosky, though, is taking it a step further. |
马克?库特科斯基将这个实验更进一步。 |
He's the one able to build this shape-deposition manufactured feet and toes. |
他可以利用形状沉积制造的技术来制造这些脚以及趾头。 |
manufactured:adj.制造的,已制成的;v.制造,加工(manufacture的过去式);
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The next step is to make compliant toes, and try to add spines and claws and set it for dry adhesives . |
下一步是要制造顺从听话的脚趾头。 然后加上刺和爪子,再加上干胶。 |
compliant:adj.顺从的;服从的;应允的; adhesives:n.[胶粘]粘合剂(adhesive的复数);
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So the idea is to first get the toes and a foot right, attempt to make that climb, and ultimately put it on the robot. |
我们计划首先将脚趾和脚做好, 然后试图让脚能在墙上爬行,最后在其上面安装机器人。 |
And that's exactly what he's done. |
他就是这么做的。 |
He's built, in fact, a climbing foot-bot inspired by nature. |
事实上,他制造出一个受自然启发的脚踏式爬墙机器人。 |
And here's Cutkosky's and his amazing students' design. |
这就是特科斯基以及他令人佩服的学生的设计作品。 |
So these are tuned toes -- there are six of them, and they use the principles that I just talked about collectively for the blueprint. |
这些就是调谐的脚趾——有6个, 它们就将我刚才在蓝图上用到的原理综合起来。 |
collectively:adv.共同地,全体地;
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So this is not using any suction, any glue, and it will ultimately, when it's attached to the robot -- it's as biologically inspired as the animal -- hopefully be able to climb any kind of a surface. |
没有用到吸盘,或任何胶状物, 最终,当它被装到机器人身上后—— 由动物启发而来—— 希望能在任何表面上爬行。 |
attached:adj.依恋;v.重视;把…固定;(attach的过去分词和过去式)
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Here you see it, next, going up the side of a building at Stanford. |
现在你看,接下来,它爬上斯坦福大学建筑的一面墙。 |
It's sped up -- again, it's a foot climbing. |
它加速了——它一直是用脚爬行。 |
It's not the whole robot yet, we're working on it -- now you can see how it's attaching . |
这还不是全部的机器人,我们仍在继续努力—— 现在你可以看到它是怎么爬上去的。 |
attaching:v.把…固定,把…附(在…上);重视;参加,缠着;(attach的现在分词)
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These tuned structures allow the spines, friction pads and ultimately the adhesive hairs to grab on to very challenging, difficult surfaces. |
这些调谐的结构使得所有刺、摩擦垫以及最终的黏贴式毛发 可以抓附住这些非常具有挑战性的表面。 |
friction:n.摩擦,[力]摩擦力;
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And so they were able to get this thing -- this is now sped up 20 times -- can you imagine it trying to go up and rescue somebody at that upper floor? OK? |
所以它们现在可以爬墙了——这个机器人加速了20倍—— 你能想象它爬上去救在上层的人吗? |
rescue:n.救援;抢救;营救;获救;v.抢救;营救;援救; upper:adj.上面的;内陆的;n.靴面;兴奋剂;
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You can visualize this now, it's not impossible. |
你完全可以这么设想了,不是不可能。 |
visualize:vt.形象,形象化;想像,设想;vi.显现;
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It's a very challenging task. But more to come later. |
这是一项非常具有挑战性的工作。但我们还有很多要做。 |
To finish: we've gotten design secrets from nature by looking at how feet are built. |
结束之际,我想说我们从自然中汲取设计灵感,当我们观察脚是如何构造时。 |
We've learned we should distribute control to smart parts. |
我们学到应该把能力分配到重要的地方。 |
Don't put it all in the brain, but put some of the control in tuned feet, legs and even body. |
别把想法都只放在脑子里, 而是去琢磨琢磨调谐的足,腿甚至身体。 |
That nature uses hybrid solutions, not a single solution , to these problems, and they're integrated and beautifully robust . |
自然界为解决这类问题都使用多种途径,绝不是单一途径, 这些途径都完美的结合在一起,而且十分有效。 |
solution:n.解决方案;溶液;溶解;解答; integrated:adj.综合的; v.整合; (integrate的过去式和过去分词) robust:adj.强健的;健康的;粗野的;粗鲁的;
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And third, we believe strongly that we do not want to mimic nature but instead be inspired by biology , and use these novel principles with the best engineering solutions that are out there to make -- potentially -- something better than nature. |
第三,我们坚定的相信我们不要单纯模仿自然,而是要从生物中汲取灵感, 然后利用这些新的原理以及最好的工程解决方案 来制造——有可能——比自然更好的东西。 |
mimic:vt.模仿,摹拟;n.效颦者,模仿者;仿制品;小丑;adj.模仿的,模拟的;假装的; biology:n.(一个地区全部的)生物;生物学; engineering:n.工程;工程学;v.密谋策划;设计制造;改变…的基因;(engineer的现在分词) potentially:adv.可能地,潜在地;
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So there's a clear message: whether you care about a fundamental , basic research of really interesting, bizarre, wonderful animals, or you want to build a search-and-rescue robot |
所以信息明确: 你很在意最基础的研究 关于那些有趣、奇怪而奇妙的动物, 或者你想制造一个可以用来搜寻以及营救的机器人 |
fundamental:n.基础; adj.十分重大的;
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that can help you in an earthquake, or to save someone in a fire, or you care about medicine, we must preserve nature's designs. |
来帮助你在地震或火灾中救人 再或你对医药很感兴趣,总之我们必须保留大自然的设计方案。 |
preserve:vt.保存;保护;维持;腌;禁猎;n.保护区;禁猎地;加工成的食品;
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Otherwise these secrets will be lost forever. |
否则这些秘密就将永远被丢失了。 |
Thank you. |
谢谢。 |