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RobHopkins_2009G-_不用石油的转变世界_
As a culture, we tell ourselves lots of stories about the future, and where we might move forward from this point. 在人类文明中,有很多关于未来的 故事, 也许正是这些故事激励我们前行。
Some of those stories are that somebody is just going to sort everything out for us. 在一些故事中 有些人努力去收集和利用所有事物。
Other stories are that everything is on the verge of unraveling . 在另一些故事中,所有事物都濒临灭亡。
on the verge of:濒临于;接近于; unraveling:v.解开,拆散,散开;(unravel的现在分词)
But I want to tell you a different story here today. 但是我今天将带给你们一个不同的故事。
Like all stories, it has a beginning. 与所有故事一样,它也有一个开头。
My work, for a long time, has been involved in education, in teaching people practical skills for sustainability , teaching people how to take responsibility for growing some of their own food, how to build buildings using local materials, how to generate their own energy, and so on. 在很长一段时间,我一直潜心于教育事业, 教大家 可持续性实用技能, 比如 在自家种菜, 利用本地的材料建造房子, 挖掘本地的能量源等等,这些都是为了帮助人们更好的承担责任。
involved:adj.有关的; v.涉及; (involve的过去式和过去分词) practical:adj.实际的;真实的;客观存在的;n.实习课;实践课; sustainability:n.持续性;永续性;能维持性; generate:v.产生;引起;
I lived in Ireland, built the first straw-bale houses in Ireland, and some cob buildings and all this kind of thing. 我生活在爱尔兰,在那儿我建造了第一个稻草屋, 和一些圆形建筑以及类似的。
But all my work for many years was focused around the idea that sustainability means basically looking at the globalized economic growth model, and moderating what comes in at one end, and moderating the outputs at the other end. 很多年来我的工作都集中在 一个想法--可持续性, 它意味着:着眼于 全球经济增长模型, 既监控着自身就有的东西, 也监控着所产出排出的东西,
basically:adv.主要地,基本上; globalized:vt.使全球化; economic:adj.经济的,经济上的;经济学的; moderating:adj.减速的;慢化的;v.和缓;减轻;主持(moderate的ing形式); outputs:n.[计]输出; v.生产;
And then I came into contact with a way of looking at things which actually changed that profoundly . 然后我就开始接触并以长远的目光观察 在实际中变化巨大的这一切。
contact:n.接触,联系;v.使接触,联系; profoundly:adv.深刻地;深深地;极度地;
And in order to introduce you to that, 为了介绍清楚,
I've got something here that I'm going to unveil , which is one of the great marvels of the modern age. 在这里我打算揭开 一个当代伟大奇迹的发现。
unveil:n.揭幕;计划公布;v.为…揭幕;(首次)展示,介绍; marvels:奇迹(marvel的名词复数);
And it's something so astounding and so astonishing that I think maybe as I remove this cloth a suitable gasp of amazement might be appropriate . 它是如此惊天动地, 我想我还是先揭开它的面纱, 并好好喘口气,然后再告诉大家比较合适。
astounding:adj.令人震惊的;使大吃一惊的;v.使震惊;使大惊;(astound的现在分词) astonishing:adj.令人十分惊讶的;v.使十分惊讶;使吃惊;(astonish的现在分词) suitable:adj.合适的;适宜的;适当的;适用的; gasp:v.喘气,喘息;气喘吁吁地说;渴望;n.深吸气;倒抽气; amazement:n.惊异;惊愕; appropriate:adj.适当的;恰当的;v.占用,拨出;
If you could help me with that it would be fantastic . 如果你们能帮我一把,那就完美了。
fantastic:奇异的,空想的
(Laughter) （笑声）
This is a liter of oil. 这儿有一升石油。
liter:n.(计量)公升(容量单位)
This bottle of oil, distilled over a hundred million years of geological time, ancient sunlight , contains the energy equivalent of about five weeks hard human manual labor -- equivalent to about 35 strong people coming round and working for you. 这瓶油 提炼取自上亿年前的地质, 经过远古的阳光照射, 它饱含的能量相当于5周的 艰苦的体力劳动, 也相当于35个壮劳力 为你服务。
distilled:adj.由蒸馏得来的;净化的;v.蒸馏(distill的过去式); geological:adj.地质的,地质学的; sunlight:n.日光; equivalent:adj.等价的,相等的;同意义的;n.等价物,相等物; manual:n.说明书;指南;使用手册;adj.用手的;手工的;体力的;手动的;
We can turn it into a dazzling array of materials, medicine, modern clothing, laptops , a whole range of different things. 我们可以用石油再加工成琳琅满目的新材料: 药物,现代纺织料, 笔记本电脑,还有其他不同的材料。
dazzling:adj.耀眼的; v.(强光等)使目眩; (dazzle的现在分词) array:n.数组,阵列;排列,列阵;大批,一系列;衣服;v.排列,部署;打扮; laptops:n.便携式电脑;笔记本电脑;(laptop的复数)
It gives us an energy return that's unimaginable , historically . 石油给予我们的历史发展中所需的无法想象的能量循环。
unimaginable:adj.不可思议的;难以想像的; historically:adv.历史上地;从历史观点上说;
We've based the design of our settlements , our business models, our transport plans, even the idea of economic growth, some would argue, on the assumption that we will have this in perpetuity . 我们赖以生存的社区设计, 经济学模型,旅游计划, 甚至经济增长的观点,可能有些人会怀疑, 假设我们将会永久持续使用石油。
settlements:n.协议:处理:结算:定居点;(settlement的复数) transport:n.运输;输送;运送;运输机;v.输送;传播;使产生身临其境的感觉;(旧时)流放; assumption:n.假定;设想;担任;采取; perpetuity:n.永恒;
Yet, when we take a step back, and look over the span of history, at what we might call the petroleum interval , it's a short period in history where we've discovered this extraordinary material, and then based a whole way of life around it. 如果我们退一步看, 整个人类历史, 我们所谓的石油时代, 仅仅是历史的一小段, 从我们发现这个特别的材料, 到完全依赖石油。
span:n.持续时间; v.持续; petroleum:n.石油; interval:n.间歇;音程;休息时间;(其他事情)穿插出现的间隙; extraordinary:adj.非凡的;特别的;离奇的;临时的;特派的;
But as we straddle the top of this energy mountain, at this stage, we move from a time where our economic success, our sense of individual prowess and well-being is directly linked to how much of this we consume , 但现在当我们处在能源的顶峰, 过去,我们的经济成功, 个人能力和福利 直接取决于我们消耗的石油的多少。
straddle:v.跨坐;两腿叉开坐;跨立于;跨越;n.跨坐; individual:n.个人;有个性的人;adj.单独的;个别的; prowess:n.英勇;超凡技术;勇猛; well-being:n.幸福;康乐; directly:adv.直接地;立即;马上;正好地;坦率地;conj.一…就; consume:v.消耗;吃;毁灭;烧毁;
to a time when actually our degree of oil dependency is our degree of vulnerability . 到现在我们对石油的依赖 正是我们的弱点。
dependency:n.属国;从属;从属物; vulnerability:n.易损性;弱点;
And it's increasingly clear that we aren't going to be able to rely on the fact that we're going to have this at our disposal forever. 越来越清晰的表明:我们 永远基于石油的事实 是站不住脚的。
increasingly:adv.越来越多地;渐增地; rely:vi.依靠;信赖; disposal:n.处理;清除;去掉;(企业、财产等的)变卖;
For every four barrels of oil that we consume we only discover one. 我们每消耗4桶石油, 却只能发现1桶。
barrels:n.机筒; v.把…装桶;
And that gap continues to widen . 这个差距越来越大。
gap:n.差距;间隙;缺口;间隔;v.使豁裂;豁开; widen:v.(使)变宽;拓宽;(使)扩展,程度加深,范围扩大;
There is also the fact that the amount of energy that we get back from the oil that we discover is falling. 事实是我们从石油中得到的能源 正在减少。
In the 1930s we got 100 units of energy back for every one that we put in to extract it. 在1930年代,我们每个人可以从提炼石油中 得到100单位的能源。
extract:v.提取;取出;摘录;榨取;n.汁;摘录;榨出物;选粹;
Completely unprecedented , historically. 这是空前的,历史上最多的,
unprecedented:adj.空前的;无前例的;
Already that's fallen to about 11. 现在,能源利用值降低为11。
And that's why, now, the new breakthroughs , the new frontiers in terms of oil extraction are scrambling about in Alberta, or at the bottom of the oceans. 就是为什么现在, 石油萃取的新突破技术,新边疆的 争夺如此激烈,不管是在Alberta地区, 还是在海底。
breakthroughs:突破; extraction:n.取出;抽出;拔出;抽出物;出身; scrambling:v.爬,攀登;争抢;抢占;争夺;艰难地(或仓促地)完成(scramble的现在分词)
There are 98 oil producing nations in the world. 世界上有98个石油生产国,
But of those, 65 have already passed their peak . 但,其中65个已经超过了开采的峰值。
peak:n.高峰; v.达到高峰; adj.最高度的;
The moment when the world on average passes this peak, people wonder when that's going to happen. 世界平均开采早晚都会超过这个峰值, 人们只是想知道什么时候发生。
And there is an emerging case that maybe that was what happened last July when the oil prices were so high. 一个紧急例子是 去年7月份发生的 油价高峰。
emerging:adj.新兴的;v.出现,浮现,露出;暴露;(emerge的现在分词)
But are we to assume that the same brilliance and creativity and adaptability that got us up to the top of that energy mountain in the first place is somehow mysteriously going to evaporate when we have to design a creative way back down the other side? 但人类的智慧, 创造力、适应力 使我们第一次到达了能源的顶峰, 当我们不得不在能源低谷探索时, 这种智慧、创造力和适应力却莫名其妙地突然神秘蒸发了？
assume:v.承担;假定;采取;呈现; brilliance:n.光辉;才华;宏伟; adaptability:n.适应性;可变性;适合性; in the first place:首先;起初; somehow:adv.以某种方法;莫名其妙地; mysteriously:adv.神秘地;故弄玄虚地;难以理解地; evaporate:vt.使…蒸发;使…脱水;使…消失;vi.蒸发,挥发;消失,失踪; creative:adj.创造性的;
No. But the thinking that we have to come up with has to be based on a realistic assessment of where we are. 不是的。而是伴随这个想法的 基础是基于一个现实的假设, 我们已经达到了开采巅峰。
come up with:提出;想出;赶上; realistic:adj.现实的;现实主义的;逼真的;实在论的; assessment:n.评定;估价;
There is also the issue of climate change, is the other thing that underpins this transition approach . 面对气候变化时, 也同样支持了这种转变方法。
issue:n.重要议题;争论的问题;v.宣布;公布;发出;发行; underpins:v.加强,巩固,构成;加固(墙)基;(underpin的第三人称单数) transition:n.过渡;转变;变革;变迁;v.经历转变过程;过渡; approach:n.方法;路径;v.接近;建议;着手处理;
But the thing that I notice, as I talk to climate scientists, is the increasingly terrified look they have in their eyes, as the data that's coming in, which is far ahead of what the IPCC are talking about. 当我和气候学家讨论时,我注意到 他们眼里与日俱增的恐惧, 伴随着最近的更新数据, 要比IPCC（联合国政府间气候变化专门委员会）讨论中的数据更有说服力,
So the IPCC said that we might see significant break up of the arctic ice in 2100, in their worst case scenario . IPCC的结论是: 我们可以预见2100年 在最坏的情况下,北极冰川严重断裂。
significant:adj.重大的;有效的;有意义的;值得注意的;意味深长的;n.象征;有意义的事物; arctic:adj.北极的;北极地区的;极冷的;严寒的;n.北极;北极地区; scenario:n.方案;情节;剧本;
Actually, if current trends continue, it could all be gone in five or 10 years' time. 事实上,如果目前的趋势继续恶化, 它将在5年或者10年内发生。
trends:n.趋势;倾向;动态;动向;(trend的第三人称单数和复数)
If just three percent of the carbon locked up in the arctic permafrost is released as the world warms, it would offset all the savings that we need to make, in carbon, over the next 40 years to avoid runaway climate change. 如果北极永冻土中包含二氧化碳的3%, 在全球变暖中释放, 它将抵消我们所有为减少二氧化碳所做的努力, 在未来的40年间防范难以捉摸的气候变化。
carbon:n.[化学]碳;碳棒;复写纸;adj.碳的;碳处理的; permafrost:n.永久冻土,永久冻地;永久冻结带;永久冰冻; released:v.释放;使免除;已发布;(release的过去分词和过去式) offset:vt.抵消;弥补;补偿;adj.胶印的;n.开端;出发;平版印刷;抵消;补偿 savings:n.节省物;节省;节约;储蓄金;存款;(saving的复数) runaway:adj.逃亡的;逃走的;n.逃跑;逃走的人;
We have no choice other than deep and urgent decarbonization . 除了我们深入实施紧急的二氧化碳减排,我们没有其他选择。
urgent:adj.紧急的;急迫的; decarbonization:n.脱碳作用;除碳法;
But I'm always very interested to think about what might the stories be that the generations further down the slope from us are going to tell about us. 但我一直很感兴趣地思考 故事可能是这样的: 我们以后的几代人 将会告诉我们。
slope:n.斜坡;坡度;坡地;山坡;v.倾斜;有坡度;悄悄地走;潜行;
'"The generation that lived at the top of the mountain, that partied so hard, and so abused its inheritance ." “后代们生活在山顶, 忍受艰难,他们的遗产也很可怜。”
abused:v.滥用(以致危害健康); (abuse的过去分词和过去式) inheritance:n.继承;遗传;遗产;
And one of the ways I like to do that is to look back at the stories people used to tell before we had cheap oil, before we had fossil fuels, and people relied on their own muscle , animal muscle energy, or a little bit of wind, little bit of water energy. 我喜欢的方法之一是 回首往事时人们通常这么说: 在拥有便宜的汽油和化石燃料之前, 人们依赖于他们的肌肉,动物肌肉中的能量, 或者一些风能,一些水能。
fossil:n.化石;老人;老古董;adj.从地下发掘出来的;化石的;属于旧时代的;陈腐的; relied:v.依赖;依靠;信赖;信任;(rely的过去分词和过去式) muscle:n.肌肉;力量;v.加强;使劲搬动;使劲挤出;
We had stories like "The Seven-League Boots": the giant who had these boots, where, once you put them on with every stride , you could cover seven leagues, or 21 miles, a kind of travel completely unimaginable to people without that kind of energy at their disposal. 我们有“七联赛靴”的故事: 一旦巨人穿上这样的靴子, 每迈出一步就可以完成7联赛,或者21英里, 对于没有这种功能靴子的人们来说, 这是一种完全无法想象的旅程。
giant:n.巨人;伟人;巨兽;adj.巨大的;特大的 stride:n.大步;步幅;进展;v.跨过;大踏步走过;跨坐在…;
Stories like The Magic Porridge Pot, where you had a pot where if you knew the magic words, this pot would just make as much food as you liked, without you having to do any work, provided you could remember the other magic word to stop it making porridge. 还有神奇魔术锅的故事, 如果你知道魔语,你可以让一个魔术锅 不断地做出你想要的食物, 当然你也不用动手。 假如你记得其他咒语,就可以停止做燕麦粥。
Porridge:n.麦片粥;面糊 provided:conj.假如; v.提供; (provide的过去分词和过去式)
Otherwise you'd flood your entire town with warm porridge. 否则,整个城市将被温燕麦粥淹没。
There is the story of "The Elves and the Shoemaker ." 还有一个 鞋匠和小矮人 的故事。
Elves:n.侏儒;爱恶作剧的孩子(elf的复数); Shoemaker:n.鞋匠;补鞋工人;
The people who make shoes go to sleep, wake up in the morning, and all the shoes are magically made for them. 鞋匠晚上没做完鞋就睡着了,当他早上睡醒的时候, 却发现所有的鞋子都神奇地做好了。
magically:adv.用魔法地;如魔法般地;
It's something that was unimaginable to people then. 对人类来说,这真是不可思议。
Now we have the seven-league boots in the form of Ryanair and Easyjet. 现在,有Ryanair和Easyjet飞机形式的 七联赛靴。
We have the magic porridge pot in the form of Walmart and Tesco. 也有类似神奇魔术锅（格林童话神奇锅） 的Walmart和Tesco大型超市。
Walmart:n.沃尔玛(世界连锁零售企业);
And we have the elves in the form of China. 还有就好比小矮人一样的中国。
But we don't appreciate what an astonishing thing that has been. 但是我们不欢迎这些令人吃惊的 正发生的事情。
appreciate:v.欣赏;感激;感谢;理解;
And what are the stories that we tell ourselves now, as we look forward about where we're going to go. 现在我们要讲的 正是我们期盼的关于前途的问题。
look forward:向前看;期待;曲协盼望;盼望;朝前展望;
And I would argue that there are four. There is the idea of business as usual , that the future will be like the present, just more of it. 我认为,有4个方向。通常的商业想法是 未来仅仅是现在的延续,甚至是更好。
business as usual:na.照常营业;
But as we've seen over the last year, I think that's an idea that is increasingly coming into question. 但回顾去年,我认为那个想法 正在成为一个问题。
And in terms of climate change, is something that is not actually feasible . 从气候变化来看, 事实上这有点行不通。
feasible:adj.可行的;可能的;可实行的;
There is the idea of hitting the wall, that actually somehow everything is so fragile that it might just all unravel and collapse . 还有一个碰壁的想法, 所有东西都变得很脆弱, 即将瓦解,全部崩溃。
fragile:adj.脆的;易碎的; collapse:vi.倒塌;瓦解;暴跌;vt.使倒塌,使崩溃;使萎陷;折叠;n.倒塌;失败;衰竭;
It's this popular story in some places. 在一些地方,这种观点比较普遍。
The third story is the idea that technology can solve everything, that technology can somehow get us through this completely. 第三种想法是:科技可以解决所有问题。 科技可以带领我们完全客服困难。
technology:n.技术;工艺;术语;
And it's an idea that I think is very prevalent at these TEDtalks, the idea that we can invent our way out of a profound economic and energy crisis , that a move to a knowledge economy 我认为,这种观点在TED讨论者中比较普遍, 我们发明一种方法走出严峻的 经济和能源危机, 一种知识经济运动可以
prevalent:adj.流行的;普遍的,广传的; crisis:n.危机;危险期;决定性时刻;adj.危机的;用于处理危机的; knowledge economy:知识经济;
can somehow neatly sidestep those energy constraints , the idea that we'll discover some fabulous new source of energy that will mean we can sweep all concerns about energy security to one side, the idea that we can step off neatly onto a completely renewable world. 远离能源束缚。 有观点是我们发现一些极好的新能源, 使得我们可以对 能源安全问题搁置一边, 我们可以轻松地迈入到 一个全新的可再生能源的世界。
neatly:adv.整洁地;熟练地;灵巧地; sidestep:v.回避,规避(问题等);侧移一步闪过;n.台阶;侧跨步;横跳躲闪; constraints:n.[数]约束;限制;约束条件(constraint的复数形式); fabulous:adj.难以置信的;传说的,寓言中的;极好的; source:n.来源;水源;原始资料; concerns:n.关注; v.使关心(concern的三单形式); renewable:adj.可再生的;可更新的;可继续的;n.再生性能源;
But the world isn't Second Life. 但世界并非第二人生（Second Life虚拟世界网络）。
We can't create new land and new energy systems at the click of a mouse. 我们不能凭简单地点击鼠标,然后创造出了新大陆和新能源体系。
And as we sit, exchanging free ideas with each other, there are still people mining coal in order to power the servers, extracting the minerals to make all of those things. 当我们坐在这里,彼此自由交流思想的时候, 仍然有人在挖煤, 目的是提取矿物质,为一些服务提供能量, 使它们运转。
extracting:n.提取;萃取;撷取;adj.拔出的(extract进行式); minerals:n.矿物;矿产,矿产品(mineral的复数);矿物质;
The breakfast that we eat as we sit down to check our email in the morning is still transported at great distances, usually at the expense of the local, more resilient 当我们早上坐下来, 查收我们邮件的时候, 早餐正从很远地方运来, 这通常影响了当地的,自给自足,更具恢复性的
transported:v.(用交通工具)运输,运送,输送;(transport的过去分词和过去式) at the expense of:以…为代价;由…支付费用; resilient:adj.弹回的,有弹力的;
food systems that would have supplied that in the past, which we've so effectively devalued and dismantled . 餐饮系统,这种餐饮系统长久以来就有, 而我们却有效低估,甚至让这种餐饮系统消失。
devalued:vt.使贬值;降低…的价值;vi.贬值; dismantled:v.拆开,拆卸;(逐渐)废除,取消;(dismantle的过去分词和过去式)
We can be astonishingly inventive and creative. 我们可以惊人地去创造,
astonishingly:adv.令人惊讶地; inventive:adj.发明的;有发明才能的;独出心裁的;
But we also live in a world with very real constraints and demands. 但我们生存在受现实约束的世界中。
Energy and technology are not the same thing. 能源和科技不是同一个事物。
What I'm involved with is the transition response . 我潜心于转变响应的积极措施。
response:n.响应;反应;回答;
And this is really about looking the challenges of peak oil and climate change square in the face, and responding with a creativity and an adaptability and an imagination that we really need. 这是当前关于 石油开采峰值和气候变化的巨大挑战, 以及创造性和适应性和 我们迫切所需的想象力的响应。
responding:v.响应;作出反应;反应灵敏;(respond的现在分词) imagination:n.想象;想象力;创造力;想象的事物;
It's something which has spread incredibly fast. 转变响应以惊人的速度传播。
incredibly:adv.难以置信地;非常地;
And it is something which has several characteristics . 它具有多种特征,
characteristics:n.特征;特点;品质;(characteristic的复数)
It's viral . It seems to spread under the radar very very quickly. 像病毒一样,好似在雷达下的快速传播。
viral:adj.滤过性毒菌引起的;滤过性毒菌的; under the radar:坠入琴网;雷达之下;在雷达下;
It's open source. It's something which everybody who's involved with it develops and passes on as they work with it. 它是开源的。每个潜心于转变发展的人, 在工作中传递。
It's self-organizing . There is no great central organization that pushes this; people just pick up an idea and they run with it, and they implement it where they are. 自我组织,没有庞大的中央组织 去推动;人们仅仅有了一个想法 并且运行,贯彻执行。
self-organizing:n.[计]自组织; organization:n.组织;机构;体制;团体; implement:v.实施;执行;贯彻;使生效;n.工具;
It's solutions-focused. It's very much looking at what people can do where they are, to respond to this. 集中解决问题。关注人们能够做什么, 设身处地的进行转变响应。
It's sensitive to place, and to scale . 就不同地方和规模都会有出入。
sensitive:adj.敏感的;感觉的;易受影响的;n.敏感的人;有灵异能力的人; scale:n.规模;比例;鳞;刻度;天平;数值范围;v.衡量;攀登;剥落;生水垢;
Transitional is completely different. 转变也就完全不同。
Transitional:adj.变迁的;过渡期的;
Transition groups in Chile, transition groups in the U.S., transition groups here, what they're doing looks very different in every place that you go to. 智利的转变小组,美国的转变小组,这里的转变小组, 你去的每个地方,大家的看法都不一样。
It learns very much from its mistakes. 从错误中可以学习到很多。
And it feels historic. It tries to create a sense that this is a historic opportunity to do something really extraordinary. 这转变很有历史影响。它创造一种 历史性的机会 让人们去做不同寻常的事情。
And it's a process which is really joyful . 在此过程中的确充满乐趣。
process:v.处理;加工;列队行进;n.过程,进行;方法,adj.经过特殊加工(或处理)的; joyful:adj.欢喜的;令人高兴的;
People have a huge amount of fun doing this, reconnecting with other people as they do it. 身体力行的人们感到无限乐趣, 人们也乐于联系在一起做这些转变。
reconnecting:n.重新连线中;正在重新连接;v.再接合(reconnect的现在分词);
One of the things that underpins it is this idea of resilience . 支撑上述观点的是可恢复性理论。
resilience:n.恢复力;弹力;顺应力;
And I think, in many ways, the idea of resilience is a more useful concept than the idea of sustainability. 我认为,在多方面,这种可恢复性理论 比可持续理论更有用。
The idea of resilience comes from the study of ecology. 可恢复性理论源于生态学,
And it's really about how systems, settlements, withstand shock from the outside. 是关于系统, 安居置业,如何抵挡外部冲击。
withstand:vt.抵挡;禁得起;反抗;vi.反抗;
When they encounter shock from the outside that they don't just unravel, and fall to pieces. 当他们遇到外部冲击时, 他们不只是分解,或者崩溃。
encounter:v.遭遇,邂逅;遇到;n.遭遇,偶然碰见;
And I think it's a more useful concept than sustainability, as I said . 我认为可恢复性理论比可持续理论更有用,正如我所说。
as I said:正如我所说的
When our supermarkets have only two or three days worth of food in them at any one time, often sustainability tends to focus on the energy efficiency of the freezers and the packaging that the lettuces are wrapped up in. 在任何时候,当超市只有2,3天的食物储备时, 通常可持续理论关注于 冰箱的能效, 和包裹生菜的包装。
efficiency:n.效率;效能;功效; freezers:n.冷冻机;冷冻箱(freezer的复数); wrapped:adj.极高兴的;十分满意的;v.用…包裹;用…缠绕;(wrap的过去分词和过去式)
Looking through the lens of resilience, we really question how we've let ourselves get into a situation that's so vulnerable . 从可恢复性理论角度看, 我们从根本上质疑我们竟依赖于这种 如此脆弱的超市消费模式。
lens:n.透镜,镜头;晶状体;隐形眼镜;汽车的灯玻璃;v.给…摄影; vulnerable:adj.易受攻击的,易受…的攻击;易受伤害的;有弱点的;
Resilience runs much deeper: it's about building modularity into what we do, building surgebreakers into how we organize the basic things that support us. 可恢复性理论可以更广泛地运作: 它是基于我们所要转变的模块化建设, 和我们怎样组织生产自给自足必需品的转变社区建立。
modularity:n.[计]模块性; organize:v.组织;安排;处理;分配;管理;
This is a photograph of the Bristol and District 这是布里斯托尔市Bristol和湖区District的照片,
Market Gardeners Association , in 1897. 1897年,农业菜园市场协会Market Gardeners Association成立。
Gardeners:n.花匠;园丁;园艺爱好者;(gardener的复数) Association:n.协会;关联;联想;交往;
This is at a time when the city of Bristol, which is quite close to here, was surrounded by commercial market gardens, which provided a significant amount of the food that was consumed in the town, and created a lot of employment for people, as well. 当时,布里斯托尔市Bristol 就在这个附近, 周围是商业市场菜园, 提供给城市所需的大量食物, 也创造很多就业机会,等等。
commercial:adj.贸易的;商业的;赢利的;以获利为目的的;n.(电台或电视播放的)广告; consumed:adj.沉迷…的; v.消耗,耗费; (consume的过去分词和过去式) employment:n.使用;职业;雇用;
There was a degree of resilience, if you like, at that time which we can now only look back on with envy . 这就是可恢复性的一个例子,希望你们喜欢, 我们现在只能带着羡慕的眼光回首那时。
envy:n.嫉妒,妒忌;羡慕;v.嫉妒,妒忌;羡慕;感到妒忌;显示出妒忌;
So how does this transition idea work? 因此,这个转变的想法如何运作？
So basically you have a group of people who are excited by the idea. 大体上有很多人为这个想法而兴奋不已。
They pick up some of the tools that we've developed. 他们使用我们开发的一些工具,
They start to run an awareness-raising program looking at how this might actually work in the town. 他们开始一个“awareness-raising提高认识”的计划, 在城镇中测试实际转变运作情况。
awareness-raising:意识提升;
They show films, they give talks, and so on. 他们观看电影,开展讨论等等。
It's a process which is playful and creative. 这个转变过程有趣而富有创造力,
playful:adj.开玩笑的;幽默的;爱嬉戏的;
and informative . 并增长见识。
informative:adj.教育性的,有益的;情报的;见闻广博的;
Then they start to form working groups, looking at different aspects of this, and then from that, there emerge a whole lot of projects which then the transition project itself starts to support and enable . 然后他们开始组建工作组,分别负责不同的方面, 因此基于此,形成了很多转变项目, 然后转变项目本身 开始运行和完善。
aspects:n.方面;相位;面貌(aspect的复数); emerge:v.浮现;显现;暴露;露出真相; enable:v.使能够;使有机会;使成为可能;使可行;
So it started out with some work I was involved in in Ireland, where I was teaching, and has since spread. 在爱尔兰我开始了相关的工作, 爱尔兰是我教学的地方,也是工作开展的地方。
There are now over 200 formal transition projects. 目前已经有超过200个正式的转变项目。
formal:adj.适合正式场合的; n.(美)须穿礼服的社交集会; (口)夜礼服;
And there are thousands of others who are at what we call the mulling stage. 在我们所谓的酝酿阶段,有过千的工作人员。
mulling:v.长时间考虑;仔细考虑;(mull的现在分词)
They are mulling whether they're going to take it further. 他们正在酝酿方案将来的可行性。
And actually a lot of them are doing huge amounts of stuff . 实际上大部分人做了大量的的工作。
stuff:n.东西:物品:基本特征:v.填满:装满:标本:
But what do they actually do? You know, it's a kind of nice idea, but what do they actually do on the ground? 但他们实际上做什么呢？大家知道,这是一个新颖的想法, 但他们付诸的实际情况如何？
Well, I think it's really important to make the point that actually you know, this isn't something which is going to do everything on its own. 因此,我认为重申这一点非常重要, 实际上大家知道,转变不是一个自身就能完成所有工作。
We need international legislation from Copenhagen and so on. 我们需要哥本哈根大会的国际立法等等。
legislation:n.立法;法律; Copenhagen:n.哥本哈根(丹麦首都);
We need national responses . We need local government responses . 我们需要得到国内的响应,本地政府的响应。
responses:n.回答,答复;反应;响应;(response的复数) local government:n.地方自治;地方政府(机构);
But all of those things are going to be much easier if we have communities that are vibrant and coming up with ideas and leading from the front, making unelectable policies electable, over the next 5 to 10 years. 但所有事情都会变得非常简单, 如果我们有活跃的社区以及最新的想法交流, 然后领导转变响应,使得相关政策通过候选立法, 在接下来的5到10年。
communities:n.社区;社会;团体;共有(community的复数) vibrant:adj.振动的;充满生气的;响亮的;战栗的; unelectable:不可能选赢; policies:n.政策;方针;原则;为人之道;保险单(policy的复数)
Some of the things that emerge from it are local food projects, like community-supported agriculture schemes , urban food production, creating local food directories , and so on. 自然而然的就有一些当地的食物项目, 例如社区团体支持的农业计划, 城乡食物计划,当地食物目录等等。
schemes:n.方案,计划;阴谋(scheme的复数);v.计划,设计;谋划(scheme的三单形式); urban:adj.城市的;都市的;城镇的;都市音乐的; directories:n.[计]目录,名录;指南;计算机文件或程序的目录(directory的复数);
A lot of places now are starting to set up their own energy companies, community-owned energy companies, where the community can invest money into itself, to start putting in place the kind of renewable energy infrastructure that we need. 目前很多地方都开始建立自己的能源工厂, 社区自建能源工厂, 由社区独立投资, 开始建立 可再生能源基础设施,这正是我们需要的。
community:n.社区;[生态]群落;共同体;团体; invest:v.投资;(把资金)投入;投入(时间、精力等);授予; infrastructure:n.基础设施;公共建设;下部构造;
A lot of places are working with their local schools. 在许多地方,学校也参与进来。
Newent in the Forest of Dean : big polytunnel they built for the school; the kids are learning how to grow food. 位于迪恩森林国家公园附近的Newent市:人们在学校建起大型保温棚, 孩子们学习如何种植食物。
Dean:n.院长;系主任;教务长;主持牧师;
Promoting recycling , things like garden-share, that matches up people who don't have a garden who would like to grow food, with people who have gardens they aren't using anymore. 提倡再循环利用,例如菜园共享, 使得没有菜园的人们 可以在被人闲置的菜园地方,种植食物。
Promoting:v.促进;推动;促销;提升;晋升;(promote的现在分词) recycling:n.(资源,垃圾的)回收利用;v.回收;再循环利用(recycle的现在分词);
Planting productive trees throughout urban spaces. 在广阔的城乡种植经济树木。
productive:adj.能生产的;生产的,生产性的;多产的;富有成效的; throughout:adv.自始至终,到处;全部;prep.贯穿,遍及;
And also starting to play around with the idea of alternative currencies . 同时开始推广 可替换的流通货币的想法。
play around:玩耍;胡搞;轻率对待; alternative:adj.供选择的;选择性的;交替的;n.二中择一;供替代的选择; currencies:n.货币;货币流通(currency的复数);
This is Lewes in Sussex, who have recently launched the Lewes Pound, a currency that you can only spend within the town, as a way of starting to cycle money within the local economy. 这是在苏塞克斯Sussex的刘易斯市Lewes 最近投放上市的刘易斯英镑, 它只能在当地流通, 成为了当地循环经济的开始。
recently:adv.最近;新近; launched:v.发射;发起;开展;开始;(launch的过去式和过去分词) currency:n.货币;通货;
You take it anywhere else, it's not worth anything. 而你在其他地方用这种货币,它就一文不值了。
But actually within the town you start to create these economic cycles much more effectively. 但实际上这种循环经济模式在当地 非常有效。
Another thing that they do, is what we call an energy descent plan. 他们做的另一件事,我们称之为节约能源计划,
descent:n.下降;血统;袭击;vt.除去…的气味;使…失去香味;
Which is basically to develop a plan B for the town. 是为城镇而开发的另一个B计划。
Most of our local authorities , when they sit down to plan for the next five, 10, 15, 20 years of a community still start by assuming that there will be more energy, more cars, more housing, more jobs, more growth, and so on. 但我们大部分当地政府开始着手 未来5年,10年,15年到20年计划时, 还都理所当然地认为会有更多石油能源, 更多汽车,更多房屋, 更多工作,更多增长等等。
authorities:n.权力;威权;职权;批准;(authority的复数) assuming:conj.假设…为真; adj.傲慢的; v.假定; (assume的现在分词)
What does it look like if that's not the case? And how can we embrace that and actually come up with something that was actually more likely to sustain everybody? 如果情况不是那样,会怎样呢？我们又该如何接受 现实中想到的事情真的很有可能 来养活大家？
embrace:n.拥抱,怀抱;v.拥抱;乐意采纳(思想、建议等);信奉;包括;
As a friend of mine says, "Life is a series of things you're not quite ready for." 我的一个朋友说:生活是由一系列你完全没有准备好的事情组成的。
series:n.系列,连续;[电]串联;级数;丛书;
And that's certainly been my experience with transition from three years ago, it just being an idea, this has become something that has virally swept around the world. 那也正是我亲身经历的转变, 在3年前,它仅仅是一个想法, 这转变已经快速风靡世界。
virally:adj.[医学](滤过性)病毒的;(滤过性)病毒引起的; swept:v.扫除(sweep的过去式和过去分词);adj.扫频的;
We're getting a lot of interest from government. Ed Miliband, the energy minister of this country, was invited to come our recent conference as a keynote listener. 这也吸引了政府议员,这个国家（英国）能源部长埃德米利班德Ed Miliband的兴趣, 我们邀请他参加我们最近的会议 作为一个演讲听众。
minister:n.部长;大臣;牧师;vi.执行牧师职务;辅助或伺候某人; conference:n.会议;研讨会;商讨会;体育协会(或联合会) keynote:n.基调;主旨;主音;vt.给…定基调;说明基本政策;vi.作主旨发言;
Which he did -- 他
(Laughter) （笑声）
(Applause) -- and has since become a great advocate of the whole idea. （掌声） 并从此成为整个转变想法的极力提倡者。
advocate:v.拥护;支持;提倡;n.支持者;提倡者;辩护律师;出庭辩护人;
There are now two local authorities in this country who have declared themselves transitional local authorities, 这个国家目前有两个当地政府 声明它们要转变为不依赖石油的当地政府,
Leicestershire and Somerset. And in Stroud, the transition group there, in effect, wrote the local government's food plan. 莱斯特郡Leicestershiere 和萨默塞特郡Somerset。在斯特劳德市Stroud 转变组真的为当地政府起草了食物计划。
And the head of the council said, "If we didn't have Transition Stroud, we would have to invent all of that community infrastructure for the first time." 委员会主席说, “如果我们没有转变斯特劳德市Transition Stround,我们也得首次创新 所有社区的基础设施。”
council:n.(市、郡等的)政务委员会;市政(或地方管理)服务机构;
As we see the spread of it, we see national hubs emerging. 正如我们看到的转变响应的蔓延,国家的转变提上议程。
hubs:n.枢纽;中心(hub的复数);毂;
In Scotland, the Scottish government's climate change fund has funded Transition Scotland as a national organization supporting the spread of this. 在苏格兰Scotland,Scottish苏格兰政府气候变化基金 已投资转变苏格兰Transition Scotland 作为国家资助项目发展。
funded:adj.提供资金的;v.提供资金;积存;提供资金偿付的本息;(fund的过去式);
And we see it all over the place as well now. 正如大家所见,目前所有地方都开展了。
But the key to transition is thinking not that we have to change everything now, but that things are already inevitably changing, and what we need to do is to work creatively with that, based on asking the right questions. 不过,转变的关键是我们现在没有改变所有, 但很多已经不可避免的改变了, 我们所做的就是创造性的开展工作, 提出正确的问题。
inevitably:adv.不可避免地;必然地; creatively:adv.创造性地;有创造力地;
I think I'd like to just return at the end to the idea of stories. 我想我应该返回到 这个想法故事的结尾。
Because I think stories are vital here. 因为我认为这些故事比较生动和重要。
vital:adj.至关重要的;生死攸关的;有活力的;
And actually the stories that we tell ourselves, we have a huge dearth of stories about how to move forward creatively from here. 我们自己谈论着实际中的故事, 除这里分享的,我们还缺乏大量故事来指导我们创新的转变。
dearth:n.缺乏;饥馑;粮食不足;
And one of the key things that transition does is to pull those stories out of what people are doing. 关键的一点是 人们把他们做的这种转变创新的故事用来分享。
Stories about the community that's produced its own 21 pound note, for example, the school that's turned its car park into a food garden, the community that's founded its own energy company. 例如,社区可以自行生产 21英镑纸币, 把学校的汽车停车场转变为一个食物菜园地, 建立自己能源工厂的社区等等的故事。
And for me, one of the great stories recently was the Obamas digging up the south lawn of the White House to create a vegetable garden. Because the last time that was done, when Eleanor Roosevelt did it, it lead to the creation of 20 million vegetable gardens across the United States. 对我来说,最近一个精彩的故事 是奥巴马夫妇在白宫南草坪 开辟蔬菜园地。因为上次这么做还要 提起埃莉诺罗斯福Eleanor Roosevelt, 它引领了全美2千万蔬菜菜园的兴建。
lawn:n.草地;草坪; White House:n.白宫(美国总统官邸,位于首都华盛顿); creation:n.创造,创作;创作物,产物; United:adj.联合的; v.联合,团结; (unite的过去分词和过去式)
So the question I like to leave you with, really, is -- for all aspects of the things that your community needs in order to thrive , how can it be done in such a way that drastically reduces its carbon emissions , while also building resilience? 所以我留给你们的问题是, 为了你们社区繁荣,考虑所需的方方面面 的事情, 如何实施这种转变响应来 大幅降低二氧化碳排放, 又同时建立可恢复性的繁荣？
thrive:v.繁荣;茁壮成长;蓬勃发展;兴旺发达; drastically:adv.彻底地;激烈地; emissions:n.(光、热、气等的)发出,排放;排放物;散发物;(emission的复数)
Personally , I feel enormously grateful to have lived through the age of cheap oil. 从我个人而言,我非常的感谢 我所经历过的廉价石油年代。
Personally:adv.个人;亲自;本人;就本人而言; enormously:adv.巨大地,庞大地;非常地,在极大程度上;
I've been astonishingly lucky, we've been astonishingly lucky. 我曾非常幸运,我们曾非常幸运。
But let us honor what it has bought us, and move forward from this point. 让我们为石油所提供给我们的一切感到荣幸, 但从现在起要转变改进。
Because if we cling to it, and continue to assume that it can underpin our choices, the future that it presents to us is one which is really unmanageable . 因为如果我们依然依靠石油,继续这样的消耗 支撑着我们的选择权, 我们所要面对的未来会越加难以驾驭。
unmanageable:adj.难处理的,处理不了的;难管理的;难操纵的;
And by loving and leaving all that oil has done for us, and that the oil age has done for us, we are able to then begin the creation of a world which is more resilient, more nourishing , 由热爱石油,到远离石油 和石油年代供给给我们的一切, 我们将开创 一个更具有可恢复性的, 更有活力的世界,
nourishing:adj.有营养的;滋养多的;v.滋养;养育;(nourish的现在分词)
and in which, we find ourselves fitter, more skilled and more connected to each other. 我们将发现人与人彼此间更加健康,更加优秀, 和联系的更加紧密。
skilled:adj.熟练的;有技能的;需要技能的;
Thank you very much. 非常感谢。
(Applause) （掌声）