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RobHarmon_2010X-_市场是如何让溪水流动的_
This is a river. 这是一条河。
This is a stream. 这是条小溪。
This is a river. 这是一条河。
This is happening all over the country. 国内到处都是这样的情形。
There are tens of thousands of miles of dewatered streams in the United States. 在美国有数以万计英里长的 干涸的溪流。
United:adj.联合的; v.联合,团结; (unite的过去分词和过去式)
On this map, the colored areas represent water conflicts . 在这张地图上, 彩色的区域表示水资源冲突。
represent:v.代表;表现;描绘;回忆;再赠送; conflicts:n.冲突; v.抵触;
Similar problems are emerging in the East as well. 同样的问题也正出现在东方。
emerging:adj.新兴的;v.出现,浮现,露出;暴露;(emerge的现在分词)
The reasons vary state to state, but mostly in the details. 原因各有不同, 但主要是细节上的差异。
vary:vi.变化;变异;违反;vt.改变;使多样化;变奏;
There are 4,000 miles of dewatered streams in Montana alone. 仅在蒙大拿州就有4000英里 干涸的溪流。
Montana:n.蒙大纳(美国州名);
They would ordinarily support fish and other wildlife. 通常它们会滋养鱼类和其他野生动物。
ordinarily:adv.通常地;一般地;
They're the veins of the ecosystem , and they're often empty veins. 它们是生态系统的血管, 它们通常是干涸的血管。
veins:n.[解剖]静脉(vein的复数); v.使有脉络; ecosystem:n.生态系统;
I want to tell you the story of just one of these streams because it's an archetype for the larger story. 我想给大家讲讲 这些溪流其中一条的故事, 因为它是整个故事的原型。
archetype:n.原型;
This is Prickly Pear Creek . 这是仙人掌果溪。
Prickly Pear:n.刺梨(仙人掌属植物,花黄色);仙人果(梨状,红色,可食用); Creek:n.小溪;小湾;
It runs through a populated area from East Helena to Lake Helena. 它穿过一个人类聚集区域, 从东赫勒拿到赫勒拿湖。
populated:v.生活于;
It supports wild fish including cutthroat , brown and rainbow trout . 其中有各种野生鱼类, 包括切喉鳟、褐鳟 和虹鳟。
cutthroat:adj.残酷的;杀人的;剧烈的;n.谋杀者;凶手; rainbow trout:n.虹鳟;
Nearly every year for more than a hundred years, it's looked like this in the summer. 几乎在过去 一百年中的每一年里, 它在夏天看起来都是这样。
How did we get here? 我们是怎样走到今天这一步的呢？
Well, it started back in the late 1800s when people started settling in places like Montana. 好的,回到十九世纪末期, 那时人们开始在如蒙大拿这样的地方定居。
settling:n.安置;固定;沉淀物;移居;v.解决;安居;(settle的现在分词)
In short, there was a lot of water and there weren't very many people. 总之,那儿有很多的水 而且没多少人。
But as more people showed up wanting water, the folks who were there first got a little concerned , and in 1865, Montana passed its first water law. 但随着更多渴求水源的人出现, 最先定居于此的人们开始有点担心, 在1865年,蒙大拿通过了第一部水资源法。
concerned:adj.有关的;关心的;v.关心;与…有关;(concern的过去时和过去分词)
It basically said, everybody near the stream can share in the stream. 简单的说,每个临水而居的人 都能分享水源。
basically:adv.主要地,基本上;
Oddly , a lot of people showed up wanting to share the stream, and the folks who were there first got concerned enough to bring out their lawyers. 奇妙地是,许多人都表现地愿意分享水源, 最先定居于此的人们 对此非常关注,还带来了他们的律师。
Oddly:adv.古怪地;奇妙地;单数地; bring out:出版,生产;使显示;说出;
There were precedent-setting suits in 1870 and 1872, both involving Prickly Pear Creek. 在1870年和1872年 有这样的先例, 都涉及仙人掌果溪。
involving:v.包含;需要;牵涉;牵连;影响;(使)参加;(involve的现在分词)
And in 1921, the Montana Supreme Court ruled in a case involving Prickly Pear that the folks who were there first had the first, or senior , water rights. 而在1921年, 蒙大拿最高法院 裁定的一个案件中涉及仙人掌果溪, 其中裁定最先定居的人们 拥有首先、或更高的水资源权利。
Supreme Court:最高法院; senior:adj.大;级别(或地位)高的;成人的;高级水平的;n.上级;上司;较…年长的人;
These senior water rights are key. 这种高级的水资源权利很重要。
The problem is that all over the West now it looks like this. 问题是,整个西部现在 看起来都像这样。
Some of these creeks have claims for 50 to 100 times more water than is actually in the stream. 其中一些溪流 被超过其实际容量的 50倍至100倍的索取水源。
creeks:n.克里克人; claims:v.宣称; n.声明; (claim的第三人称单数和复数)
And the senior water rights holders , if they don't use their water right, they risk losing their water right, along with the economic value that goes with it. 而更高级的水资源权利拥有者, 如果他们不主张他们的水资源权利, 就会冒着失去水资源权利, 以及随之而来的经济价值的风险。
holders:n.[专利]持有人(holder的复数); economic:adj.经济的,经济上的;经济学的;
So they have no incentive to conserve . 因此他们没有动力去保护水源。
incentive:n.动机;刺激;adj.激励的;刺激的; conserve:vt.保存;将…做成蜜饯;使守恒;n.果酱;蜜饯;
So it's not just about the number of people; the system itself creates a disincentive to conserve because you can lose your water right if you don't use it. 这不仅是一群人的事儿; 系统本身抑制了保护水源, 因为如果你主张水资源权利,就会失去它。
disincentive:n.抑制因素;adj.抑制的;
So after decades of lawsuits and 140 years now of experience, we still have this. 因此经历了几十年的诉讼 和拥有了现在140年的经验后, 我们仍然拥有这个。
lawsuits:n.诉讼,法律诉讼;控诉(lawsuit的复数形式);
It's a broken system. 这是个破碎的系统。
There's a disincentive to conserve, because, if you don't use your water right, you can lose your water right. 它抑制了对水源的保护, 因为,你不主张你的水资源权利, 就会失去它。
And I'm sure you all know, this has created significant conflicts between the agricultural and environmental communities . 我确信大家都知道,这在农业团体 和环保团体间制造了重大的冲突。
significant:adj.重大的;有效的;有意义的;值得注意的;意味深长的;n.象征;有意义的事物; agricultural:adj.农业的;农艺的; communities:n.社区;社会;团体;共有(community的复数)
Okay. Now I'm going to change gears here. 好了。现在我要改变一下方式。
gears:n.[机]齿轮,[机]传动装置(gear的复数形式); v.以齿轮连起,安排(gear的三单形式);
Most of you will be happy to know that the rest of the presentation's free. 各位中的多数会很开心地了解到 演讲剩下的部分是免费的。
And some of you'll be happy to know that it involves beer. 而知道其中涉及啤酒一些人也会很开心。
involves:v.包含;需要;牵涉;牵连;影响;(使)参加,加入(involve的第三人称单数)
(Laughter) （笑声）
There's another thing happening around the country, which is that companies are starting to get concerned about their water footprint . 全国各地还发生了另一件事儿, 那就是企业们开始关注 他们的水足迹。
footprint:n.足迹;脚印;
They're concerned about securing an adequate supply of water, they're trying to be really efficient with their water use, and they're concerned about how their water use affects the image of their brand . 他们关心用水的安全和充足, 他们尝试在水源的使用上真正地有效率, 他们关心他们如何使用水源 所对他们的品牌形象造成的影响。
adequate:adj.充足的;适当的;胜任的; efficient:adj.有效率的;有能力的;生效的; brand:v.铭刻于,铭记;打烙印于;印…商标于;n.商标,牌子;烙印;
Well, it's a national problem, but I'm going to tell you another story from Montana, and it involves beer. 好的,这是个全国性问题, 但我想告诉大家蒙大拿州的另一个故事, 涉及啤酒。
I bet you didn't know, it takes about 5 pints of water to make a pint of beer. 我打赌你们并不知道,生产1品脱啤酒 需要消耗5品脱水。
bet:n.打赌;赌注;预计;估计;v.下赌注(于);用…打赌;敢说;八成儿;
If you include all the drain , it takes more than a hundred pints of water to make a pint of beer. 如果算上所有排放的废水, 生产一品脱啤酒要消耗超过一百品脱的水。
drain:v.排水;流干;喝光,耗尽;n.排水;下水道,排水管;消耗;
Now the brewers in Montana have already done a lot to reduce their water consumption , but they still use millions of gallons of water. 现在蒙大拿的啤酒厂 已经做了许多措施 来减少水的消耗, 但他们仍然要用数百万加仑的水。
brewers:n.酿酒者;饮料泡制器皿;阴谋家(brewer的复数); consumption:n.消费;消耗;肺痨; gallons:n.加仑;大量(gallon的复数);一加仑的容器;
I mean, there's water in beer. 我的意思是,在啤酒中的水。
So what can they do about this remaining water footprint that can have serious effects on the ecosystem? 那么对于这些 遗留下来的会对生态系统 造成严重影响的水足迹, 他们所能做些什么？
These ecosystems are really important to the Montana brewers and their customers. 这些生态系统确实对 蒙大拿的啤酒厂和他们的顾客非常重要。
ecosystems:n.生态系统(ecosystem的复数);
After all, there's a strong correlation between water and fishing. 毕竟,在水和渔业 紧密相连。
correlation:n.[数]相关,关联;相互关系;
And for some, there's a strong correlation between fishing and beer. 而且某种程度上,渔业和啤酒 也紧密相连。
(Laughter) （笑声）
So the Montana brewers and their customers are concerned, and they're looking for some way to address the problem. 因此蒙大拿的啤酒厂和他们的顾客开始担忧, 他们在寻找一些能解决问题的方案。
So how can they address this remaining water footprint? 那么他们如何才能解决这一遗留下来的水足迹呢？
Remember Prickly Pear. 回忆一下仙人掌果溪。
Up until now, business water stewardship has been limited to measuring and reducing, and we're suggesting that the next step is to restore . 到目前为止, 商业水源管理 一直局限于测量和减少使用上, 我们正在建议下一步 是恢复。
stewardship:n.管理工作;管事人的职位及职责; limited:adj.有限的; n.高级快车; v.限制; (limit的过去分词和过去式) restore:v.恢复;修复;恢复(某种情况或感受);使复原;
Remember Prickly Pear. 回忆一下仙人掌果溪。
It's a broken system. 它是个破碎的系统。
You've got a disincentive to conserve, because if you don't use your water right, you risk losing your water right. 它抑制了对水源的保护, 因为你不主张你的水资源权利,就会冒着失去它的风险。
Well, we decided to connect these two worlds -- the world of the companies with their water footprints and the world of the farmers with their senior water rights on these creeks. 好了,我们决定把这两个世界连接起来 -- 有着水足迹的 企业的世界 和对这些溪流 有着更高级的水资源权利的农夫的世界。
footprints:n.脚印;足迹;空间量,面积;(通信卫星)覆盖区;(footprint的复数)
In some states, senior water rights holders can leave their water in-stream while legally protecting it from others and maintaining their water right. 在一些州, 高级水资源权利拥有者 能让他们的水留在溪流中 同时合法的保护它 并维护他们的水资源权利。
maintaining:n.维护;保养;v.维持;保养;(maintain的现在分词)
After all, it is their water right, and if they want to use that water right to help the fish grow in the stream, it's their right to do so. 毕竟, 这是他们的水资源权利, 而如果他们想主张这一权利 来帮助水源中鱼类的成长, 他们有权这么做。
But they have no incentive to do so. 但他们没有动力这么做。
So, working with local water trusts, we created an incentive to do so. 因此,与当地水务部门合作, 我们建立了一种这样做的动机。
We pay them to leave their water in-stream. 我们付钱给他们,让他们把水留在溪流中。
That's what's happening here. 这就是所发生的一切。
This individual has made the choice and is closing this water diversion , leaving the water in the stream. 这个人做出了选择, 他合上了这个水闸, 让水呆在溪流中。
individual:n.个人;有个性的人;adj.单独的;个别的; diversion:n.转移;消遣;分散注意力;
He doesn't lose the water right, he just chooses to apply that right, or some portion of it, to the stream, instead of to the land. 他并没有失去水资源权利, 他只是选择应用这一权利, 或是部分权利, 让水呆在溪流中,而不是流入田地。
apply:v.申请;涂,敷;应用;适用;请求; portion:n.部分;(食物的)一份;分担的责任;v.把…分成若干份(或部分);
Because he's the senior water rights holder, he can protect the water from other users in the stream. 因为他是高级的水资源权利拥有者, 他能保护水源免受溪流的其他使用者的伤害。
Okay? 对么？
He gets paid to leave the water in the stream. 他受雇让水呆在溪流中的。
This guy's measuring the water that this leaves in the stream. 他在测量保留 在溪流中的水流。
We then take the measured water, we divide it into thousand-gallon increments . 接着我们获取测量过的水源, 我们把它分成数千加仑大小的等份。
measured:adj.缓慢谨慎的; v.测量; (measure的过去分词和过去式) increments:n.[数]增量(incremment的复数);增加数;
Each increment gets a serial number and a certificate, and then the brewers and others buy those certificates as a way to return water to these degraded ecosystems. 每个等份有一个序列号和一个证书, 接着啤酒厂和其他人 购买这些证书, 作为向退化的生态系统 注入水源的一种方式。
serial number:n.编号;序列号; certificates:n.[管理]证书(certificate的复数); v.用证书证明(certificate的单数第三人称); degraded:adj.退化的; v.分解; (degrade的过去分词和过去式)
The brewers pay to restore water to the stream. 啤酒厂出钱 恢复河流中的水源。
It provides a simple, inexpensive and measurable way to return water to these degraded ecosystems, while giving farmers an economic choice and giving businesses concerned about their water footprints an easy way to deal with them. 这提供了一个简单、廉价 且可测的方式 来向这些退化的生态系统注入水源, 同时给农夫一个经济补偿 及让关心自己的水足迹的企业 一个简单易行的处理方法。
inexpensive:adj.廉价的;不昂贵的; measurable:adj.可测量的;重要的;重大的;
After 140 years of conflict and 100 years of dry streams, a circumstance that litigation and regulation has not solved, we put together a market-based, willing buyer, willing seller solution -- a solution that does not require litigation. 在140年的冲突 和100年的干涸之后, 一个诉讼和监管 没有解决的问题, 我们用一个基于市场的, 你情我愿的买卖双方聚在一起的解决方案解决了 -- 这个解决方案并不需要诉讼。
circumstance:n.环境,情况;事件;境遇; litigation:n.诉讼;起诉; regulation:n.规则;法规;控制;规章制度;adj.规定的;必须穿戴的;必须使用的; put together:..放在一起;组合;装配; solution:n.解决方案;溶液;溶解;解答;
It's about giving folks concerned about their water footprints a real opportunity to put water where it's critically needed, into these degraded ecosystems, while at the same time providing farmers a meaningful economic choice about how their water is used. 这就是给 那些关心他们的水足迹的人们 一个真正的机会, 把水送往急需的地方, 送往退化的生态系统中, 而与此同时 为使用了水源 而给农夫提供 适当的经济补偿。
critically:adv.精密地;危急地;批评性地;用钻研眼光地; at the same time:同时;另一方面;与此同时; meaningful:adj.严肃的;重要的;重大的;意味深长的;
These transactions create allies , not enemies. 这些交易使人们联合起来,而非敌对。
transactions:n.处理,[图情]会报;汇报(transaction复数); allies:n.盟友,支持者:v.与…结盟(ally的第三人称单数和复数)
They connect people rather than dividing them. 它们让人们联系起来而不是分开他们。
And they provide needed economic support for rural communities. 这为农村社区提供了所需的经济支持。
rural:adj.农村的,乡下的;田园的,有乡村风味的;
And most importantly , it's working. 最重要的是,这有效果。
And most importantly:最主要的是…;
We've returned more than four billion gallons of water to degraded ecosystems. 我们向退化的生态系统回馈了超过 四十亿加仑的水。
We've connected senior water rights holders with brewers in Montana, with hotels and tea companies in Oregon and with high-tech companies that use a lot of water in the Southwest. 我们把高级级水资源权利拥有者 与蒙大拿的啤酒厂, 俄勒冈州的旅馆和茶业公司, 西南部的耗水众多的高科技公司联系了起来。
Oregon:n.俄勒冈州(美国州名); high-tech:adj.高科技的,高技术的;仿真技术的;n.高科技;
And when we make these connections, we can and we do turn this into this. 而当我们建立起这些联系, 我们就能,我们确实把 它这变成了这样。
Thank you very much. 非常感谢。
(Applause) （掌声）