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RichardWilkinson_2011G-_经济不平等如何危害社会_
You all know the truth of what I'm going to say. 你们都应该知道我要讲的事实。
I think the intuition that inequality is divisive and socially corrosive has been around since before the French Revolution . 我认为不平等能够引起社会分裂和腐化的这种直觉 在法国大革命之前就存在了。
intuition:n.直觉;直觉力;直觉的知识; divisive:adj.分裂的;区分的;造成不和的; corrosive:adj.腐蚀的;侵蚀性的;n.腐蚀物; Revolution:n.革命;旋转;运行;循环;
What's changed is we now can look at the evidence , we can compare societies, more and less equal societies, and see what inequality does. 不同的是 我们现在可以找出证据, 我们可以通过比较社会,平等程度不同的社会, 来了解不平等导致的影响。
evidence:n.证据,证明;迹象;明显;v.证明; compare:v.比较;对比;n.比较;
I'm going to take you through that data and then explain why the links I'm going to be showing you exist. 我将给你们展示一些数据 并解释为什么 那些数据的确实存在关联。
But first, see what a miserable lot we are. 但是首先,来看看我们的命有多苦。
miserable:adj.悲惨的;痛苦的;卑鄙的;
(Laughter) （笑声）
I want to start though with a paradox . 我想以一个 矛盾开始我的演讲。
paradox:n.悖论,反论;似非而是的论点;自相矛盾的人或事;
This shows you life expectancy against gross national income -- how rich countries are on average. 这张图显示了我们的平均寿命 相对于国民总收入的关系—— 后者衡量的是国家的平均富裕程度。
life expectancy:预期寿命; gross:adj.总共的;粗野的;恶劣的;显而易见的;v.总共收入;n.总额,总数;
And you see the countries on the right, like Norway and the USA, are twice as rich as Israel , Greece, Portugal on the left. 你们可以看看右侧的那些国家, 像挪威和美国, 它们的富裕程度是以色列、希腊、葡萄牙这些左侧的国家的两倍。
Israel:n.以色列(亚洲国家);犹太人,以色列人;
And it makes no difference to their life expectancy at all. 但这并没有影响它们国民的平均寿命。
There's no suggestion of a relationship there. 没有相互关联的迹象。
But if we look within our societies, there are extraordinary social gradients in health running right across society. 但是如果我们去了解社会内部, 就能发现在它们整个社会内部 有很大的健康状况差异。
extraordinary:adj.非凡的;特别的;离奇的;临时的;特派的; gradients:n.渐变,[数][物]梯度(gradient复数形式);
This, again, is life expectancy. 这张图展示的,依然是平均寿命。
These are small areas of England and Wales -- the poorest on the right, the richest on the left. 这些都是英格兰和威尔士的小镇—— 最穷的在右侧,最富的在左侧。
A lot of difference between the poor and the rest of us. 穷人和其他人之间有很大的差异。
Even the people just below the top have less good health than the people at the top. 甚至是那些刚好在顶端之下的人, 他们的健康状况 都比在顶端的人要差。
So income means something very important within our societies, and nothing between them. 所以收入在我们的社会中 意味非常, 但在不同社会间的的比较并没有意义。
The explanation of that paradox is that, within our societies, we're looking at relative income or social position, social status -- where we are in relation to each other and the size of the gaps between us. 那个矛盾的解释 就是,在我们社会中, 我们看的是相对收入 或者说社会地位、身份—— 就是我们之间的相互关系 以及人与人之间的差距大小。
relative:adj.相对的;有关系的;成比例的;n.亲戚;相关物;[语]关系词;亲缘植物; status:n.地位;状态;情形;重要身份; gaps:n.差异,缺口;缝隙(gap的复数形式);v.裂开;使豁裂(gap的第三人称单数形式);
And as soon as you've got that idea, you should immediately wonder: what happens if we widen the differences, or compress them, make the income differences bigger or smaller? 一旦你有了那种想法, 你就应该马上想到: 如果差距扩大会发生什么？ 要是缩小差距呢？ 扩大或是减小收入差距会怎么样呢？
as soon as:一…就; widen:v.(使)变宽;拓宽;(使)扩展,程度加深,范围扩大; compress:vi.受压缩小;vt.压缩,压紧;精简;
And that's what I'm going to show you. 这就是我马上要告诉你们的。
I'm not using any hypothetical data. 我没有使用任何假设的数据。
hypothetical:adj.假设的;爱猜想的;
I'm taking data from the U.N. -- it's the same as the World Bank has -- on the scale of income differences in these rich developed market democracies . 我的数据来自联合国—— 和世界银行的数据一样—— 是关于这些富有、发达市场的 民主国家间的收入差距的。
World Bank:n.世界银行(向处于困境需要资助的成员国贷款的国际机构); scale:n.规模;比例;鳞;刻度;天平;数值范围;v.衡量;攀登;剥落;生水垢; democracies:民主;
The measure we've used, because it's easy to understand and you can download it, is how much richer the top 20 percent than the bottom 20 percent in each country. 我们用的方法, 简单易懂,并且你们可以下载, 就是比较每个国家的前 20% 与后 20% 的收入差距。
And you see in the more equal countries on the left -- 你们可以看到左侧的国家都比较平等——
Japan, Finland, Norway, Sweden -- the top 20 percent are about three and a half, four times as rich as the bottom 20 percent. 日本、芬兰、挪威、瑞典—— 他们的前 20% 的富裕程度大概是后 20% 的 3.5 到 4 倍。
But on the more unequal end -- 但是在比较不平等的另外一侧——
unequal:adj.不平等的;不规则的;不胜任的;n.不等同的事物;
U.K., Portugal, USA, Singapore -- the differences are twice as big. 英国、葡萄牙、美国、新加坡—— 收入差距要大一倍。
On that measure, we are twice as unequal as some of the other successful market democracies. 按这种比较方式,我们国家（英国）的不平等程度是 另外一些同样成功的民主市场的两倍。
Now I'm going to show you what that does to our societies. 接下来我将会展示这对我们社会有什么影响。
We collected data on problems with social gradients, the kind of problems that are more common at the bottom of the social ladder . 我们针对社会内部差异产生的问题收集了数据, 这类问题在社会最底层 更加的普遍。
ladder:n.阶梯;途径;梯状物;v.成名;发迹;在…上装设梯子;
Internationally comparable data on life expectancy, on kids' maths and literacy scores, on infant mortality rates, homicide rates, proportion of the population in prison, teenage birthrates, levels of trust, obesity , mental illness -- which in standard diagnostic classification includes drug and alcohol addiction -- and social mobility . 国际上可供比较的数据包括平均寿命、 儿童的数学和语文成绩、 婴儿死亡率、自杀率、 监狱人口比例、少女早孕率、 互信程度、 肥胖、精神病—— 这些病都符合标准的诊断分类 包括毒瘾和酒瘾—— 以及社会流动率。
Internationally:adv.国际性地;在国际间; comparable:adj.可比较的;比得上的; maths:数学(课) literacy:n.读写能力;精通文学; infant:n.婴儿;幼儿;未成年人;adj.婴儿的;幼稚的;初期的;未成年的; mortality:n.死亡数,死亡率;必死性,必死的命运; homicide:n.杀人;杀人犯; proportion:n.比例;部分;份额;均衡;v.摊派;使相称; obesity:n.肥大,肥胖; mental:adj.精神的;脑力的;疯的;n.精神病患者; standard:n.标准;水准;旗;度量衡标准;adj.标准的;合规格的;公认为优秀的; diagnostic:adj.诊断的;特征的;n.诊断法;诊断结论; classification:n.分类;分级;分类法;归类; alcohol:n.酒精;乙醇;含酒精饮料; addiction:n.瘾;嗜好;入迷; mobility:n.移动性;机动性;[电子]迁移率;
We put them all in one index . 我们把所有这些都归到一个系数里。
index:n.指标;指数;索引;指针;v.做索引;指出;编入索引中;
They're all weighted equally. 他们都被平均加权。
Where a country is is a sort of average score on these things. 一个国家的分数就是这些因子平均得到的。
And there, you see it in relation to the measure of inequality I've just shown you, which I shall use over and over again in the data. 你可以看到,这些分数是 与刚才我展示过的不平等比较相关的, 我将反复展示这些数据。
over and over again:adv.一再地;反复不断地;
The more unequal countries are doing worse on all these kinds of social problems. 越是不平等的国家 在各种社会问题上 表现得就越差。
It's an extraordinarily close correlation . 关联性非常强。
extraordinarily:adv.非常;格外地;非凡地; correlation:n.[数]相关,关联;相互关系;
But if you look at that same index of health and social problems in relation to GNP per capita , gross national income, there's nothing there, no correlation anymore. 但是如果你看同样的 健康和社会问题 与人均国民收入以及 国民总收入的指数的比较, 那你就什么也不会发现, 再没有相关性了。
GNP:abbr.(=grossnationalproduct)国民生产总值[毛额]; n.国民生产总值(全写为grossnationalproduct); per capita:adj.每人的;人均的;
We were a little bit worried that people might think we'd been choosing problems to suit our argument and just manufactured this evidence, so we also did a paper in the British Medical Journal on the UNICEF index of child well-being . 我们有一点担心 人们可能会想 我们是挑选特定的问题以迎合我们的理论 然后人为的制造证据。 所以我们也在《英国医学期刊》发表了一篇关于 联合国儿童基金会儿童福利指数的论文。
manufactured:adj.制造的,已制成的;v.制造,加工(manufacture的过去式); Journal:n.杂志;日记;日志;(用于报纸名)…报; well-being:n.幸福;康乐;
It has 40 different components put together by other people. 它包含 40 个不同的部分, 来自他人的总结。
components:n.部件;组件;成份(component复数); put together:..放在一起;组合;装配;
It contains whether kids can talk to their parents, whether they have books at home, what immunization rates are like, whether there's bullying at school. 它包括儿童是否能与父母交谈, 家中是否有图书, 免疫率有多少,以及学校是否存在欺辱现象。
immunization:n.免疫; bullying:n.仗势欺人者;横行霸道者;v.恐吓;伤害;胁迫;(bully的现在分词)
Everything goes into it. 所有都包括进去了。
Here it is in relation to that same measure of inequality. 这就是该指数与同样的不平等程度的关系。
Kids do worse in the more unequal societies. 在越不平等的社会,儿童的表现就越差。
Highly significant relationship. 关系及其显著。
Highly:adv.高度地;非常;非常赞许地; significant:adj.重大的;有效的;有意义的;值得注意的;意味深长的;n.象征;有意义的事物;
But once again, if you look at that measure of child well-being, in relation to national income per person, there's no relationship, no suggestion of a relationship. 但是再一次, 如果你看的是儿童福利 与人均国民收入的关系, 你将一无所获。 没有关联的迹象。
What all the data I've shown you so far says is the same thing. 我目前向你们展示的所有数据所揭示的 都是同一样的东西。
The average well-being of our societies is not dependent any longer on national income and economic growth. 我们社会的平均福利 再也不是取决于 国民收入和经济增长。
dependent:adj.取决于;依靠的;依赖的;有瘾的;n.受赡养者;扈从;依存[从属]物; economic:adj.经济的,经济上的;经济学的;
That's very important in poorer countries, but not in the rich developed world. 它们在较穷的国家非常重要, 但是对于富裕的发达国家来说却并非如此。
But the differences between us and where we are in relation to each other now matter very much. 而我们之间的差异 以及我们相对于他人的位置 如今看来非常重要。
I'm going to show you some of the separate bits of our index. 下面我将为大家展示我们指数的一些分部。
Here, for instance , is trust. 这是相互信任指数。
instance:n.实例;情况;建议;v.举...为例;
It's simply the proportion of the population who agree most people can be trusted. 指的是同意大多数人都可信 的人数比例。
It comes from the World Values Survey . 这是来自“世界价值观调查”的数据。
Survey:n.调查;测量;审视;纵览;vt.调查;勘测;俯瞰;vi.测量土地;
You see, at the more unequal end, it's about 15 percent of the population who feel they can trust others. 可以看到,在较不平等的一侧, 大约有 15% 的人 感觉他们能相信他人。
But in the more equal societies, it rises to 60 or 65 percent. 但是在更加平等的社会, 这一比例上升到了 60% 或 65%。
And if you look at measures of involvement in community life or social capital, very similar relationships closely related to inequality. 如果再看社区活动参与度 或者是社会资本的评估, 都有非常相似的关联 与不平等紧密相关。
involvement:n.牵连;包含;混乱;财政困难; community:n.社区;[生态]群落;共同体;团体;
I may say, we did all this work twice. 我要说,我们重复了这项工作两次。
We did it first on these rich, developed countries, and then as a separate test bed, we repeated it all on the 50 American states -- asking just the same question: do the more unequal states do worse on all these kinds of measures? 第一次针对的是这些富裕发达国家, 我们之后更换了测试对象, 对美国 50 个州重复了这个测试—— 调查同样的问题: 是否那些越是不平等的州 在所有这些评估上就做得越差？
So here is trust from a general social survey of the federal government related to inequality. 这是联邦政府在一项一般社会调查中得出的相互信任 与不平等之间的关系。
federal:adj.联邦的;同盟的;联邦政府的;联邦制的;adv.联邦政府地;
Very similar scatter over a similar range of levels of trust. 非常相似的散点分布 在相似的信任程度范围上。
scatter:v.分散;驱散;散开;撒播;n.散落;三三两两;
Same thing is going on. 同样的事情还在继续。
Basically we found that almost anything that's related to trust internationally is related to trust amongst the 50 states in that separate test bed. 基本上我们发现 几乎所有在国际调查中反映出来的与互信有关的因素 也同样反映在我们分别调查的 50 个州里面。
Basically:adv.主要地,基本上; amongst:prep.在…之中;在…当中(等于among);
We're not just talking about a fluke . 这并非巧合。
fluke:n.侥幸;锚爪;意外的挫折;vt.侥幸成功;意外受挫;vi.侥幸成功;
This is mental illness. 这张图是心理疾病。
WHO put together figures using the same diagnostic interviews on random samples of the population to allow us to compare rates of mental illness in each society. 世界卫生组织通过随机采样 采用相同的诊断采访方式 搜集数据 使得我们能够比较每个社会的 心理疾病率。
interviews:n.面试; v.对(某人)进行面试(或面谈); random:adj.[数]随机的;任意的;胡乱的;n.随意;adv.胡乱地;
This is the percent of the population with any mental illness in the preceding year. 这是上一年患有任意一种 心理疾病人口的比率。
preceding:adj.在前的;前面的;v.在…之前发生;先于;走在…前面(precede的现在分词)
And it goes from about eight percent up to three times that -- whole societies with three times the level of mental illness of others. 它的范围是从 8% 直到 24% 多—— 这表明整个社会 患有心理疾病的比例是其它社会的 3 倍。
And again, closely related to inequality. 同样的,这些都与不平等有着紧密的联系。
This is violence . 这张图是犯罪率。
violence:n.暴力;侵犯;激烈;歪曲;
These red dots are American states, and the blue triangles are Canadian provinces. 红点表示美国各州, 蓝三角表示加拿大各省。
triangles:n.[数]三角形,三角型态(triangle的复数形式);
But look at the scale of the differences. 但是看看它们的数量差异。
It goes from 15 homicides per million up to 150. 谋杀率从每一百万 15 起 直到 150 起。
homicides:n.杀人;杀人犯;
This is the proportion of the population in prison. 这是监狱囚犯的比率。
There's a about a tenfold difference there, log scale up the side. 这是 10 倍的差距, 指数函数会放大这差距。
tenfold:adj.十倍的;十重的;adv.十倍地;成十倍;n.十倍;
But it goes from about 40 to 400 people in prison. 但监禁人数的变化范围 是从 40 到 400。
That relationship is not mainly driven by more crime. 犯罪 并非这一关系的主要原因。
mainly:adv.大多;大部分;主要地;首要地;
In some places, that's part of it. 在一些地方,犯罪可以解释一部分原因。
But most of it is about more punitive sentencing, harsher sentencing. 但是更多的是严厉的审判, 或者说更苛刻的审判。
punitive:adj.惩罚性的;刑罚的; harsher:刺耳的;粗糙的;严厉的(harsh的比较级);
And the more unequal societies are more likely also to retain the death penalty . 社会越是不平等 就越倾向于保留死刑。
retain:v.保留;保持;持有;继续拥有; death penalty:死刑;
Here we have children dropping out of high school. 这张图是儿童高中辍学状况。
Again, quite big differences. 同样,差距很大。
Extraordinarily damaging, if you're talking about using the talents of the population. 如果我们讨论社会人才的选拔, 就会发现这种差距的危害非常严重。
This is social mobility. 这张图是社会流动率。
It's actually a measure of mobility based on income. 实际上是基于收入的 流动率计算。
Basically, it's asking: do rich fathers have rich sons and poor fathers have poor sons, or is there no relationship between the two? 基本上,它所追问的是: 是否富爸爸有富孩子 穷爸爸有穷孩子, 或者这两者之间没有任何关系？
And at the more unequal end, fathers' income is much more important -- in the U.K., USA. 在较不平等的一侧, 爸爸的收入更加的重要—— 比如说英国、美国。
And in Scandinavian countries, fathers' income is much less important. 而在北欧, 爸爸的收入就不那么重要。
There's more social mobility. 那里有更多的社会阶层流动。
And as we like to say -- and I know there are a lot of Americans in the audience here -- if Americans want to live the American dream , they should go to Denmark. 正如我们常说的—— 我知道这里有很多美国听众—— 如果美国人想要实现他们的“美国梦”, 他们应该去丹麦。
American dream:n.美国梦(美国人传统的价值观和社会标准,如民主、权利平等和财富);
(Laughter) （笑声）
(Applause) （掌声）
I've shown you just a few things in italics here. 我已经展示过的在这里用斜体字标记。
italics:n.[印刷]斜体字,斜体;
I could have shown a number of other problems. 我还可以展示一些其它的问题。
They're all problems that tend to be more common at the bottom of the social gradient. 那些问题都更普遍存在 于社会梯度的底层。
But there are endless problems with social gradients that are worse in more unequal countries -- not just a little bit worse, but anything from twice as common to 10 times as common. 但是社会梯度存在着无穷的问题, 这些问题在不平等的国家更显得更糟—— 不仅仅是一点点糟, 而是什么都要差到 2 倍 10 倍。
endless:adj.无止境的;连续的;环状的;漫无目的的;
Think of the expense , the human cost of that. 想想花费, 人力成本的花费。
expense:n.费用;开支;花费;开销;
I want to go back though to this graph that I showed you earlier where we put it all together to make two points. 我想回到这张先前展示过的图 我们把所有都结合起来 为了说明两点。
One is that, in graph after graph, we find the countries that do worse, whatever the outcome , seem to be the more unequal ones, and the ones that do well seem to be the Nordic countries and Japan. 第一,通过一张复一张的图表, 我们发现那些表现较差的国家, 无论什么, 都似乎是那些更不平等的国家, 但是那些表现得好的 似乎都是北欧和日本。
outcome:n.结果,结局;成果; Nordic:adj.北欧人的;斯堪的纳维亚的;日耳曼民族的;n.北欧人;日耳曼民族;
So what we're looking at is general social disfunction related to inequality. 所以我们看到的是 普遍社会紊乱与不平等之间的关系。
disfunction:n.机能不良;官能障碍;功能紊乱;
It's not just one or two things that go wrong, it's most things. 不仅仅是一两件事出了问题, 而是几乎所有事。
The other really important point I want to make on this graph is that, if you look at the bottom, 这张图上我想指出的另外一个很重要的点 就是,如果你看看底部,
Sweden and Japan, they're very different countries in all sorts of ways. 瑞士和日本, 他们在所有方面都显示出他们是非常不同的国家。
The position of women, how closely they keep to the nuclear family , are on opposite ends of the poles in terms of the rich developed world. 妇女的地位, 他们对小家庭的坚守程度, 在富裕发达的国家之中, 是在两个极端。
nuclear family:n.核心家庭; poles:n.极点(pole的复数形式);雪杖;杆位次数;
But another really important difference is how they get their greater equality. 但是另外一个很重要的不同就是 他们如何实现较大平等的。
Sweden has huge differences in earnings , and it narrows the gap through taxation , general welfare state , generous benefits and so on. 瑞典在收入上有很大的差异, 但它用税收、 国家福利、 慷慨的救济等等来缩小差距。
earnings:n.收益;收入;利润;赢利; taxation:n.课税,征税;税款; welfare state:n.福利制度(由政府向有需要的人提供各种免费服务,如医疗、失业救济金、对老人的照顾等); generous:adj.慷慨的,大方的;宽宏大量的;有雅量的;
Japan is rather different though. 日本则相当不同。
It starts off with much smaller differences in earnings before tax. 首先日本税前工资差距比较小。
It has lower taxes. 它的税收较低。
It has a smaller welfare state. 它的福利也比较少。
And in our analysis of the American states, we find rather the same contrast . 而对美国各州的研究中, 我们发现了鲜明的对比。
analysis:n.分析;分解;验定; contrast:n.对比;对照;反差;明显的差异;v.对比;对照;形成对比;
There are some states that do well through redistribution , some states that do well because they have smaller income differences before tax. 有一些州表现好是通过再分配, 而另外有一些州表现好 是因为税前收入差距小。
redistribution:n.[经]重新分配;
So we conclude that it doesn't much matter how you get your greater equality, as long as you get there somehow . 所以我们得出结论 如何实现较大的平等并不重要, 重要的是能实现这种平等。
conclude:v.断定:得出结论:终止:达成:缔结(协定) as long as:conj.只要;长达;如果;既然; somehow:adv.以某种方法;莫名其妙地;
I am not talking about perfect equality, 我不是在说完全的平等,
I'm talking about what exists in rich developed market democracies. 我说的都是确实存在于富裕发达市场民主国家的。
Another really surprising part of this picture is that it's not just the poor who are affected by inequality. 关于这个图,另外一个出乎意料的事情就是 不仅仅是穷人 会受不平等的影响。
There seems to be some truth in John Donne's "No man is an island." 约翰·多恩（英国诗人）的话似乎有点道理: “没有人是一座孤岛。”
And in a number of studies, it's possible to compare how people do in more and less equal countries at each level in the social hierarchy . 通过一系列的研究,我们能够比较 每一个社会阶层的人在 平等程度或多或少的不同国家的行为。
hierarchy:n.层级;等级制度;
This is just one example. 这只是一个例子。
It's infant mortality. 这张图是婴儿死亡率。
Some Swedes very kindly classified a lot of their infant deaths according to the British register of general socioeconomic classification. 根据英国一般社会经济分类记录, 一些瑞典人非常仁慈的归类了很多婴儿死亡。
Swedes:n.瑞典人(Swede的复数); classified:adj.机密的; v.将…分类; (classify的过去分词和过去式) according to:根据,据说; register:v.登记;注册;记录;n.登记簿;登记表;注册簿; socioeconomic:adj.社会经济学的;
And so it's anachronistically a classification by fathers' occupations , so single parents go on their own. 这是一种不符合时代的 基于父亲职位的分类, 所以单亲父母都自力更生。
occupations:n.[劳经]职业;行业;占有;日常活动(occupation的复数);
But then where it says "low social class," 但是我们看所谓的“社会低级阶层”,
that's unskilled manual occupations. 那是无需技术的手工工作。
unskilled:adj.无特长的;无(需)特别技能的;无(需)专门训练的; manual:n.说明书;指南;使用手册;adj.用手的;手工的;体力的;手动的;
It goes through towards the skilled manual occupations in the middle, then the junior non-manual, going up high to the professional occupations -- doctors, lawyers, directors of larger companies. 中间是需要技术的手工工作, 再到高级非手工工作, 一直高到专业工作—— 医生、律师、 大公司的管理人。
junior:n.青少年;职位较低者;adj.青少年的;地位低下的; professional:adj.专业的;职业的;职业性的;n.专业人员;职业运动员;
You see there that Sweden does better than Britain all the way across the social hierarchy. 这里可以看出瑞典比英国做得好, 在每一个社会阶层上都做得更好。
The biggest differences are at the bottom of society. 最大的差异出现在社会的底层。
But even at the top, there seems to be a small benefit to being in a more equal society. 但即使是在顶端, 生活在一个较平等的社会 都有一些优势。
We show that on about five different sets of data covering educational outcomes and health in the United States and internationally. 我们展示了 5 组不同的数据 包括了美国和国际的教育结果 以及健康状况。
educational:adj.教育的;有关教育的;有教育意义的 outcomes:n.结果;成果;后果;出路;(outcome的复数) United:adj.联合的; v.联合,团结; (unite的过去分词和过去式)
And that seems to be the general picture -- that greater equality makes most difference at the bottom, but has some benefits even at the top. 似乎总体而言—— 较为平等的社会在社会底层展示出的差异最明显, 但在社会上层也同样会有一些优势。
But I should say a few words about what's going on. 我该解释一下怎么回事。
I think I'm looking and talking about the psychosocial effects of inequality. 我认为我是在展示和讨论 不平等对社会心理的影响。
psychosocial:adj.社会心理的;心理社会学的;
More to do with feelings of superiority and inferiority , of being valued and devalued , respected and disrespected . 更多的是关注优越感和自卑感, 被重视和被看不起, 被尊重和被贬低。
superiority:n.优越,优势;优越性; inferiority:n.自卑;下属;次等;下部; devalued:vt.使贬值;降低…的价值;vi.贬值; disrespected:v.不尊敬;(disrespect的过去式和过去分词)
And of course, those feelings of the status competition that comes out of that drives the consumerism in our society. 当然,那些由于 身份地位的竞争而产生的感觉 促动了社会消费主义的前进。
competition:n.竞争;比赛,竞赛; consumerism:n.保护消费者利益运动;用户至上主义;
It also leads to status insecurity . 但它同样也导致了地位的不确保性。
insecurity:n.不安全;不牢靠;无把握;心神不定;
We worry more about how we're judged and seen by others, whether we're regarded as attractive , clever, all that kind of thing. 我们更担心的是别人如何评判和看待我们, 我们是否显得有吸引力、聪明、 或是诸如此类。
attractive:adj.吸引人的;有魅力的;引人注目的;
The social-evaluative judgments increase, the fear of those social-evaluative judgments. 社会价值评价增强了 对这些社会价值评价的恐惧。
judgments:判断;
Interestingly , some parallel work going on in social psychology : some people reviewed 208 different studies in which volunteers had been invited into a psychological laboratory and had their stress hormones , their responses to doing stressful tasks, measured . 有趣的是, 社会心理学领域一些类似的工作也在同样进行着: 一些人查阅了 208 项不同的研究; 在研究中,志愿者被邀请到 一个心理试验中心 然后测试他们的压力霍尔蒙以及 他们执行压力任务时的反应。
Interestingly:adv.有趣地; parallel:adj.平行的; v.与…相似; n.极其相似的人(或情况、事件等); social psychology:n.社会心理学; reviewed:v.复习;评估;评论;检讨;(review的过去分词形式) volunteers:n.志愿者; v.自愿做; (volunteer的第三人称单数和复数) psychological:adj.心理的;心理学的;精神上的; laboratory:n.实验室,研究室; hormones:n.[生理]激素;荷尔蒙;性激素;荷尔蒙制剂(hormone的复数); responses:n.回答,答复;反应;响应;(response的复数) stressful:adj.紧张的;有压力的; measured:adj.缓慢谨慎的; v.测量; (measure的过去分词和过去式)
And in the revue , what they were interested in seeing is what kind of stresses most reliably raise levels of cortisol , the central stress hormone. 在这观察中, 科学家感兴趣是 哪一种压力 最能提高体内皮质醇, 最重要的压力霍尔蒙的水平。
revue:n.讽刺时事的滑稽剧; reliably:adv.可靠地;确实地; cortisol:n.[生化]皮质醇;考的索;[药]氢化可的松;
And the conclusion was it was tasks that included social-evaluative threat -- threats to self-esteem or social status in which others can negatively judge your performance . 结果正是 那些包括社会评价威胁的任务—— 威胁到自尊和社会地位的任务—— 这些任务中他人能负面评价你的表现。
conclusion:n.结论;结局;推论; self-esteem:n.自尊;自负;自大; negatively:adv.消极地;否定地; performance:n.性能;表现;业绩;表演;
Those kind of stresses have a very particular effect on the physiology of stress. 这些压力 在压力生理学上 有非常特别的效果。
physiology:n.生理学;生理机能;
Now we have been criticized . 目前我们已经接受了批评。
criticized:v.批评;挑剔;指责;评论;评价;(criticize的过去式和过去分词)
Of course, there are people who dislike this stuff and people who find it very surprising. 当然,有些人不喜欢这个, 也有人发现这个很出人意料。
stuff:n.东西:物品:基本特征:v.填满:装满:标本:
I should tell you though that when people criticize us for picking and choosing data, we never pick and choose data. 然而我还是应该告诉你们 当人们批评我们挑拣数据时, 我们从来没有这样做过。
pick and choose:挑挑拣拣;
We have an absolute rule that if our data source has data for one of the countries we're looking at, it goes into the analysis. 我们有一个无条件的规定 如果我们的数据源包含所观测国家的数据, 那么我们就将其纳入分析。
source:n.来源;水源;原始资料;
Our data source decides whether it's reliable data, we don't. 我们的数据源决定 数据是否有效, 而不是我们。
reliable:adj.可信赖的;可依靠的;真实可信的;可靠的;
Otherwise that would introduce bias . 否则就会产生偏差。
bias:adv.使有偏见;n.偏见;偏心;偏爱;v.使有偏见;使偏向;adj.斜的;[电]偏动的;
What about other countries? 其它国家呢？
There are 200 studies of health in relation to income and equality in the academic peer-reviewed journals . 学术同行审查的期刊中, 有 200 项研究是关于健康与 收入和平等的关系的。
academic:adj.学术的;理论的;学院的;n.大学生,大学教师;学者; peer-reviewed:n.同行评议;同行审阅; journals:n.学术期刊(journal的复数);日记;日记账;
This isn't confined to these countries here, hiding a very simple demonstration . 这并没有局限于这里的这些国家, 暗藏着一个很简单的证明。
confined:adj.狭窄的; v.限制(confine的过去式和过去分词); demonstration:n.示范;演示;论证;证明;
The same countries, the same measure of inequality, one problem after another. 同样的国家 同样的不平等测量方法, 问题一个接一个。
Why don't we control for other factors ? 我们为什么不控制其它的因素呢?
factors:n.因素(factor的复数); v.做代理商;
Well we've shown you that GNP per capita doesn't make any difference. 我已经向大家展示了人均国民收入 并没有产生任何影响。
And of course, others using more sophisticated methods in the literature have controlled for poverty and education and so on. 当然,另外有人在文献中应用了更为复杂的方法 在实验中排除了贫困、教育 等因素。
sophisticated:adj.复杂的;老练的;见多识广的;水平高的; literature:n.文学;文献;文艺;著作; poverty:n.贫困;困难;缺少;低劣;
What about causality ? 因果关系如何呢？
causality:n.因果关系;
Correlation in itself doesn't prove causality. 相关性本身并不能证明因果联系。
We spend a good bit of time. 我们花了相当的时间。
And indeed, people know the causal links quite well in some of these outcomes. 确实,人们对我们这些结果的因果联系 有很好的了解。
The big change in our understanding of drivers of chronic health in the rich developed world is how important chronic stress from social sources is affecting the immune system , the cardiovascular system. 我们对富裕发达国家 长期保持健康的驱动因素的理解中 最大的改变就是 来自社会的长期压力对免疫力 以及心血管系统的影响 有多重要
chronic:adj.慢性的;长期的;习惯性的; sources:n.来源;出处;起源;根源;原因;v.(从…)获得(source的第三人称单数和复数) immune system:n.免疫系统; cardiovascular:adj.[解剖]心血管的;
Or for instance, the reason why violence becomes more common in more unequal societies is because people are sensitive to being looked down on. 或者比如说,暴力在较不平等的国家 变得越来越普遍的原因 就是因为人们对自己被瞧不起非常敏感。
sensitive:adj.敏感的;感觉的;易受影响的;n.敏感的人;有灵异能力的人;
I should say that to deal with this, we've got to deal with the post-tax things and the pre-tax things. 我要说,为了解决这个问题, 我们应该解决税后以及 税前的一系列问题。
pre-tax:adj.纳税前的;
We've got to constrain income, the bonus culture incomes at the top. 我们应该限制收入, 遏制顶端的奖金收入文化。
constrain:v.约束;限制;强迫;强制;
I think we must make our bosses accountable to their employees in any way we can. 我认为我们必须竭尽所能让我们的领导们 对员工负责。
accountable:adj.有责任的;有解释义务的;可解释的;
I think the take-home message though is that we can improve the real quality of human life by reducing the differences in incomes between us. 我最后想要总结的 就是我们能够通过减少我们的收入差距来 提高我们的真实的生活质量。
take-home:=take-homepay; improve:v.改进;改善;
Suddenly we have a handle on the psychosocial well-being of whole societies, and that's exciting. 这样的话,我们会发现我们突然就解决了 整个社会的社会心理健康问题, 那真是棒极了。
handle:n.[建]把手;柄;手感;口实;v.处理;操作;运用;买卖;触摸;
Thank you. 谢谢。
(Applause) （掌声）