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RichardWeller_2012X-_晒太阳对心脏有益吗_
So, before I became a dermatologist , 在成为皮肤科医生之前
dermatologist:n.皮肤病医生;皮肤病专家;
I started in general medicine, as most dermatologists do in Britain. 我最初在一般内科（实习） 正如英国的大多数皮肤科医生所经历的那样
in general:总之,通常;一般而言; dermatologists:n.皮肤病医生;皮肤病专家;(dermatologist的复数)
At the end of that time, I went off to Australia, about 20 years ago. 在实习结束前我去了澳大利亚 那是大约20年前了。
What you learn when you go to Australia is the Australians are very competitive . 去了澳大利亚 你就知道那里的人非常争强好胜
competitive:adj.竞争的;比赛的;求胜心切的;
And they are not magnanimous in victory. 他们对于获胜可谓是斤斤计较
magnanimous:adj.宽宏大量的;有雅量的;宽大的;
And that happened a lot: "You pommies, you can't play cricket , rugby ." 这类事情经常发生: “你们英国佬不会打板球和橄榄球。”
cricket:n.蟋蟀;板球; rugby:n.英式橄榄球;拉格比(英格兰中部的城市);
I could accept that. 这个我能接受
But moving into work -- and we have each week what's called a journal club, when you'd sit down with the other doctors and you'd study a scientific paper in relation to medicine. 但换到工作中—— 我们每周有一次期刊俱乐部的活动, 我跟别的医生们一起坐下来 研究一篇科学论文 只要与医学相关
journal:n.杂志;日记;日志;(用于报纸名)…报; scientific:adj.科学的,系统的;
And after week one, it was about cardiovascular mortality , a dry subject -- how many people die of heart disease , what the rates are. 第一个星期后,课题是关于心血管疾病的死亡率, 这很枯燥—— 多少人死于心脏病, 死亡率是多少。
cardiovascular:adj.[解剖]心血管的; mortality:n.死亡数,死亡率;必死性,必死的命运; disease:n.病,[医]疾病;弊病;vt.传染;使…有病;
And they were competitive about this: "You pommies, your rates of heart disease are shocking." 他们就抬杠说 “你们英国佬的心脏病率令人震惊。”
And of course, they were right. 当然,他们没错
Australians have about a third less heart disease than we do -- less deaths from heart attacks, heart failure , less strokes -- they're generally a healthier bunch. 澳大利亚人的心脏病发病率比我们少三分之一 心脏病、心率衰竭、以及中风等病致死的概率也低 他们（跟英国人比）是个更健康的人群
heart failure:n.心力衰竭; strokes:n.中风; v.轻抚; (stroke的第三人称单数和复数) generally:adv.通常;普遍地,一般地;
And of course they said this was because of their fine moral standing, their exercise, because they're Australians and we're weedy pommies, and so on. 当然他们说这是因为 澳大利人道德高尚,喜爱运动 因为他们是澳大利亚人,而我们是瘦弱的英国佬,等等。
moral:n.寓意;品行;教益;adj.道德的;道义上的;道德上的;品行端正的; weedy:adj.瘦弱的;似杂草的;尽是杂草的;
But it's not just Australia that has better health than Britain. 但是不只是澳大利亚人比英国人健康。
Within Britain, there is a gradient of health -- and this is what's called standardized mortality, basically your chances of dying. 在英国内部,健康也是有梯度的 这就是所谓的标准化死亡率 大致来说就是你死亡的概率
gradient:n.[数][物]梯度;坡度;倾斜度;adj.倾斜的;步行的; standardized:adj.标准的; v.使合乎标准; basically:adv.主要地,基本上;
This is looking at data from the paper about 20 years ago, but it's true today. 论文引用的是20年前的数据 在今天也适用
Comparing your rates of dying 50 degrees north -- that's the South, that's London and places -- by latitude , and 55 degrees -- the bad news is that's here, Glasgow . 对比北纬50度以北地区的死亡率 这是南方的伦敦和周边地区 北纬55度 这里情况不太好,是格拉斯哥
Comparing:v.比较;对比;(compare的现在分词) latitude:n.纬度;界限;活动范围; Glasgow:n.格拉斯哥(英国城市名);
I'm from Edinburgh . Worse news, that's even Edinburgh . 我来自爱丁堡 。更糟的是,这里也有爱丁堡 。
Edinburgh:n.爱丁堡(英国城市名);
(Laughter) （笑声）
So what accounts for this horrible space here between us up here in southern Scotland and the South? 是什么导致了这些地方的数据如此恐怖 在苏格兰南部 和英格兰南部之间？
horrible:可怕的,极讨厌的,
Now, we know about smoking, deep-fried Mars bars, chips -- the Glasgow diet. 现在,我们知道愿意包括吸烟、 油炸的巧克力棒、薯片——这些都是格拉斯哥的饮食。
deep-fried:adj.油炸的;炒的;vt.油炸(deep-fry的过去分词); Mars:n.火星 chips:炸土豆条(chip的复数)
All of these things. 所有这些都是。
But this graph is after taking into account all of these known risk factors . 但这张图是综合考虑了 所有这些已知风险因素的
factors:n.因素(factor的复数); v.做代理商;
This is after accounting for smoking, social class, diet, all those other known risk factors. 排除了吸烟,社会地位,饮食, 以及其他所有已知的危险因素的影响
We are left with this missing space of increased deaths the further north you go. 这里有个空白区域 越往北,死亡率越高
Now, sunlight , of course, comes into this. 现在,日照这个因素参与了进来
sunlight:n.日光;
And vitamin D has had a great deal of press, and a lot of people get concerned about it. 媒体有过大量关于维生素D的报道 许多人也开始关注
vitamin:n.维生素;维他命; a great deal of:大量; concerned:adj.有关的;关心的;v.关心;与…有关;(concern的过去时和过去分词)
And we need vitamin D. It's now a requirement that children have a certain amount. 我们需要维生素D。现在对儿童每天的摄入量有所规定。
My grandmother grew up in Glasgow, back in the 1920s and '30s when rickets was a real problem and cod liver oil was brought in. 我祖母在格拉斯哥长大 在20世纪二三十年代,佝偻病是个大问题 鱼肝油被采用,
rickets:n.[内科]佝偻病; cod liver oil:n.鱼肝油;
And that really prevented the rickets that used to be common in this city. 真正起到了预防佝偻病这种常见病的作用
And I as a child was fed cod liver oil by my grandmother. 小时候,祖母就给我吃过。
I distinctly -- nobody forgets cod liver oil. 无疑,没人会忘记鱼肝油。
distinctly:adv.明显地;无疑地,确实地;
But an association : The higher people's blood levels of vitamin D are, the less heart disease they have, the less cancer . 可是有一个关联:血液里维生素D越高的人 患心脏病和癌症的几率越低
association:n.协会;关联;联想;交往; cancer:n.癌症;恶性肿瘤;
There seems to be a lot of data suggesting that vitamin D is very good for you. 有很多数据标明维生素D对人体有益。
And it is, to prevent rickets and so on. 它会预防佝偻病,等等。
But if you give people vitamin D supplements , you don't change that high rate of heart disease. 但如果你给人们维生素D补充剂, 并不会改变心脏病的高发率。
supplements:n.补充品;增补物;[昆]补脉(supplement的复数);
And the evidence for it preventing cancers is not yet great. 它预防癌症的证据还不太具说服力
evidence:n.证据,证明;迹象;明显;v.证明; cancers:n.癌; (Cancers是cancer的复数)
So what I'm going to suggest is that vitamin D is not the only story in town. 我的想法是,维生素D不是唯一的影响因素
It's not the only reason preventing heart disease. 它不是预防心脏病的唯一原因。
High vitamin D levels, I think, are a marker for sunlight exposure , and sunlight exposure , in methods I'm going to show, is good for heart disease. 维生素D高,是常晒太阳的结果 我将要说明,多晒太阳 能减少患心脏病的风险
marker:n.记分员;书签;标识物;作记号的人; exposure:n.暴露;显露;揭露;面临;
Anyway, I came back from Australia, and despite the obvious risks to my health, I moved to Aberdeen . 不管怎样,我从澳大利亚回来了, 我冒着生命危险搬到了阿伯丁
despite:prep.尽管,不管;n.轻视;憎恨;侮辱; obvious:adj.明显的;显著的;平淡无奇的; Aberdeen:n.亚伯丁(英国苏格兰一郡);苏格兰粗毛猎狐狗(等于Aberdeenterrier);
(Laughter) （笑声）
Now, in Aberdeen, I started my dermatology training. 现在,在阿伯丁,我开始进行皮肤科的培训
dermatology:n.皮肤医学,[皮肤]皮肤病学;
But I also became interested in research, and in particular I became interested in this substance , nitric oxide . 可我也对研究感兴趣, 特别是对一氧化氮这种物质感兴趣。
in particular:尤其,特别; substance:n.物质;实质;主旨;物品; nitric:adj.氮的;含氮的;硝石的; oxide:n.[化学]氧化物;
Now these three guys up here, 这三个人
Furchgott, Ignarro and Murad, won the Nobel Prize for medicine back in 1998. 弗奇戈特、伊格纳罗和穆拉德 是1998年诺贝尔医学奖的得主
Nobel Prize:n.诺贝尔奖;
And they were the first people to describe this new chemical transmitter , nitric oxide. 他们是最早来描述 这种新的化学传递物——一氧化氮——的人
describe:v.描述;形容;把…称为;画出…图形; chemical:n.化学制品,化学药品;adj.化学的; transmitter:n.[电讯]发射机,[通信]发报机;传达人;
What nitric oxide does is it dilates blood vessels , so it lowers your blood pressure . 一氧化氮会扩张血管, 降低血压。
dilates:v.扩大,详述(dilate第三人称单数);膨胀; vessels:n.血管(vessel的复数);船舶;容器; blood pressure:n.[医]血压;
It also dilates the coronary arteries , so it stops angina . 它也能扩张冠状动脉,从而缓解心绞痛。
coronary:adj.冠的;冠状的;花冠的; arteries:n.[解剖]动脉(artery的复数);v.给…提供动脉(artery的单数第三人称); angina:n.心绞痛;咽喉痛;咽峡炎;
And what was remarkable about it was in the past when we think of chemical messengers within the body, we thought of complicated things like estrogen and insulin , or nerve transmission . 它与众不同的是 过去当我们想到体内的化学信使时, 我们会想到一些复杂的诸东西,如雌激素、胰岛素、 或神经传导。
remarkable:adj.卓越的;非凡的;值得注意的; messengers:n.东京速递(电视剧); complicated:adj.复杂的;难懂的;v.使复杂化;(complicate的过去分词和过去式) estrogen:n.雌性激素; insulin:n.[生化][药]胰岛素; nerve:n.神经;勇气;神经质;神经紧张;v.鼓足勇气;振作精神; transmission:n.传输;传染;播送;发射;广播;传动装置;
Very complex processes with very complex chemicals that fit into very complex receptors . 非常复杂的流程伴有非常复杂的化学物质 存在于非常复杂的受体中。
complex:adj.复杂的;合成的;n.复合体;综合设施; processes:n.过程; v.处理(process的第三人称单数形式); chemicals:n.化学制品;化学品;(chemical的复数) receptors:n.[生化]受体;接受器;神经末梢(receptor的复数);
And here's this incredibly simple molecule , a nitrogen and an oxygen that are stuck together, and yet these are hugely important for [unclear] our low blood pressure, for neurotransmission , for many, many things, but particularly cardiovascular health. 这是个非常简单的分子, 一个氮和一个氧粘在一起, 但这些对我们的维持较低的血压至关重要, 它作用于神经传递和许多许多东西, 尤其是心血管健康。
incredibly:adv.难以置信地;非常地; molecule:n.[化学]分子;微小颗粒,微粒; nitrogen:n.氮;氮气; neurotransmission:n.神经传递; particularly:adv.特别地,独特地;详细地,具体地;明确地,细致地;
And I started doing research, and we found, very excitingly , that the skin produces nitric oxide. 我们开始研究,并且非常激动地发现, 皮肤会生成一氧化氮。
excitingly:adv.刺激地;振奋人心地;
So it's not just in the cardiovascular system it arises . 所以它不只是在心血管系统中才出现
arises:v.出现;发生;站立;
It arises in the skin. 它在皮肤上也出现。
Well, having found that and published that, 将这个发现发表之后
I thought, well, what's it doing? 我就想,它在干啥呢？
How do you have low blood pressure in your skin? 你皮肤上怎么能有低血压呢？
It's not the heart. What do you do? 不是心脏。你是干啥呢？
So I went off to the States, as many people do if they're going to do research, and I spent a few years in Pittsburgh . This is Pittsburgh . 于是我去了美国,很多人都去美国做研究 我在匹斯堡呆了几年,这就是匹斯堡。
Pittsburgh:n.匹兹堡(美国一座城市);
And I was interested in these really complex systems. 我对这些超级复杂的系统感兴趣。
We thought that maybe nitric oxide affected cell death, and how cells survive, and their resistance to other things. 我们认为也许一氧化氮影响细胞死亡, 影响细胞存活,也影响细胞的免疫
resistance:n.电阻;抵抗;阻力;抗力;
And I first off started work in cell culture, growing cells, and then I was using knockout mouse models -- mice that couldn't make the gene. 我先开始研究细胞文化,细胞生长 接着用被击昏了的老鼠作为模特 那些老鼠不能生产基因。
knockout:adj.淘汰的;击倒的;迷人的;n.淘汰赛;击倒;给人留下深刻印象的人;绝代佳人;
We worked out a mechanism , which -- NO was helping cells survive. 我们研究出一个机理:一氧化氮帮助细胞存活
mechanism:n.机制;原理,途径;进程;机械装置;技巧;
And I then moved back to Edinburgh. 后来我搬回爱丁堡。
And in Edinburgh, the experimental animal we use is the medical student. 在爱丁堡,我的实验动物是医学院学生。
experimental:adj.实验的;根据实验的;试验性的;
It's a species close to human, with several advantages over mice: 是接近人类的一个物种, 跟老鼠相比有以下几个好处:
species:n.[生物]物种;种类; advantages:n.有利条件; v.有利于;
They're free, you don't shave them, they feed themselves, and nobody pickets your office saying, "Save the lab medical student." 不用付费,不用给他们剃毛,不用喂养他们 没人查你的办公室,还要说: “管好你实验室的医科学生。”
shave:v.刮胡子;(尤指)刮脸;(少量地)削减;n.修面;刮脸;剃须; pickets:n.雪桩,雪椿;系绳尖桩(picket的复数);
So they're really an ideal model. 所以说,他们真是理想的模特。
But what we found was that we couldn't reproduce in man the data we had shown in mice. 但我们发现 我们不能在人身上复制出在老鼠身上得到的数据。
reproduce:v.繁殖;复制;再现;生育;
It seemed we couldn't turn off the production of nitric oxide in the skin of humans. 看来我们不能停止 人体皮肤产生一氧化氮
We put on creams that blocked the enzyme that made it, we injected things. We couldn't turn off the nitric oxide. 我们涂上乳液就能阻挡制造它的酶, 我们能注射药品。但我们无法停住一氧化氮。
enzyme:n.[生化]酶; injected:v.(给…)注射(药物等); (inject的过去分词和过去式)
And the reason for this, it turned out, after two or three years' work, was that in the skin we have huge stores not of nitric oxide, because nitric oxide is a gas, 经过两三年的工作,我们终于找出了原因, 我们皮肤里大量储存的并非一氧化氮 因为一氧化氮是气体
and it's released -- (Poof!) -- and in a few seconds it's away, but it can be turned into these forms of nitric oxide -- nitrate , NO3; nitrite , NO2; nitrosothiols. 它要挥发的——（噗！) ——几秒钟就没影了, 但一氧化氮能转化成 硝酸盐、硝酸盐、亚硝酸盐、二氧化氮、亚硝基硫醇。
released:v.释放;使免除;已发布;(release的过去分词和过去式) nitrate:n.硝酸盐;vt.用硝酸处理; nitrite:n.亚硝酸盐;
And these are more stable , and your skin has got really large stores of NO. 这些形式更稳定 你的皮肤就得到了大量的一氧化氮
stable:n.马厩;牛棚;adj.稳定的;牢固的;坚定的;vi.被关在马厩;赶入马房;
And we then thought to ourselves, with those big stores, 我们就寻思
I wonder if sunlight might activate those stores and release them from the skin, where the stores are about 10 times as big as what's in the circulation . 阳光是否会活化这大量的一氧化氮 将它们从皮肤中释放出来 这些一氧化氮的存量10倍于参与新陈代谢的一氧化氮量
I wonder if:我不知道是否…？; activate:vt.刺激;使活动;使活泼;使产生放射性;vi.激活;有活力; circulation:n.流通,传播;循环;发行量;
Could the sun activate those stores into the circulation, and there in the circulation do its good things for your cardiovascular system? 太阳能不能激活这些存量让它们参与新陈代谢, 从而作用于心血管系统呢？
Well, I'm an experimental dermatologist, so what we did was we thought we'd have to expose our experimental animals to sunlight. 我呢,是个实验皮肤科医生, 所以我们想到 应该让实验动物多晒太阳
expose:v.揭露,揭发;使曝光;显示;
And so what we did was we took a bunch of volunteers and we exposed them to ultraviolet light. 于是,我们找来了一群志愿者 让他们接受紫外线照射
a bunch of:一群;一束;一堆; volunteers:n.志愿者; v.自愿做; (volunteer的第三人称单数和复数) exposed:adj.无遮蔽的; v.暴露; (expose的过去分词和过去式) ultraviolet:adj.紫外的;紫外线的;n.紫外线辐射,紫外光;
So these are kind of sunlamps. 这些是太阳灯。
Now, what we were careful to do was, vitamin D is made by ultraviolet B rays and we wanted to separate our story from the vitamin D story. 这里我们要小心 维生素D是通过中波紫外线（UVB）射线生成的 而我们想排除维生素D的干扰
So we used ultraviolet A, which doesn't make vitamin D. 所以,我们使用了不生成维生素D的长波紫外线（UVA）
When we put people under a lamp for the equivalent of about 30 minutes of sunshine in summer in Edinburgh, what we produced was, we produced a rise in circulating nitric oxide. 我们对受试者进行照射 强度相当于暴露在爱丁堡夏日阳光中30分钟 结果是我们得到了 新陈代谢中一氧化氮的提升
lamp:n.灯;台灯;(理疗用的)发热灯; equivalent:adj.等价的,相等的;同意义的;n.等价物,相等物; sunshine:n.阳光;日光;欢乐;幸福 circulating:adj.运行的; v.(液体或气体)环流,循环; (circulate的现在分词)
So we put patients with these subjects under the UV, and their NO levels do go up, and their blood pressure goes down. 我们让心血管病的患者接受紫外线照射 他们的一氧化氮水平上升了 而他们的血压下降了
patients:n.接受治疗者,病人;(patient的复数)
Not by much, as an individual level, but enough at a population level to shift the rates of heart disease in a whole population. 就个人而言不算多 但对于整个人群而言有显著意义 足以改变整个人群的心脏病患病率
individual:n.个人;有个性的人;adj.单独的;个别的; shift:n.移动;变化;手段;轮班;v.移动;转变;转换;
And when we shone UV at them, or when we warmed them up to the same level as the lamps , but didn't actually let the rays hit the skin, this didn't happen. 给他们照射紫外线 或者使他们的皮肤太阳灯的温度那样温暖 但不让光线接触皮肤,同样的结果就不会发生
lamps:n.灯具(lamp的复数); v.看;
So this seems to be a feature of ultraviolet rays hitting the skin. 这似乎说明了其中关键在于紫外线要接触到皮肤
Now, we're still collecting data. 我们至今仍在收集数据
A few good things here: 有几样好的发现:
This appeared to be more marked in older people. 这在年长者身上效果更明显
I'm not sure exactly how much. 我不确定具体的数量
One of the subjects here was my mother-in-law , and clearly I do not know her age. 其中一个被试是我的岳母大人 很显然我不太清楚她的年龄
mother-in-law:n.岳母;婆母;
But certainly in people older than my wife, this appears to be a more marked effect. 但肯定比我太太年纪要大 在她身上效果更明显
And the other thing I should mention was there was no change in vitamin D. 我要提到的另一点是 在整个过程中维生素D并没有发生变化
This is separate from vitamin D. 维生素D的影响是被分离的
So vitamin D is good for you -- it stops rickets, it prevents calcium metabolism , important stuff . 维生素D对人有益——它预防佝偻病 还能预防钙流失,是很重要的微量元素
calcium:n.[化学]钙; metabolism:n.[生理]新陈代谢; stuff:n.东西:物品:基本特征:v.填满:装满:标本:
But this is a separate mechanism from vitamin D. 但（我们研究的）这是一个与维生素D相分离的机制
Now, one of the problems with looking at blood pressure is your body does everything it can to keep your blood pressure at the same place. 现今在血压的问题上有一点要注意 就是你的身体会竭尽所能 去把血压维持在同一个水平
If your leg is chopped off and you lose blood, your body will clamp down, increase the heart rate, do everything it can to keep your blood pressure up. 如果你的腿被剁断,你会失血, 你的身体会施加压力,增加心跳, 来尽可能地维持你的正常血压。
chopped:v.切碎;剁碎;砍;劈;降低;取消;(chop的过去分词和过去式) clamp:v.夹紧,固定住;n.夹钳,螺丝钳;
That is an absolutely fundamental physiological principle . 这是一个绝对的基本生理原则。
absolutely:adv.绝对地;完全地; fundamental:n.基础; adj.十分重大的; physiological:adj.生理学的,生理的; principle:n.原理,原则;主义,道义;本质,本义;根源,源泉;
So what we've next done is we've moved on to looking at blood vessel dilatation . 所以我们接下来做的 就是转而研究血管扩张
blood vessel:n.血管; dilatation:n.扩张;详述;膨胀度;
So we've measured -- this is again, notice no tail and hairless , this is a medical student. 我们测试了同一批（实验动物） 注意他们没有尾巴也没有皮毛,这是个医科学生。
measured:adj.缓慢谨慎的; v.测量; (measure的过去分词和过去式) hairless:adj.无毛的;秃顶的;
In the arm, you can measure blood flow in the arm by how much it swells up as some blood flows into it. 你测量手臂上的血流 测量血流通过时血管扩张了多少
swells:v.涌浪;胀罐(swell的第三人称单数形式);n.肿胀(swell的复数);
And what we've shown is that doing a sham irradiation -- this is the thick line here -- this is shining UV on the arm so it warms up but keeping it covered so the rays don't hit the skin. 这里显示的是在做假射机 这里有条粗线 紫外线照射到手臂上,皮肤升温 但我们盖住皮肤,所以紫外线就接触不到了
sham:n.伪装;假象;假情假义;伪善;v.假装;冒充;adj.虚假的;假装的; irradiation:n.照射;发光,放射;
There is no change in blood flow, in dilatation of the blood vessels. 血流量没有变化,血管也没有扩张
But the active irradiation, during the UV and for an hour after it, there is dilation of the blood vessels. 但如果让紫外线接触皮肤 在紫外线照射期间及照射后一小时 血管都有所扩张
dilation:n.扩张,扩大;膨胀;详述;
This is the mechanism by which you lower blood pressure, by which you dilate the coronary arteries also, to let the blood be supplied with the heart. 这就是降低血压的机制 你的冠状动脉也扩张了 给心脏提供更多的血液
So here, further data that ultraviolet -- that's sunlight -- has benefits on the blood flow and the cardiovascular system. 这里有更多有关紫外线——也就是太阳光的作用 数据显示紫外线有益于血流和心血管系统。
So we thought we'd just kind of model -- 我们认为我们只是一种模型--
Different amounts of UV hit different parts of the Earth at different times of year, so you can actually work out those stores of nitric oxide -- the nitrates , nitrites , nitrosothiols in the skin -- cleave to release NO. 不同时节照射到不同地域的紫外线是不等的 所以,你其实可以 将皮肤里的硝酸盐、亚硝酸盐、还有亚硝基硫醇 分解得到一氧化氮
at different times:在不同的时间;在不同的时代; nitrates:n.硝酸盐(nitrate的复数形式); nitrites:n.[无化]亚硝酸盐(nitrite的复数形式); cleave:vi.裂开;披荆斩棘地前进;粘住;坚持;vt.砍开;使分开;打通;
Different wavelengths of light have different activities of doing that. 不同波长的光产生不同的反应
wavelengths:n.[物]波长(wavelength的复数);
So you can look at the wavelengths of light that do that. 所以你可以去检视光波
And you can look -- So, if you live on the equator, the sun comes straight overhead , it comes through a very thin bit of atmosphere . 如果你住在赤道地区,太阳光垂直射入 薄薄的大气
overhead:n.开销;经常费用;经常开支;adj.头上方的;地面以上的;adv.在头上方;在空中 atmosphere:n.大气;气氛;气压;风格;
In winter or summer, it's the same amount of light. 无论冬夏,光照的量是相同的
If you live up here, in summer the sun is coming fairly directly down, but in winter it's coming through a huge amount of atmosphere, and much of the ultraviolet is weeded out, and the range of wavelengths that hit the Earth are different from summer to winter. 如果你住在（高纬度地区） 太阳光在夏季几乎是直射的 而在冬季就会斜穿厚厚的大气 很多紫外线无法到达地面 而到达地面的波长范围 夏天和冬天是不同的
fairly:adv.相当地;公平地;简直; directly:adv.直接地;立即;马上;正好地;坦率地;conj.一…就; weeded:v.除(地面的)杂草;(weed的过去分词和过去式)
So what you can do is you can multiply those data by the NO that's released and you can calculate how much nitric oxide would be released from the skin into the circulation. 你可以把这些数据 乘上一氧化氮的释放量 你就可以算出有多少一氧化氮 从皮肤里释放,参与到新陈代谢中去
multiply:vt.乘; vi.乘; v.多样地; adj.多层的;
Now, if you're on the equator here -- that's these two lines here, the red line and the purple line -- the amount of nitric oxide that's released is the area under the curve , it's the area in this space here. 如果你在赤道地区 也就是这两条红色和紫色的线 线下方的区域代表一氧化氮的释放量 也就是这片区域
purple:n.紫色;紫袍;v.变紫;使成紫色;adj.紫色的;华丽的文辞; curve:n.曲线;弯曲;曲面;弧线;v.(使)沿曲线移动;呈曲线形;
So if you're on the equator, December or June, you've got masses of NO being released from the skin. 所以如果你在赤道地区,不管是12月份还是6月份 你的皮肤里都能释放大量的一氧化氮
masses:n.民众;大量(mass的复数);包块;v.集中;聚集(mass的三单形式);
So Ventura is in southern California. 南加州有个地方叫文图拉
In summer, you might as well be at the equator. 你在夏天能得到相当于赤道地区的日照
might as well:不妨,何妨;还是…的好;
It's great. Lots of NO is released. 这太棒了,释放了很多的一氧化氮
Ventura mid-winter , well, there's still a decent amount. 文图拉的隆冬,结果也不错
mid-winter:冬至; decent:adj.正派的;得体的;相当好的;
Edinburgh in summer, the area beneath the curve is pretty good, but Edinburgh in winter, the amount of NO that can be released is next to nothing, tiny amounts. 爱丁堡的夏季,曲线以下的区域也还行 可以一到冬季,一氧化氮 几乎就不释放了
beneath:prep.在…之下;adv.在下方;
So what do we think? 我们如何看待这个结果？
We're still working at this story, we're still developing it, we're still expanding it. 我们仍然在研究 我们仍然在发掘和扩展
expanding:v.扩大,增加,增强细谈;详述;(expand的现在分词)
We think it's very important. 我们认为这项研究非常重要
We think it probably accounts for a lot of the north-south health divide within Britain, 我们认为这项研究能解释英国南北部很多的健康问题的差异
north-south:adj.纵贯的;n.北-南;
It's of relevance to us. 这是与我们切实相关的
relevance:n.关联;适当;中肯;
We think that the skin -- well, we know that the skin has got very large stores of nitric oxide as these various other forms. 我们认为人的皮肤 我们知道人的皮肤上有很多 以不同形式存在的一氧化氮
We suspect a lot of these come from diet, green leafy vegetables, beetroot , lettuce has a lot of these nitric oxides that we think go to the skin. 我们猜想其中有很多来自于饮食 绿叶蔬菜,甜菜根、还有生菜 含有很多的一氧化氮,我们认为它最终来到皮肤
suspect:n.犯罪嫌疑人;v.怀疑;不信任;adj.可疑的; leafy:adj.多叶的;叶状的;叶茂盛的; beetroot:n.甜菜的根; oxides:n.[化学]氧化物(oxide的复数);
We think they're then stored in the skin, and we think the sunlight releases this where it has generally beneficial effects. 并且贮存在皮肤里 我们认为太阳光能释放这些一氧化氮 起到很多有益的作用
releases:n.释放; vt.释放; beneficial:adj.有益的,有利的;可享利益的;
And this is ongoing work, but dermatologists -- 这个研究还在进行之中,可皮肤科医生们——
ongoing:n.发展; adj.持续存在的;
I mean, I'm a dermatologist. 我就是一名皮肤科医生
My day job is saying to people, "You've got skin cancer, it's caused by sunlight, don't go in the sun." 白天的工作中我要对病人说,“你得了皮肤癌, 是阳光引起的, 别去晒太阳。”
I actually think a far more important message is that there are benefits as well as risks to sunlight. 其实我认为还有更重要的一则讯息 就是晒太阳既有益处,也有风险
as well as:也;和…一样;不但…而且;
Yes, sunlight is the major alterable risk factor for skin cancer, but deaths from heart disease are a hundred times higher than deaths from skin cancer. 没错,阳光是引发皮肤癌的一个主要风险变量 但是死于心脏病的人数 是死于皮肤癌的一百倍
And I think that we need to be more aware of, and we need to find the risk-benefit ratio . 我们需要加深对此的了解 我们还需要找到其中的风险效益比
ratio:n.比率;比例;v.用比例方式表达;求出…的比值;使…成比例;
How much sunlight is safe, and how can we finesse this best for our general health? 晒多少太阳是安全的？ 如何掌握其中分寸来增进大家普遍的健康？
finesse:n.策略;纤细;灵巧;vt.巧妙处理;以偷牌方式先出;vi.偷牌;施展巧计;
So, thank you very much indeed. 非常感谢大家。
(Applause) （掌声）