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RichardPyle_2004-_探索珊瑚礁微光区_
This is the first of two rather extraordinary photographs I'm going to show you today. 这是我今天要给大家展示的两张非同寻常的图片中的第一张
extraordinary:adj.非凡的;特别的;离奇的;临时的;特派的;
It was taken 18 years ago, 它是在18年前拍的
I was 19 years old at the time. 当时我19岁
I had just returned from one of the deepest dives I'd ever made at that time, a little over 200 feet. 刚刚从那时所参与的最深的一次潜水归来 比200英尺深一点点
dives:n.富豪;
And, I had caught this little fish here, and it turns out that that particular one was the first live one of that ever taken alive. 在那里我抓到了这条小鱼 它成为了第一条被活捕上来后还能存活下来的鱼
I'm not just an ichthyologist , I'm a bona fide fish nerd . 我不仅仅是一个鱼类学家,我还是一个真正的鱼痴
ichthyologist:n.鱼类学者;鱼类研究者; bona fide:adj.善意的;真实的; nerd:n.呆子;讨厌的人;
And to a fish nerd, this is some pretty exciting stuff . 而对于鱼痴来说,这是一个非常让人兴奋的工作
stuff:n.东西:物品:基本特征:v.填满:装满:标本:
And more exciting was the fact that the person who took this photo was a guy named Jack Randall, the greatest living ichthyologist on Earth, the Grand Poobah of fish nerds , if you will. 而更让人兴奋的是,为我拍这张照片的人 名字叫做Jack Randall 世界上还健在的最伟大的鱼类学家 你也可以称他是鱼痴的头儿
nerds:n.书呆子;网虫;讨厌鬼(nerd的复数);
And so, it was really exciting to me to have this moment in time, it really set the course for the rest of my life. 因此,这个时刻的及时到来令我相当兴奋 我以后的人生路线也由此划定
But really the most significant thing, the most profound thing about this picture is that it was taken two days before 但关于这张图片最重要,最意义深远的事情 是在拍完它两天之后
significant:adj.重大的;有效的;有意义的;值得注意的;意味深长的;n.象征;有意义的事物; profound:adj.深厚的;意义深远的;渊博的;
I was completely paralyzed from the neck down. 我的颈部就完全瘫痪了。
paralyzed:adj.瘫痪的;麻痹的;v.使麻痹;使无力;使失去勇气(paralyze的过去分词);
I made a really stupid kind of mistake that most 19-year-old males do when they think they're immortal , and I got a bad case of the bends, and was paralyzed, and had to be flown back for treatment . 我犯了一个非常愚蠢的错误 就像大多数19岁的小伙子们,他们认为自己是死不了 我得上了严重的减压病 全身瘫痪,不得不飞回来进行治疗
immortal:adj.不朽的;神仙的;长生的;n.神仙;不朽人物; treatment:n.治疗;疗法;对待;处理;讨论;
I learned two really important things that day. 那天我明白了两件非常重要的事情
The first thing I learned -- well, I'm mortal, that's a really big one. 第一,我是终有一死的,这确实很重要
And the second thing I learned was that I knew, with profound certainty , this is exactly what I was going to do for the rest of my life. 第二,我非常肯定地知道 我在余生中所要从事的究竟是什么
certainty:n.必然;确实;确实的事情;
I had to focus all my energies towards going to find new species of things down on deep coral reefs . 我必须将精力都专注地投入到 对珊瑚礁深处那些新物种的发现。
species:n.[生物]物种;种类; coral:n.珊瑚;珊瑚虫;adj.珊瑚的;珊瑚色的; reefs:n.礁石(reef的复数形式); v.收帆;
Now, when you think of a coral reef, this is what most people think of -- all these big, hard, elaborate corals and lots of bright, colorful fishes and things. 现在,当你们想到珊瑚礁时,这就是大多数人所想到的 所有这些巨大、坚硬、精巧的珊瑚,还有大量多姿多彩的鱼类以及其他
elaborate:adj.精心制作的;详尽的;煞费苦心的;v.精心制作;详细描述;变复杂; corals:n.[无脊椎]珊瑚(coral的复数);
But, this is really just the tip of the iceberg . 但,这仅仅是冰山一角
tip of the iceberg:冰山一角;事物的表面部分;
If you look at this sort of diagram of a coral reef, we know a lot about that part up near the top, and the reason we know so much about it is scuba divers can very easily go down there and access it. 如果你看一下这张珊瑚礁的图表 我们对最上方的那部分了解很多 之所以如此,是因为 水肺潜水员能轻松地下潜到那里
scuba:n.水肺;水中呼吸器; divers:adj.不同种类的,各式各样的;
There is a problem with scuba though, in that it imposes some limitations on how deep you can go, and it turns out that depth is about 200 feet. 然而水肺（水下呼吸器）有个问题 它给你的下潜深度设了限制 大概是200英尺
imposes:强加于;征收(impose的第三人称单数); limitations:n.局限性;(限制)因素;边界(limitation的复数形式);
I'll get into why that is in just a minute. 等一会我会解释这是为什么
But, the point is scuba divers generally stay less than 100 feet deep, and very rarely go much below this, at least, not with any kind of sanity . 但,关键是水肺潜水员们通常只待在100英尺深度以上 而很少,至少是有意识地潜到这个深度以下
generally:adv.通常;普遍地,一般地; rarely:adv.很少地;难得;罕有地; sanity:n.明智;头脑清楚;精神健全;通情达理;
So, to go deeper, most biologists have turned to submersibles . 所以,如果要到更深处,多数的生物学家会选择潜水器
biologists:n.生物学家(biologist的复数); submersibles:adj.能潜水的;能沉入水中的;
Now, submersibles are great, wonderful things, but if you're going to spend 30,000 dollars a day to use one of these things, and it's capable of going 2,000 feet, 现在,潜水器是很了不起的东西 但如果你要每天花3万美元来利用某个潜水器 而它能够下潜的深度是2000英尺
capable:adj.能干的,能胜任的;有才华的;
you're sure not going to go farting around up here in a couple of hundred feet, you're going to go way, way, way, down deep. 那么你肯定不会就在这几百英尺的地方晃来晃去 你会向下,向下,潜到深处去
farting:v.放屁;(尤指)放响屁;(fart的现在分词)
So, the bottom line is that almost all research using submersibles has taken place well below 500 feet. 归根结底,几乎所有利用潜水器的研究 都是在超过500英尺深的水下进行的
the bottom line:底线;本质内容;最底线;
Now, it's pretty obvious at this point that there's this zone here in the middle and that's the zone that really centers around my own personal pursuit of happiness. 讲到这里,可以很明显地看到中间的这个区域 而这就是围绕着我个人幸福追求的那个区域
obvious:adj.明显的;显著的;平淡无奇的; personal:adj.个人的;身体的;亲自的;n.人事消息栏;人称代名词; pursuit:n.追求;追赶;追捕;跟踪;
I want to find out what's in this zone. 我想找出在里面有什么
We know almost nothing about it. 我们几乎对这里一无所知
Scuba divers can't get there, submarines go right on past it. 水肺潜水员到不了那里,潜水器又不在那里停留
submarines:n.潜艇;(submarine的第三人称单数和复数)
It took me a year to learn how to walk again after I had my diving accident in Palau and during that year I spent a lot of time learning about physics and physiology of diving and figuring out how to overcome these limitations. 自从帛琉群岛的潜水事故之后,我花了一年时间才重新学会行走 那一年里,我花了大量时间学习 学习潜水的物理学和生理学过程 并找出如何克服这些限制的方法
diving:n.潜水;跳水;跳水运动;v.下潜;跳水;潜水;(dive的现在分词) physiology:n.生理学;生理机能; overcome:vt.克服;胜过;vi.克服;得胜;
So, I'm just going to show you a basic idea. 我这就给你们展示一些基本的概念
We're all breathing air right now, air is a mixture of oxygen and nitrogen , about 20 percent oxygen, about 80 percent nitrogen is in our lungs. 此时此刻,我们呼吸的空气其实是氧气和氮气的混合物 其中大约20%是氧气,80%是氮气
mixture:n.混合;结合体;混合物;集合体; nitrogen:n.氮;氮气;
And there's a phenomenon called Henry's Law that says that gases will dissolve into a fluid in proportion to the partial pressures which you're exposing them to. 有一种称为“亨利定律”的现象 指的是气体在液体中的溶解 与该液面上气体所受到的分压成正比
phenomenon:n.现象;杰出的人;非凡的人(或事物); dissolve:v.溶;使(固体)溶解;解除;终止;解散;消除;n.(电影、电视等画面的)渐隐 fluid:adj.流动的;流畅的;不固定的;n.流体;液体; in proportion to:与…成比例,与…相称; partial:adj.部分的;不完整的;片面的;有偏见的; exposing:v.暴露;显露;揭露;揭穿;使面临;(expose的现在分词)
So, basically the gas dissolves into our body. 所以基本上气体会溶解到我们的体内
basically:adv.主要地,基本上; dissolves:v.溶解;分解(dissolve的单三式);溶接;
The oxygen is bound by metabolism , we use it for energy. 氧气是我们获取能量所必需的,与新陈代谢息息相关
bound:n.跳跃:v.跳跃着跑:形成…的边界(或界限)adj.一定会:很可能会: metabolism:n.[生理]新陈代谢;
The nitrogen just sort of floats around in our blood and tissues , and that's all fine, that's how we're designed. 而氮气只是我们血液和组织里的某种漂浮物而已 这没什么关系,我们生来如此
tissues:n.纸巾,手巾纸;(人、动植物细胞的)组织;(tissue的复数)
The problem happens when you start to go underwater . 问题在于当你开始下潜到水下的时候
underwater:adj.在水中的;水面下的;adv.在水下;n.水下;
Now, the deeper you go underwater, the higher the pressure is. 潜得越深,所受到的压力越大
If you were to go down to a depth of about 130 feet, which is the recommended limit for most scuba divers, you get this pressure effect. 当你到达大约130英尺的深度时 这是大多数水肺潜水者的建议极限 你就会感觉到某种压力效应
recommended:v.推荐;举荐;介绍;劝告;建议;(recommend的过去分词和过去式)
And the effect of that pressure is that you have an increased density of gas molecules in every breath you take. 即在你的每一次呼吸中 气体的密度是逐渐增加的
density:n.密度; molecules:n.[化学]分子,微粒;[化学]摩尔(molecule的复数);
And then over time, those gas molecules dissolve into your blood and tissues and start to fill you up. 过一会,这些气体分子就会溶解到你的血液和组织中 并开始充满你的体内
Now, if you were to go down to say 300 feet, you don't have five times as many gas molecules in your lungs, you've got 10 times as many gas molecules in your lungs. 如果你要下潜到300英尺 那你的肺里就不仅仅只充满相当于平时五倍体积的气体 而是充满相当于平时10倍体积的气体
And, sure enough, they dissolve into your blood and tissues as well. 肯定的是,它们同样会溶解到你的血液和组织里
And of course, if you were to down to where there's 15 times as much -- the deeper you go, the more exacerbating the problem becomes. 当然,如果你继续往下的话还有可能是15倍 潜得越深,这个问题就会越严重
exacerbating:v.恶化(exacerbate的现在分词);
And the problem, the limitation of diving with air is all those dots in your body -- all the nitrogen and all the oxygen. 而这个带空气潜水的极限问题 也就是在你体内的所有这些点——所有的氮气和氧气
There's three basic limitations of scuba diving. 水肺潜水有三个基本的限制
The first limitation is the oxygen -- oxygen toxicity . 第一个限制就是氧气 氧中毒
toxicity:n.[毒物]毒性;
Now, we all know the song -- "Love is like oxygen. 我们都知道那首歌---“爱情就像氧气,
You get too much, you get too high. 得到太多,你会太兴奋。
Not enough, and you're going to die." 得到不够,你就会死去”
Well, in the context of diving, you get too much, you die also. 在潜水这个问题上,你得到太多也会挂掉
context:n.环境;上下文;来龙去脉;
You die also because oxygen toxicity can cause a seizure -- makes you convulse underwater, not a good thing to happen underwater. 导致死亡的另一个原因是氧中毒引起的急性痉挛 在水下,这可不是什么好事情
seizure:n.没收;夺取;捕获;(疾病的)突然发作; convulse:v.使痉挛(或抽筋);(身体)震动(或抖动);
It happens because there's too much concentration of oxygen in your body. 罪魁祸首就是体内过高的氧气浓度
concentration:n.浓度;含量;集中;专心;
The nitrogen has two problems. 氮气会造成两个问题
One of them is what Jacques Cousteau called " rapture of the deep." 其中之一就是雅克·库斯托所说的“深海晕眩”
rapture:n.兴高采烈;vt.使…狂喜;
It's nitrogen narcosis . 也就是氮气麻醉
narcosis:n.麻醉;昏迷状态;
It makes you loopy . 它会使你晕头转向
loopy:adj.多圈的;呆头呆脑的;
The deeper you go, the loopier you get. 潜得越深,你就越晕
You don't want to drive drunk, you don't want to dive drunk, so that's a real big problem. 你不会愿意醉酒开车,你也不会愿意醉酒潜水,所以这确实是个大问题
And of course, the third problem is the one I found out the hard way in Palau, which is the bends. 当然,第三个问题也就是我在帛琉群岛那段艰难旅程所发现的 减压病（bends）
Now the one thing that I forgot to mention, is that to obviate the problem of the nitrogen narcosis -- all of those blue dots in our body -- you remove the nitrogen and you replace it with helium . 我忘记提到的一点是 如何排除氮气麻醉的问题 也就是我们体内的这些蓝色小点 我们可以用氦气来替换氮气
obviate:vt.排除;避免;消除; helium:n.[化学]氦(符号为He,2号元素);
Now helium's a gas, there's a lot of reasons why helium's good, it's a tiny molecule, it's inert , it doesn't give you narcosis. 氦气也是种气体,它有许多好处 它的分子很小,同时是惰性气体 它不会导致你的昏迷
inert:adj.[化学]惰性的;呆滞的;迟缓的;无效的;
So that's the basic concept that we use. 这就是我们所用到的基本设想
But, the theory's relatively easy. 但这一理论只是相对比较容易而已
relatively:adv.相当程度上;相当地;相对地;
The tricky part is the implementation . 最有趣的是如何将之变得可行
tricky:adj.难办的;难对付的;狡猾的;诡计多端的; implementation:n.[计]实现;履行;安装启用;
So, this is how I began, about 15 years ago, and I'll admit, it wasn't exactly the smartest of starts, but, you know, you got to start somewhere. 这就是我大约15年前着手开始时做的 我承认,这肯定不是最聪明的开端 但无论如何,你总是要开始的
And, at the time, really I wasn't the only one who didn't know what I was doing almost nobody did. 而且那个时候,我还真不是唯一一个不知道自己正在做什么的人 几乎没有人知道
And this rig was actually used for a dive of 300 feet. 这个装置实际上是用于300英尺深处的潜水
But, over time we got a little bit better at it, and we came up with this really sophisticated-looking rig with four scuba tanks and five regulators and all the right gas mixtures and all that good stuff. 但过了一阵,情况有了一点好转 我们搞出了这个看起来很是先进的装置 上面有四个气罐和五个调节器 还有合适的混合气体以及所有要用到的好东西
regulators:n.调整者;调节阀(regulator的复数形式); mixtures:n.[化学]混合物(mixture的复数);配合料;
And it was fine and dandy , and it allowed us to go down and find new species. 它看上去既漂亮又时髦 能让我们潜水去寻找新的物种
dandy:adj.上等的,极好的(口语);服装华丽的;n.花花公子;好打扮的人;
This picture was taken 300 feet deep, catching new species of fish. 这是在300英尺深处拍的照片,他正在捕捉鱼类新种
But, the problem was it didn't allow us much time. 但问题在于我们的潜水不能进行太久
For all its bulk and size, it only gave us about 15 minutes, at most, down at those sort of depths. 尽管它的体积挺大块 却只能保证最多在这样的深度待15分钟
bulk:n.大部分;主体;(大)体积;大(量);v.扩展;增大;堆积起来;形成大块;
We needed more time. 我们需要更多的时间
There had to be a better way. 必须找出更好的方法
And, indeed, there is a better way. 而且,事实上,的确有个更好的方法
In 1994, I was fortunate enough to get access to these prototype closed-circuit rebreathers . 1994年,我幸运地有机会用到 这些闭路式换气器的原型
fortunate:adj.幸运的;交好运的;吉利的; prototype:n.原型;雏形;最初形态; closed-circuit:adj.闭路式的; rebreathers:n.换气器;氧气呼吸器;再生式氧气系统;(水下)呼吸器;
Alright, closed-circuit rebreather -- what is it about it that makes it different from scuba, and why is it better? 那么,闭路式换气器-- 它与水肺有什么不同, 又为什么说它更好？
Well, there are three main advantages to a rebreather. 换气器有三个主要的优点
advantages:n.有利条件; v.有利于;
One, they're quiet, they don't make any noise. 第一,它们很安静,不会产生任何噪音
Two, they allow you to stay underwater longer. 第二,它们能使你在水里待的更久
Three, they allow you to go deeper. 第三,它们让你潜得更深
And, how is it that they do that? 那么,它们是怎么做到的？
Well, in order to really understand how they do that you kind of have to take off the hood, and look underneath and see what's going on. 想真正了解它们是怎么做到这些的 你必须把外罩拿掉,看看里面是怎么工作的
underneath:prep.在…的下面;在…的支配下;n.下面;底部;adj.下面的;底层的;
There are three basic systems to a closed- circuit rebreather. 闭路式换气器里有三个基本的系统
The most fundamental of these is called the breathing loop. 其中最重要的称为呼吸环路（breathing loop）
fundamental:n.基础; adj.十分重大的;
It's a breathing loop because you breathe off of it, and it's a closed loop, and you breathe the same gas around and around and around. 顾名思义,你利用它来呼吸 这是个闭合的环路,所以你会一圈又一圈地呼吸同样的气体
So there's a mouthpiece that you put in your mouth, and there's also a counterlung, or in this case, two counterlungs. 这里有个你要放在嘴里的接口管 这还有个气囊（counterlung） 或者像这里这个,两个气囊
mouthpiece:n.喉舌;代言人;送话口;
Now, the counterlungs aren't high-tech , they're just simply flexible bags. 这些气囊并不是什么高科技,它们就是简单而又柔韧的袋子
high-tech:adj.高科技的,高技术的;仿真技术的;n.高科技; flexible:adj.灵活的;柔韧的;易弯曲的;
They allow you to mechanically breathe, or mechanically ventilate . 它们是你能机动地呼吸,或机动地换气
mechanically:adv.机械地;呆板地;物理上地; ventilate:vt.使通风;给…装通风设备;宣布;
When you exhale your breath, it goes in the exhale counterlung, when you inhale a breath, it comes from the inhale counterlung. 当你呼气的时候,气体进入呼出气囊 当你吸气的时候,气体从吸气气囊出来
exhale:v.呼气;发出;发散;使蒸发; inhale:vt.吸入;猛吃猛喝;vi.吸气;
It's just pure mechanics , allowing you to cycle air through this breathing loop. 这只是纯粹的机械过程,使气体能在呼吸环里进行循环
mechanics:n.机械师;机械修理工;技工;力学;机械学;(mechanic的复数)
And, the other component on a breathing loop is the carbon dioxide absorbent canister . 在呼吸环上的另外一个部件 是二氧化碳吸收罐
component:n.成分;部件;组成部分;adj.构成的; carbon dioxide:二氧化碳; absorbent:n.[化学][化工][核]吸收剂;adj.能吸收的; canister:n.筒;(放咖啡,茶叶,烟等的)小罐;防毒面具的滤毒罐;
Now, as we breathe, we produce carbon dioxide, and that carbon dioxide needs to be scrubbed out of the system. 我们呼吸的时候会产生二氧化碳 这些二氧化碳需要从系统中除去
scrubbed:adj.精制的,纯净的;v.擦洗;废止;揉搓(scrub的过去分词);
So there's a chemical filter in there, that pulls the carbon dioxide out of the breathing gas so that when it comes back to us to breathe again, it's safe to breathe again. 所以在那里面就有个化学过滤器 将二氧化碳从呼吸的气体中去除 这就使我们再次呼吸的时候,能安全地呼吸
chemical:n.化学制品,化学药品;adj.化学的; filter:n.滤波器;过滤器;滤光器;滤声器;v.过滤;渗入;(用程序)筛选;缓行;
So that's the breathing loop in a nutshell . 以上介绍的就是外壳下面的呼吸环
nutshell:n.坚果的外壳;小的东西,小容器;vt.概括;
Now the second main component of a closed-circuit rebreather is the gas system. 闭路式换气器的第二个主要部件是气体系统
Now the primary purpose of the gas system is to provide oxygen, to replenish the oxygen that your body consumes . 气体系统最重要的目的 是提供氧气,补充你身体所消耗的氧气
replenish:vt.补充,再装满;把…装满;给…添加燃料; consumes:v.消耗,耗费;吃;喝;饮;使充满(强烈的感情);(consume的第三人称单数)
So the main tank, the main critical thing, is this oxygen gas supply cylinder we have here. 所以主要的容器,最关键的东西 就是这边这个氧气供应罐
critical:adj.鉴定的;[核]临界的;批评的,爱挑剔的;危险的;决定性的;评论的; cylinder:n.圆筒;汽缸;[数]柱面;圆柱状物;
But, if we only had an oxygen gas supply cylinder we wouldn't be able to go very deep, because we'd run into oxygen toxicity very, very quickly. 但是,如果我们只有这么一个氧气供应罐 我们就不能潜得太深 因为我们很快就会产生氧中毒,非常快
So we need another gas, something to dilute the oxygen with and that, fittingly enough, is called the diluent gas supply. 所以我们需要另一种气体来稀释氧气 足够合适之后,我们称之为“稀释气体供应”
dilute:adj.稀释的;淡的;vt.稀释;冲淡;削弱;vi.变稀薄;变淡; fittingly:adv.适切地,适合地;
Now, in our applications we generally put air inside this diluent gas supply because it's a very cheap and easy source of nitrogen. 现在,在这个装置里,我们就可以将空气输入稀释气体供应罐中 因为这是一种非常便宜和易得的氮气来源
source:n.来源;水源;原始资料;
So that's where we get our nitrogen from. 我们的氮气就是从这里来的
But, if we want to go deeper, of course, we need another gas supply. 当然,如果想潜得更深,我们还需要补充另一种气体
We need helium, and the helium is what we really need to go deep. 我们需要氦气,它是我们深潜时所真正需要的
And usually we'll have a slightly larger cylinder, it's mounted exterior on the rebreather, like this. 通常我们用的是这个稍微大一点的罐子 它就像这样挂在换气器的外面
slightly:adv.些微地,轻微地;纤细地; mounted:adj.骑马的; v.准备; (mount的过去分词和过去式) exterior:n.外观;外表;adj.外面的;外部的;外表的;户外的;
And that's what we use to inject , as we start to do our deep dives. 当开始向深处潜水的时候,注入的氦气就来自这里
inject:v.注入;注射;
And we also have a second oxygen cylinder, that's solely as a back-up in case there's a problem with our first oxygen supply we can continue to breathe. 另外我们还有第二个氧气罐,仅仅作为后备 一旦第一个氧气供应出现问题,我们还能继续呼吸
solely:adv.单独地,唯一地; back-up:n.备份;adj.作支援的;v.为…做备份;
And the way you manage all these different gases, and all these different gas supplies is this really high-tech, sophisticated gas block up on the front here where it's easy to reach. 如何操纵所有这些气体及其供应 就在于前面这个先进的高科技气体控制器 很容易摸到
sophisticated:adj.复杂的;老练的;见多识广的;水平高的;
It's got all the valves and knobs and things you need to do to inject the right gases at the right time . 它上面的阀门和旋钮等可以让你 在合适的时间注入合适的气体
valves:n.[机]阀门; v.装阀于…; knobs:n.把手(knob的复数);凸岩; at the right time:在适当时候;
Now, normally you don't have to do that because all of it's done automatically for you with the electronics , the third system of a rebreather. 一般来说这些都是已经为你自动做好的 因为我们有电子设备,换气器的第三个系统
normally:adv.正常地;通常地,一般地; automatically:adv.自动地;机械地;无意识地;adj.不经思索的; electronics:n.电子学;电子工业;
The most critical part of a rebreather are the oxygen sensors . 换气器上最重要的部件是氧气传感器
sensors:n.[自]传感器,感应器;感测器(sensor的复数);
You need three of them, so that if one of them goes bad, you know which one it is. 你需要三个,这样如果其中一个坏了,你就知道是哪一个
You need voting logic . 你需要表决逻辑（voting logic）
logic:n.逻辑;逻辑学;逻辑性;adj.逻辑的;
You also have three microprocessors , any one of those computers can run the entire system so you have to lose two of them. 你还有三个微处理器 这些计算机中的任意一个都能控制整个系统 所以就算你失去了其中两个
microprocessors:n.[计]微处理器(microprocessor的复数);[计]微处理机;
There's also back-up power supplies. 还有后备的能量供应
And of course, there's multiple displays to get the information to the diver. 当然,少不了为潜水者提供信息的显示器
multiple:adj.数量多的;多种多样的;n.倍数; displays:v.陈列; n.陈列;
This is the high-tech gadgetry that allows us to do what we do on these kind of deep dives. 这就是那个能让我们在这种深度潜水中 能随心所欲的高科技小部件
gadgetry:n.小配件;小玩意;小机件;
And I can talk about it all day, just ask my wife. 我能一整天都谈论这些,问问我老婆就知道了
But, I want to move on to something that's kind of much more interesting. 但,我想讲另一些更有趣的东西
I'm going to take you on a deep dive. 我将带你们深潜下去
I'm going to show you what it's like to do one of these dives that we do. 我将向你们展示我们是怎么进行这类潜水的
We start up here on the boat, and for all this high-tech, expensive equipment this is still the best way to get in the water -- just pfft ! -- flop over the side of the boat. 我们从船上开始,尽管这是部昂贵的高科技装备 这仍然是最好的入水方式---噗！ 怦然从船舷处落下
pfft:int.啐(表示突然中止或终于失败); flop:v.沉重地躺下;移动;砸锅;完全失败;n.失败,不成功;adv.噗地一声
Now, as I showed you in the earlier diagram, these reefs that we dive on start out near the surface and they go almost vertically , completely straight down. 就像我之前给你们展示的那张图表 这些礁石就在我们开始潜水的水面附近 它们几乎是垂直地、完全直直地向下
vertically:adv.垂直地;
So, we drop in the water, and we just sort of go over the edge of this cliff , and then we just start dropping, dropping, dropping. 所以我们在水里往下掉,好像要越过这个悬崖边缘一般 然后我们就开始往下掉,往下掉,往下掉
cliff:n.悬崖;绝壁;
People have asked me, "It must take a long time to get there?" 有人问我,“到那儿一定花了不少时间吧？”
No, it only takes a couple of minutes to get all the way down to three or four hundred feet, which is where we're aiming for. 不,只花了几分钟 我们就直落到三四百英尺处,我们的目的地
It's kind of like skydiving in slow motion . 有点像慢动作的跳伞
skydiving:n.延缓张伞跳伞运动;特技跳伞运动 slow motion:adj.缓慢的;慢动作的;高速度摄影的;
It's really a very interesting -- you ever see "The Abyss " where Ed Harris, you know, he's sinking down along the side of the wall? 这真的非常有趣 你们看过电影《深渊》（“The Abyss”）里面的Ed Harris? 沿着绝壁往下坠落的情景吧？
Abyss:n.深渊;深邃,无底洞,地狱;
That's kind of what it feels like. It's pretty amazing. 这有点像那种感觉,美妙绝伦
Also, when you get down there, you find the water is very, very clear. 还有,下到那里,你会发现水非常非常的清澈
It's extremely clear water, because there's hardly any plankton . 极度清澈的水,因为那里几乎没有什么浮游生物
extremely:adv.非常,极其;极端地; hardly any:几乎没有; plankton:n.浮游生物(总称);
But, when you turn on your light, you look around at the caves, and all of a sudden you're confronted with a tremendous amount of diversity , much more than anyone used to believe. 但是,当你打开灯,环视这些洞穴时 你就会突然间面对巨大数量的生物多样性 远远超过人们过去所认为的
all of a sudden:突然地,出乎意料地; confronted:v.使…无法回避;降临于;处理;面对;对抗;(confront的过去分词和过去式) tremendous:adj.极大的,巨大的;惊人的;极好的; diversity:n.差异(性):多样性:多样化:
Now not all of it, not all of it is new species, like that fish you see with the white stripe , that's a known species. 并非所有这些都是新种 比如你看到的这条有白道的鱼 就是个已知种
stripe:n.条纹;线条;杠;种类;v.使…成条纹状;
But, if you look carefully into the cracks and crevices , you'll see little things scurrying all over the place. 如果你仔细观察这些裂缝和罅隙 你会看到无数的小玩意正来去匆匆
cracks:n.裂纹; v.破裂; (crack的第三人称单数和复数) crevices:n.裂缝;裂隙; scurrying:v.碎步疾跑;(scurry的现在分词)
There's a just unbelievable diversity. 这里的多样性令人难以置信
unbelievable:adj.(非正式)难以置信的;不可信的
It's not just fish, either. 而且,并不仅仅是鱼类的多样性
These are crinoids , sponges , black corals -- there's some more fishes. 那里有海百合,海绵,黑珊瑚——再来一些鱼类
crinoids:海百合类; sponges:n.[无脊椎]海绵(sponge的复数形式); v.用海绵擦拭,吸收掉,抹掉(sponge的第三人称单数形式);
And those fishes that you see right now are new species. 现在你看到的这些鱼类都是新种
They're still new species because I had a video camera on this dive instead of my net, so they're still waiting down there for someone to go find them. 它们仍然是新种,因为我只装了摄像机,而没有带网 所以它们仍然在等待着人们去再把它们找出来
video camera:n.摄像机;
But this is what it looks like, and this kind of habitat just goes on and on and on for miles. 这里的环境就是如此 而且这样的生境连绵数英里
habitat:n.[生态]栖息地,产地; on and on:继续不停地;
This is Papua , New Guinea . 这就是巴布亚新几内亚
Papua:n.巴布亚岛(新几内亚岛NewGuinea的旧名); Guinea:n.几内亚;基尼(英国旧时金币名);
Now little fishes and invertebrates aren't the only things we see down there. 小鱼和无脊椎动物并非我们看到的全部
invertebrates:n.[无脊椎]无脊椎动物(invertebrate的复数);
We also see sharks, much more regularly than I would have expected to. 我们还能看到鲨鱼 它们比我原先预计的更加常见
regularly:adv.经常地;有规律地;定期的
And we're not quite sure why. 我们并不很确定为什么
But what I want you to do right now is imagine yourself 400 feet underwater, with all this high-tech gear on your back, you're in a remote reef off Papua, New Guinea, 现在,我要你们想象一下自己正身处400英尺水深 背着高科技的设备 地点是新几内亚的帛琉群岛附近
gear:n.齿轮; v.适合; remote:adj.偏远的;偏僻的;遥远的;久远的;
thousands of miles from the nearest recompression chamber , and you're completely surrounded by sharks. 距离最近的减压舱有数千英里 而你正完全被鲨鱼所包围
chamber:n.(身体或器官内的)室,膛; adj.室内的; vt.把…关在室内;
Video: Look at those ... 视频:看这些……
Uh-oh ... uh-oh! 啊噢……啊噢！
I think we have their attention. 我想我引起它们注意了
Richard Pyle: When you start talking like Donald Duck, there's no situation in the world that can seem tense. Richard Pyle:当你开始像唐老鸭一样说话 世界上就没有什么叫做“紧张”的东西
(Laughter) （笑）
So, we're down there -- and this is at 400 feet, that's looking straight up, by the way , so you can get a sense of how far away the surface is. 好,我们下到这了,400英尺深 这是垂直向上看的情景 你可以了解距离睡眠有多远
by the way:顺便说一下;
And if you're a biologist and you know about sharks, and you want to assess , you know, how much jeopardy am I really in here, there's one question that sort of jumps to the forefront of your mind immediately which is -- 如果你是个生物学家,并了解鲨鱼 你就想评估一下自己的处境到底有多危险 所以就有个问题马上跳进你的大脑里 就是——
assess:vt.评定;估价;对…征税; jeopardy:n.危险;(被告处于被判罪或受处罚的)危险境地; forefront:n.最前线,最前部;活动的中心;
Video: What kind of sharks? 视频:哪种鲨鱼？
Uh, silvertip sharks. 啊,白边真鲨（silvertip shark）
silvertip:灰熊;
Oh. 噢
Silvertip sharks -- they're actually three species of sharks here. 白边真鲨——这里其实有三种鲨鱼
The silvertips are the one with the white edges on the fin, and there's also gray reef sharks and some hammerheads off in the distance . 白边真鲨是一种鳍上有白边的鲨鱼 不远之处,几条灰礁鲨 (grey reef shark)和双髻鲨在游弋
hammerheads:n.锤头;笨蛋;adj.锤头状的;鲁钝的; in the distance:在远处;
And yes, it's a little nervewracking. 是的,这确实有点伤脑筋
Video: Hoo! 视频:呼！
That little guy is frisky ! 那小家伙真活泼！
frisky:adj.活泼的;欢闹的;
Now, you've seen video like this on TV a lot, and it's very intimidating , and I think it gives the wrong impression about sharks. 现在,你们在电视上经常看到这样的画面 令人望而生畏,我想,这给出的对鲨鱼错误的印象
intimidating:adj.吓人的;令人胆怯的;v.恐吓;威胁;(intimidate的现在分词) impression:n.印象;影响;效果;感想;
Sharks are actually not very dangerous animals and that's why we weren't worried much, why we were joking around down there. 鲨鱼实际上不是非常危险的动物 这也是为什么我们不是很担心,而在下面开着玩笑的原因
More people are killed by pigs, more people are killed by lightning strikes, more people are killed at soccer games in England. 被猪杀死的人,因闪电而死的人 甚至因英格兰的足球赛而死的人都比因鲨鱼而死的人多
lightning:n.闪电;adj.闪电般的;飞快的;突然的
There's a lot of other ways you can die. 死法有很多种
And I'm not making that stuff up. 我也不是在这里瞎编
Coconuts ! You can get killed by a coconut more likely than killed by a shark. 椰子！你被椰子砸死的概率都必被鲨鱼咬死的概率高
Coconuts:n.[园艺]椰子(coconut的复数);
So sharks aren't quite as dangerous as most people make them out to be. 所以鲨鱼并非像多数人声称的那么危险
Now, I don't know if any of you get U.S. News and World Report -- 我不知道你们中有没有人看《美国新闻和世界报道》杂志
I got the recent issue. 我有最近的一期
There's a cover story all about the great explorers of our time. 上面的封面故事是关于我们这个时代那些伟大的探险者
cover story:n.封面故事;与封面图片有关的正文; explorers:n.探险者;勘探者;考察者;(explorer的复数)
The last article is an article entitled "No New Frontiers." 最后一篇文章的标题是“没有新领域了”（No New Frontiers）
entitled:v.使享有权利;使符合资格;给…命名;(entitle的过去分词和过去式)
It questions whether or not there really are any new frontiers out there, whether there's any real, true, hardcore discoveries that can still be made. 它质疑是否还存在什么真正的新的领域 是否还能做出真实的,绝对的新发现
whether or not:是否…; hardcore:adj.赤裸裸描写性行为的;n.硬核;硬底层;碎砖垫层;
And this is my favorite line from the article. 这就是里面我最喜欢的一句台词
As a fish nerd, I have to laugh, because you know they don't call us fish nerds for nothing, we actually do get excited about finding a new dorsal spine in a guppy . 作为一名鱼痴,我应该高兴,因为他们不会无缘无故地这样叫 我们确实会因为在孔雀鱼的背鳍上发现一根新刺而兴奋异常
dorsal:adj.背部的;背的,背侧的; spine:n.脊柱,脊椎;刺;书脊; guppy:n.古比鱼;
But, it's much more than that. 但,还不止这些
And, I want to show you a few of the guppies we've found over the years. 我想向你们展示我们几年来发现的几种孔雀鱼
guppies:n.古比鱼;
This one's -- you know, you can see how ugly it is. 这一只,你可以看出长得有多丑
ugly:adj.丑陋的;邪恶的;令人厌恶的;
Even if you ignore the scientific value of this thing, just look at the monetary value of this thing. 如果忽略它的科学价值 单看它的经济价值
ignore:v.驳回诉讼;忽视;不理睬; scientific:adj.科学的,系统的; monetary:adj.货币的;财政的;
A couple of these ended up getting sold through the aquarium trade to Japan, where they sold for 15,000 dollars apiece . 通过水族馆的交易,有一对鱼被卖到日本 每一条就值15000美元
aquarium:n.水族馆;养鱼池;玻璃缸; apiece:adv.每人;每个;各自地;
That's half a million dollars a pound. 接近50万美元一磅
Here's another new angelfish we discovered. 这是我们发现的一种新的天使鱼（angelfish）
angelfish:n.扁鲨;神仙鱼(一种观赏用热带鱼);
This one we actually first discovered back in the air days, the bad old air days, as we used to say when we were doing these kind of dives with air, we were at 360 feet. 这实际上是我们在以前的空气潜水岁月里发现的,空气潜水差劲的岁月 也就是过去所说的当我们使用空气来作这类潜水的时候 我们在360英尺深处
And I remember coming up from one of these deep dives, and I had this fog, and the narcosis takes a little while to, you know, fade away . 我还记得结束深潜游上来之后,我像这样迷糊不清 迷糊的状态持续了一小会才逐渐褪去
fade away:逐渐消失;
It's sort of like sobering up. 有点像酒后清醒过来
sobering:adj.令人警醒的;使人冷静的;v.(使)变得持重,变得冷静;(sober的现在分词)
And I had this vague recollection of seeing these yellow fish with a black spot , and I thought, "Aw, damn . I should have caught one. 而我有个模糊的回忆,似乎看到了这些有个黑点的黄色小鱼 我就想:“啊,可恶,我应该抓一条,
vague:adj.模糊的;含糊的;不明确的;暧昧的; recollection:n.回忆;回忆起的事物; black spot:n.事故多发区;问题成堆的状况;(问题)焦点; damn:v.谴责;该死;n.诅咒;adj.可恶的;
I think that's a new species." 看起来那是个新种。”
And then, eventually , I got around to looking in my bucket . 最后,我终于有时间来看看我的桶
eventually:adv.最后,终于; bucket:n.大桶状物; v.拼命划桨;
Sure enough, I had caught one -- I just completely forgot that I had caught one. 当然,我抓到了一条----我只是完全忘了自己抓过一条
And so this one we decided to give the name Centropyge narcosis to. 所以我们决定叫这条鱼为Centropyge narcosis（深海珊瑚神仙,narcosis意为昏迷）
So that's it's official scientific name, in reference to its deep-dwelling habits. 这就成了它的学名 与它居于深海的习性有关
official:adj.官方的;正式的;公务的;n.官员;公务员;高级职员; in reference to:关于;
And this is another neat one. 这是另外一条光彩照人的鱼
When we first found it, we weren't even sure what family this thing belonged to, so we just called it the Dr. Seuss fish, because it looked like something out of one of those books. 第一次发现它时,我们甚至不敢肯定它属于什么科 所以我们就叫它苏斯教授鱼（Dr. Seuss,美国少儿图书作家） 因为它看起来就像从他某本书里出来的
Now, this one's pretty cool. 这一条非常酷
If you go to Papua, New Guinea, and go down 300 feet, you're going to see this big mounds . 如果你去巴布亚新几内亚,潜到300英尺 你就会看到这样的大石堆
mounds:n.小丘;小山岗;一堆;许多;大量;(mound的复数)
And this may be kind of hard to see, but they're about -- oh, a couple meters in diameter . 这么看也许很吃力,但它们 噢,直径可达数米
diameter:n.直径;对径;放大率;放大倍数;
If you look closely, you'll see there's a little white fish , a little white and gray fish that hangs out near them. 拉近来看,你会看到那有条白色小鱼 一条灰白的小鱼在它们附近晃悠
white fish:n.白鱼;
Well, it turns out this little white fish builds these giant mounds, one pebble at a time. 没错,其实就是这种小白鱼建起了这些巨大的石堆 一次一块石头建起来的
giant:n.巨人;伟人;巨兽;adj.巨大的;特大的 pebble:n.卵石;水晶透镜;v.用卵石铺;
It's really extraordinary to find something like this. 能有这样的发现真的太不寻常了
It's not just new species, it's new behavior, it's new ecology it's all kind of new things. 不仅仅是新种,还是新的行为,新的生态学,全都是新的东西
So, what I'm going to show you right now, very quickly, is just a sampling of a few of the new species we've discovered. 好,接下来我将很快向你们展示的 就是我们发现的一些新种
What's extraordinary about this is not just the sheer number of species we're finding -- although as you can see that's pretty amazing, this is only half of what we've found -- what's extraordinary is how quickly we find them. 真正不寻常的不是这些新种的惊人数目—— 尽管你会觉得这很了不起,但这只是我们发现的一半—— 真正不寻常的是我们发现它们的速度有多快
sheer:adj.纯; v.十足地; n.透明薄纱; v.[航海](使)偏航; (使)转向; as you can see:正如你所看到的;你是知道的;
We're up to seven new species per hour of time we spend at that depth. 在那个深度,最多时我们每小时可以发现7个新种
Now, if you go to an Amazon jungle and fog a tree, you may get a lot of bugs , but for fishes, there's nowhere in the world you can get seven new species per hour of time. 如果你去亚马逊丛林,朝棵树喷喷烟雾,你或许能得到许多虫子 但对于鱼类,世界上还没有其他地方 能让你每小时发现7个新种
Amazon:亚马逊;古希腊女战士; jungle:n.密林;尔虞我诈的环境;危险地带; bugs:n.缺陷;虫子;窃听器;(bug的复数)v.窃听;使烦恼;(bug的第三人称单数) nowhere:v.无处; n.无处; adj.不存在的;
Now, we've done some back of the envelope calculations, and we're predicting that there are probably on the order of 2,000 to 2,500 new species in the Indo-Pacific alone. 作了大概的计算后 我们预计单单在印度洋-太平洋地区 就有大概2000到2500个新种
envelope:n.信封,封皮;包膜;[天]包层;包迹; predicting:v.预言;预告;预报;(predict的现在分词)
There are only five to six thousand known species. 已知的物种大约是五千到六千种
So a very large percentage of what is out there isn't really known. 所以那里的一切还有相当大部分是未知的
percentage:n.百分比;百分率;利润的分成;提成;
We thought we had a handle on all the reef fish diversity, evidently not. 我们以为自己已经搞清楚了岩礁鱼类的多样性,显然不是
handle:n.[建]把手;柄;手感;口实;v.处理;操作;运用;买卖;触摸; evidently:adv.显然,明显地;清楚地;
And I'm going to just close on a very somber note. 最后我以一张非常阴郁的片子作为结束
somber:adj.忧郁的;昏暗的;严峻的;阴天的;
At, the beginning I told you that I was going to show you two extraordinary photographs. 一开始的时候我说过将给你们展示两张非同寻常的图片
This is the second extraordinary photograph I'm going to show you. 这就是其中的第二张
This one was taken at the exact moment I was down there filming those sharks, this was taken exactly 300 feet above my head. 那时我正在那里拍摄那些鲨鱼 图片就是在我头上300英尺的地方拍的
And the reason this photograph is extraordinary is because it captures a moment in the very last minute of a person's life. 之所以说这张图片非同寻常 是因为它捕捉到了一个人生命的最后一刻
captures:v.俘虏;捕获;攻占;夺得;争得;(capture的第三人称单数)
Less than 60 seconds after this picture was taken, this guy was dead. 图片拍完后不到一分钟,这个人死了
When we recovered his body, we figured out what had gone wrong. 我们找回他的尸体,发现了悲剧发生的原因
He had made a very simple mistake. 他只犯了一个很简单的错误
He turned the wrong valve when he filled his cylinder -- he had 80 percent oxygen in his tank when he should have had 40. 在给气罐充气时他旋错了阀门 在他的气罐里有80%的氧气,而不是应该有的40%
He had an oxygen toxicity seizure and he drowned . 氧中毒的突然发作使他不幸溺死
drowned:v.(使)淹死,溺死;浸透;淹没;浸泡;(drown的过去分词和过去式)
The reason I show this -- not to put a downer on everything -- but I just want to use it to key off my philosophy of life in general , which is that we all have two goals. 我展示这个的原因——绝不是要让大家沮丧 而只是要用它来引出我总的人生哲学 也就是,我们都有两个目标
downer:n.镇定剂;令人沮丧的人; philosophy:n.哲学;哲理;人生观; in general:总之,通常;一般而言;
The first goal we share with every other living thing on this planet, which is to survive -- I call it perpetuation . 我们与这个星球上其他生物分享了第一个目标 即生存——我称这为“不朽”（perpetuation）
perpetuation:n.不朽,永存;
The survival of the species and survival of ourselves, because they're both about perpetuating the genome . 因为无论是物种的生存还是我们的生存 都是为了基因组的不朽
survival:n.幸存,残存;幸存者,残存物; perpetuating:v.使永久化;使持久化;使持续;(perpetuate的现在分词) genome:n.基因组;染色体组;
And the second goal is, for those of us who have mastered that first goal, is to -- you know, you call it spiritual fulfillment , you can call it financial success, you can call it any number of different things, 第二个目标是,对我们之中已经实现第一个目标的人来说 就是,你可以说是精神的满足,或者经济上的成功 你把它叫作什么都可以
spiritual:n.圣歌(尤指美国南部黑人的);adj.精神的,心灵的; fulfillment:n.履行;实行; financial:adj.金融的;财政的,财务的;
I call it seeking joy -- this pursuit of happiness. 我称之为寻找快乐—— 对幸福的追求
seeking:v.寻找;寻求;谋求;争取;(向人)请求(seek的现在分词)
So, I guess my theme on this is this guy lived his life to the fullest, he absolutely did. 所以,我想这也是这位朋友这辈子生活的主旨 他确实做到了
absolutely:adv.绝对地;完全地;
You have to balance those two goals. 你必须保持这两个目标的平衡
If you live your whole life in fear -- 如果你整个人生都是在恐惧中——
I mean, life is a sexually transmitted disease with 100 percent mortality . 我说,生命是一种死亡率100%的性传播疾病
sexually transmitted disease:n.性传播疾病; mortality:n.死亡数,死亡率;必死性,必死的命运;
So, you can't live your life in fear. 所以,你不能在恐惧中生活
(Laughter) （笑）
I thought that was an old one. 我想那是个老笑话了
(Applause) （掌声）
But, at the same time you don't want to get so focused on rule number two, or goal number two that you neglect goal number one. 但与此同时,你不会愿意因为太专注于第二个目标 而忽略了第一个目标
at the same time:同时;另一方面;与此同时; neglect:v.忽视;忽略;疏忽;疏于照顾;n.忽视;忽略;未被重视;
Because once you're dead, you really can't enjoy anything after that. 因为一旦死去,你就什么也享受不了了
I wish you all the best of luck in maintaining that balance in your future endeavors . 祝你们好运,希望你们能努力保持这样的平衡
maintaining:n.维护;保养;v.维持;保养;(maintain的现在分词) endeavors:尽力;
Thanks. 谢谢
(Applause) （掌声）