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RichardBaraniuk_2006-_谈开源学习_
I'm Rich Baraniuk. 我叫Rich Baraniuk.
And what I'd like to talk a little bit about today are some ideas that I think have just tremendous resonance with all the things that have been talked about the last two days. 今天我想谈的是我的一些看法 我觉得它们可以和过去两天中 大家讨论的问题产生巨大的共鸣。
tremendous:adj.极大的,巨大的;惊人的;极好的; resonance:n.[力]共振;共鸣;反响;
In fact, so many different points of resonance that it's going to be difficult to bring them all up, but I'll try to do my best. 事实上,有许多的不同的共鸣点 很难把它们一一涉及,但我会尽力。
Does anybody remember these? 大家还记得这些吗？
(Laughter) （笑声）
OK, so these are LP records and they've been replaced, right. 是的,这些都是LP大碟,它们都已经被取代了。
They've been swept away over the last two decades by these types of world flattening digitization technologies , right. 过去40年中,它们已经被席卷殆尽 取而代之的是使世界扁平化的数字化技术。
swept:v.扫除(sweep的过去式和过去分词);adj.扫频的; flattening:n.整平;扁率;压扁作用;v.压扁(flatten的ing形式); digitization:n.[计]数字化,数位化,数码化; technologies:n.技术;科技(technology的复数);
And I think it was best witnessed when Thomas was playing the music as we came in the room today. 而且我认为这件事最好的证明 是我们今天走进会场的时候,托马斯在演奏音乐。
witnessed:v.当场看到,目击;见证;作证;(witness的过去式和过去分词)
What's happened in the music world is there's a culture or an ecosystem that's been created that, if you take some words from Apple, the catchphrase that we create, rip , mix and burn. 在音乐世界,所发生的是有一种文化 或是一种生态系统已经建立 如果你愿意采用苹果公司的一些说法, 就会学到一些时髦词,比如我们创造,翻录,混合并烧录音乐。
ecosystem:n.生态系统; catchphrase:n.标语,警句; rip:v.撕破;突然拉开;割开;n.撕开的大口子;巨澜;清管器;废马;
What I mean by that is that anyone in the world is free and allowed to create new music and musical ideas. 我想指出的是,世界上任何人都可以自由地 创造新的音乐和有关音乐的想法。
Anyone in the world is allowed to rip or copy musical ideas, use them in innovative ways. 世界上任何人都可以翻录或复制音乐的想法, 以创新的方式使用它们。
innovative:adj.革新的,创新的;
Anyone is allowed to mix them in different types of ways, draw connections between musical ideas and people can burn them or create final products and continue the circle. 任何人都可以以不同的方式混合它们, 在音乐灵感之间建立联系 另外人们可以刻录或是创造的最终产品,循环往复。
And what that's done is it's created, like I said, a vibrant community that's very inclusive with people continually working to connect musical ideas, innovate them and keep things constantly up to date , right. 这样做所达到的效果就是,像我所说的, 创造了一个充满活力的社会,它有很大的包容性 使音乐人可以连续不断将音乐理念联系起来, 创新,并使之不断更新。
vibrant:adj.振动的;充满生气的;响亮的;战栗的; community:n.社区;[生态]群落;共同体;团体; inclusive:adj.包括的,包含的; continually:adv.不断地;频繁地; innovate:vi.创新;改革;革新;vt.改变;创立;创始;引人; constantly:adv.不断地;时常地; up to date:adj.最新的;最近的;现代的;
Today's hit single is not last year's hit single, OK. 今天的热门单曲不再是去年的热门单曲。
But, I'm not here to talk about music today. 不过,我今天来这里不是要谈论音乐。
I'm here to talk about books, OK. 我来这里是要谈谈书籍,
In particular , textbooks and the kind of educational materials that we use every day in school. 特别是课本及其他教材 我们每天上学都使用的东西。
In particular:尤其,特别; educational:adj.教育的;有关教育的;有教育意义的
Has anyone here ever been to school? 在座的各位有没有人上过学？
(Laughter) （笑声）
OK, does anybody realize there's a crisis in our schools, around the world? 好,大家知不知道我们的学校面临一场危机？ 世界各地的学校都如此？
crisis:n.危机;危险期;决定性时刻;adj.危机的;用于处理危机的;
I hope, OK, I'm not going to spend too much time on that, but what I want to talk about is some of the disconnects that appear when an author publishes a book that in fact, the publishing process -- just because of the fact that it's complicated , it's heavy, books are expensive -- creates a sort of a wall between authors of books and the ultimate users of books, be they teachers, students or just general readers. 我希望,我无需花费太多时间说这事儿, 但我想谈的是 当作者出版了一本书后所出现的一些断裂 事实上,谈及出版过程—— 正因为出版过程相当复杂, 书籍沉重,而且书籍价格昂贵等这些事实—— 结果造成了一本书的作者 和终极读者之间的一堵墙, 不论这些最终用户是教师、学生,或只是一般读者。
disconnects:断开;使分离;供应; process:v.处理;加工;列队行进;n.过程,进行;方法,adj.经过特殊加工(或处理)的; complicated:adj.复杂的;难懂的;v.使复杂化;(complicate的过去分词和过去式) ultimate:adj.最终的;极限的;根本的;n.终极;根本;基本原则;
And this is even more true if you happen to speak a language other than one of the world's major languages, and especially English. 而且,如果恰好你所使用的语言 不是世界的主要语言之一,尤其英语,就更会遇到这种情况。
especially:adv.尤其;特别;格外;十分;
And I'm going to call these people below the barrier Shut-outs, because they're really shut out of the process of being able to share their knowledge with the world. 我把这些人成为隔离障碍之下的人, 因为他们真的是无法进入 与全世界分享他们知识的这一进程
barrier:n.屏障;障碍;障碍物;关口;v.用栅围住;
And so what I want to talk about today is trying to take these ideas, right, that we've seen in the musical culture and try to bring these towards reinventing the way we think about writing books, using them and teaching from them, OK. 所以我今天想谈的,就是试图把这些想法, 对,就是我们今天所看到到的音乐文化的表现 并努力重新塑造 我们对写书,用书和教书的看法。
reinventing:v.以新形象示人;以新形式出现;(reinvent的现在分词)
So, that's what I'd like to talk about and really, how do we get from where we are now to where we need to go? 是的,这就是我想谈的 以及,我们如何从我们目前的位置,到达我们希望到达的目的地？
So, the first thing I'd like you to do is a little thought experiment. 因此,我希望大家做的第一件事就是做一些思维实验。
So, imagine taking all the world's books. 所以,大家想象一下世界上所有的书籍。
OK, everybody imagine books and imagine just tearing out the pages. 对,大家都要想象一下书 并想象把书页撕开。
So, liberating these pages and imagine digitizing them, right, and then storing them in a vast, interconnected , global repository . 解放这些书页,将它们数字化。 然后把它们储存在一个巨大的,相互连接的,全球存储库中。
liberating:v.解放;使自由;使摆脱约束(或限制);(liberate的现在分词) digitizing:v.[计]数字化(digitize的ing形式); interconnected:adj.连通的;有联系的;v.互相连接(interconnect的过去式); global:adj.全球的;总体的;球形的; repository:n.贮藏室,仓库;知识库;智囊团;
Think of it as a massive iTunes , right, for book type content . 可以把它看成是一个巨大的iTunes,对,是存储书籍的内容的iTunes。
massive:adj.大量的;巨大的,厚重的;魁伟的; iTunes:n.苹果公司最热门音乐软件(苹果公司开发的与iPod搭配的在电脑上使用的音乐播放器和音乐管理器); content:n.内容,目录;满足;容量;adj.满意的;vt.使满足;
And then take that material and imagine making it all open, so that people can modify it, play with it, improve it. 然后想象把所有的材料都（对众）开放。 这样人们可以修改它,使用它,完善它。
modify:vt.修改,修饰;更改;vi.修改; improve:v.改进;改善;
Imagine making it free, so that anyone in the world can have access to all of this knowledge and imagine using information technology so that you can update this content, improve it, play with it, on a time-scale that's more on the order of seconds instead of years. 想象使它免费,这样世界上的任何人都可以访问 所有这些知识,并利用信息技术 这样你就可以更新这里的内容,改进它,使用它, 每分每秒都可以做这些事情,而不是动不动就花几年的时间修订某个内容。
information technology:n.信息技术; update:vt.使现代化;更新;n.现代化;更新的信息; time-scale:n.时间尺度;时标;时序表;年资薪级;
OK, instead of editions coming out every two years, of a book, imagine it coming out every 25 seconds. 这样,新版本就无需每两年出一次了, 大家可以想象,每25秒就可以有新版。
So, imagine we could do that and imagine we could put people into this, right. 好的,想象我们可以这样做 并想象,我们让人们参与进来。
So that we could truly build an ecosystem with not just authors, but all the people who could be or want to be authors in all the different languages of the world, 这样我们就可以真正建立一个生态系统,不仅与作者, 而是与所有可以或想成为作者的人 使用世界上任何语言,
and I think if you could do this, it would be called, well, 我认为,如果大家可以做到这一点,那么我们可以将其称作,嗯
I'm just going to refer to it as a knowledge ecosystem. 我暂时就称之为知识生态系统。
refer:v.参考;涉及;提到;查阅;
So, really, this is the dream and in a sense what you can think of it is we are trying to enable anyone in the world, 所以,真的,这是我的梦想 在某种意义上说,你可以认为 我们正在努力使全世界的人,
in a sense:在某种意义上; enable:v.使能够;使有机会;使成为可能;使可行;
I mean anyone in the world to be their own educational DJ, creating educational materials, sharing them with the world, constantly innovating on them. So, this is the dream. 我的意思是世界上任何人 都可以做他们自己的教育的DJ, 创造教育材料,与世界分享, 不断创新。对,这就是我的梦想。
innovating:n.创新;v.革新(innovate的现在分词);创立;
In fact, this dream is actually being realized, right. 实际上,这一梦想正在实现。
Over the last six and a half years, we've been working really hard at Rice University on a project called Connexions , and so what I'd like to do for the rest of the talk 在过去的6年半的时间里, 我们在赖斯大学一直非常努力地工作 进行一个叫做Connections（连接）的项目, 所以在我演讲的剩余时间里,
Connexions:n.连结;联系(connexion的复数形式);
is just tell you a little bit about what people are doing with Connexions, which you can kind of think of as the counterpoint to Nicholas Negroponte's talk yesterday, where they're working on the hardware of bringing education to the world. 我想告诉大家参与Connections的人 在做什么,大家可以将其看作是与 昨天尼古拉斯·尼葛洛庞帝的演讲紧密相关的, 他们正在开发的 给全世界带去教育的硬件
counterpoint:n.复调;对位法;旋律配合;对应物; hardware:n.计算机硬件;五金器具;
We're working on the open-source tools and the content, OK? 我们正在努力开发开源的工具和内容。
open-source:adj.(计算机)开放源代码;
So, that's sort of to put it in perspective here. 所以,这里我们就来审视一下这个项目。
perspective:n.观点;远景;透视图;adj.透视的;
So create, so what are some of the people that are using these kind of tools? 因此,创造,那么哪些人正在使用这些工具呢,在做什么？
Well, the first thing is there's a community of engineering professors, from Cambridge to Kyoto , who are developing engineering content in electrical engineering 嗯,首先, 从剑桥到京都,有一个工程系教授（组成的）社区, 他们在开发电子工程方面的工程内容
Cambridge:n.剑桥(英国城市);坎布里奇(美国马萨诸塞州城市); Kyoto:n.京都(日本城市); electrical engineering:n.电气工程;电机工程学;
to develop what you can think of as a massive super textbook, right, that covers the entire area of electrical engineering and not only that , it can be customized for use in each of their own individual institutions . 以建立某种类似超级教科书的东西, 对,就是涵盖整个电气工程领域, 不仅如此,它还可以被用户化, 以适用于每一个特定的机构。
only that:只是;要不是; customized:v.订制,订做,改制;(customize的过去分词和过去式) individual:n.个人;有个性的人;adj.单独的;个别的; institutions:n.机构;慈善机构;风俗习惯,制度;(institution的复数)
If people like Kitty Jones -- right, a shut-out -- a private music teacher and mom from Champagne , Illinois , who wanted to share her fantastic music content with the world, on how to teach kids how to play music. 如果像Kitty Jones那样的人——对,被隔离在外的人—— 一个私人音乐教师和来自伊利诺伊州某个小镇的母亲, 如果她想要与世界上的其他人分享她的美妙的音乐内容, 以及如何教给孩子演奏音乐。
Champagne:n.香槟酒;香槟酒色; Illinois:n.伊利诺斯州(美国州名); fantastic:奇异的,空想的
Her material is now used over 600,000 times per month. 她的（教学）材料现在每月被使用60多万次。
Tremendous, tremendous use. 这一使用量真的是非常巨大,非常巨大。
In fact, a lot of this use coming from Unites States, K through 12 schools because anyone who's involved in a school scale back, the first thing that's cut is the music curriculum 很多使用者都来自美国,涵盖从幼儿园到高中的所有阶段 因为任何参与过学校经费缩减的人都知道 学校做第一件事就是砍掉音乐课程
Unites:联合;合并; involved:adj.有关的; v.涉及; (involve的过去式和过去分词) curriculum:n.课程;总课程;
and so this is just indicating the tremendous thirst for this kind of open, free content. 所以这就表明了人们如何渴求 这种开放而且免费的内容。
indicating:v.表明;显示;象征;暗示;(indicate的现在分词)
A lot of teachers are using this stuff . OK, what about ripping ? 很多老师都利用这样的内容。那么,音乐的翻录呢？
stuff:n.东西:物品:基本特征:v.填满:装满:标本: ripping:adj.极好的;美妙的;v.撕破,裂开;突然拉开;(rip的现在分词)
What about copying, reusing, right? 那么什么是复制以及再利用？
A team of volunteers at the University of Texas- El Paso, graduate students translating this engineering super textbook ideas and within about a week, having this be some of our most popular material 得克萨斯大学埃尔帕索分校的一伙志愿者, 一批研究生,将这一工程超级教科书的想法付诸实施, 并在大约一个星期内,使之成为我们最受欢迎的一些材料
volunteers:n.志愿者; v.自愿做; (volunteer的第三人称单数和复数)
in widespread use all over Latin America and in particular in Mexico, because of the open extensible nature of this. 在拉丁美洲各地广泛使用,特别是在墨西哥, 这是因为它具有开放性和可扩展性等特点。
widespread:adj.普遍的,广泛的;分布广的; Latin America:n.拉丁美洲(以西班牙语或葡萄牙语为主要语言的美洲地区); extensible:adj.可伸长的;可扩展性;
People, volunteers and even companies that are translating material into Asian languages like Chinese, Japanese and Thai, to spread the knowledge even further. 很多人,有志愿者,甚至是商业公司 将材料翻译成亚洲语言, 比如中文,日文和泰文, 将这些知识进一步传播开来。
OK, what about people who are mixing ? What does mixing mean? 那么,参与混合的人做什么？混合是什么意思？
mixing:n.混合;混频;录音;v.混合,掺和,融合;调配;配制;相容;(mix的现在分词)
Mixing means building customized courses, means building customized books. 混合指的是创建可定制的课程, 以及制作定制的书籍。
Companies like National Instruments , who are embedding very powerful, interactive simulations into the materials, so that we can go way beyond our regular kind of textbook 像美国国家仪器公司这样的商业公司, 将非常强大的,交互式仿真的内容嵌入到这些材料中, 这样我们阅读的体验,就会远远超越传统的教科书
Instruments:n.器械;仪器;器具;手段(instrument的复数) embedding:v.把…牢牢地嵌入(或插入、埋入); (embed的现在分词) interactive:adj.合作的;相互影响的;互相配合的;交互式的;n.交互式视频设备; simulations:n.[计]模拟(simulation的复数);[计]仿真;
to an experience that all the teaching materials and things, you can actually interact with and play around with and actually learn as you do. 获得使用所有这些教材和内容的全新经验, 实际上你可以进行交互,寓教于乐, 通过实作进行学习。
play around:玩耍;胡搞;轻率对待;
We've been working with Teachers Without Borders who are very interested in mixing our materials. 我们一直在与“教师无国界”组织合作 他们对我们的混合材料很感兴趣。
They're going to be using Connexions as their platform to develop and deliver teaching materials for teaching teachers how to teach in 84 countries that are around the world. 他们将使用Connections作为他们的平台 开发和并提供教材 指导教师如何教学。 这些教师分布在世界各地的84个国家。
platform:n.平台; v.把…放在台上[放在高处;
TWB is currently in Iraq training 20,000 teachers supported by USAID and to them, this idea of being able to remix and customize to the local context is extraordinarily important, because just providing free content to people 在美国国际开发署的支持下,教师无国界目前正在伊拉克培训2万多名教师 对他们来说,这种能够混合材料 和并根据当地情况定制的特性是非常重要的, 因为仅仅向人们提供免费内容
currently:adv.当前;一般地; remix:vt.使再混合;再搅拌;重新合成(乐曲等);n.混录版歌曲; context:n.环境;上下文;来龙去脉; extraordinarily:adv.非常;格外地;非凡地;
has actually been likened by people in the developing world to a kind of cultural imperialism , that if you don't empower people with the ability to re-contextualize the material, 其实在发展中国家,已经被人们与 某种文化帝国主义联系在了一起, 也就是说,如果你不让那些人 有能力重新组织材料,
likened:vt.比拟;把…比作; cultural:adj.与文化有关的;文化的;与艺术、文学、音乐等有关的; imperialism:n.帝国主义; empower:vt.授权,允许;使能够;
translate it into their own language and take ownership of it, it's not good. 翻译成自己的语言,并拥有其所有权, 就会出力不讨好。
translate:v.翻译;被翻译;被译成;(使)转变;
OK, other organizations we've been working with, UC Merced , people know about UC Merced. 此外,我们一直以来合作的其他组织还有加州大学默塞德, 大家都知道加州大学默塞德。
organizations:n.组织,构造,有机体(organization的复数);组织机构; Merced:n.默塞德(地名,位于美国加州中谷地区);
It's a new university in California, in the central valley, working very closely with community colleges. 这是一个在加州的新大学,位于中央谷地, 它与社区学院有非常密切的合作。
They're actually developing a lot of their science and engineering curriculum to spread widely around the world in our system and they're also trying to develop all of their software tools completely open-source. 他们实际上正在开发很多科学和工程课程 应用我们的系统,广泛传播到世界各地 而且他们也在努力将自己开发的软件工具做成完全开源的。
We've been working with AMD which has a project called 50 by 15, which is trying to bring Internet connectivity to 50 percent of the world's population by 2015. 我们一直在与AMD合作进行一项名为50/15的项目, 就是试图到2015年,将互联网连接 提供给世界上50%的人口。
connectivity:n.[数]连通性;
We're going to be providing content to them in a whole range of different languages, and we've also been working with a number of other organizations. 我们将会使用多种不同的语言 他们提供内容, 此外我们还与其他一些组织合作。
In particular, a bunch of the projects that are funded by Hewlett Foundation , who have taken a real leadership role in this area of open content. 特别是,一批项目 由Hewlett基金会提供资助, 该组织在开放内容这一领域起到了真正的领导作用。
a bunch of:一群;一束;一堆; funded:adj.提供资金的;v.提供资金;积存;提供资金偿付的本息;(fund的过去式); Foundation:n.基础;地基;基金会;根据;创立;
OK, burn, I think this is sort of, quite interesting. 接下来,该谈谈烧录了。我认为这个话题很有趣。
Burn is the idea of trying to create the physical instantiation of one of these courses and I think a lot of you received, 烧录是试图将这些课程的内容变成物理对象的过程。 我想有不少人收到过,
physical:adj.[物]物理的;身体的;物质的;符合自然法则的;n.体格检查; instantiation:n.实例化;[计]例示;
I think all of you received one of these music books in your gift pack. 我相信大家都收到过这样的礼包,就是某种这类音乐书籍。
A little present for you. 是给大家的一个小礼物。
Just to tell you quickly about it, this is an engineering textbook. 我在这里简要介绍一下,这是一本工程的教科书。
It's about 300 pages long, hard-bound. 它有大约300页,精装的。
This costs, anybody guess? 费用大家猜猜有多少？
How much would it cost in a bookstore? 如果在书店里它会值多少钱？
Audience: 65 dollars. 观众:65美元。
Richard Baraniuk: This costs 22 dollars to the student. Richard Baraniuk:这本书对学生的定价是22美元。
Why does it cost 22 dollars? 为什么它只需22美元？
Because it's published on demand and it's developed from this repository of open materials. 因为它是按需出版的 而且是基于这种开放的资料库开发的。
on demand:请求即;按需;随选;随需应变;
If this book were to be published by a regular publisher , it would cost at least 122 dollars. 如果是由正规出版社出版这本书, 它的定价至少是122美元。
publisher:n.出版者,出版商;发行人;
OK, so what we're seeing is moving this burning or publication process from the regular sort of single author, authored book towards community authored materials 所以,我们看到的,这种烧录过程, 或说是出版过程,已经从某一单一的作者 写作的过程,过渡到了作者社区撰写的材料
publication:n.出版物;发表;公布;发行;
that are modular , that are customized to each individual class and published on demand very inexpensively , either pushed out through Amazon , right, or published directly through an on demand press, like Coop . 这是一种模块化的材料,可以根据每个班级定制 并以相当低廉的价格按需出版, 既可以通过亚马逊网站推出, 或是直接通过按需出版的出版社,比如Coop出版。
modular:adj.模块化的;模数的;有标准组件的; inexpensively:adv.廉价地,不践地;花费不多地; Amazon:亚马逊;古希腊女战士; directly:adv.直接地;立即;马上;正好地;坦率地;conj.一…就; Coop:vt.把…关进笼子里; vi.值勤警察在警车里打瞌睡; n.鸡笼;
And I think that this is an extraordinarily interesting area because there is tremendous area under this long tail in publishing. 我认为,这是一个非常有趣的领域 因为在这个出版业的长尾下,存在一个巨大的领域。
We're not talking about the Harry Potter end, right at the left side. 我们谈的不是哈利波特的尾巴下,它是在左边。
We're talking about books on hyper geometric partial differential equations . 我们所说是那些超几何偏微分方程之类的书籍。
hyper:adj.亢奋的;高度紧张的;n.宣传人员; geometric:adj.几何学的;[数]几何学图形的; partial:adj.部分的;不完整的;片面的;有偏见的; differential:adj.微分的;差别的;特异的;n.微分;差别; equations:n.方程式;等式;均等;均势(equation的复数形式);
Right, books that might sell 100 copies a year, 1,000 copies a year. 对,就是那些一年可能出售100份、1000份的书。
There is tremendous sustaining revenue , right, under this long tail to sustain open projects like ours, but also to sustain this new emergence of on demand publishers , like Coop who produced these two books, 确实存在巨大的可持续收入, 在这个长尾下,支持像我们这样的开源项目, 而且还要支持这种新出现的按需出版商, 比如像出版这两本书的Coop,
sustaining:adj.持续的;支持的;v.维持(sustain的现在分词);支持;承受; revenue:n.收益;营业额;税务署; emergence:n.出现,浮现;发生;露头; publishers:n.出版商,出版公司;出版社(publisher的复数);
and I think one of the things that you should take away from this talk, is that there's an impending cut out the middle man, right. 我想,大家从我的谈话中,应该认识到的一点, 就是中间人即将被削减掉,是的。
impending:adj.迫在眉睫的; v.(事件,危险等)逼近; (impend的现在分词)
Disintermediation. It's going to be happening in the publishing industry and it's going to reach a crescendo over the next few years, and I think that it's for our benefit really, and for the world's benefit. 非中介化。这将是出版业即将发生的事情 而且将在今后几年达到高潮。 我认为这对我们,对世界都是有利的。
crescendo:n.声音渐增;adv.渐次加强地;adj.渐强的;vi.音量逐渐增强;
OK, so what are the enablers ? 那么,是什么促使这一切发生？
enablers:n.促成事情成功的人或因素(enabler的复数);
What's really making all of this happen? 到底是什么让这一切发生？
There's tons of technology, and the only piece of technology that I really want to talk about is XML. 这其中有大量的技术, 而我真的想谈的是XML技术。
How many people know about XML? 有多少人知道XML？
Oh, great, so it's the future of the web, right. 哦,很好,对,它是网络的未来。
It's semantic representation of comment, content, and what you can really think of XML in this case, is it's the packaging that we're putting around these pages. 它是内容的语义描述。 此刻,大家应该将XML 看作是我们的包装,是我们用来包装这些页面的工具。
semantic:adj.语义的;语义学的(等于semantical); representation:n.表现;代表;描述;陈述
Remember we took the book, tore the pages out? 大家记得我们撕开了书页,对吧？
Well, what the XML is going to do is it's going to basically be -- it's going to turn those pages into Lego blocks, right. 那么,XML所要做的,基本上是—— 它可以把这些书页变成乐高积木,对。
basically:adv.主要地,基本上; Lego:n.乐高积木(商标名);
XML are the nubs on the Lego that allow us to combine the content together in myriad different ways and it provides us a framework to share content. XML就是乐高积木上的凸起, 它让我们能够以多种不同的方式将内容组合起来 而且它我们提供了一个框架,以分享内容。
nubs:n.节;小块(nub的复数形式); myriad:adj.无数的;种种的;n.无数,极大数量;无数的人或物;
So, it lets you take this ecosystem, right, in its primordial state, right, of all this content, all the pages you've torn out of books and create highly sophisticated learning machines, right? 因此,它让你把这个生态系统, 以其原生状态呈现,所有这些内容, 所有从书本中撕开的书页 然后创造出这种高度复杂的学习机器,是不是？
primordial:adj.原始的;根本的;原生的; highly:adv.高度地;非常;非常赞许地; sophisticated:adj.复杂的;老练的;见多识广的;水平高的;
Books, courses, course packs, OK. 书籍,课程,课程包……。
It gives you the ability to personalize the learning experience to each individual student, right, so that every student can have a book or a course that's customized to their learning style, their context, their language and the things that excite them. 它使你能够将学习体验个性化 对个别学生都如此, 这样每一个学生都可以有一本书或课程 是根据他们的学习风格,他们的具体环境, 以及他们的语言和能够激起他们兴趣的事情所定制的。
personalize:v.在…上标明主人姓名;为个人特制(或专设);个人化;
It lets you reuse the same materials in multiple different ways, and surprising new ways. 它让你能够以多种不同的方式,以令人惊讶的新途径, 重新使用相同的材料。
multiple:adj.数量多的;多种多样的;n.倍数;
It lets you interconnect ideas indicating how fields, right, relate to each other, and I'll just give you my personal story. 它让你把想法联系起来 表明各个领域存在何种相互关系, 这里我来给大家讲讲你我个人的故事。
We came up with this, six and a half years ago because I teach the stuff in the red box. 我们是六年半前提出这一设想的 因为我教的的东西都是公文包里有的。
And my day job, as Chris said, I'm an electrical engineering professor. 而我的日常工作,正如克里斯说的,我是电机系教授。
I teach signal processing and my challenge was to show that this math -- wow, about half of you have already fallen asleep just looking at the equation -- 我教信号处理 而且我的挑战是要表明,这种数学—— 哇,你们中大约有一半人一看到这个方程已经睡着了——
processing:v.加工;处理;审核;数据处理;v.列队行进;缓缓前进;(process的现在分词)
(Laughter) （笑声）
but this seemingly dry math is actually the center of this tremendously powerful web that links technology -- that links really cool applications like music synthesizers to tremendous economic opportunities, but also governed by intellectual property . 但这个看似枯燥的数学其实是 这个功能异常强大的网络技术的核心—— 它将非常酷的应用,比如音乐合成器 以及巨大的经济机会联系在一起, 但也受知识产权的保护。
seemingly:adv.看来似乎;表面上看来; tremendously:adv.非常地;可怕地;惊人地; synthesizers:n.合成者;[电]合成器;(synthesizers是synthesizer的复数); economic:adj.经济的,经济上的;经济学的; intellectual property:知识产权;
And the thing that I realized is there was no way that I, right, as an engineer, could write this book that would get all of this across. 问题是,我意识到我没有办法—— 作为一名工程师——我没有办法写出这样一本书,把所有的相关问题都谈清楚。
We needed a community to do it and we needed new tools to be able to interconnect these ideas, and I think that really, in a sense, what we're trying to do is make Minsky's dream come to a reality, where you can imagine all the books in a library actually starting to talk to each other, right, and people who are teachers out here, whoever taught, you know this. 我们需要一个社区去做这件事 我们需要新的工具能够将这些想法连接在一起, 而且我认为,在某种意义上,我们正在试图做的 是使明斯基（Minksy,数学家）的梦想变成现实, 你可以想象,图书馆里所有的书 都开始相互交谈,对, 也可以和所有的教师交谈, 只要他在教某种课程。
whoever:任何人:无论是谁:
It's the interconnections between ideas that teaching is really all about. 这就是思想的相互之间的联系,这也正是教学的真正意义。
interconnections:n.相互连接;彼此连系;
OK, back to math, right, imagine, this is possible. 好,回到数学上来,我们可以想象,这是可能的。
That every single equation that you click on in one of your new e-texts is something that you're going to be able to explore and experiment with. 在你的新的电子文本中, 每一个公式,只要你点击它, 就能够对其进行探索和试验。
explore:v.探索:探测:探险:
Right, so imagine your kid's algebra textbook, right, in seventh grade. 那么可以想像,你的孩子的代数教科书,比如七年级的代数书,
algebra:n.代数学;
You can click on every single equation and bring up a little tool to be able to experiment with it, tinker with it, understand it, because we really don't understand until we do. 你可以点击每一个方程 这样就能弹出一个小工具,你可以拿它进行实验, 摆弄它,了解它, 因为我们必须通过做才能理解。
tinker:n.修补工;小炉匠,补锅匠,白铁匠;v.(尤指不起作用地)小修补,小修理;
The same type of mark up, like mathML, for chemistry. 化学可以用相同类型的标注语言,比如mathML表示。
Imagine chemistry textbooks that actually understand the structure of how molecules are formed. 想象一下,你的化学教科书能真正理解 分子结构是如何形成的。
structure:n.结构;构造;建筑物;vt.组织;构成;建造; molecules:n.[化学]分子,微粒;[化学]摩尔(molecule的复数);
Imagine music XML that actually lets you delve into the semantic structure of music, play with it, understand it. 想象一下音乐的XML 可以让你进入音乐的语义结构进行钻研, 摆弄它,理解它。
delve:vi.钻研;探究;挖;vt.钻研;探究;挖;n.穴;洞;
It's no wonder that everybody's getting into it, right? 这样大家就都能理解它,对不对？
Even the three wise men. 即使是古希腊三智者都能弄懂。
(Laughter) （笑声）
OK, the second big enabler, and this is where I told a big lie. 好,说到第二大的推动者,正是这里我曾说过一个大大的谎。
The second big enabler is intellectual property, because in fact I got up here and I talked about how great the music culture is. 第二大推动者是知识产权, 因为事实上,我站在了这里 并且说到音乐文化多么了不起。
We can share and rip, mix and burn, but in fact that's all illegal . 我们可以分享、抓取,混合和烧录,但实际上这是违法的。
illegal:adj.不合法的;非法的;n.非法移民;非法劳工;
Right, and we would be accused of pirates for doing that, right, because this music has been propertized. 是的,我们这样做会被指责为盗版, 因为这种音乐已经被财产化了。
accused:v.控告;控诉;谴责;(accuse的过去分词和过去式)
It's now owned, right, much of it by big industries. 它现在为人所拥有,其中大部分由大公司拥有。
So, really, the key thing here is we can't let this happen. 因此,实在的,这里的关键是我们不能让这种情况发生。
We can't let this Napster thing happen here. 我们不能让Napster这类事情在这里发生。
So, what we have to do is get it right from the very beginning and what we have to do is find an intellectual property framework that makes sharing safe, and makes it easily understandable , 所以,我们要做的就是从一开始就要做得对 而我们所要做的 是找到一个知识产权框架,使得共享是安全的, 并使其易于理解,
understandable:adj.可以理解的;可以了解的;
and the inspiration here is taken from open-source software, things like Linux and the GPL. 这里的灵感是来自开源软件, 比如Linux和GPL诸如此类的东西。
Linux:n.Linux操作系统(一种类似于UNIX的计算机操作系统);
And the ideas, the creative commons licenses . 以及相关的思想,如创作共用许可证。
creative:adj.创造性的; licenses:n.许可(license的复数);授权;v.允许(license的三单形式);
How many people have heard of creative commons? 有多少人听说过创作共用？
If you have not, you must learn about it. Creativecommons.org. 如果你没有听说过,那你必须了解它。 Creativecommons.org。
At the bottom of every piece of material in Connexions and in lots of other projects, you can find their logo . Connections中的每一份材料 和许多其他项目的底下,你都可以他们的标志。
logo:n.标志;
Clicking on that logo takes you to an absolute no nonsense , human readable document, a deed that tells you exactly what you can do with this content. 点击该标志,它将带你到一个绝对没有胡说八道, 人类可读懂的文件, 这是一个契约,告诉你关于此内容你到底可以做些什么。
nonsense:n.胡说;废话;adj.荒谬的;int.胡说; readable:adj.可读的;易读的;读起来津津有味的; deed:n.行动;功绩;证书;[法]契据;vt.立契转让;
In fact, you're free, right, to share it, to do all of these things, to copy it, to change it, even to make commercial use of it as long as you attribute the author. 事实上,你可以自由地分享它,做所有这些事情, 复制它,改变它,甚至将它用于商业用途 只要你指出原作者。
commercial:adj.贸易的;商业的;赢利的;以获利为目的的;n.(电台或电视播放的)广告; as long as:conj.只要;长达;如果;既然; attribute:n.属性;象征;v.把…归因于;认为…属于;认为某人(某物)具有某种特性;
Because in academic publishing and much of educational publishing, it's really this idea of sharing knowledge, that's why, and making impact , that's why people write, not necessarily making bucks . 因为在学术出版 和许多教育出版领域, 人们的观念就是分享知识,这就是为什么出版,以及作出影响, 这就是为什么有人写书,不一定非要赚钱。
academic:adj.学术的;理论的;学院的;n.大学生,大学教师;学者; impact:n.影响;效果;碰撞;冲击力;v.挤入,压紧;撞击;对…产生影响; necessarily:adv.必要地;必定地,必然地; bucks:n.元;雄鹿;(buck的复数)
We're not talking about Harry Potter, right. 我们现在谈论的不是《哈利波特》。
We're at the long tail end here. 我们处于长尾的末端。
tail end:n.末端;末尾;尾端;
Behind that is the legal code, right, so if you want to very carefully construct it, and creative commons is taking off, right. 其背后是法律条款, 所以如果你想仔细地建造它, 那么创作共用正在崛起。
construct:v.建造;创建;建筑;修建;n.概念;构筑物;结构体;建造物;
Over 43 million things out there, licensed with a creative commons license. 那里有超过4300万种东西, 都被授予了创作共用许可权。
licensed:adj.得到许可的;获准拥有的;v.批准;许可(license的过去分词和过去式)
Not just text, but music, images , video and there's actually a tremendous uptake of the number of people that are actually licensing music to make it free for people who do this whole idea of re-sampling, rip, mixing, burning and sharing. 不只是文本,而且还有音乐、图像、视频 而且越来越多的人还将音乐的版权 授予它,这一现象在上升, 这样那些希望将某个音乐概念重新取样的人,就可以自由地去做, 采集、混合,烧录并共享。
images:n.印象;声誉;形象;画像;雕像;(image的第三人称单数和复数) uptake:n.摄取;领会;举起; licensing:v.批准;许可;(license的现在分词)
So I'd like to conclude with just the last few points. 所以我想用最后的几点意见结束我的讲话。
conclude:v.断定:得出结论:终止:达成:缔结(协定)
So, we've built this idea of a commons. People are using it. 我们建立创作共用的想法。人们使用它。
We get over 500,000 unique visitors per month, just our particular site . 我们每月的个体访问者就超过50万,只是在我们单一的网站上。
unique:adj.独特的,稀罕的;[数]唯一的;n.独一无二的人或物; site:n.地点;位置;场所;v.设置;为…选址;
MIT open courseware , which is another large open content site, gets a similar number of hits, but how do we protect this? 麻省理工学院的开放式课件,是另一个庞大的开放内容网站, 其点击数跟我们差不多,但我们如何保护它们呢？
courseware:n.课件;教学软件;
How do we protect it into the future and the first thing that people are probably thinking is quality control , right. 我们如何保护它们,使之流传久远？ 人们想到的第一件事很可能是质量控制,对。
quality control:n.质量控制;
Because we're saying that anybody can contribute things to this commons. Anybody can contribute anything, so that could be a problem. 因为我们说,任何人都可以贡献内容 到这个共用网站。任何人可以提供任何内容, 这样可能就带来一个问题。
contribute:v.贡献,出力;投稿;捐献;
So, it didn't take long, right, until people started contributing materials for example on lingerie , which is actually a pretty good module . 所以,没多久, 就有可能有人开始提供像和内衣相关的材料, 实际上这是一个很好的模块。
contributing:v.捐献,捐赠(尤指款或物);捐助;增加;增进;(contribute的现在分词) lingerie:n.女用贴身内衣裤; module:n.模块;组件;单元;
The only problem is it's plagiarized , right, from a major French feminist journal and when you go to the supposed course website, it points to a lingerie selling website, OK? 唯一的问题是,它是抄袭的, 抄自一份主流法国女性杂志 当你去访问课程网站的时候, 它指向了一个内衣销售网站,对吧？
plagiarized:vi.剽窃;抄袭;vt.剽窃;抄袭; feminist:n.男女平等主义者;adj.主张男女平等的; journal:n.杂志;日记;日志;(用于报纸名)…报; supposed:adj.误信的;所谓的;v.认为;假设;设想;(suppose的过去分词和过去式)
So, this is a little bit of a problem, so we clearly need some kind of idea of quality control and this is really where the idea of review and peer review comes in. 因此,这里就有点问题, 所以我们需要一些质量管理的理念 因此我们才引入了审查和同行审查的想法。
a little bit of a:一点点了; peer review:n.各领域专家互相评阅;同行评审;同业监督小组;同业互查组织;
OK, you come to TED. Why do you come to TED? 嗯,大家来参加TED。为什么来TED？
Because Chris and his team have ensured that things are very, very high quality, right, and so we need to be able to do the same thing, right. 是由于克里斯和他的团队,确保了 它的质量非常非常的高, 因此,我们需要做同样的事情。
ensured:v.保证;担保;确保(ensure的过去分词和过去式)
And we need to be able to design structures and what we're doing is designing social software to enable anyone to build their own peer review process and we call these things lenses and basically what they allow is anyone out there to develop their own peer review process, 我们需要能够设计出某种结构 我们正在做的是设计社交软件 让每个人都能建立自己的同行审查过程 我们将这些东西称作“镜头”（lenses） 它的作用,就是允许任何访问者 建立自己的同行审查过程,
structures:n.结构; v.建造(structure的第三人称单数形式); lenses:n.透镜;镜片;(眼球的)晶状体;(lens的复数)
so that they can focus on the content in the repository that they think is really important and you can think of TED as a potential lens. 这样他们就能够专注于库中的内容 以及他们认为真正重要的东西 大家可以将TED视为潜在的镜头。
potential:n.潜能;可能性;[电]电势;adj.潜在的;可能的;势的;
So I'd just like to end by saying, you can really view this as a call to action, right. 所以,我只是想在结束之前, 呼吁大家关注Connections。
Connexions and open content is all about sharing knowledge. Connections和开放内容关注的是分享知识。
All of you here are tremendously imbued with tremendous amounts of knowledge and what I'd like to do is invite each and every one of you to contribute to this project and other projects of its type, 在座各位都拥有 无穷无尽的知识 我想要做的就是邀请在座的每一位 为这一项目和其他类似项目贡献自己的内容,
imbued:vt.灌输;使感染;使渗透; contribute to:有助于;捐献;
because I think together we can truly change the landscape of education and educational publishing. 因为我想,大家一起合作,就能实实在在地改变 教育和教育出版的面貌。
landscape:n.景观;乡村风景画;(文件的)横向打印格式;v.对…做景观美化;美化…的环境;
So, thanks very much. 谢谢！