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RebeccaMacKinnon_2016T-_不必牺牲我们的权利去对抗恐怖主义_
There's a big question at the center of life in our democracies today: 在当今的民主社会, 我们正面临着一个严峻的问题,
democracies:民主;
How do we fight terror without destroying democracies, without trampling human rights? 那就是怎样才能在不损害民主、 不践踏人权的前提下反恐？
trampling:n.践踏;踩踏;v.蹂躏(trample的ing形式);
I've spent much of my career working with journalists , with bloggers , with activists, with human rights researchers all around the world, and I've come to the conclusion 我职业生涯中的很长时间都在跟记者、 博客作者、 活动家、 和世界各地的人权研究者共事。 我得出了一个结论:
career:n.职业;事业;生涯;经历; journalists:n.新闻记者(journalist的复数); bloggers:n.写博客的人;博客使用者; conclusion:n.结论;结局;推论;
that if our democratic societies do not double down on protecting and defending human rights, freedom of the press and a free and open internet, radical extremist ideologies are much more likely to persist . 如果我们的民主社会不更加积极地推动 保护和捍卫人权, 维护新闻自由, 保护自由开放的互联网, 那么激进的极端主义很可能会继续肆虐全球。
democratic:adj.民主的;民主政治的;大众的; radical:n.自由基;激进分子;游离基;adj.根本的;彻底的;完全的;全新的; extremist:n.极端主义者,过激分子; ideologies:意识形态; persist:v.保持;持续存在;维持;顽强地坚持;
(Applause) （掌声）
OK, all done. Thank you very much. 好吧,我讲完了。非常感谢。
No, just joking. 没有,我开个玩笑。
(Laughter) （笑声）
I actually want to drill down on this a little bit. 我其实想更深入地探讨一下这个问题。
So, one of the countries that has been on the frontlines of this issue is Tunisia , which was the only country to come out of the Arab Spring with a successful democratic revolution . 问题最突出的国家之一便是 突尼斯。 它也是唯一一个在“阿拉伯之春”运动中, 成功发展了民主革命的国家。
frontlines:前线(frontline的名词复数); issue:n.重要议题;争论的问题;v.宣布;公布;发出;发行; Tunisia:n.突尼斯(非洲国家); revolution:n.革命;旋转;运行;循环;
Five years later, they're struggling with serious terror attacks and rampant ISIS recruitment . 然而,五年后, 他们却整天挣扎于严重的恐怖袭击, 和猖獗的“伊斯兰国”增员当中。
rampant:adj.猖獗的;蔓延的;狂暴的;奔放的; recruitment:n.补充;征募新兵;
And many Tunisians are calling on their government to do whatever it takes to keep them safe. 很多的突尼斯人呼吁政府, 去采取一切手段来保护民众安全。
Tunisian cartoonist Nadia Khiari has summed up the situation with this character who says, "I don't give a damn about human rights. 突尼斯漫画家 Nadia Khiari , 借一个动画人物,描绘了国内的现状, 它说:“我不关心人权。
cartoonist:n.漫画家; summed:v.归纳;总计;总结,概括;(sum的过去分词和过去式) damn:v.谴责;该死;n.诅咒;adj.可恶的;
I don't give a damn about the revolution. 我不关心革命。
I don't give a damn about democracy and liberty . 我不关心民主自由。
democracy:n.民主,民主主义;民主政治; liberty:n.自由;许可;冒失;
I just want to be safe." 我只想要安全。”
'" Satisfied ?" asked his jailer . “这下满意了吗？”狱卒问关在监狱中的它。
Satisfied:adj.满意的:满足的:v.使满意:使满足;(satisfy的过去分词和过去式) jailer:n.狱卒,看守监狱的人;
'"You're safe now." “你现在安全了。”
If the Tunisian people can figure out how to deal with their terrorism problem without ending up in this place, they will be a model not only for their region , but for all of us. 如果突尼斯民众能够弄明白, 如何能既成功应对恐怖主义问题, 又不用在监狱里终其一生, 他们将成为标杆,不仅是那片地区的, 更是我们所有人的标杆。
terrorism:n.恐怖主义; region:n.地区;范围;部位;
The reality is that civil society, journalists and activists are coming under attack from extremist groups on the one hand , and, in many countries, also from their own governments. 事实是,在很多国家, 民间团体、记者、活动家,他们不但会受到 极端组织的袭击, 还要受到他们政府的打击。
civil:adj.公民的;民间的;文职的;有礼貌的;根据民法的; on the one hand:一方面;
We're seeing bloggers and journalists being jailed , charged and intimidated by their own governments, many of which are allies with the West in the war on terror. 我们看到很多博客主、记者 被他们的政府关押起来, 被起诉,被恐吓。 其中很多政府在反恐战争中还与西方社会是同盟军。
jailed:v.监禁;(jail的过去分词和过去式) intimidated:adj.害怕的;受到恐吓的;v.威胁,恐吓;(intimidate的过去式和过去分词) allies:n.盟友,支持者:v.与…结盟(ally的第三人称单数和复数)
Just three examples. 我举三个例子:
A friend and former colleague of mine, 我的朋友兼前同事,
colleague:n.同事,同僚;
Hisham Almiraat, has been charged with threatening state security, along with six other activists in Morocco. 被起诉,理由是威胁国家安全, 同时遭到起诉的,还有摩洛哥的其他六位活动家。
The Saudi blogger Raif Badawi has been jailed and flogged for insulting Islam and criticizing the Saudi regime on his blog. 沙特的博客作者 Raif Badawi,被关押,遭受鞭打, 原因是他在自己的博客上侮辱伊斯兰教,批判沙特政权。
Saudi:adj.沙乌地阿拉伯(人或语)的;n.沙乌地阿拉伯人; flogged:v.鞭笞,棒打(作为惩罚);出售(某物给某人);(flog的过去分词和过去式) insulting:adj.侮辱的,无礼的;污蔑的;损害人体的;v.侮辱;损害;(insult的现在分词); criticizing:v.批评;批判;挑剔;指责;评论;评价;(criticize的现在分词) regime:n.政权,政体;社会制度;管理体制;
More recently , the Turkish representative for Reporters Without Borders, 最近,土耳其“无国界记者组织”的代表,
recently:adv.最近;新近; Turkish:adj.土耳其的;土耳其人的,土耳其语的;突厥诸语言的;n.土耳其语; representative:n.代表; adj.典型的;
Erol ?nderoglu, has been detained and charged with spreading terrorist propaganda , because he and some other activists have been supporting Kurdish media . 被拘留控诉,理由是宣扬恐怖主义, 只因为他和其他一些活动家,一直在支持库尔德媒体。
detained:v.拘留;扣押;留住;阻留;(detain的过去分词和过去式) propaganda:n.宣传;传道总会; Kurdish:n.库尔德语;adj.库尔德人的; media:n.媒体;媒质(medium的复数);血管中层;浊塞音;中脉;
Anti-terror measures quickly turn into state repression without strong protection for minority communities and for peaceful debate; this needs to be supported by a robust , independent local media. 反恐措施快速转变为政府镇压, 而没有有效的保护其少数群体利益, 以及和平辩论; 这时就需要一个稳健、独立的地方媒介给予支持。
repression:n.抑制,[心理]压抑;镇压; minority:n.少数民族;少数派;未成年;adj.少数的;属于少数派的; communities:n.社区;社会;团体;共有(community的复数) robust:adj.强健的;健康的;粗野的;粗鲁的; independent:adj.独立的; n.无党派议员(或候选人等);
But while that's not really happening, 但是实际上,并没有这样的媒介支持,
Washington is teaming up with Silicon Valley and with Hollywood to pour millions -- hundreds of millions of dollars -- into what's called "counter-messaging," 美国政府却与硅谷和好莱坞合作, 投入百万甚至数以亿计美元, 进行所谓的 “反击信息”计划,
Silicon Valley:n.硅谷(美国加利福尼亚州一处计算机和电子公司聚集地,有时用以指任何计算机公司聚集地); pour:v.倒; n.流出; (已熔金属的)一次浇注量;
a fancy word for propaganda. 其实就是宣传的花哨说法。
fancy:n.幻想; adj.想象的; v.想象;
To counter the terrorist propaganda spreading all over the internet, in Europe, Internet Referral Units are being set up, so that people can report on extremist content that they find and get it censored . 为了对抗恐怖主义在网络上的大肆宣扬, 欧洲成立了互联网参照部, 这样民众就可以报告他们发现的极端主义内容, 使这些内容经受审查。
Referral:n.参照;提及;被推举的人;转诊病人; content:n.内容,目录;满足;容量;adj.满意的;vt.使满足; censored:adj.设限,被检查过的;v.审查;删掉(censor的过去分词);
The problem is, that all of this propaganda, monitoring and censorship completely fails to make up for the fact that the people who are the most credible voices, 问题是, 所有的宣传、监控及审查, 完全忽视了问题的关键, 那就是,那些发出最可靠声音的人,
censorship:n.审查制度;审查机构; make up for:补偿,弥补; credible:adj.可靠的,可信的;
who can present credible ideas and alternative solutions to real economic , social and political problems in their community that are causing people to turn to extremism in the first place , are being silenced by their own governments. 那些能够针对他们所在地区的经济、社会及政治问题, 能针对人们变成极端主义者的原因, 提出可信的观点和替代方案的人, 却被他们自己的政府禁言了。
alternative:adj.供选择的;选择性的;交替的;n.二中择一;供替代的选择; economic:adj.经济的,经济上的;经济学的; community:n.社区;[生态]群落;共同体;团体; extremism:n.极端主义(尤指政治上的极右或极左);极端性;过激主义; in the first place:首先;起初;
This is all adding up to a decrease in freedom across the world. 这进一步降低了世界范围内人们的自由度。
decrease:v.降低;减少;缩小;减弱;n.减少;减小量;所减少的总量;减缩位置;
Freedom House, the human rights organization , reports that 2015 marks the 10th straight year in a row of decline in freedom worldwide . “自由之家”, 一个人权组织, 曾报告称:2015年,是世界范围内自由度 直线下滑的第十个年头。
organization:n.组织;机构;体制;团体; decline:v.下降;衰退;减少;谢绝;n.下降; worldwide:adj.全世界的;adv.在世界各地;
And this is not just because of the actions of authoritarian governments. 究其原因, 绝非仅仅是独裁政府的行为。
authoritarian:adj.独裁主义的;权力主义的;n.权力主义者;独裁主义者;
It's also because democratic governments are increasingly cracking down on dissenters , whistle-blowers and investigative journalists. 还因为民主政府 一直在加强镇压持异议者, 检举人, 和调查记者。
increasingly:adv.越来越多地;渐增地; cracking:n.破裂;开裂;adj.裂解的;分裂的; dissenters:n.反对者(dissenter的复数形式); whistle-blowers:n.弊端揭发人;告密者(whistle-blower的复数); investigative:adj.研究的;调查的;好调查的;
UN Secretary General Ban Ki-Moon has warned that "preventing extremism and promoting human rights go hand-in-hand ." 联合国秘书长潘基文曾提醒, “避免极端主义和推行人权密切相关。”
Secretary General:n.秘书长;总书记; Ban:v.下令禁止;查禁;n.禁令; promoting:v.促进;推动;促销;提升;晋升;(promote的现在分词) hand-in-hand:adj.并进的;手拉手的;亲密的;
It's not to say that governments shouldn't keep us safe -- of course they should -- but we need public oversight , transparency and accountability to the rule of law. 这并不是说政府不应该保护我们的安全— 他们当然应该保护— 但我们需要公众监督,透明度, 以及问责制加诸于法律条文之上。
oversight:n.疏忽;忽略;失察;负责;照管; transparency:n.透明,透明度;幻灯片;有图案的玻璃; accountability:n.有义务;有责任;可说明性;
Meanwhile , extremists are literally killing off civil society in some countries. 同时, 极端主义者正在某些国家逐渐消灭民间团体。
Meanwhile:adv.同时,其间;n.其间,其时; extremists:n.极端主义者;极端分子;过激分子;(extremist的复数) literally:adv.按字面:字面上:确实地:
Since 2013 in Bangladesh, over a dozen secular bloggers and community activists have been literally slaughtered by extremists while the government has done very little. 孟加拉国自2013年来, 已有超过12个非宗教博主和社区积极分子, 被激进分子所杀害, 而政府却几乎什么都没做。
secular:adj.世俗的; n.修道院外的教士,(对宗教家而言的)俗人; slaughtered:v.屠宰;宰杀;屠杀;杀戮;使惨败;(slaughter的过去分词和过去式)
From the city of Raqqa in Syria , people like Ruqia Hassan and Naji Jerf have been assassinated for their reporting out of ISIS-controlled territory . 在叙利亚的拉卡市, 因为他们曾在“伊斯兰国”（ISIS）控制区域的外围进行报导。
Syria:n.叙利亚共和国; assassinated:v.(尤为政治目的)暗杀,行刺(assassinate的过去分词和过去式) territory:n.领土,领域;范围;地域;版图;
The citizen media group called Raqqa is Being Slaughtered Silently relies on strong encryption to send out their reports and shield themselves from interception and surveillance . 名为“拉卡正被无声屠杀”的民间媒体, 通过强加密手段来发出报导, 并保护自己不被拦截和监视。
relies:信任; encryption:n.加密;加密术; shield:n.盾;防护物;保护者;v.遮蔽;包庇;避开;保卫; interception:n.拦截;截击;遮断;截取; surveillance:n.监督;监视;
Yet authorities in countries like the United States, the United Kingdom and many other democracies are seeking to use the law to either weaken or outright ban strong encryption, because the bad guys are using it, too. 然而很多诸如美国、英国 及其他民主主义国家的当局者们, 正在探索如何使用法律, 来削弱或完全禁止强加密, 因为坏人也在使用它。
authorities:n.权力;威权;职权;批准;(authority的复数) United Kingdom:n.英国; seeking:v.寻找;寻求;谋求;争取;(向人)请求(seek的现在分词) weaken:v.削弱;减弱;衰弱;动摇; outright:v.全部地; adj.完全的,彻底的;
We have got to fight for the right of citizens to use strong encryption. 我们必须争取公众使用强加密的权利。
Otherwise, dissent and investigative journalism are going to become even more difficult in even more places. 否则,意见相左的新闻和调查性报导 将会在更多地方, 变得更加困难。
journalism:n.新闻业,新闻工作;报章杂志;
And the bad guys -- the criminals and terrorists -- are still going to find ways to communicate. 而坏人们——罪犯和恐怖分子, 仍然会寻找其它方法来交流。
Kudos to the companies that are standing up for their users' right to use encryption. （我们要）向那些为了用户的权利 而坚持使用加密的公司致敬。
Kudos:n.荣誉;名望;称赞;
But when it comes to censorship, the picture is much more troubling. 但说到审查, 事情就更麻烦了。
Yes, there's a real problem of extremist content spreading all over the internet. 是的,极端主义内容在网络上广为传播, 确实是个大问题。
And Facebook, YouTube and Twitter are among the many companies who report having taken down hundreds of thousands of pieces of content and deactivating accounts that are connected to the extremist's speech. Facebook, YouTube 和 Twitter 等等,很多这样的公司, 都删除了涉及极端主义言论的 数十万条内容, 并关闭了很多账号。
deactivating:使不活动;
The problem is their enforcement mechanisms are a complete black box , and there is collateral damage. 但问题是他们的执行机制完全属于暗箱操作, 还附带额外损害。
enforcement:n.执行,实施;强制; mechanisms:n.机制;[机]机构(mechanism的复数);机械;[机]机构学; black box:黑箱;(装在飞机上记录飞行情况等的)密封仪器; collateral:adj.并行的;旁系的;附属的;n.抵押品;[法]担保品;旁系亲属;
Take, for example, Iyad el-Baghdadi, an activist who makes fun of ISIS on Twitter. 例如,Lyad el-Baghdadi, 一个曾在Twitter上取笑ISIS的活动家。
activist:n.积极分子;激进主义分子;
He had his account deactivated , because he shares a surname with a prominent ISIS leader. 他的账号就遭到了关闭, 因为他跟一个有名的ISIS头目姓氏一样。
deactivated:adj.无效的;v.使失效;去活化;释放(deactivate的过去式和过去分词); surname:n.姓,姓氏;绰号,别名;vt.给…起别名;给…姓氏; prominent:adj.突出的,显著的;杰出的;卓越的;
Last December, a number of women named Isis, which also happens to be the name of an Egyptian goddess, had their accounts deactivated. 去年12月, 一群叫做Isis的女性, 她们只是碰巧用了埃及女神Isis的名字, 而使得账号遭到关闭。
And this woman, who lives in the United States and is a computer programmer, reported on Twitter about her deactivation on Facebook, managed to get enough media attention to have her account reinstated . 还有这个女人, 她生活在美国,是一个电脑程序员, 在Twitter上称她的Facebook账号被关闭, 直到吸引足够多的媒体关注,最终得以恢复账号。
deactivation:n.[物化]减活化作用;钝化作用; reinstated:v.使恢复原职;把…放回原处;使恢复原状;(reinstate的过去分词和过去式)
But that's the thing -- she had to get media attention. 而关键就在于——她需要获得足够的媒体关注。
And journalists aren't immune . 记者们也不能幸免。
immune:adj.免疫的;免于…的,免除的;n.免疫者;免除者;
David Thomson, an expert on terrorism and reporter for Radio France International, had reports deleted from his Facebook account and had his account deactivated for several days, because they contained pictures of ISIS flags, even though he was just reporting on ISIS, not promoting it. 一名反恐专家,法国国际广播电台记者, 也曾报告他的Facebook 账号遭到注销, 他的账号被关闭了好几天, 因为账户里包含ISIS旗帜图片, 虽然他当时只是报导ISIS, 而并非在宣传它。
And then we have stories from people like this Egyptian man, 也有诸如这个埃及人的故事,
Ahmed Abdellahy, who reported recently in an event in Washington DC that some of his arguments with extremists -- he now spends his time on social media arguing with ISIS followers, trying to get them to turn away -- 据报道,他最近在华盛顿的一次活动中, 与极端分子有过一些争执—— 他现在在社交媒体上与ISIS的追随者们争论, 试图劝说他们远离ISIS——
some of his arguments with these extremists get deleted, which he believes has the effect of shielding them from alternative points of view. 他与这些极端分子的某些争论就遭到了删除, 他相信,这么做只会有一个结果:保护了极端分子 免于不同观点的打扰。
shielding:n.[电子]屏蔽;防护;adj.屏蔽的;防护的;v.保护(shield的ing形式);
It's unclear whether Facebook even knows the extent of the collateral damage, or the other companies as well. 我不清楚,Facebook是否知晓 这些附带损害的程度, 以及其它公司是否知道。
unclear:adj.不清楚的;不易了解的; extent:n.程度;范围;长度;
But we do know that journalism, activism and public debate are being silenced in the effort to stamp out extremist speech. 但我们知道,为了消除极端主义言论, 新闻业、积极分子以及公众舆论正在被禁声。
activism:n.行动主义;激进主义; debate:n.辩论;争论;考虑;v.辩论;争论;考虑; stamp out:扑灭;踩灭;
So with these companies having so much power over the public discourse , they need to be held accountable . 正因为这些公司对公众言论有如此大的控制力, 他们需要对此负责。
discourse:n.论述;谈话;演讲;vi.演说;谈论;讲述;vt.说出;演奏出; accountable:adj.有责任的;有解释义务的;可解释的;
They need to carry out impact assessment to identify and fix the problems that we're clearly seeing. 他们需要开展影响力评估, 来识别和解决对我们已经显而易见的问题。
impact:n.影响;效果;碰撞;冲击力;v.挤入,压紧;撞击;对…产生影响; assessment:n.评定;估价; identify:v.识别:鉴定:确认:发现:
They need to be more transparent about their enforcement mechanisms, and they need to have clear appeal and grievance mechanisms, so people can get their content reinstated. 他们需要在执行机制方面,变得更加透明。 他们需要更清晰的呼吁和申诉机制。 这样公众就能恢复他们的账户内容了。
transparent:adj.透明的;显然的;坦率的;易懂的; appeal:n.上诉;吸引力;申诉;魅力;v.上诉;呼吁;申诉;恳求; grievance:n.不满,不平;委屈;冤情;
Now, I've been talking for the last 10 minutes about how governments and companies are making it more difficult for people like these. 我在刚才的十分钟里, 讨论了政府和公司是如何使这些积极人士 变得步履维艰。
This is a picture of members of the citizen media network, 这是一张民间媒体网络“世界之声”的
Global Voices, that I helped to cofound over 10 years ago with my friend, Ethan Zuckerman. 成员合影, 这个网站是我和我的朋友Ethan Zuckerman, 在十多年前共同建立的。
Global:adj.全球的;总体的;球形的; cofound:v.共同创立;联合发起;
Interestingly , about 5 years ago, right after the Arab Spring, the data scientist Gilad Lotan created a network map of the people in Global Voices who were heavy users of Twitter during the Arab Spring. 有趣的是,大概五年前,“阿拉伯之春”刚结束的那段时间, 创建了一个“世界之声”成员的分布图, 这些成员中的很多在“阿拉伯之春”中都是Twitter的高频用户。
Interestingly:adv.有趣地;
And he found that many of these people served as key information nodes between activists and journalists throughout the Tunisian and Egyptian revolution. 他发现这些人中的很多都扮演着 积极分子和记者间的重要信息节点。 这些人贯穿着突尼斯和埃及的改革当中。
nodes:n.茎节;(根或枝上的)瘤,节,结;节点;(node的复数) throughout:adv.自始至终,到处;全部;prep.贯穿,遍及;
We've got to make sure that these people not only survive, but are able to continue to thrive . 我们不仅要确认这些人仍然活着, 也要帮助他们壮大他们的事业。
thrive:v.繁荣;茁壮成长;蓬勃发展;兴旺发达;
Many of them are still active, other than the ones who have gone to jail or have been driven into hiding or exile . 有些人还继续活跃, 有些被投进了监狱, 或者被迫躲藏和放逐。
exile:n.流放,充军;放逐,被放逐者;流犯;v.放逐,流放;使背井离乡;
All around the world, people who are sick and tired of fear and oppression are linking up in their communities and across borders. 在世界各地, 那些厌倦了恐惧和镇压的人们, 正在他们的社会内外团结起来。
sick and tired:筋疲力尽的,完全厌烦的; oppression:n.压抑;镇压;压迫手段;沉闷;苦恼;
We've got to do everything we can to push our governments and companies to do a better job of protecting their rights. 我们必须尽我们所能去督促政府和公司 更好地保护这些人的权利。
We've also got to be more mindful about how our own personal , political, consumer and business choices affect people like these around the world. 我们也必须更加留意 去关注我们个人:我们的政治选择,个人消费和商业选择, 将为世界各地这样的人群带来怎样的影响。
mindful:adj.留心的;记住的;警觉的; personal:adj.个人的;身体的;亲自的;n.人事消息栏;人称代名词; consumer:n.[经]消费者;[生,生态]消费者;
Also, if you follow the news, it's pretty clear that that alone isn't going to be enough. 而且,如果你留意新闻, 会知道一个人的力量显然是不够的。
We've got to take personal responsibility by joining -- or at very least, actively supporting -- the growing ecosystem of individuals and groups who are fighting for social justice , environmental sustainability , government accountability, human rights, freedom of the press and a free and open internet, all around the world. 我们必须承担个人责任, 加入,或者至少是积极的支持, 这样一些,在世界各地 为社会正义, 为环境可持续性, 为政府问责, 为人权,媒体自由,为自由而公开的 网络而拼搏的,日益强大的 个人和团体组织。
ecosystem:n.生态系统; individuals:n.[经]个人;[生物]个体(individual的复数); justice:n.公平;公正;司法制度;审判; sustainability:n.持续性;永续性;能维持性;
I believe that, ultimately , we can overcome the digitally empowered networks of extremism, demagoguery and hate. 我相信,我们最终可以战胜 那些寄生在网络上的极端主义、煽动和仇恨。
ultimately:adv.最终;最后;归根结底;终究; overcome:vt.克服;胜过;vi.克服;得胜; digitally:adv.数位; empowered:v.授权;给(某人)…的权力;(empower的过去分词和过去式) demagoguery:n.散布谣言;煽动行为;群众煽动;
But ... 但是…
we've got to do this by really beefing up the global networks of citizens around the world, powered by people who are working hard every day, and taking personal risk for a future world that is more peaceful, just, open and free. 我们想要做到这一点,就必须真正地加强 加强那些冒着人身危险 为了更和平、公正、开放和自由的未来世界
Thanks very much for listening. 感谢您的倾听。
(Applause) （掌声）