返回首页

RebeccaBrachman_2017U-_能预防忧郁症和创伤后压力症候群的全新药物_
So the first antidepressants were made from, of all things, rocket fuel, left over after World War II. 抗忧郁药的诞生 是由第二次世界大战所留下的 火箭燃料所制成。
antidepressants:n.[药]抗抑郁药(antidepressant的复数形式);抗忧郁剂;
Which is fitting , seeing as today, one in five soldiers develop depression , or post-traumatic stress disorder or both. 相符的,就像今天 有五分之一军人罹患了忧郁症, 或创伤后压力症候群或两者皆得。
fitting:adj.适合的;恰当的;n.试衣;小配件,附件;v.适合,合身;试穿;(fit的现在分词) depression:n.沮丧;洼地;不景气;忧愁; post-traumatic stress disorder:n.创伤后精神紧张性障碍;
But it's not just soldiers that are at high risk for these diseases . 但,不只有军人是高危险的族群,
diseases:n.[医]病(disease的复数);[医]疾病;[植保]病害;疾病种类;
It's firefighters , ER doctors, cancer patients , aid workers, refugees -- anyone exposed to trauma or major life stress. 消防员、急诊医生、癌症患者、 援助工作者和难民等 –– 任何暴露于精神创伤 或重大生活压力下的人都可能罹患。
firefighters:n.消防队员;(firefighter的复数) cancer:n.癌症;恶性肿瘤; patients:n.接受治疗者,病人;(patient的复数) refugees:n.避难者;逃亡者;难民;(refugee的复数) exposed:adj.无遮蔽的; v.暴露; (expose的过去分词和过去式)
And yet, despite how commonplace these disorders are, our current treatments , if they work at all, only suppress symptoms . 然而,尽管这些疾病很普遍, 我们目前所有的治疗方法, 如果它们真的有效的话, 只能抑制症状。
despite:prep.尽管,不管;n.轻视;憎恨;侮辱; commonplace:n.老生常谈;司空见惯的事;普通的东西;adj.平凡的;陈腐的; disorders:n.无秩序,混乱; v.[电子]扰乱(disorder的单三形式); treatments:n.治疗;疗法;对待;处理;讨论;(treatment的复数) suppress:vt.抑制;镇压;废止; symptoms:n.症状;征候;征兆;(symptom的复数)
In 1798, when Edward Jenner discovered the first vaccine -- it happened to be for smallpox -- he didn't just discover a prophylactic for a disease, but a whole new way of thinking: that medicine could prevent disease. 1798 年,爱德华．詹纳 发现了首支疫苗 –– 碰巧是用于天花上 –– 他发现的不仅是一种疾病的预防用药, 还是一种全新的思维方式: 药物可以预防疾病。
vaccine:n.疫苗;牛痘苗;adj.疫苗的;牛痘的; smallpox:n.[内科]天花; prophylactic:n.[药]预防药;预防法;避孕用具;adj.预防疾病的;
However, for over 200 years, this prevention was not believed to extend to psychiatric diseases. 然而,200 多年来, 人们却不认为这种预防药物 可扩展运用到精神疾病。
prevention:n.预防;阻止;妨碍; extend:vt.延伸; vi.延伸; psychiatric:adj.精神病学的;精神病治疗的;
Until 2014, when my colleague and I accidentally discovered the first drugs that might prevent depression and PTSD . 直到 2014 年, 当我和同事偶然发现 第一批可能预防忧郁症 和创伤后压力症的药物。
colleague:n.同事,同僚; accidentally:adv.意外地:偶然,偶然地; PTSD:abbr.创伤后精神紧张性精神障碍(post-traumaticstressdisorder);
We discovered the drugs in mice, and we're currently studying whether they work in humans. 药物是从老鼠试验中发现, 目前正研究是否适用于人类。
currently:adv.当前;一般地;
And these preventative psychopharmaceuticals are not antidepressants. 而这些预防性的精神药物 不是抗忧郁药。
preventative:n.预防法;预防物;adj.预防性的;防止的; psychopharmaceuticals:精神病药物;
They are a whole new class of drug. 它们是一类全新的药物。
And they work by increasing stress resilience , so let's call them resilience enhancers. 其效用是增强人们的耐压复原力, 所以我们称之为复原力增强剂。
resilience:n.恢复力;弹力;顺应力;
So think back to a stressful time that you've since recovered from. 回想一下你处于紧张状态 恢复过来的时刻。
stressful:adj.紧张的;有压力的;
Maybe a breakup or an exam, you missed a flight. 也许由分手、考试 或是你错过班机所引起。
Stress resilience is the active biological process that allows us to bounce back after stress. 耐压复原力是我们承受压力后, 能够具韧性反弹的生物过程。
biological:adj.生物学的;生物的;与生命过程有关的;加酶的;n.[药]生物制品; process:v.处理;加工;列队行进;n.过程,进行;方法,adj.经过特殊加工(或处理)的; bounce:v.反弹;反射;(使)弹起;n.弹跳;跳动;弹性;
Similar to if you have a cold and your immune system fights it off. 类似于如果我们感冒了, 免疫系统会对抗一样。
immune system:n.免疫系统;
And insufficient resilience in the face of a significant enough stressor , can result in a psychiatric disorder, such as depression. 当面对严重的压力 却无法具足够的韧性回弹时, 能导致精神疾病,如忧郁症。
insufficient:adj.不足的,不充足的;n.不足; in the face of:面对; significant:adj.重大的;有效的;有意义的;值得注意的;意味深长的;n.象征;有意义的事物; stressor:n.紧张性刺激;光彩;
In fact, most cases of major depressive disorder are initially triggered by stress. 事实上多数主要的忧郁症, 是由压力所引发的。
depressive:adj.抑郁的;压抑的; initially:adv.最初,首先;开头; triggered:v.发动;引起;触发;开动;起动;(trigger的过去分词和过去式)
And from what we've seen so far in mice, resilience enhancers can protect against purely biological stressors , like stress hormones , and social and psychological stressors , like bullying and isolation. 目前从老鼠身上看到的情况是, 复原力增强剂可防止 单纯的生物性压力, 像压力荷尔蒙 以及社会和心理压力, 如欺凌与孤立。
protect against:使免受; purely:adv.完全;仅仅; stressors:n.压力源(stressor的复数);压力因素; hormones:n.[生理]激素;荷尔蒙;性激素;荷尔蒙制剂(hormone的复数); psychological:adj.心理的;心理学的;精神上的; bullying:n.仗势欺人者;横行霸道者;v.恐吓;伤害;胁迫;(bully的现在分词)
So here is an example where we gave mice three weeks of high levels of stress hormones. 以下的例子是我们给老鼠 三周高剂量的压力荷尔蒙。
So, in other words, a biological stressor without a psychological component . 换句话说,没有参杂 心理因素的生物压力。
component:n.成分;部件;组成部分;adj.构成的;
And this causes depressive behavior. 这同样导致忧郁行为。
And if we give three weeks of antidepressant treatment beforehand , it has no beneficial effects. 如果我们预先给予三周的抗忧郁治疗, 并没有任何助益。
beforehand:adv.事先;预先;adj.提前的;预先准备好的; beneficial:adj.有益的,有利的;可享利益的;
But a single dose of a resilience enhancer given a week before completely prevents the depressive behavior. 但在一周前给予单剂量的 复原力增强剂, 就能完全预防忧郁的行为。
dose:n.剂量;一剂,一服;v.服药;给药;给…服药;
Even after three weeks of stress. 即使经过三周的压力后。
This is the first time a drug has ever been shown to prevent the negative effects of stress. 这是药物第一次出现能够预防 压力形成负面影响的效果。
negative:adj.[数]负的;消极的;否定的;阴性的;n.否定;负数;[摄]底片;v.否定;拒绝;
Depression and PTSD are chronic , often lifelong, clinical diseases. 忧郁症和创伤后压力症候群, 通常是种慢性、终生的疾病。
chronic:adj.慢性的;长期的;习惯性的; clinical:adj.临床的;诊所的;
They also increase the risk of substance abuse , homelessness , heart disease, Alzheimer's, suicide . 患者还会增强滥用药物、无家可归、 心脏病、老年痴呆和自杀等风险。
substance:n.物质;实质;主旨;物品; abuse:n.滥用;虐待;辱骂;弊端;恶习,陋习;v.滥用;虐待;辱骂; homelessness:n.无家可归; suicide:n.自杀;自杀行为;自杀者;adj.自杀的;v.自杀;vi.自杀;
The global cost of depression alone is over three trillion dollars per year. 光忧郁症的费用 每年全球就超过 3 兆美元。
global:adj.全球的;总体的;球形的; trillion:n.[数]万亿;adj.万亿的;num.[数]万亿;
But now, imagine a scenario where we know someone is predictively at high risk for exposure to extreme stress. 但现在想像一下,我们预知某人将会 处于极端压力的高风险下。
scenario:n.方案;情节;剧本; predictively:预言性地; exposure:n.暴露;显露;揭露;面临; extreme:adj.极端的;极度的;偏激的;尽头的;n.极端;末端;最大程度;极端的事物;
Say, a red cross volunteer going into an earthquake zone. 比如,一名红十字志工进入震灾区。
volunteer:n.志愿者;志愿兵;adj.志愿的;v.自愿;
In addition to the typhoid vaccine, we could give her a pill or an injection of a resilience enhancer before she leaves. 在她前往灾区前,除了伤寒疫苗, 我们可以给她一颗药丸 或注射复原力增强疫苗。
In addition to:除…之外; typhoid:adj.伤寒的;斑疹伤寒症的;n.伤寒; pill:n.[医]药丸;药品; injection:n.注射;大量资金的投入;(液体的)注入;
So when she is held at gunpoint by looters or worse, she would at least be protected against developing depression or PTSD after the fact. 当她被抢劫者持枪恐吓 或遇到更糟的情况时, 至少可以防止在事后患上忧郁症 或创伤后压力症候群。
gunpoint:n.枪口; looters:n.抢掠者(looter的复数);
It won't prevent her from experiencing the stress, but it will allow her to recover from it. 复原力增强剂不能阻止 她经历这种压力, 但会让她从中恢复过来。
And that's what's revolutionary here. 这就是革命性的所在。
revolutionary:adj.革命性的;革命的;彻底变革的;n.改革者;革命者;
By increasing resiliency , we can dramatically reduce her susceptibility to depression and PTSD, possibly saving her from losing her job, her home, her family or even her life. 通过提高对压力的弹性, 我们可以大大降低她忧郁症 和创伤后压力症的发病机率, 可能挽回她失去工作、家庭、 家人,甚至是她的生命。
resiliency:n.弹性;跳回; dramatically:adv.戏剧地;引人注目地;adv.显著地,剧烈地; susceptibility:n.敏感性;感情;磁化系数;
After Jenner discovered the smallpox vaccine, a lot of other vaccines rapidly followed. 詹纳发现天花疫苗后, 许多其他疫苗迅速接连地问世。
vaccines:n.[药][计]疫苗;
But it was over 150 years before a tuberculosis vaccine was widely available. 但过了 150 多年, 结核病疫苗才被广泛、普及地使用。
tuberculosis:n.肺结核;结核病;
Why? 为什么呢？
In part because society believed that tuberculosis made people more sensitive and creative and empathetic . 部分原因是社会相信 结核病使人们更敏感、 富创造性和同理心。
sensitive:adj.敏感的;感觉的;易受影响的;n.敏感的人;有灵异能力的人; creative:adj.创造性的; empathetic:adj.移情作用的;同感的(等于empathic);
And that it was caused by constitution and not biology . 它是由体质,而非生物学所引发的。
constitution:n.宪法;构成;体质;组成; biology:n.(一个地区全部的)生物;生物学;
And similar things are still said today about depression. 现今对忧郁症仍然有着类似的想法。
And just as Jenner's discovery opened the door for all of the vaccines that followed after, the drugs we've discovered open the possibility of a whole new field: preventative psychopharmacology . 正如詹纳的发现 为之后的疫苗开启了大门; 而我们发现的药物, 可能开启了一个全新领域: 预防性精神药理学。
psychopharmacology:n.精神病药物学;药理学;
But whether that's 15 years away, or 150 years away, depends just on the science, but on what we as a society choose to do with it. 但结果是否要等 15 年, 或 150 年, 不仅仅取决于科学, 而是我们这个社会 选择要如何看待处理 。
Thank you. 谢谢。
(Applause) （掌声）