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RebeccaBrachman_2016X-_药物有可能防止抑郁症和创后应激障碍吗？_
This is a tuberculosis ward , and at the time this picture was taken in the late 1800s, one in seven of all people died from tuberculosis. 这是一个肺结核病房, 在十九世纪末 每七个人中就有一个 死于肺结核。
tuberculosis:n.肺结核;结核病; ward:n.病房; v.防止;
We had no idea what was causing this disease . 我们不清楚这个病的起因。
disease:n.病,[医]疾病;弊病;vt.传染;使…有病;
The hypothesis was actually it was your constitution that made you susceptible . 我们猜想 可能是我们的体质决定了我们的易感染性。
hypothesis:n.假设; constitution:n.宪法;构成;体质;组成; susceptible:adj.易受影响的;易感动的;容许…的;n.易得病的人;
And it was a highly romanticized disease. 而且这种病被披上了浪漫滴外衣。
highly:adv.高度地;非常;非常赞许地; romanticized:vi.浪漫化;传奇化;vt.使浪漫化;使传奇化;
It was also called consumption , and it was the disorder of poets and artists and intellectuals . 被称为痨病。 它是诗人, 艺术家,智者得的病。
consumption:n.消费;消耗;肺痨; intellectuals:n.[劳经]知识分子(intellectual的复数);
And some people actually thought it gave you heightened sensitivity and conferred creative genius . 有些人甚至认为这种病让你变得更敏感, 并且赋予你天才的特质。
heightened:v.(使)加强,提高,增加;(heighten的过去式和过去分词) sensitivity:n.敏感;敏感性;过敏; conferred:v.商讨;协商;交换意见;授予;(confer的过去分词和过去式) creative:adj.创造性的; genius:n.天才;天资;才能,本领;
By the 1950s, we instead knew that tuberculosis was caused by a highly contagious bacterial infection , which is slightly less romantic, but that had the upside of us being able to maybe develop drugs to treat it. 到二十世纪五十年代, 我们发现肺结核是由 一种传染性很强的细菌感染引起的, 并没有那么浪漫, 然而这 让我们想到研发药物来治疗这种疾病的可能性。
contagious:adj.感染性的;会蔓延的; bacterial:adj.[微]细菌的; infection:n.感染;传染;(身体某部位的)感染;传染病; slightly:adv.些微地,轻微地;纤细地; treat:v.治疗;处理;招待;款待;n.款待;乐事;乐趣;
So doctors had discovered a new drug, iproniazid, that they were optimistic might cure tuberculosis, and they gave it to patients , and patients were elated. 于是医生们发现了一种新药－异丙嗪, 他们乐观地认为可以治愈肺结核, 他们把这种药给病人服用, 病人们很兴奋。
optimistic:adj.乐观的;乐观主义的; patients:n.接受治疗者,病人;(patient的复数)
They were more social, more energetic . 他们变得更活跃,充满生机。
energetic:adj.精力充沛的;充满活力的;需要能量的;积极的;
One medical report actually says they were "dancing in the halls." 一项医学报告提到,他们“ 在走廊手舞足蹈。“
And unfortunately , this was not necessarily because they were getting better. 可惜的是 这并不意味着他们在康复。
unfortunately:adv.不幸地; necessarily:adv.必要地;必定地,必然地;
A lot of them were still dying. 很多病人依然频临死亡。
Another medical report describes them as being " inappropriately happy." 另外有一份医学报告称他们“不正常得开心”
describes:v.描述;形容;把…称为;画出…图形;(describe的第三人称单数) inappropriately:adv.不适当地;
And that is how the first antidepressant was discovered. 第一种抗抑郁药物就这样发明了。
antidepressant:n.抗抑郁剂;adj.抗抑郁的(等于antidepressive);
So accidental discovery is not uncommon in science, but it requires more than just a happy accident. 这种巧合在科学领域并不多见, 但是它需要的不仅仅是开心的巧合。
accidental:n.偶然;[乐]临时符;adj.不测的;非本质的; uncommon:adj.不寻常的;罕有的;adv.非常地;
You have to be able to recognize it for discovery to occur . 你需要有能力在这种巧合发生的时候抓住它。
recognize:v.认识;认出;辨别出;承认;意识到; occur:v.发生;出现;存在于;出现在;
As a neuroscientist , I'm going to talk to you a little bit about my firsthand experience with whatever you want to call the opposite of dumb luck — let's call it smart luck. 作为一个神经学家,让我与你分享一些 我的第一手经验 你可能会称之为狗屎运, 我更倾向于称之为聪明的运气。
neuroscientist:n.神经系统科学家; firsthand:adj.直接的;直接采购的;直接得来的;adv.直接地; dumb:adj.哑的,无说话能力的;不说话的,无声音的;
But first, a bit more background. 首先,说说背景知识。
Thankfully , since the 1950s, we've developed some other drugs and we can actually now cure tuberculosis. 自二十世纪五十年代, 我们研发了其他药物,我们现在事实上已经可以治愈肺结核。
Thankfully:adv.感谢地;感激地;
And at least in the United States, though not necessarily in other countries, we have closed our sanitoriums and probably most of you are not too worried about TB. 至少在美国是这样。 我们关闭了疗养院 而且可能你们大部分人已经不是那么担心肺结核。
United:adj.联合的; v.联合,团结; (unite的过去分词和过去式)
But a lot of what was true in the early 1900s about infectious disease, we can say now about psychiatric disorders . 可是在二十世纪初我们对于 传染病的担心, 和当今的精神病类似。
infectious:adj.传染的;传染性的;易传染的; psychiatric:adj.精神病学的;精神病治疗的; disorders:n.无秩序,混乱; v.[电子]扰乱(disorder的单三形式);
We are in the middle of an epidemic of mood disorders like depression and post-traumatic stress disorder , or PTSD . 我们正陷于情绪困扰之中 比如抑郁症和创后应激障碍,PTSD。
epidemic:n.流行病;蔓延;adj.传染病;流行性的; mood:n.情绪,语气;心境;气氛; depression:n.沮丧;洼地;不景气;忧愁; post-traumatic stress disorder:n.创伤后精神紧张性障碍; PTSD:abbr.创伤后精神紧张性精神障碍(post-traumaticstressdisorder);
One in four of all adults in the United States suffers from mental illness, which means that if you haven't experienced it personally or someone in your family hasn't, it's still very likely that someone you know has, though they may not talk about it. 在美国,每四个人中就有一个 受精神疾病的困扰, 也就是说即使你可能本身没有, 或者你的家人没有, 可是很有可能你认识的人有, 只是他们不说而已。
mental:adj.精神的;脑力的;疯的;n.精神病患者; personally:adv.个人;亲自;本人;就本人而言;
Depression has actually now surpassed 抑郁症实际上已经超越了
surpassed:v.超过,凌驾(surpass的过去分词形式);
HIV/AIDS, malaria , diabetes and war as the leading cause of disability worldwide . 艾滋病,疟疾,糖尿病和战争 成为全球范围健康的头号杀手。
malaria:n.[内科]疟疾;瘴气; diabetes:n.糖尿病;多尿症; disability:n.残疾;无能;无资格;不利条件; worldwide:adj.全世界的;adv.在世界各地;
And also, like tuberculosis in the 1950s, we don't know what causes it. 就像二十世纪五十年代时的肺结核一样, 我们不清楚它的起因。
Once it's developed, it's chronic , lasts a lifetime, and there are no known cures. 一旦发病,就是慢性 会伴随你一生, 而且目前无法治愈。
chronic:adj.慢性的;长期的;习惯性的;
The second antidepressant we discovered, also by accident, in the 1950s, from an antihistamine that was making people manic , imipramine . 第二种抗抑郁药同样 偶然发现于二十世纪五十年代, 是从让人躁狂的抗组胺药中发现的, 丙咪嗪。
antihistamine:n.抗组胺剂; manic:adj.躁狂的;狂热的;n.躁狂症者; imipramine:n.丙咪嗪(一种抗抑郁剂);
And in both the case of the tuberculosis ward and the antihistamine, someone had to be able to recognize that a drug that was designed to do one thing — treat tuberculosis or suppress allergies — could be used to do something very different — treat depression. 无论是在结核病还是抗组胺药的个案中, 都需要有人发现 一种本来用于治疗一种病的药物 治疗结核或者抗过敏 都可以用于完全不同的治疗－ 治疗抑郁症。
suppress:vt.抑制;镇压;废止; allergies:n.变态反应;过敏反应;(allergy的复数)
And this sort of repurposing is actually quite challenging. 这种改变事实上非常具有挑战性。
repurposing:n.再利用;v.为…改变用途(repurpose的ing形式);
When doctors first saw this mood-enhancing effect of iproniazid, they didn't really recognize what they saw. 当医生们最早看到异丙嗪情绪提升的作用时, 他们并没有意识到他们看到的是什么。
They were so used to thinking about it from the framework of being a tuberculosis drug that they actually just listed it as a side effect , an adverse side effect. 他们总是习惯性地从 治疗肺结核的药物 的副作用 不良的副作用来考虑。
side effect:n.副作用;附带后果; adverse:adj.不利的;相反的;敌对的(名词adverseness,副词adversely);
As you can see here, a lot of these patients in 1954 are experiencing severe euphoria . 基于这个原因, 在1954 年许多病人表现出异常的快乐。
As you can see:正如你所看到的;你是知道的; severe:adj.极为恶劣的;十分严重的;严厉的;苛刻的; euphoria:n.精神欢快,[临床]欣快;兴高采烈;欣快症;幸福愉快感;
And they were worried that this might somehow interfere with their recovering from tuberculosis. 于是医生们担心这种状态会影响病人 肺结核的治疗。
somehow:adv.以某种方法;莫名其妙地; interfere:v.干涉;干预;介入;
So they recommended that iproniazid only be used in cases of extreme TB and in patients that were highly emotionally stable , which is of course the exact opposite of how we use it as an antidepressant. 于是他们建议异丙嗪只可以用于严重的结核病患者 以及心理状态非常稳定的病人, 这显然和我们治疗抑郁病患者截然相反。
recommended:v.推荐;举荐;介绍;劝告;建议;(recommend的过去分词和过去式) extreme:adj.极端的;极度的;偏激的;尽头的;n.极端;末端;最大程度;极端的事物; emotionally:adv.感情上;情绪上;令人激动地;情绪冲动地; stable:n.马厩;牛棚;adj.稳定的;牢固的;坚定的;vi.被关在马厩;赶入马房;
They were so used to looking at it from the perspective of this one disease, they could not see the larger implications for another disease. 他们太过习惯于只关注一个病的状况, 而未能从另一个疾病的角度看到药物更广的适用。
perspective:n.观点;远景;透视图;adj.透视的; implications:n.蕴涵式;暗指,暗示;含蓄,含意;卷入(implication的复数);
And to be fair, it's not entirely their fault. 公正地说,这不全是他们的错。
Functional fixedness is a bias that affects all of us. 我们可能都受着教条主义的影响,
Functional:adj.功能的; fixedness:n.固定;稳固;不变; bias:adv.使有偏见;n.偏见;偏心;偏爱;v.使有偏见;使偏向;adj.斜的;[电]偏动的;
It's a tendency to only be able to think of an object in terms of its traditional use or function. 我们倾向于只考虑一个事物 传统意义上的使用和功能。
tendency:n.倾向,趋势;癖好; traditional:传统的,惯例的,
And mental set is another thing. Right? 而且思维方式是另一回事。 对吗？
That's sort of this preconceived framework with which we approach problems. 这种 我们用于思考的思维定式
preconceived:adj.预想的; v.预想(preconceive的过去式和过去分词); approach:n.方法;路径;v.接近;建议;着手处理;
And that actually makes repurposing pretty hard for all of us, which is, I guess, why they gave a TV show to the guy who was, like, really great at repurposing. 使得发散思考变得相当困难, 也就是,我想,为什么电视节目亲赖于那些 善于发散性思维的人们。
(Laughter) （笑声）
So the effects in both the case of iproniazid and imipramine, they were so strong — there was mania , or people dancing in the halls. 所以,在这两个例子中,异丙嗪和丙咪嗪 药效都很强－ 狂躁或是人们在走廊跳舞。
mania:n.狂热;狂躁;热衷;
It's actually not that surprising they were caught. 他们被注意到并不奇怪。
But it does make you wonder what else we've missed. 那么你会否想到我们是否还忽视了其他东西。
So iproniazid and imipramine, they're more than just a case study in repurposing. 所以异丙嗪和丙咪嗪 他们不仅仅是发散思维的一个案例,
case study:n.个案研究;专题研究;案例研究;
They have two other things in common that are really important. 他们有其他两样重要的共性,
One, they have terrible side effects. 其一, 他们有很强的副作用
That includes liver toxicity , weight gain of over 50 pounds, suicidality . 包括肝中毒, 体重增加超过50 磅, 自杀倾向。
liver:n.肝;(动物供食用的)肝; toxicity:n.[毒物]毒性; suicidality:自杀倾向;自杀行为;自杀想法与行为;
And two, they both increase levels of serotonin , which is a chemical signal in the brain, or a neurotransmitter . 第二, 他们都增加了血清素的指标 大脑中的一个化学信号, 或者神经传递组织。
serotonin:n.[生化]血清素;5-羟色胺(血管收缩素); chemical:n.化学制品,化学药品;adj.化学的; neurotransmitter:n.[生理]神经递质;[生理]神经传递素;
And those two things together, right, one or the two, may not have been that important, but the two together meant that we had to develop safer drugs, and that serotonin seemed like a pretty good place to start. 这两个副作用一起,对,第一个或者第二个 可能不是那么重要, 但是两者合并意味着我们必须开发更安全的药物 而且血清素似乎是个好的突破口。
So we developed drugs to more specifically focus on serotonin, the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors , so the SSRIs, the most famous of which is Prozac . 于是我们研制了专注于血清素的药物, 选择性5-羟色胺再摄取抑制剂, SSRIs, 最有名的就是Prozac。
specifically:adv.特别地;明确地; selective:adj.选择性的;有选择的;认真挑选的;严格筛选的; reuptake:n.再摄取;再吸收; inhibitors:n.[助剂]抑制剂;禁制因素,[化学]抑制因子;阻止剂(inhibitor的复数); Prozac:n.百忧解(一种治疗精神抑郁的药物);
And that was 30 years ago, and since then we have mostly just worked on optimizing those drugs. 那是30 年前, 从那时起我们致力于优化这些药物。
optimizing:n.[数]优化,最佳化;adj.最佳的;v.最佳化(optimize的现在分词);
And the SSRIs, they are better than the drugs that came before them, but they still have a lot of side effects, including weight gain, insomnia , and they take a really long time to work, something like four to six weeks in a lot of patients. SSRI类药物比以前的药物都好, 但是他们也还有副作用, 包括体重增加,失眠, 而且药效产生慢, 有些患者需要4到6个星期才见效。
insomnia:n.失眠症,失眠;
And that's in the patients where they do work. 这是在那些药物产生疗效的患者中。
There are a lot of patients where these drugs don't work. 也有许多患者对药物没有反应。
And that means now, in 2016, we still have no cures for any mood disorders, just drugs that suppress symptoms , which is kind of the difference between taking a painkiller for an infection versus an antibiotic . 也就是说,现在,在2016年, 我们依然没有治愈情绪障碍的药物, 只有抑制症状的药物, 就好像治疗感染的时候,止痛药和 抗菌素的区别。
symptoms:n.症状;征候;征兆;(symptom的复数) painkiller:n.止痛药; versus:prep.对;与...相对;对抗; antibiotic:adj.抗生的;抗菌的;n.抗生素,抗菌素;
A painkiller will make you feel better, but is not going to do anything to treat that underlying disease. 止痛药让你感觉好些, 但不能治愈引起痛症的病。
underlying:adj.根本的; v.构成…的基础; (underlie的现在分词)
And it was this flexibility in our thinking that let us recognize that iproniazid and imipramine could be repurposed in this way, which led us to the serotonin hypothesis, which we then, ironically , fixated on. 是我们思维的灵活性 让我们发现 了异丙嗪和丙咪嗪 可以用作其他用途, 引领我们走向血清素, 然后我们专注于
flexibility:n.灵活性;弹性;适应性; repurposed:vt.改换意图;重新目的化; ironically:adv.讽刺地;说反话地; fixated:adj.念念不忘的;稳固关系的;v.使固定下来;注视(fixate的过去分词);
This is brain signaling , serotonin, from an SSRI commercial . 大脑的信号,血清素 一种SSRI药物
signaling:n.发信号;打信号; commercial:adj.贸易的;商业的;赢利的;以获利为目的的;n.(电台或电视播放的)广告;
In case you're not clear, this is a dramatization . 如果你不清楚的话,这是图示。
dramatization:n.编剧;改编成戏剧;
And in science, we try and remove our bias, right, by running double-blinded experiments or being statistically agnostic as to what our results will be. 在科学领域,我们尽可能排除偏见,是吧？ 通过双盲试验 或者对我们的试验数据持中立的态度。
statistically:adv.统计地;统计学上; agnostic:n.不可知论者;adj.不可知论的;
But bias creeps in more insidiously in what we choose to study and how we choose to study it. 但是偏见却悄悄地渗入到我们研究的课题 以及我们选择的研究方法。
creeps:n.缺磷症;佝偻病;毛骨悚然的感觉;v.爬;蔓延(creep的第三人称单数形式); insidiously:adv.阴险地;隐伏地;暗中为害地;
What if it's not even the key part of it? 或者如果它根本不是抑郁的核心？
What if:如果…怎么办?
That means no matter how much time or money or effort we put into it, it will never lead to a cure. 那就意味着无论我们花多少时间 或是金钱,或是努力, 我们永远找不到治愈的办法。
In the past few years, doctors have discovered probably what is the first truly new antidepressant since the SSRIs, 在过去的几年,医生们发现了 自从SSRI以来的第一种新抗抑郁药
Calypsol, and this drug works very quickly, within a few hours or a day, and it doesn't work on serotonin. 而且这种药见效快,只需几个小时或者一天。 而且它不影响血清素。
But unlike those other drugs, which were recognized pretty quickly, it took us 20 years to realize that Calypsol was an antidepressant, despite the fact that it's actually a better antidepressant, probably, than those other drugs. 不像其他的药物, 很快就得到认同, 人们用了20 年 才意识到 Calypsol 是一种抗抑郁药物。 尽管事实上 它可能比其他的药物都更有效。
recognized:v.认识;认出;辨别出;承认;意识到;(recognize的过去分词和过去式) despite:prep.尽管,不管;n.轻视;憎恨;侮辱;
It's actually probably because of the fact that it's a better antidepressant that it was harder for us to recognize. 事实上有可能正因为它是一种更有效的抗抑郁药 所以才更难以被大家认识。
There was no mania to signal its effects. 没有狂躁来凸显它的副作用。
So in 2013, up at Columbia University, 所以在2013年, 在哥伦比亚大学,
I was working with my colleague , 我在和我的同事
colleague:n.同事,同僚;
Dr. Christine Ann Denny, and we were studying Calypsol as an antidepressant in mice. 我们在研究Calypsol作为抗抑郁药物在老鼠身上的反应。
And Calypsol has, like, a really short half-life , which means it's out of your body within a few hours. Calypsol的半衰期很短, 就是说它在几小时内就会被排出体外。
half-life:n.[核]半衰期;
And we were just piloting. 我们只是在试验,
So we would give an injection to mice, and then we'd wait a week, and then we'd run another experiment to save money. 所以我们会给老鼠注射 我们然后等一个星期, 然后我们为了省钱会再进行另一个试验。
injection:n.注射;大量资金的投入;(液体的)注入;
And one of the experiments I was running, we would stress the mice, and we used that as a model of depression. 在我的一个试验中, 我们会给老鼠们施加压力, 我们把这当作一个抑郁样本。
And at first it kind of just looked like it didn't really work at all. 起初看起来好像根本没什么作用
So we could have stopped there. 所以我们本应该停止。
But I have run this model of depression for years, and the data just looked kind of weird . 但是我做这个抑郁试验多年, 收集到的数据有些怪。
weird:adj.奇怪的;奇异的;离奇的;n.命运;宿命;命运女神;
It didn't really look right to me. 反正就是看起来不对。
So I went back, and we reanalyzed it based on whether or not they had gotten that one injection of Calypsol a week beforehand . 于是我回去, 重新分析 根据它们是否被注射 Calypsol 一星期前
whether or not:是否…; beforehand:adv.事先;预先;adj.提前的;预先准备好的;
And it looked kind of like this. 数据是这样的
So if you look at the far left, if you put a mouse in a new space, this is the box, it's very exciting, a mouse will walk around and explore , and you can see that pink line is actually the measure of them walking. 如果你看最左边, 如果你把一只老鼠放在一个新环境 这是那个盒子,它很兴奋, 老鼠会到处走来走去。 你看到的粉色线时它们走动的记录
explore:v.探索:探测:探险:
And we also give it another mouse in a pencil cup that it can decide to interact with. 我们还给它提供了另外一只装在笔盒里的老鼠 如果它愿意,可以和它交流。
interact:v.互相影响;互相作用;n.幕间剧;幕间休息;
This is also a dramatization, in case that's not clear. 这也是一个图示,让大家看得更清楚。
And a normal mouse will explore. 一个正常的老鼠会探索。
It will be social. 会社交。
Check out what's going on. 查看周围在发生什么。
If you stress a mouse in this depression model, which is the middle box, they aren't social, they don't explore. 如果你给老鼠压力,让它抑郁, 像中间的这个盒子, 它们不会社交,不会探索,
They mostly just kind of hide in that back corner, behind a cup. 多数时间它们会躲在杯子后面角落。
Yet the mice that had gotten that one injection of Calypsol, here on your right, they were exploring , they were social. 然而那些注射了一针Calypsol的老鼠 在右边 它们在探索,在交流。
exploring:v.探索:考察:探查;(explore的现在分词)
They looked like they had never been stressed at all, which is impossible. 它们看上去似乎从未被抑郁 不可思议。
So we could have just stopped there, but Christine had also used Calypsol before as anesthesia , and a few years ago she had seen that it seemed to have some weird effects on cells and some other behavior that also seemed to last long after the drug, maybe a few weeks. 我们本可以就此打住, 但是Christine曾经使用过Calypsol 做为麻醉药物, 几年前她曾经看到 它似乎对细胞有些奇怪的作用 而且一些其他行为 似乎在用药之后持续很久, 可能有几个星期。
anesthesia:n.麻醉;麻木(等于anaesthesia); last long:adj.持久;持续很久;持续很长时间;持续长时间;
So we were like, OK, maybe this is not completely impossible, but we were really skeptical . 于是我们觉得,好的, 也许这不是完全不可能。 但是我们也充满疑惑。
skeptical:adj.怀疑的;怀疑论的,不可知论的;
So we did what you do in science when you're not sure, and we ran it again. 于是我们做了在科学上当你疑惑的时候该做的事, 再次试验。
And I remember being in the animal room, moving mice from box to box to test them, and Christine was actually sitting on the floor with the computer in her lap so the mice couldn't see her, and she was analyzing the data in real time . 我记得在动物房 把老鼠从一个盒子放到另一个盒子来试验它们, Christine 就坐在地上, 腿上放着她的手提电脑, 这样老鼠就看不到她。 她在做实地数据分析。
analyzing:adj.分析的;v.分析(analyze的现在分词); real time:adj.实时的;接到指示立即执行的;
And I remember us yelling, which you're not supposed to do in an animal room where you're testing, because it had worked. 我记得我们大叫, （当然不应该在做测试的动物房这样做） 因为我们成功了。
supposed:adj.误信的;所谓的;v.认为;假设;设想;(suppose的过去分词和过去式)
It seemed like these mice were protected against stress, or they were inappropriately happy, however you want to call it. 似乎这些老鼠受到了能够对抗压力的保护, 或者说他们不适当地快乐,你怎么形容都好。
And we were really excited. 我们非常激动。
And then we were really skeptical, because it was too good to be true. 然后我们变得很疑惑因为这个结果好得令人难以置信。
So we ran it again. 于是我们又做了一次试验。
And then we ran it again in a PTSD model, and we ran it again in a physiological model, where all we did was give stress hormones . 我们又做了一次,不过是用 PTSD 模式 然后我们又做了一次心理试验模式 我们给他们压力荷尔蒙
physiological:adj.生理学的,生理的; hormones:n.[生理]激素;荷尔蒙;性激素;荷尔蒙制剂(hormone的复数);
And we had our undergrads run it. 我们让本科生做的实验
undergrads:n.大学肄业生;adj.大学生的(等于undergraduate);
And then we had our collaborators halfway across the world in France run it. 然后我们让在法国的合作者实验
collaborators:n.[劳经]合作者;投敌者(collaborator的复数);
And every time someone ran it, they confirmed the same thing. 每一次的试验都验证了同样的结果。
It seemed like this one injection of Calypsol was somehow protecting against stress for weeks. 似乎一剂 Calypsol 的注射 可以防止压力过量几个星期。
And we only published this a year ago, but since then other labs have independently confirmed this effect. 一年前我们发表了这个, 从那时起其他的实验室独立验证了这项效果
labs:n.实验室;实验大楼;(lab的复数) independently:adv.独立地;自立地;
So we don't know what causes depression, but we do know that stress is the initial trigger in 80 percent of cases, and depression and PTSD are different diseases , but this is something they share in common. 所以我们不知道抑郁的本源, 但是我们知道压力是诱因 百分之八十的个案中, 抑郁和创伤后应激障碍是不同的疾病, 但是他们有共性
initial:adj.最初的; n.(名字的)首字母; v.用姓名的首字母作标记(或签名)于; trigger:n.触发器; v.触发; diseases:n.[医]病(disease的复数);[医]疾病;[植保]病害;疾病种类;
Right? It is traumatic stress like active combat or natural disasters or community violence or sexual assault that causes post-traumatic stress disorder, and not everyone that is exposed to stress develops a mood disorder. 对吧？那就是强大的压力 就像剧烈的战斗或者自然灾害 或者社区暴力,性侵 都会引起创伤后应激障碍, 但是不是每个经历过刺激的人都会产生情绪障碍。
combat:v.战斗;防止;减轻;与…搏斗;n.战斗;搏斗;打仗; disasters:n.灾难(disaster的复数); community:n.社区;[生态]群落;共同体;团体; violence:n.暴力;侵犯;激烈;歪曲; sexual assault:性侵犯;性暴行; exposed:adj.无遮蔽的; v.暴露; (expose的过去分词和过去式)
And this ability to experience stress and be resilient and bounce back and not develop depression or PTSD is known as stress resilience , and it varies between people. 这种经历创伤但能恢复 而且不形成抑郁或创伤后应激障碍 就是我们说的抗压恢复能力。 这种能力每个人都不一样。
resilient:adj.弹回的,有弹力的; bounce:v.反弹;反射;(使)弹起;n.弹跳;跳动;弹性; resilience:n.恢复力;弹力;顺应力; varies:n.多重复合;v.使不同;改变;违背(vary的三单形式);
And we have always thought of it as just sort of this passive property. 我们一直以为它是一种负面因素
passive:adj.被动的,消极的;被动语态的;n.被动语态;
It's the absence of susceptibility factors and risk factors for these disorders. 是缺乏敏感因素 以及这些心理障碍的风险因素
absence:n.没有;缺乏;缺席;不注意; susceptibility:n.敏感性;感情;磁化系数; factors:n.因素(factor的复数); v.做代理商;
But what if it were active? 但是如果它是活性的,
Maybe we could enhance it, sort of akin to putting on armor . 也许我们可以加强它 好像给它戴上盔甲。
enhance:v.提高;增强;增进; akin:adj.类似的;同类的;同族的; armor:n.[军]装甲;盔甲;v.为…装甲;
We had accidentally discovered the first resilience-enhancing drug. 我们碰巧发现了第一种提高抗压力的药物。
accidentally:adv.意外地:偶然,偶然地;
And like I said, we only gave a tiny amount of the drug, and it lasted for weeks, and that's not like anything you see with antidepressants . 像我说的那样,我们只给了很小剂量的药物, 药效持续了几个星期, 这不是你所了解的抗抑郁药物。
antidepressants:n.[药]抗抑郁药(antidepressant的复数形式);抗忧郁剂;
But it is actually kind of similar to what you see in immune vaccines . 但是它却像是接种疫苗
immune:adj.免疫的;免于…的,免除的;n.免疫者;免除者; vaccines:n.[药][计]疫苗;
So in immune vaccines, you'll get your shots, and then weeks, months, years later, when you're actually exposed to bacteria, it's not the vaccine in your body that protects you. 如果你接种了疫苗, 那么几周,几个月,几年后, 当你接触细菌的时候 不是你身体里的疫苗在保护你,
It's your own immune system that's developed resistance and resilience to this bacteria that fights it off, and you actually never get the infection, which is very different from, say, our treatments . Right? 是你自身的免疫系统 已经产生了对这种细菌的抗体在对抗细菌 而你从未真正被感染过。 这和我们的治疗不同,是吧？
immune system:n.免疫系统; resistance:n.电阻;抵抗;阻力;抗力; treatments:n.治疗;疗法;对待;处理;讨论;(treatment的复数)
In that case, you get the infection, you're exposed to the bacteria, you're sick, and then you take, say, an antibiotic which cures it, and those drugs are actually working to kill the bacteria. 在那种情况下,你接种,接触细菌, 你生病,然后你吃抗生素来治疗 而那些药物实际上杀死了细菌
Or similar to as I said before, with this palliative , you'll take something that will suppress the symptoms, but it won't treat the underlying infection, 或者像我以前所说的,使用这种姑息治疗, 你服用药物掩盖病症, 而不能治愈引起病痛的源头
as I said:正如我所说的 palliative:n.辩解;缓和剂;暂时姑息的手段;adj.缓和的;掩饰的;可斟酌的;
and you'll only feel better during the time in which you're taking it, which is why you have to keep taking it. 在你用药的时候你觉得好些, 于是你不得不持续用药。
And in depression and PTSD — here we have your stress exposure — we only have palliative care. 对于抑郁和创伤后应激障碍 我们看到你的焦虑 我们只能保守治疗,
exposure:n.暴露;显露;揭露;面临;
Antidepressants only suppress symptoms, and that is why you basically have to keep taking them for the life of the disease, which is often the length of your own life. 抗抑郁药只能缓解症状, 所以你得不停地使用药物 在你整个患病阶段 通常会是你的一生。
basically:adv.主要地,基本上;
So we're calling our resilience-enhancing drugs "paravaccines," 所以我们把提升恢复能力的药叫做类疫苗
which means vaccine-like, because it seems like they might have the potential to protect against stress and prevent mice from developing depression and post-traumatic stress disorder. 意思是和疫苗相似 因为它似乎有 抗焦虑的潜质 防止老鼠患上 抑郁症和创伤后应激障碍症。
potential:n.潜能;可能性;[电]电势;adj.潜在的;可能的;势的; protect against:使免受;
Also, not all antidepressants are also paravaccines. 而且,不是所有的抗抑郁药物都是疫苗类的。
We tried Prozac as well, and that had no effect. 我们尝试过Prozac, 没有效果。
So if this were to translate into humans, we might be able to protect people who are predictably at risk against stress-induced disorders like depression and PTSD. 所以如果用于人类的话, 我们可能可以保护那些 高危人群 免受焦虑引起的心理疾病的困扰,比如抑郁症和创伤后应激障碍症。
translate:v.翻译;被翻译;被译成;(使)转变; predictably:adv.可预言地;
So that's first responders and firefighters , refugees , prisoners and prison guards, soldiers, you name it. 也就是第一反应者,消防员, 难民,罪犯,监管人员 士兵,等等。
responders:n.响应器;回答者;(responder的复数) firefighters:n.消防队员;(firefighter的复数) refugees:n.避难者;逃亡者;难民;(refugee的复数)
And to give you a sense of the scale of these diseases, in 2010, the global burden of disease was estimated at 2.5 trillion dollars, and since they are chronic, 让我们了解一下这些疾病的数据 在2010年,全球疾病负担 大约2.5万亿 由于它们是慢性病
scale:n.规模;比例;鳞;刻度;天平;数值范围;v.衡量;攀登;剥落;生水垢; global:adj.全球的;总体的;球形的; burden:n.负担;责任;船的载货量;v.使负担;烦扰;装货于; estimated:adj.估计的;预计的;估算的; trillion:n.[数]万亿;adj.万亿的;num.[数]万亿;
that cost is compounding and is therefore expected to rise up to six trillion dollars in just the next 15 years. 这个花销还要复加,所以预期会 在未来15 年内上升到6万亿元。
compounding:v.组合;混合(compound的ing形式);
As I mentioned before, repurposing can be challenging because of our prior biases . 我前面提到过 基于我们的偏见,发散思维具有挑战性
prior:adj.先前的; n.(小隐修院)院长; v.居先; biases:n.偏差,偏见(bias的复数形式);v.偏见(bias的三单形式);
Calypsol has another name, ketamine , which also goes by another name, Calypsol 有另一个名字 氯胺酮 也称作
ketamine:n.克他命,[药]氯胺酮(一种麻醉剂);
Special K, which is a club drug and drug of abuse . K 仔 是一种在夜总会可以见到的被滥用的药物。
abuse:n.滥用;虐待;辱骂;弊端;恶习,陋习;v.滥用;虐待;辱骂;
It's still used across the world as an anesthetic . 它还在全世界被用作麻醉剂。
anesthetic:adj.麻醉的;感觉缺失的;n.麻醉剂,麻药;
It's used in children. We use it on the battlefield . 它被用于儿童。我们在战场使用。
battlefield:n.战场;沙场;斗争的领域;容易引发冲突的情况
It's actually the drug of choice in a lot of developing nations, because it doesn't affect breathing. 在很多国家属于非处方药物 因为它不会影响呼吸。
It is on the World Health Organization list of most essential medicines. 在世界卫生组织被列为必要药物。
Organization:n.组织;机构;体制;团体; essential:n.要点;要素;实质;必需品;adj.完全必要的;必不可少的;极其重要的;本质的;
If we had discovered ketamine as a paravaccine first, it'd be pretty easy for us to develop it, but as is, we have to compete with our functional fixedness and mental set that kind of interfere. 如果我们早些发现氯胺酮可以用作疫苗 那我们就可以把他研发成疫苗 可是,我们不得不对抗我们的功能固定性 以及教条思维
compete:v.竞争;对抗;参加比赛(或竞赛);
Fortunately, it's not the only compound we have discovered that has these prophylactic , paravaccine qualities, but all of the other drugs we've discovered, or compounds if you will, they're totally new, 幸运的是,这不是我们发现的唯一 具有疫苗潜质的药物。 但是所有其他我们发现的药物 都很新
prophylactic:n.[药]预防药;预防法;避孕用具;adj.预防疾病的; compounds:n.混合物,化合物;大院(compound的复数形式);
they have to go through the entire FDA approval process — if they make it before they can ever be used in humans. 它们不得不通过整个药物与食品审批过程 在他们可以在人身上使用之前
approval:n.批准;认可;赞成; process:v.处理;加工;列队行进;n.过程,进行;方法,adj.经过特殊加工(或处理)的;
And that will be years. 我们得等许多年。
So if we wanted something sooner, ketamine is already FDA-approved. 所以如果我们早些 氯胺酮已经通过了审批
It's generic , it's available. 它是通用的,可用的。
generic:adj.类的;一般的;属的;非商标的;
We could develop it for a fraction of the price and a fraction of the time. 我们可以在很短的时间用很便宜的价格开发研制
fraction:n.分数;小部分;小数;少量;
But actually, beyond functional fixedness and mental set, there's a real other challenge to repurposing drugs, which is policy . 可是实际上,除了固定思维和教条, 还有另一个挑战 就是制度。
policy:n.政策,方针;保险单;
There are no incentives in place once a drug is generic and off patent and no longer exclusive to encourage pharma companies to develop them, because they don't make money. 没有奖励制度 只要一种药物是通用药物而且没有专利,不再为一家所有 来鼓励药厂研发产品, 因为没钱可赚。
incentives:n.激励;奖励;诱因(incentive的复数形式);奖励措施; patent:vt.授予专利; adj.专利的; n.专利权; exclusive:adj.独有的;排外的;专一的;n.独家新闻;独家经营的项目;排外者; pharma:n.制药公司;
And that's not true for just ketamine. That is true for all drugs. 这不仅仅针对氯胺酮,所有的药都一样。
Regardless , the idea itself is completely novel in psychiatry , to use drugs to prevent mental illness as opposed to just treat it. 无论怎样,在精神病领域这个 使用药物防止精神病 而不是相反地去治疗是一个新奇的想法。
Regardless:adj.不管的; v.不顾后果地; novel:adj.新奇的;异常的;n.小说; psychiatry:n.精神病学;精神病治疗法; opposed:adj.强烈反对; v.反对(计划、政策等); (oppose的过去分词和过去式)
It is possible that 20, 50, 100 years from now, we will look back now at depression and PTSD the way we look back at tuberculosis sanitoriums as a thing of the past. 也许20, 50, 100 年后, 我们会回头看抑郁症和创伤后应激障碍症, 就像我们现在回头看肺结核和疗养院 一样
This could be the beginning of the end of the mental health epidemic. 这有可能是结束精神病泛滥的开始。
But as a great scientist once said, "Only a fool is sure of anything. 有位伟大的科学家曾说过 只要傻子才确知一切。
A wise man keeps on guessing." 聪明人总是不断猜想。
Thank you, guys. 谢谢你们！
(Applause) （掌声）