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ReadMontague_2012G-_我们从5000个大脑中学到了什么_
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| Other people. Everyone is interested in other people. |
每个人都对其他人感兴趣 |
| Everyone has relationships with other people, and they're interested in these relationships for a variety of reasons. |
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variety:n.多样;种类;杂耍;变化,多样化;
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| Good relationships, bad relationships, annoying relationships, agnostic relationships, and what I'm going to do is focus on the central piece of an interaction that goes on in a relationship. |
好的关系,坏的关系 令人讨厌的关系,未知的关系等等 我今天演讲的重点 |
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annoying:adj.烦人的;使生气的;使烦恼的;v.使生气;打扰;骚扰;(annoy的现在分词) agnostic:n.不可知论者;adj.不可知论的; interaction:n.[计]交互,相互作用;相互交流;干扰;
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| So I'm going to take as inspiration the fact that we're all interested in interacting with other people, |
与他人互动感兴趣” 这个事实出发, |
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interacting:v.交流;沟通;合作;相互影响;(interact的现在分词)
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| I'm going to completely strip it of all its complicating features, and I'm going to turn that object, that simplified object, into a scientific probe , and provide the early stages, embryonic stages of new insights into what happens in two brains while they simultaneously interact. |
摒弃这个事实的复杂的特点 将其进行简化,然后把这个事实当作 研究成果,试着从一个新的方面来阐释 |
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strip:n.带; v.夺; adj.脱衣舞的; complicating:v.使复杂化;(complicate的现在分词) simplified:v.简化; (simplify的过去式) scientific:adj.科学的,系统的; probe:n.探针;调查;vi.调查;探测;vt.探查;用探针探测; embryonic:adj.[胚]胚胎的;似胚胎的; insights:n.洞察力;眼力;深刻见解(insight的复数); simultaneously:adv.同时地;
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| But before I do that, let me tell you a couple of things that made this possible. |
不过在此之前,我还要先介绍几种技术 是这些技术让此研究成为可能。 |
| The first is we can now eavesdrop safely on healthy brain activity. |
第一,我们现在已经可以 |
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eavesdrop:n.屋檐上流下来的水;vi.偷听,窃听;
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| Without needles and radioactivity , without any kind of clinical reason, we can go down the street and record from your friends' and neighbors' brains while they do a variety of cognitive tasks, and we use a method called functional magnetic resonance imaging . |
不需要进行注射或者放射检查 记录在你朋友或邻居在进行各类认知活动时 大脑的活动, |
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needles:n.针数,千针本;[印刷]折页顶针(needle复数形式); radioactivity:n.放射性;[核]放射能力;[核]放射现象; clinical:adj.临床的;诊所的; cognitive:adj.认知的,认识的; functional:adj.功能的; magnetic:adj.像磁铁的;有磁性的;磁的;富有吸引力的; resonance:n.[力]共振;共鸣;反响; imaging:n.[物]成像;造像;v.反映;想像;作…的像;象征;(image的现在分词形式)
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| You've probably all read about it or heard about in some incarnation . Let me give you a two-sentence version of it. |
你们可能已经听过或者读过不同版本的功能性磁振造影 |
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incarnation:n.化身;道成肉身;典型;
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| So we've all heard of MRIs. MRIs use magnetic fields and radio waves and they take snapshots of your brain or your knee or your stomach, grayscale images that are frozen in time. |
MRIs利用磁场和无线电波来给你的大脑, 或膝盖,胃等“拍照” |
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snapshots:n.[摄]快照(snapshot的复数);v.拍快照(snapshot的三单形式); grayscale:灰度;灰度图;灰度级;灰度模式; images:n.印象;声誉;形象;画像;雕像;(image的第三人称单数和复数)
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| In the 1990s, it was discovered you could use the same machines in a different mode, and in that mode, you could make microscopic blood flow movies from hundreds of thousands of sites independently in the brain. |
可以在不同模式下运用MRIs 成千上百个小区域中任何一个的微观血液流动 |
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microscopic:adj.微观的;用显微镜可见的; sites:n.网站(site的复数);遗址,举办地点;v.使...位于(site的单三形式); independently:adv.独立地;自立地;
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| Okay, so what? In fact, the so what is, in the brain, changes in neural activity, the things that make your brain work, the things that make your software work in your brain, are tightly correlated with changes in blood flow. |
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neural:adj.神经的;神经系统的;背的;神经中枢的; tightly:adv.紧紧地;坚固地; correlated:v.相互关联影响;相互依赖;(correlate的过去式和过去分词)
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| You make a blood flow movie, you have an independent proxy of brain activity. |
如果你能够纪录血流的变化 |
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proxy:n.代理人;委托书;代用品;
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| This has literally revolutionized cognitive science. |
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literally:adv.按字面:字面上:确实地: revolutionized:adj.革命化的;被彻底改革的;v.彻底改革(revolutionize的过去式);
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| Take any cognitive domain you want, memory, motor planning, thinking about your mother-in-law , getting angry at people, emotional response , it goes on and on , put people into functional MRI devices , and image how these kinds of variables map onto brain activity. |
对人生气,情绪反映等等 把受试者放到磁共振成像仪下, 我们就能对不同脑部的活动进行成像 |
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domain:n.领域;域名;产业;地产; mother-in-law:n.岳母;婆母; emotional:adj.情绪的;易激动的;感动人的; response:n.响应;反应;回答; on and on:继续不停地; devices:n.[机][计]设备;[机]装置;[电子]器件(device的复数); variables:n.[数]变量;
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| It's in its early stages, and it's crude by some measures, but in fact, 20 years ago, we were at nothing. |
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crude:adj.粗略的;简略的;大概的;粗糙的;n.原油;石油;
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| You couldn't do people like this. You couldn't do healthy people. |
我们还不可能拿健康的人来这样研究 |
| That's caused a literal revolution, and it's opened us up to a new experimental preparation. Neurobiologists , as you well know, have lots of experimental preps , worms and rodents and fruit flies and things like this. |
像蠕虫,啮齿类动物,果蝇等等 |
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experimental:adj.实验的;根据实验的;试验性的; Neurobiologists:神经生物学家; preps:v.预备; n.准备功课; worms:n.蠕虫;寄生虫;幼虫;v.蠕动,曲折行进;(worm的第三人称单数和复数) rodents:n.啮齿动物,啮齿类;
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| And now, we have a new experimental prep: human beings. |
现在,我们可以研究人类了 |
| We can now use human beings to study and model the software in human beings, and we have a few burgeoning biological measures. |
我们可以研究人类并建造 人类思维模型,同时 |
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burgeoning:adj.迅速发展的;v.激增;迅速发展;(burgeon的现在分词) biological:adj.生物学的;生物的;与生命过程有关的;加酶的;n.[药]生物制品;
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| Okay, let me give you one example of the kinds of experiments that people do, and it's in the area of what you'd call valuation . |
有这么一个概念:评价 |
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valuation:n.评价,估价;计算;
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| Valuation is just what you think it is, you know? |
简单来说就是你觉得某种东西怎么样 |
| If you went and you were valuing two companies against one another, you'd want to know which was more valuable . |
如果要你对两家公司进行对比评价 你肯定会想了解哪一家公司更有价值 |
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valuable:adj.有价值的;贵重的;可估价的;n.贵重物品;
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| Cultures discovered the key feature of valuation thousands of years ago. |
早在几千年前,人们就发觉了评价的关键特点 |
| If you want to compare oranges to windshields , what do you do? |
如果你要比较橙子和挡风玻璃,你会怎么做？ |
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compare:v.比较;对比;n.比较; windshields:n.[车辆]挡风玻璃(windshield的复数形式);
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| Well, you can't compare oranges to windshields. |
当然,你不能直接比较这两者 |
| They're immiscible. They don't mix with one another. |
它们没有交集,没有可比性 |
| So instead, you convert them to a common currency scale, put them on that scale, and value them accordingly . |
所以,你得将它们转换成一个共同的中间标准 |
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convert:v.转换; n.改变宗教(或信仰、观点)的人; currency:n.货币;通货; accordingly:adv.因此,于是;相应地;照著;
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| Well, your brain has to do something just like that as well, and we're now beginning to understand and identify brain systems involved in valuation, and one of them includes a neurotransmitter system whose cells are located in your brainstem and deliver the chemical dopamine to the rest of your brain. |
你的大脑做的就是一些这样的工作 现在,我们开始了解并且识别 与“评价”有关的大脑系统 其细胞位于脑干 并且向大脑的其他部位传递多巴胺 |
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identify:v.识别:鉴定:确认:发现: involved:adj.有关的; v.涉及; (involve的过去式和过去分词) neurotransmitter:n.[生理]神经递质;[生理]神经传递素; located:adj.位于; v.确定…的准确地点; (locate的过去分词和过去式) brainstem:n.[解剖]脑干; chemical:n.化学制品,化学药品;adj.化学的; dopamine:n.[生化]多巴胺(一种治脑神经病的药物);
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| I won't go through the details of it, but that's an important discovery, and we know a good bit about that now, and it's just a small piece of it, but it's important because |
我不会赘述细节,你只需要知道这是个 但这也只是其中很小的一部分,但它相当重要 |
| those are the neurons that you would lose if you had Parkinson's disease, and they're also the neurons that are hijacked by literally every drug of abuse , and that makes sense. |
几乎所有毒品所危害的对象 |
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hijacked:劫持;强行控制; abuse:n.滥用;虐待;辱骂;弊端;恶习,陋习;v.滥用;虐待;辱骂;
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| Drugs of abuse would come in, and they would change the way you value the world. They change the way you value the symbols associated with your drug of choice, and they make you value that over everything else. |
毒品会改变 从而使你觉得毒品比任何其他东西都重要。 |
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symbols:n.符号;象征;标志;符号表(symbol的复数); associated:adj.有关联的; v.联想; (associate的过去分词和过去式)
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| Here's the key feature though. These neurons are also involved in the way you can assign value to literally abstract ideas, and I put some symbols up here that we assign value to for various reasons. |
关键的是,这些神经元与 你怎样赋予抽象概念特定价值有关 这里有一些符号,我们会因为不同的原因 |
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in the way:妨碍;挡道; assign:v.指定;指派;转让;分派;n.[法]受让人; abstract:n.摘要; adj.抽象的; vt.摘要; vi.做摘要;
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| We have a behavioral superpower in our brain, and it at least in part involves dopamine. |
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behavioral:adj.行为的; superpower:n.超级大国;超级强权; involves:v.包含;需要;牵涉;牵连;影响;(使)参加,加入(involve的第三人称单数)
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| We can deny every instinct we have for survival for an idea, for a mere idea. No other species can do that. |
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deny:v.否定,否认;拒绝给予;拒绝…的要求; instinct:n.本能;天性;直觉;adj.充满的; survival:n.幸存,残存;幸存者,残存物; mere:adj.仅仅的;只不过的;n.小湖;池塘; species:n.[生物]物种;种类;
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| In 1997, the cult Heaven's Gate committed mass suicide predicated on the idea that there was a spaceship hiding in the tail of the then-visible comet Hale-Bopp waiting to take them to the next level. It was an incredibly tragic event. |
因为他们相信在 |
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cult:n.崇拜; adj.受特定群体欢迎的; committed:adj.坚信的; v.做出错事; (commit的过去分词和过去式) mass:n.块,团; adj.群众的,民众的; v.聚集起来,聚集; suicide:n.自杀;自杀行为;自杀者;adj.自杀的;v.自杀;vi.自杀; predicated:adj.断言的,断定的;v.断言;断定(predicate的过去式); comet:n.[天]彗星; incredibly:adv.难以置信地;非常地; tragic:adj.悲剧的;悲痛的,不幸的;
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| More than two thirds of them had college degrees. |
超过2/3的自杀者有大学学位。 |
| But the point here is they were able to deny their instincts for survival using exactly the same systems that were put there to make them survive. That's a lot of control, okay? |
这件事情告诉我们的重点是,他们可以用让自己生存了 这么多年的系统来否定自己的生存本能。 |
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instincts:n.本能;天性;直觉;(instinct的复数)
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| One thing that I've left out of this narrative is the obvious thing, which is the focus of the rest of my little talk, and that is other people. |
我在这个例子里遗漏了一点 而这正是接下来我演讲的重点, |
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narrative:n.叙述;故事;讲述;adj.叙事的,叙述的;叙事体的; obvious:adj.明显的;显著的;平淡无奇的;
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| These same valuation systems are redeployed when we're valuing interactions with other people. |
当我们评价与他人的互动时, |
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redeployed:v.调配;重新部署;(redeploy的过去式和过去分词) interactions:n.[计]交互,相互作用;相互交流;干扰;(interaction复数)
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| So this same dopamine system that gets addicted to drugs, that makes you freeze when you get Parkinson's disease, that contributes to various forms of psychosis , |
于是,这个可以让人吸毒成瘾的多巴胺系统, 同时也可以引起多种形式精神疾病的系统, |
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addicted:adj.上瘾的;上瘾;成瘾;有瘾;入迷; contributes:[图情]投稿;[经]捐助;[经]捐献(contribute的第三人称单数); psychosis:n.精神病;精神错乱;
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| is also redeployed to value interactions with other people and to assign value to gestures that you do when you're interacting with somebody else. |
赋予特定的意义。 |
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gestures:n.手势; v.做手势; (gesture的第三人称单数和复数)
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| Let me give you an example of this. |
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| You bring to the table such enormous processing power in this domain that you hardly even notice it. |
的巨大的分析处理能力。 |
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enormous:adj.庞大的,巨大的;凶暴的,极恶的; processing:v.加工;处理;审核;数据处理;v.列队行进;缓缓前进;(process的现在分词)
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| Let me just give you a few examples. So here's a baby. |
这里有一些图片:第一张是个婴儿 |
| She's three months old. She still poops in her diapers and she can't do calculus . |
她才三个月大,仍然整天包着尿布,当然也不会计算。 |
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poops:n.船尾;傻子;内幕消息;vt.使精疲力尽;使船尾受击;vi.疲乏;排便; diapers:n.(婴儿的)尿布,尿片;(diaper的复数) calculus:n.[病理]结石;微积分学;
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| She's related to me. Somebody will be very glad that she's up here on the screen. |
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| You can cover up one of her eyes, and you can still read something in the other eye, and I see sort of curiosity in one eye, I see maybe a little bit of surprise in the other. |
当你蒙住她的一只眼睛,你仍然可以 看到了好奇,另一只里则好像是一些惊奇 |
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curiosity:n.好奇,好奇心;珍品,古董,古玩;
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| Here's a couple. They're sharing a moment together, and we've even done an experiment where you can cut out different pieces of this frame and you can still see that they're sharing it. They're sharing it sort of in parallel . |
这是一对情侣,他们正在分享美好的时刻 我们做了个实验,从这张照片里 |
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frame:n.框架; v.设计; adj.有木架的; parallel:adj.平行的; v.与…相似; n.极其相似的人(或情况、事件等);
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| Now, the elements of the scene also communicate this to us, but you can read it straight off their faces, and if you compare their faces to normal faces, it would be a very subtle cue . |
但从他们脸上我们可以更直接地读出来, 如果你把这两张脸和一般的脸做对比,你会发现,那些（能告诉他们在互动的）信息并不很明显 |
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elements:n.要素;基本部分;少量;一群;(element的复数) straight off:立即;马上; subtle:adj.微妙的;精细的;敏感的;狡猾的;稀薄的; cue:n.暗示;提示;信号;(戏剧的)提示;v.给(某人)暗示(或提示);
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| Here's another couple. He's projecting out at us, and she's clearly projecting, you know, love and admiration at him. |
这是另一对情侣,男的表情是看着我们的, |
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admiration:n.钦佩;赞赏;羡慕;赞美;
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| Here's another couple. (Laughter) |
这里还有一对（笑声）。 |
| And I'm thinking I'm not seeing love and admiration on the left. (Laughter) |
我从左边这位的脸上可没看出什么爱慕之情（笑声）。 |
| In fact, I know this is his sister, and you can just see him saying, "Okay, we're doing this for the camera, and then afterwards you steal my candy and you punch me in the face." (Laughter) |
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punch:n.冲床; v.拳打; (用打孔器等)打孔;
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| He'll kill me for showing that. |
我把这张照片放上来,他一定很想杀了我。 |
| All right, so what does this mean? |
好,这又说明了什么呢？ |
| It means we bring an enormous amount of processing power to the problem. |
这意味着我们拥有巨大的处理分析问题的能力, |
| It engages deep systems in our brain, in dopaminergic systems that are there to make you chase sex, food and salt. |
正是同样的这个多巴胺能系统让我们追求异性,食物和盐。 |
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engages:从事; dopaminergic:adj.多巴胺能的;
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| They keep you alive. It gives them the pie, it gives that kind of a behavioral punch which we've called a superpower. |
使我们生存下去。它给我们像食物一样的 |
| So how can we take that and arrange a kind of staged social interaction and turn that into a scientific probe? |
那么我们应该如何用这些已知的,来安排特定的 社交互动,然后把这个互动变成“科学探测器”？ |
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arrange:v.安排;排列;整理;
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| And the short answer is games. |
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| Economic games. So what we do is we go into two areas. |
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Economic:adj.经济的,经济上的;经济学的;
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| One area is called experimental economics. The other area is called behavioral economics. |
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| And we steal their games. And we contrive them to our own purposes. |
我们要借用它的博弈,来为我们的研究服务 |
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contrive:vt.设计;发明;图谋;vi.谋划;设法做到;
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| So this shows you one particular game called an ultimatum game. |
这张图片显示的是博弈的一种,叫做”最后通牒“。 |
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ultimatum:n.最后通牒;
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| Red person is given a hundred dollars and can offer a split to blue. Let's say red wants to keep 70, and offers blue 30. So he offers a 70-30 split with blue. |
假设小红人想留下70美元, 给小蓝人30, 也就是七三分。 |
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split:v.分离;使分离;劈开;离开;分解;n.劈开;裂缝;adj.劈开的;
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| Control passes to blue, and blue says, "I accept it," |
现在决定权给了小蓝人,他可以说 |
| in which case he'd get the money, or blue says, "I reject it," in which case no one gets anything. Okay? |
但如果他说“我不接受”,两个人都得不到钱。 |
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reject:v.排斥;拒收;拒绝接受;不予考虑;n.废品;次品;不合格者;被剔除者;
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| So a rational choice economist would say, well, you should take all non-zero offers. |
经济学家认为,理性选择的话 |
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rational:n.理性;人类;合理的事物;[数]有理数;adj.合理的;理性的;明智的;理智的; non-zero:adj.非零;
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| What do people do? People are indifferent at an 80-20 split. |
但人们通常会怎么做呢？对于八二分成,人们的选择没有明显的倾向, |
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indifferent:adj.漠不关心的;无关紧要的;中性的,中立的;
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| At 80-20, it's a coin flip whether you accept that or not. |
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flip:n.浏览;空翻;轻抛;捻掷;v.迅速翻动;按(开关);按(按钮);开(或关)(机器等);
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| Why is that? You know, because you're pissed off. |
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pissed:adj.烂醉的;怒冲冲的;v.撒尿;(piss的过去分词和过去式)
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| You're mad. That's an unfair offer, and you know what an unfair offer is. |
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| This is the kind of game done by my lab and many around the world. |
我们在实验室里用这样的博弈世界上还有许多其他学者也用它 |
| That just gives you an example of the kind of thing that these games probe. The interesting thing is, these games require that you have a lot of cognitive apparatus on line. |
这个例子告诉你,用这类博弈可以探测到的东西。 有趣的是,这样的博弈实验 |
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apparatus:n.装置,设备;仪器;器官;
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| You have to be able to come to the table with a proper model of another person. |
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| You have to be able to remember what you've done. |
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| You have to stand up in the moment to do that. |
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| Then you have to update your model based on the signals coming back, and you have to do something that is interesting, which is you have to do a kind of depth of thought assay . |
有趣的是 你还得进行非常深入地思考, |
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update:vt.使现代化;更新;n.现代化;更新的信息; assay:n.化验;试验;vt.分析;化验;尝试;vi.鉴定;经检验证明内含成分;
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| That is, you have to decide what that other person expects of you. |
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| You have to send signals to manage your image in their mind. |
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| Like a job interview . You sit across the desk from somebody, they have some prior image of you, you send signals across the desk to move their image of you from one place to a place where you want it to be. |
就好像工作面试,你和招聘官隔桌而坐, 你则发出信号,将你在他们眼中的形象 |
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interview:n.接见,采访;面试,面谈;v.采访;接见;对…进行面谈; prior:adj.先前的; n.(小隐修院)院长; v.居先;
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| We're so good at this we don't really even notice it. |
我们其实很擅长这个,以至于自己都没有意识到。 |
| These kinds of probes exploit it. Okay? |
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probes:n.探索; v.探查; exploit:v.利用…为自己谋利;剥削;压榨;运用;发挥;
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| In doing this, what we've discovered is that humans are literal canaries in social exchanges. |
我们发现,在社交活动中 人类就好像金丝雀。 |
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canaries:n.[鸟]金丝雀(canary的复数);特高频噪声;
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| Canaries used to be used as kind of biosensors in mines. |
过去,人们在煤矿里将金丝雀作为生物感应器 |
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biosensors:n.[生理][生物]生物传感器(biosensor的复数);
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| When methane built up, or carbon dioxide built up, or oxygen was diminished , the birds would swoon before people would -- so it acted as an early warning system: |
当甲烷或二氧化碳含量过高, 就好像一种预警系统: |
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methane:n.[有化]甲烷;[能源]沼气; carbon dioxide:二氧化碳; diminished:adj.减少的; v.减少; (diminish的过去式和过去分词) swoon:v.痴迷;对(某人)神魂颠倒;昏倒;n.昏厥;神魂颠倒; early warning:adj.预先警报的,预警的;远程警戒的;
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| Hey, get out of the mine. Things aren't going so well. |
“伙计,快点出矿去,有什么不太对劲。” |
| People come to the table, and even these very blunt , staged social interactions, and they, and there's just numbers going back and forth between the people, and they bring enormous sensitivities to it. |
人们进行互动时,即使是非常简单直接的, 特定安排的社交活动, 交流的只是数字, 人们也可以给予这样的交流无数敏感的内涵 |
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blunt:adj.钝的,不锋利的;生硬的;直率的;v.使迟钝; back and forth:前后移动的,来回的,反复的; sensitivities:n.敏感;敏感性(sensitivity的复数);
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| So we realized we could exploit this, and in fact, as we've done that, and we've done this now in many thousands of people, I think on the order of five or six thousand. We actually, to make this a biological probe, need bigger numbers than that, remarkably so. But anyway, patterns have emerged , and we've been able to take |
所以我们意识到,我们可以从这个方面着手研究 事实上,现在我们已经对 我们还需要更多的人数。 我们已经发现了规律 |
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remarkably:adv.非常;极为;格外;出乎意料地 emerged:v.(从隐蔽处或暗处)出现;暴露;露出真相;显现;(emerge的过去分词和过去式)
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| those patterns, convert them into mathematical models, and use those mathematical models to gain new insights into these exchanges. Okay, so what? |
然后再利用这些模型来获得对（人们间）信息交流新的发现 好的,这又意味着什么？ |
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mathematical:adj.数学的,数学上的;精确的;
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| Well, the so what is, that's a really nice behavioral measure, the economic games bring to us notions of optimal play. |
这意味着这是一个非常好的行为度量衡, |
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notions:n.观念(notion的复数);小商品; optimal:adj.最佳的;最理想的;
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| We can compute that during the game. |
我们可以计算在博弈中的最优策略。 |
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compute:vt.计算;估算;用计算机计算;vi.计算;估算;推断;n.计算;估计;推断;
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| And we can use that to sort of carve up the behavior. |
并以此来划分行为。 |
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carve:vt.雕刻;切开;开创;vi.切开;做雕刻工作;
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| Here's the cool thing. Six or seven years ago, we developed a team. It was at the time in Houston , Texas. |
六七年前, |
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Houston:n.休斯顿(美国得克萨斯州港市);
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| It's now in Virginia and London. And we built software that'll link functional magnetic resonance imaging devices up over the Internet. I guess we've done up to six machines at a time, but let's just focus on two. |
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Virginia:adj.弗吉尼亚州的;
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| So it synchronizes machines anywhere in the world. |
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synchronizes:v.同时化; (synchronize的第三人称单数);
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| We synchronize the machines, set them into these staged social interactions, and we eavesdrop on both of the interacting brains. So for the first time, |
我们先同步两台仪器,并让受测者进行上述 |
| we don't have to look at just averages over single individuals , or have individuals playing computers, or try to make inferences that way. We can study in dividual d yads. |
我们不需要看平均数据, 或者让个体操作电脑, 或者是试着用电脑干扰。我们可以研究每两个互动的个体。 |
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individuals:n.[经]个人;[生物]个体(individual的复数);
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| We can study the way that one person interacts with another person, turn the numbers up, and start to gain new insights into the boundaries of normal cognition , but more importantly, we can put people with |
可以研究人与人之间互动的方式, 如果继续扩大样本数,我们会开始 |
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interacts:vi.互动;相互作用(interact的三单形式);交互; boundaries:n.边界;分界线;(boundary的复数) cognition:n.认识;知识;认识能力;
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| classically defined mental illnesses, or brain damage , into these social interactions, and use these as probes of that. |
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classically:adv.拟古地;古典主义地; defined:adj.有定义的,确定的; v.使明确; brain damage:n.(疾病、事故导致的)脑损伤;
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| So we've started this effort. We've made a few hits, a few, I think, embryonic discoveries. |
我们也已经开始了这样的研究。 |
| We think there's a future to this. But it's our way of going in and redefining , with a new lexicon , a mathematical one actually, as opposed to the standard ways that we think about mental illness, characterizing these diseases , by using the people |
但我们需要用新的数学词汇来进行 重新定义,改变传统上对 精神疾病的看法, 并发现这些疾病的特质,用人来做这些疾病“探测器”, |
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redefining:v.改变…的本质(或界限);重新定义;使重新考虑;(redefine的现在分词) lexicon:n.词典,辞典; opposed:adj.强烈反对; v.反对(计划、政策等); (oppose的过去分词和过去式) standard:n.标准;水准;旗;度量衡标准;adj.标准的;合规格的;公认为优秀的; characterizing:vt.描绘…的特性;具有…的特征;vi.塑造人物; diseases:n.[医]病(disease的复数);[医]疾病;[植保]病害;疾病种类;
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| as birds in the exchanges. That is, we exploit the fact that the healthy partner, playing somebody with major depression , or playing somebody with autism spectrum disorder , |
就像“报警的金丝雀”一样。我们让健康的同伴 |
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depression:n.沮丧;洼地;不景气;忧愁; autism:n.[心理][内科]孤独症;自我中心主义; spectrum:n.光谱;频谱;范围;余象; disorder:n.混乱;骚乱;vt.使失调;扰乱;
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| or playing somebody with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, we use that as a kind of biosensor, and then we use computer programs to model that person, and it gives us a kind of assay of this. |
或者多动症患者,进行互动 将他们的互动作为“生物感应器”,然后 利用电脑程序给受试者建立模型...... 像这样的试验。 |
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deficit:n.赤字;逆差;亏损;不足额; hyperactivity:n.极度活跃;活动过度;
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| Early days , and we're just beginning, we're setting up sites around the world. Here are a few of our collaborating sites. |
早些时候我们还在起步阶段,我们在世界各地都建立了实验点。 |
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Early days:初期;为时尚早;前期; collaborating:v.合作;协作;通敌;勾结敌人;(collaborate的现在分词)
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| The hub , ironically enough, is centered in little Roanoke , Virginia. |
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hub:n.中心;毂;木片; ironically:adv.讽刺地;说反话地; Roanoke:n.罗诺克(美国弗吉尼亚州城镇名);
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| There's another hub in London, now, and the rest are getting set up. We hope to give the data away at some stage. That's a complicated issue about making it available to the rest of the world. |
所有人都能使用这些数据,是个很复杂的问题。 |
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complicated:adj.复杂的;难懂的;v.使复杂化;(complicate的过去分词和过去式) issue:n.重要议题;争论的问题;v.宣布;公布;发出;发行;
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| But we're also studying just a small part of what makes us interesting as human beings, and so |
人类本身是如此的有趣, |
| I would invite other people who are interested in this to ask us for the software, or even for guidance on how to move forward with that. |
向我们索要软件, 或是如何利用这些软件进行研究的指导。 |
| Let me leave you with one thought in closing. |
现在,让我提出一个想法作为结束, |
| The interesting thing about studying cognition has been that we've been limited , in a way. |
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limited:adj.有限的; n.高级快车; v.限制; (limit的过去分词和过去式)
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| We just haven't had the tools to look at interacting brains simultaneously. |
我们现在还没有可以即时呈现脑部运动 |
| The fact is, though, that even when we're alone, we're a profoundly social creature . We're not a solitary mind built out of properties that kept it alive in the world independent of other people. In fact, our minds |
事实上,即使我们独处的时候, 而存在于这个世界上的。事实上, |
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profoundly:adv.深刻地;深深地;极度地; creature:n.生物;动物;(具有某种特征的)人; solitary:adj.孤独的;独居的;n.独居者;隐士; independent of:不依赖…的;不受…支配的;
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| depend on other people. They depend on other people, and they're expressed in other people, so the notion of who you are, you often don't know who you are until you see yourself in interaction with people |
你在没有与其他人互动之前,通常是没有答案的 |
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expressed:v.表示;表达;显而易见;不言自明;(express的过去分词和过去式)
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| that are close to you, people that are enemies of you, people that are agnostic to you. |
这些人可以是与你亲近的人,你的敌人 或其他看似不相关的人。 |
| So this is the first sort of step into using that insight into what makes us human beings, turning it into a tool, and trying to gain new insights into mental illness. |
以上就是我们对“什么让我们成为人类”这一问题 希望能在精神疾病方面取得新突破 |
| Thanks for having me. (Applause) |
谢谢大家（鼓掌） |
| (Applause) |
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