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RaymondWang_2015Y-_病菌是如何在飞机上传播的——以及我们要如何阻止这种传播_
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| Can I get a show of hands -- how many of you in this room have been on a plane in this past year? |
可不可以请大家举一下手—— 这里有多少人在过去一年中搭乘过飞机？ |
| That's pretty good. |
看起来很多啊。 |
| Well, it turns out that you share that experience with more than three billion people every year. |
那么,事实证明你每年会与 超过30亿人共享飞行的经历。 |
| And when we put so many people in all these metal tubes that fly all over the world, sometimes, things like this can happen and you get a disease epidemic . |
当我们把这么多人放入所有这些 满世界飞行的金属管时, 有时会发生这样的事情—— 你会感染一种传染病。 |
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disease:n.病,[医]疾病;弊病;vt.传染;使…有病; epidemic:n.流行病;蔓延;adj.传染病;流行性的;
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| I first actually got into this topic when I heard about the Ebola outbreak last year. |
我最初开始这个课题, 是在去年听说了埃博拉疫情爆发的时候。 |
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Ebola:n.埃博拉病毒; outbreak:n.(战争的)爆发;(疾病的)发作;vi.爆发;
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| And it turns out that, although Ebola spreads through these more range-limited, large-droplet routes , there's all these other sorts of diseases that can be spread in the airplane cabin . |
事实表明, 尽管埃博拉病毒是在很有限的范围内, 以飞沫传染的方式进行传播的, 还有其它很多种疾病 也会在机舱中传播。 |
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routes:n.路线;途径;路途;渠道;v.按某路线发送;(route的第三人称单数和复数) diseases:n.[医]病(disease的复数);[医]疾病;[植保]病害;疾病种类; airplane:n.飞机; cabin:v.把…关在小屋内; n.(轮船上生活或睡觉的)隔间; (通常为木制的)小屋;
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| The worst part is, when we take a look at some of the numbers, it's pretty scary. |
最糟糕的是,当我们看到一些数字时, 会感到很恐惧。 |
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take a look at:看一看;检查;
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| So with H1N1, there was this guy that decided to go on the plane and in the matter of a single flight actually spread the disease to 17 other people. |
携带有H1N1的这家伙 决定了要登上飞机, 就单个航班而言, 他可以把疾病传播给其他17个人。 |
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in the matter of:就…而论,在…方面;
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| And then there was this other guy with SARS, who managed to go on a three-hour flight and spread the disease to 22 other people. |
还有另一个家伙携带有“非典“病菌, 登上了一个三小时的航班, 并把疾病传播给了其他22个人。 |
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three-hour:n.[美国俚语,青少年用语]厌倦,难以忍受;
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| That's not exactly my idea of a great superpower . |
我原先并不知道这种传染性竟然这么强。 |
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superpower:n.超级大国;超级强权;
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| When we take a look at this, what we also find is that it's very difficult to pre-screen for these diseases. |
看一下这张图,我们也会发现, 事先筛查出这些疾病是非常困难的。 |
| So when someone actually goes on a plane, they could be sick and they could actually be in this latency period in which they could actually have the disease but not exhibit any symptoms , and they could, in turn, spread the disease to many other people in the cabin. |
所以,当有人上了飞机, 他们可能是病人, 也可能处于疾病的潜伏期, 也就是说他们会得上这种病, 但是海没有表现出任何症状, 于是他们就可能把疾病传染给 机舱中的其他人。 |
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latency:n.潜伏;潜在因素; exhibit:v.展览;表现;展出;n.陈列品;(在法庭上出示的)物证; symptoms:n.症状;征候;征兆;(symptom的复数)
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| How that actually works is that right now we've got air coming in from the top of the cabin and from the side of the cabin, as you see in blue. |
这到底是怎么传播的呢？ 事实上,空气由机舱的顶部和侧边进入, 就是你们看到的蓝色箭头的位置。 |
| And then also, that air goes out through these very efficient filters that eliminate 99.97 percent of pathogens near the outlets . |
然后,空气通过这些高效的过滤器离开机舱, 出口附近99.97%的病菌都会被过滤掉。 |
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efficient:adj.有效率的;有能力的;生效的; filters:n.过滤器; v.过滤; (filter的第三人称单数和复数) eliminate:v.消除;排除; pathogens:n.[基医]病原体;病原菌;[基医]致病菌; outlets:n.出路;销售点;排水口;批发商点(outlet的复数形式);
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| What happens right now, though, is that we have this mixing airflow pattern. |
然而,目前的情况是, 空气是按这种混合气流的方式流动着。 |
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mixing:n.混合;混频;录音;v.混合,掺和,融合;调配;配制;相容;(mix的现在分词) airflow:n.气流(尤指飞机等产生的); adj.让空气自由流动的;
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| So if someone were to actually sneeze , that air would get swirled around multiple times before it even has a chance to go out through the filter. |
所以如果有人打了个喷嚏, 周围的空气就会呈漩涡态反复打转, 然后才有机会从过滤器排出。 |
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sneeze:vi.打喷嚏;n.喷嚏; swirled:n.漩涡;打旋;涡状形;vi.盘绕;打旋;眩晕;大口喝酒;vt.使成漩涡; multiple:adj.数量多的;多种多样的;n.倍数;
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| So I thought: clearly, this is a pretty serious problem. |
所以我觉得这明显是个严重的问题。 |
| I didn't have the money to go out and buy a plane, so I decided to build a computer instead. |
我买不起飞机, 所以我决定弄台计算机试试看。 |
| It actually turns out that with computational fluid dynamics , what we're able to do is create these simulations that give us higher resolutions than actually physically going in and taking readings in the plane. |
事实表明,利用计算流体动力学, 我们就能够模拟这些情况, 相较于真正进入飞机获取数据, 这样其实更方便进行数据解析。 |
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computational:adj.计算的; fluid:adj.流动的;流畅的;不固定的;n.流体;液体; dynamics:n.动力学,力学; simulations:n.[计]模拟(simulation的复数);[计]仿真; resolutions:n.决议(resolution的复数);解决;决心;[物]分辨率;
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| And so how, essentially , this works is you would start out with these 2D drawings -- these are floating around in technical papers around the Internet. |
我们的工作是从这些 2D图形开始的—— 网络上有很多关于这方面的技术论文。 |
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essentially:adv.本质上;本来; technical:adj.工艺的,科技的;技术上的;专门的;
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| I take that and then I put it into this 3D-modeling software, really building that 3D model. |
我把它们导入到3D模型软件中, 建立了那个3D模型。 |
| And then I divide that model that I just built into these tiny pieces, essentially meshing it so that the computer can better understand it. |
然后我把刚刚建好的模型分解成小块, 彻底打碎这个模型,使得计算机能够更好地理解每组数据。 |
| And then I tell the computer where the air goes in and out of the cabin, throw in a bunch of physics and basically sit there and wait until the computer calculates the simulation. |
然后我告诉计算机空气出入机舱的位置, 在机舱内放置一些物体, 然后基本就可以坐在一边直到计算机模拟完成。 |
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a bunch of:一群;一束;一堆; basically:adv.主要地,基本上;
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| So what we get, actually, with the conventional cabin is this: you'll notice the middle person sneezing , and we go " Splat !" -- it goes right into people's faces. |
若是用传统的机舱,我们得到的结果是, 中间的乘客打喷嚏时, 在“阿欠”一声后气流就会喷向人们的脸部。 |
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conventional:adj.符合习俗的,传统的;常见的;惯例的; sneezing:n.打喷嚏;v.打喷嚏(sneeze的ing形式); Splat:n.长条木板;溅泼声;啪啦声;v.(使)发出溅泼声;
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| It's pretty disgusting . |
实在有点恶心。 |
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disgusting:adj.令人不快的;令人厌恶的;v.使作呕;使厌恶;使反感;(disgust的现在分词)
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| From the front, you'll notice those two passengers sitting next to the central passenger not exactly having a great time. |
从前面看,中间乘客身旁的 两位乘客, 肯定不会开心。 |
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passenger:n.旅客;乘客;白吃饭的人;闲散人员;
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| And when we take a look at that from the side, you'll also notice those pathogens spreading across the length of the cabin. |
从侧边观察一下, 你也会发现那些病菌会在机舱内前后传播。 |
| The first thing I thought was, "This is no good." |
我的第一反应是“这样可不好”。 |
| So I actually conducted more than 32 different simulations and ultimately , I came up with this solution right here. |
我实际上创建了32个不同的情况的模拟, 并最终得到了这个解决方案。 |
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conducted:v.组织;安排;实施;执行;指挥;带领;引导;(conduct的过去分词和过去式) ultimately:adv.最终;最后;归根结底;终究;
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| This is what I call a -- patent pending -- Global Inlet Director. |
我称它为——专利审核中的——环流入口导向器。 |
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patent:vt.授予专利; adj.专利的; n.专利权; pending:adj.悬而未决的; prep.在等待…时期; v.悬而未决; (pend的现在分词) Global:adj.全球的;总体的;球形的; Inlet:n.入口,进口;插入物;
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| With this, we're able to reduce pathogen transmission by about 55 times, and increase fresh-air inhalation by about 190 percent. |
有了这个,我们可以把病菌传播的可能性 降低55倍, 并可以增加190%可吸入的新鲜空气。 |
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transmission:n.传输;传染;播送;发射;广播;传动装置; inhalation:n.吸入;吸入药剂;
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| So how this actually works is we would install this piece of composite material into these existing spots that are already in the plane. |
那么在实际过程中如何使用呢？ 我们只需要把这块复合材料 安装到飞机上已经存在的这些位置。 |
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install:v.安装;设置;安置;建立(程序); composite:n.复合材料;合成物;菊科;adj.复合的;合成的;菊科的;vt.使合成;使混合;
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| So it's very cost-effective to install and we can do this directly overnight . |
安装成本非常低, 只需要一个晚上就能全部安装好。 |
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cost-effective:adj.划算的;成本效益好的(等于cost-efficient); directly:adv.直接地;立即;马上;正好地;坦率地;conj.一…就; overnight:adj.夜间的; v.在夜间; n.(美)前一天的晚上;
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| All we have to do is put a couple of screws in there and you're good to go. |
所有的工作仅仅是要上几颗螺丝,非常简单。 |
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screws:n.[机]螺丝; v.用螺钉固定;
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| And the results that we get are absolutely amazing. |
我们得到的结果非常惊人。 |
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absolutely:adv.绝对地;完全地;
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| Instead of having those problematic swirling airflow patterns, we can create these walls of air that come down in-between the passengers to create personalized breathing zones. |
避开了那些有问题的漩涡气流模式, 我们能够在乘客中间, 建立起这些空气墙, 从而创造出私人的呼吸区域。 |
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problematic:adj.问题的;有疑问的;不确定的; swirling:v.(使)打旋,旋动,起旋涡;(swirl的现在分词) in-between:n.中间人;中间存在者;局中的物体;adj.中间的; personalized:v.在…上标明主人姓名; (personalize的过去分词和过去式)
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| So you'll notice the middle passenger here is sneezing again, but this time, we're able to effectively push that down to the filters for elimination . |
这样你会发现当中间的乘客再打喷嚏时, 我们就能够有效地迫使带有病菌的空气向下流动, 直接经过滤器排出。 |
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elimination:n.消除;淘汰;除去;
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| And same thing from the side, you'll notice we're able to directly push those pathogens down. |
从侧边再看一下, 可以看到我们能够直接让病菌向下流动。 |
| So if you take a look again now at the same scenario but with this innovation installed , you'll notice the middle passenger sneezes , and this time, we're pushing that straight down into the outlet before it gets a chance to infect any other people. |
安装了这个新的设计, 现在再看一下同样的情形, 你会发现中间乘客打喷嚏时, 我们能够在其他人受到影响之前, 直接把病菌向下推送并排出机舱。 |
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scenario:n.方案;情节;剧本; innovation:n.创新,革新;新方法; installed:v.安装;设置;使就职(install的过去分词和过去式) sneezes:n.打喷嚏;v.打喷嚏;不容小视; infect:v.传染;使携带病菌;使感染(计算机病毒);
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| So you'll notice the two passengers sitting next to the middle guy are breathing virtually no pathogens at all. |
可以看到中间乘客身边的两位乘客 安全不会吸入病菌。 |
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virtually:adv.事实上,几乎;实质上;
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| Take a look at that from the side as well, you see a very efficient system. |
再从侧边看一下, 这是一个非常有效的系统。 |
| And in short, with this system, we win. |
总而言之,有了这个系统,我们赢了。 |
| When we take a look at what this means, what we see is that this not only works if the middle passenger sneezes, but also if the window-seat passenger sneezes or if the aisle-seat passenger sneezes. |
当我们再进一步看看它的效果, 可以看到这不仅在当中间位置的乘客打喷嚏时有效, 也对窗边或者过道边的乘客 非常有效。 |
| And so with this solution, what does this mean for the world? |
那么,这个解决方案对全世界意味着什么了？ |
| Well, when we take a look at this from the computer simulation into real life, we can see with this 3D model that I built over here, essentially using 3D printing, |
当我们把视角从计算机模拟 转换到现实生活时, 在利用3D打印 做好了这个3D模型后, |
| we can see those same airflow patterns coming down, right to the passengers. |
我们能够看到气流直接 对着乘客往下流动。 |
| In the past, the SARS epidemic actually cost the world about 40 billion dollars. |
在过去,“非典”足足花费了 全世界400亿美元。 |
| And in the future, a big disease outbreak could actually cost the world in excess of three trillion dollars. |
在将来, 一个大型疾病的爆发可能会花费全世界 超过3万亿美元。 |
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excess:n.超过,超额;过度,过量;无节制;adj.额外的,过量的;附加的; trillion:n.[数]万亿;adj.万亿的;num.[数]万亿;
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| So before, it used to be that you had to take an airplane out of service for one to two months, spend tens of thousands of man hours and several million dollars to try to change something. |
以前,我们经常不得不让飞机 停飞一两个月, 花费大量人力以及巨资, 来试着解决一些问题。 |
| But now, we're able to install something essentially overnight and see results right away . |
但现在我们只需花上一个晚上安装一下这个东西, 效果就立竿见影了。 |
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right away:立刻;
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| So it's really now a matter of taking this through to certification ,flight testing, and going through all of these regulatory approvals processes . |
实际上,现在只需要把这个结果拿去认证, 进行飞行测试, |
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certification:n.证明,保证;检定; regulatory:adj.管理的;控制的;调整的; approvals:n.批准;认可;赞成;(approvals是approval的复数) processes:n.过程; v.处理(process的第三人称单数形式);
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| But it just really goes to show that sometimes the best solutions are the simplest solutions. |
事实表明,有时最好的解决方案 恰恰就是最简单的。 |
| And two years ago, even, this project would not have happened, just because the technology then wouldn't have supported it. |
然而就两年前, 这个项目甚至不可能实施, 只是因为那时的技术还无法实现这种设计。 |
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technology:n.技术;工艺;术语;
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| But now with advanced computing and how developed our Internet is, it's really the golden era for innovation. |
但是有了先进的计算技术 和如此发达的网络, 我们现在真的处于创新的黄金时期。 |
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advanced:adj.先进的; v.前进; (advance的过去式和过去分词形式) computing:n.计算;计算机技术;信息处理技术;v.计算;求出;(compute的现在分词) era:n.新时期;纪元;年代;新时代;
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| And so the question I ask all of you today is: why wait? |
所以今天我要问大家的问题是:还在等什么呢？ |
| Together, we can build the future today. |
一起努力,我们今天就能创造未来。 |
| Thanks. |
谢谢。 |
| (Applause) |
（掌声） |