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RameshRaskar_2012G-_万亿分之一秒摄影_
Doc Edgerton inspired us with awe and curiosity with this photo of a bullet piercing through an apple, and exposure just a millionth of a second. 爱哲顿博士用这张子弹击穿苹果的照片 激起了我们的敬佩和好奇, 这张照片的曝光时间只有一百万分之一秒。
inspired:adj.受到启发的; v.鼓舞; (inspire的过去分词和过去式) awe:vt.使敬畏;使畏怯;n.敬畏; curiosity:n.好奇,好奇心;珍品,古董,古玩; bullet:n.子弹;只选某党全部候选人的投票;豆子;vi.射出;迅速行进; piercing:adj.刺穿的; n.熔化穿孔; v.刺穿; exposure:n.暴露;显露;揭露;面临; millionth:n.百万分之一;第一百万;adj.百万分之一的;第一百万的;
But now, 50 years later, we can go a million times faster and see the world not at a million, or a billion, but one trillion frames per second. 但现在,五十年后,我们可以再快一百万倍, 也就是不仅在一百万分之一秒, 或者十亿分之一秒, 而是在万亿分之一秒见捕捉到世界。
trillion:n.[数]万亿;adj.万亿的;num.[数]万亿; frames:n.[计][电子][通信]帧,[电影]画面;[建][计]框架;眼镜架(frame的复数);
I present you a new type of photography , femto-photography, a new imaging technique so fast that it can create slow motion videos of light in motion. 现在我给你展示一种新型照相技术, 叫做飞秒成像, 这是一种技术太快以至于 它能捕捉到光的运动。
photography:n.摄影;摄影术; imaging:n.[物]成像;造像;v.反映;想像;作…的像;象征;(image的现在分词形式) technique:n.技巧,技术;手法; slow motion:adj.缓慢的;慢动作的;高速度摄影的;
And with that, we can create cameras that can look around corners, beyond line of sight or see inside our body without an X-ray, and really challenge what we mean by a camera. 所以用这个技术,我们可以制造 能看到光路拐角的照相机, 能看到视野之外 或者不用X光就能透视我们身体的照相机, 这种相机挑战了我们关于照相机的定义。
line of sight:视线;视线角;
Now if I take a laser pointer and turn it on and off in one trillionth of a second -- which is several femtoseconds -- 现在,如果我用一个激光笔, 并且在万亿分之一秒内开关一次—— 也就是几飞秒——
pointer:n.指针;指示器;教鞭;暗示; trillionth:n.(英)第一百万兆,百万兆分之一; adj.(英)第一百万兆的,百万兆分之一的;
I'll create a packet of photons barely a millimeter wide, and that packet of photons, that bullet, will travel at the speed of light, and, again, a million times faster than an ordinary bullet. 我就会制造一些光子, 这些光子仅仅是几毫米宽, 并且这些光子,像子弹一样, 会以光速前进, 也就是比子弹速度高一百万倍。
photons:n.[物]光子;[量子]光量子(photon的复数); barely:adv.仅仅,勉强;几乎不;公开地;贫乏地; millimeter:n.毫米;
Now, if you take that bullet and take this packet of photons and fire into this bottle, how will those photons shatter into this bottle? 现在,如果你把这个子弹,这些光子 打入这个瓶子里, 这些光子会怎么样撞击瓶子？
shatter:n.碎片;碎块;落花(叶等);v.(使)破碎,碎裂;粉碎,破灭;给予极大打击;
How does light look in slow motion? 光在慢动作下会是什么样？
Now, the whole event -- (Applause) 现在,着整个事情——（鼓掌）
(Applause) （鼓掌）
Now, remember, the whole event is effectively taking place in less than a nanosecond — that's how much time it takes for light to travel — but I'm slowing down in this video by a factor of 10 billion so you can see the light in motion. 现在,请记住,这整个事情 其实是在一纳秒内发生的 ——也就是光走的时间—— 但现在我再把这个录像放慢一百万倍 让你看到运动中的光。
nanosecond:n.纳秒;十亿分之一秒; factor:n.因素;要素;[物]因数;代理人;v.做代理商;v.把…作为因素计入;
But, Coca-Cola did not sponsor this research. (Laughter) 但可口可乐可没有资助这个实验。（笑声）
Coca-Cola:n.可口可乐(美国饮料公司); sponsor:n.赞助商; v.主办;
Now, there's a lot going on in this movie, so let me break this down and show you what's going on. 现在,在这里有很多事会发生, 所以让我一件一件的展示。
So, the pulse enters the bottle, our bullet, with a packet of photons that start traveling through and that start scattering inside. 现在,光束进入瓶子,也就是我们的子弹, 穿过瓶子, 并且在内部散射开来。
pulse:n.脉冲;脉搏;脉率;强劲的音乐节拍;v.搏动;跳动;震动;洋溢着; scattering:n.散射;分散;adj.分散的;v.散射;散布;驱散(scatter的ing形式);
Some of the light leaks , goes on the table, and you start seeing these ripples of waves. 一些光流了出来,到了桌子上, 所以你开始看到这些波纹。
leaks:n.泄漏; v.漏水; (leak的第三人称单数) ripples:n.涟漪;波纹(ripple的复数);v.呈波状(ripple的单三形式);
Many of the photons eventually reach the cap and then they explode in various directions. 许多光子最终到达了瓶盖处 并且向四周散去。
eventually:adv.最后,终于; explode:v.爆炸;爆裂;勃然(大怒);突然发生(危险);
As you can see , there's a bubble of air, and it's bouncing around inside. 你能看到,这里是一个空气泡, 它在里面反弹。
As you can see:正如你所看到的;你是知道的; bubble:n.泡;气泡;肥皂泡;一点感情;v.起泡;冒泡;洋溢着(某种感情);
Meanwhile , the ripples are traveling on the table, and because of the reflections at the top, you see at the back of the bottle, after several frames, the reflections are focused. 同时,波纹也到了桌子上, 并且因为在顶部的反射, 你能看到在瓶子底部,几帧之后, 反射汇聚了。
Meanwhile:adv.同时,其间;n.其间,其时; reflections:n.映像;(声、光、热等的)反射;反映;显示;表达;(reflection的复数)
Now, if you take an ordinary bullet and let it go the same distance and slow down the video again by a factor of 10 billion, do you know how long you'll have to sit here to watch that movie? 现在,如果你用普通的子弹 走同样的路程,平且放慢视频, 同样是一百万倍,你知道 你需要等多久来看到这个全过程吗？
A day, a week? Actually, a whole year. 一天,一周？实际上,是一年。
It'll be a very boring movie — (Laughter) — of a slow, ordinary bullet in motion. 这当然会很无聊（笑声） 一个慢的,普通的子弹运动录像。
boring:adj.无聊的;令人厌烦的;n.钻孔;v.使厌烦;钻孔;(bore的现在分词)
And what about some still-life photography? 但一些静物照相又如何呢？
still-life:静物;静物画;
You can watch the ripples again washing over the table, the tomato and the wall in the back. 你可以又一次看到波纹在桌子上展开, 背景是西红柿和墙。
It's like throwing a stone in a pond of water. 这就像在水池里扔一块石头。
pond:n.池塘;水池(尤指人工的);v.把…挖成池塘;堵(溪流)水成池;
I thought, this is how nature paints a photo, one femto frame at a time, but of course our eye sees an integral composite . 我想,这就是自然如何绘制的西红柿, 一飞秒一飞秒, 但当然我们眼睛看到的是整体的结合。
integral:adj.积分的;完整的,整体的;必须的;n.积分;部分;完整; composite:n.复合材料;合成物;菊科;adj.复合的;合成的;菊科的;vt.使合成;使混合;
But if you look at this tomato one more time, you will notice, as the light washes over the tomato, it continues to glow . It doesn't become dark. 但如果你在看一下这个西红柿, 你就会注意到,当光在西红柿上走过时, 它一直在闪耀。它并没有变暗。
glow:n.喜悦; v.发热;
Why is that? Because the tomato is actually ripe , and the light is bouncing around inside the tomato, and it comes out after several trillionths of a second. 为什么？因为西红柿熟了, 并且光在西红柿内部反射, 在几万亿分之一秒后出来。
ripe:adj.成熟的;口味浓郁的;醇美可口的;强烈的; trillionths:n.(英)第一百万兆,百万兆分之一; adj.(英)第一百万兆的,百万兆分之一的;
So, in the future, when this femto-camera is in your camera phone, you might be able to go to a supermarket and check if the fruit is ripe without actually touching it. 所以,在未来,当飞米成像相机 在你的手机里的时候, 你就可以去超市, 不用摸就能检查一下水果是否熟了。
So how did my team at MIT create this camera? 那么,我在麻省理工学院的团队是怎么做出这个相机的呢？
Now, as photographers, you know, if you take a short exposure photo, you get very little light, but we're going to go a billion times faster than your shortest exposure, so you're going to get hardly any light. 现在,作为摄影师,你知道, 如果你想要短时曝光,你只有一点点光, 但我们需要比最短的曝光时间 快一百万倍, 所以你几乎得不到任何光。
hardly any:几乎没有;
So, what we do is we send that bullet, those packet of photons, millions of times, and record again and again with very clever synchronization , and from the gigabytes of data, we computationally weave together to create those femto-videos I showed you. 所以,我们做的是, 把这些光子送进去,并重复百万多次, 每次都以极好的同步录像, 然后从几个GB的数据中, 我们“编织”起来一幅图, 而这幅图就是你们之前看到的。
again and again:adv.再三地,反复地; synchronization:n.[物]同步;同时性; gigabytes:n.千兆字节(gigabyte的复数);十亿位元组; computationally:adv.computational(adj.计算的;计算机的)的变形; weave:v.编,织;(用…)编成;编造(故事等);n.织法;编法;编织式样;
And we can take all that raw data and treat it in very interesting ways. 并且我们把所有的原始数据到算进去时, 进行很有趣的处理。
treat:v.治疗;处理;招待;款待;n.款待;乐事;乐趣;
So, Superman can fly. 现在,超人能飞。
Some other heroes can become invisible , but what about a new power for a future superhero: to see around corners? 一些其他英雄能隐身, 但想象一个未来的超人: 他能看到拐角后面的东西。
invisible:adj.看不见的;n.看不见的人或物;
The idea is that we could shine some light on the door. 这原理是我们可以把一些光打到门上,
It's going to bounce , go inside the room, some of that is going to reflect back on the door, and then back to the camera, and we could exploit these multiple bounces of light. 这些光会反射进入房间, 一些会返回到门上, 然后进入照相机, 这样我们就可以利用这些光的反射。
bounce:v.反弹;反射;(使)弹起;n.弹跳;跳动;弹性; exploit:v.利用…为自己谋利;剥削;压榨;运用;发挥; multiple:adj.数量多的;多种多样的;n.倍数;
And it's not science fiction . We have actually built it. 这可不是科幻片。我们真正的做出来了。
science fiction:科幻小说;
On the left, you see our femto-camera. 在左边,你看到了我们的飞秒成像相机。
There's a mannequin hidden behind a wall, and we're going to bounce light off the door. 在墙后面有一个人体模型, 我们将进行光反射。
mannequin:n.人体模型;服装模特儿;
So after our paper was published in Nature Communications, it was highlighted by Nature.com, and they created this animation . 所以,在我们的论文发表 在《自然》上后, 它被推荐到自然的官网上, 然后他们创造了这个动画。
highlighted:adj.突出的;v.使显著;照亮(highlight的过去分词); animation:n.活泼,生气;激励;卡通片绘制;
(Music) （音乐）
We're going to fire those bullets of light, and they're going to hit this wall, and because the packet of the photons, they will scatter in all the directions, and some of them will reach our hidden mannequin, which in turn will again scatter that light, and again in turn the door will reflect some of that scattered light, and a tiny fraction of the photons will actually come back to the camera, but most interestingly , they will all arrive at a slightly different time slot . 我们将要发射这些光子弹, 它们将要撞击这个墙, 并且因为这束光 会散射到各个方向, 一些会最终打到我们的隐藏的假人上, 并且会继续散射, 知道这个门也会反射 一些光, 而一部分光会最终 返回到相机里,但最有趣的是, 他们会在略微不同的时间到达。
bullets:n.子弹;弹丸;(bullet的复数) scattered:adj.零散的; v.撒; (scatter的过去分词和过去式) fraction:n.分数;小部分;小数;少量; interestingly:adv.有趣地; slightly:adv.些微地,轻微地;纤细地; slot:n.位置;狭槽;水沟;硬币投币口;v.跟踪;开槽于;
(Music) （音乐）
And because we have a camera that can run so fast, our femto-camera, it has some unique abilities. 而且因为我们有一个可以运行如此之快的相机, 也就是我们的飞秒相机,这个相机就有一些特别的能力。
unique:adj.独特的,稀罕的;[数]唯一的;n.独一无二的人或物;
It has very good time resolution , and it can look at the world at the speed of light. 它有很好的时间分辨率, 并且可以以光速捕捉世界。
resolution:n.解决;分辨;解析;决议;
And this way, we know the distances, of course to the door, but also to the hidden objects, but we don't know which point corresponds to which distance. 所以这样,我们不仅知道相机到门的距离, 同时知道到隐藏物品的距离, 但我们不知道哪个点 对应哪个距离。
corresponds:v.相一致;符合;类似于;相当于;通信;(correspond的第三人称单数)
(Music) （音乐）
By shining one laser, we can record one raw photo, which, you look on the screen, doesn't really make any sense, but then we will take a lot of such pictures, dozens of such pictures, put them together, and try to analyze the multiple bounces of light, and from that, can we see the hidden object? 通过用激光,我们能记录一个原始的照片, 也就是你们在屏幕上看到的这个,好像没什么意义, 但然后我们会拍很多照片, 很多很多,放到一起, 然后分析光的反射, 现在我们能看到那个隐藏的物体了吗？
analyze:v.对…进行分析,分解(等于analyse);
Can we see it in full 3D? 我们能立体的看懂吗？
So this is our reconstruction . (Music) 这就是我们的模型重建。（音乐）
reconstruction:n.再建,重建;改造;复兴;
(Music) （音乐）
(Music) (Applause) （音乐）（掌声）
Now we have some ways to go before we take this outside the lab on the road, but in the future, we could create cars that avoid collisions with what's around the bend, 现在我们在把他们应用到生活中 还有一些路要走, 但在未来,我们可以把这个技术放到车里, 这样车就能防止碰撞,因为他们能看到拐角,
collisions:n.[物]碰撞;冲突;撞击(collision的复数形式);
or we can look for survivors in hazardous conditions by looking at light reflected through open windows, or we can build endoscopes that can see deep inside the body around occluders, and also for cardioscopes. 或者我们可以搜寻幸存者, 因为我们能看到在窗户上反射的光, 或者我们可以建造透视仪, 来看到身体里的情况, 我们甚至可以透视心脏。
hazardous:adj.有危险的;冒险的;碰运气的; reflected:adj.反射的;得自他人的;v.反射;思考;(reflect的过去式和过去分词)
But of course, because of tissue and blood, this is quite challenging, so this is really a call for scientists to start thinking about femto-photography as really a new imaging modality to solve the next generation of health imaging problems. 但当然,由于各种组织和血液的干扰, 这回相当困难, 所以我们呼吁科学家来真正重视飞秒成像, 把这个技术作为一种 解决下一代健康问题的新模型。
tissue:n.纸巾,手巾纸;(人、动植物细胞的)组织; modality:n.形式,形态;程序;物理疗法;主要的感觉;
Now, like Doc Edgerton, a scientist himself, science became art, an art of ultra-fast photography, and I realized that all the gigabytes of data that we're collecting every time 现在,就像爱哲顿博士,一个科学家, 科学变成了艺术,一种高速摄影艺术, 而且我意识到我们每次 收集到的大量资料
ultra-fast:adj.超快的;
is not just for scientific imaging, but we can also do a new form of computational photography with time-lapse and color-coding , and we look at those ripples. Remember, the time between each of those ripples is only a few trillionths of a second. 不仅是科学成像, 而且还是一种新的计算性摄影, 这种技术蕴含了时间延迟和彩色编码, 我们看这些波纹。 记住,这些波纹之间的时间 仅仅是几个万亿分之一秒。
scientific:adj.科学的,系统的; time-lapse:adj.延时的;定时的; color-coding:v.给…标上色标,用不同色彩作标记或分类;
But there's also something funny going on here. 但有些有趣的事正在发生,
When you look at the ripples under the cap, the ripples are moving away from us. 当你看到这些盖子下的波纹时, 他们正在离我们远去。
The ripples should be moving towards us. 但这些波纹应该向我们移动。
What's going on here? 发生了什么？
It turns out, because we're recording nearly at the speed of light, we have strange effects, and Einstein would have loved to see this picture. 结果是,因为我们在以接近光速 来录这些东西, 我们有一些奇怪的现象, 爱因斯坦会相当高兴看到这些图片。
The order at which events take place in the world appear in the camera with sometimes reversed order, so by applying the corresponding space and time warp , we can correct for this distortion . 事件发生的顺序 在相机里有时候被反转了, 所以通过对应时间和空间的扭曲, 我们可以修正这个扭曲。
take place:发生;举行; reversed:v.颠倒; (reverse的过去分词和过去式) applying:v.申请,请求;使用;应用;(apply的现在分词) corresponding:adj.符合的; v.相一致; (correspond的现在分词) time warp:n.时间错位(如科幻小说中所描写,过去或将来的人或事都可能移到现在); distortion:n.变形;[物]失真;扭曲;曲解;
So whether it's for photography around corners, or creating the next generation of health imaging, or creating new visualizations , since our invention, we have open-sourced 所以不管是看到拐角, 还是为下一代制造健康影像, 还是增加新的可视化, 自从我们的发明,
visualizations:n.[计]可视化(visualization的复数形式);直观化; open-sourced:开源的;
all the data and details on our website, and our hope is that the DIY, the creative and the research community will show us that we should stop obsessing about the megapixels in cameras — (Laughter) — and start focusing on the next dimension in imaging. 我们就已经把所有的资料和细节放到了我们的网上, 并且我们希望,这个DIY,这个创意的研究团体, 可以告诉我们 我们不应该再迷上高像素——（笑声）—— 而开始关注成像技术的另一个维度。
creative:adj.创造性的; community:n.社区;[生态]群落;共同体;团体; obsessing:v.使痴迷;使迷恋;使着迷;唠叨;挂牵(obsess的现在分词) megapixels:n.百万像素(megapixel的复数); dimension:n.方面;[数]维;尺寸;次元;容积vt.标出尺寸;adj.规格的;
It's about time. Thank you. (Applause) 时间差不多了。谢谢。（掌声）
(Applause) （掌声）