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RalphNader_2020P-_如何克服一切困难并创造社会变革_-
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| Over the decades, my colleagues and I have exposed terrible misdeeds and crimes by large corporations , which have taken many lives and caused injuries and diseases , on top of damaging economic costs, affecting many incidents. |
在过去的几十年, 我和我的同事揭露了 很多大公司不当行为。 除了经济上的损失, 他们还造成了 很多伤亡和疾病, 引发了很多事端。 |
| But exposure was not enough. |
但仅仅是揭露他们的罪行还不够。 |
| We had to secure congressional mandates to prevent such devastation . |
我们还需要有效的行政命令 来避免这种事情发生。 |
| As a result , many lives were saved and many traumas prevented, especially in the areas of automobile , pharmaceutical , environmental and workplace health and safety. |
我们拯救了很多生命, 避免了很多损失, 尤其是在汽车制造、医疗、环境 以及办公场所的安全方面。 |
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colleagues:n.同事;同行(colleague的复数); exposed:adj.无遮蔽的; v.暴露; (expose的过去分词和过去式) misdeeds:n.恶行;不义之举;(misdeed的复数) corporations:n.[贸易]公司,[经]企业(corporation的复数形式); injuries:n.伤害,损伤;挫伤;(injury的复数) diseases:n.[医]病(disease的复数);[医]疾病;[植保]病害;疾病种类; economic:adj.经济的,经济上的;经济学的; exposure:n.暴露;显露;揭露;面临; congressional:adj.国会的;会议的;议会的; mandates:n.授权;命令,指令;委托管理;受命进行的工作;vt.授权;托管; devastation:n.毁坏,荒废; As a result:结果; traumas:n.外伤;精神创伤(trauma的复数); especially:adv.尤其;特别;格外;十分; automobile:n.汽车;v.开汽车;坐汽车;adj.自动的; pharmaceutical:adj.制药(学)的;n.药物; workplace:n.工作场所;车间;
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| Along the way, we kept getting one question again and again : " Ralph , how do you do all this? |
在这个过程中, 我们经常被反复问到同一个问题: “拉尔夫,你是怎么做到的？ |
| Your groups are small, your funds are modest and you don't make campaign contributions to politicians ." |
你的团队这么小, 也没什么钱, 而且你也并不会为政治家捐款。” |
| My response points to an overlooked , amazing pattern of American history. |
我的答案是美国历史上 一个一直被忽视的神奇的规律。 |
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again and again:adv.再三地,反复地; Ralph:v.呕吐; funds:n.[会计]资金,现金(fund的复数);基金;v.资助(fund的三单形式);提供资金; modest:adj.些许的;谦虚的; contributions:n.捐款;捐资;定期缴款;贡献;促成作用;(contribution的复数) politicians:n.政治家;(蔑)政客;(美)政治贩;(politician的复数) response:n.响应;反应;回答; overlooked:n.被忽视;v.忽视(overlook的过去式和过去分词形式);忽略;俯瞰;
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| Just about every advance in justice , every blessing of democracy , came from the efforts of small numbers of individual citizens. |
公正和民主, 每一点一滴的进步 都来自于一小群公民的贡献。 |
| They knew what they were talking about. |
他们知道自己在做什么。 |
| They expanded public opinion , or what Abraham Lincoln called "the all-important public sentiment ." |
他们扩大了公众的舆论影响, 或者像林肯总统所说的, “最重要的是公众的意见。” |
| The few citizens who started these movements enlisted larger numbers along the way to achieving these reforms and redirections . |
一小群发起这些运动的公民, 会逐渐召集更多的人 来一起完成这些改革和变化。 |
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justice:n.公平;公正;司法制度;审判; democracy:n.民主,民主主义;民主政治; individual:n.个人;有个性的人;adj.单独的;个别的; expanded:adj.扩充的;展开的;vt.扩大(expand的过去式); public opinion:n.舆论;民意; all-important:adj.非常重要的;首要的; sentiment:n.感情,情绪;情操;观点;多愁善感; enlisted:adj.士兵的;v.争取;(使)入伍;征募;从军;(enlist的过去分词和过去式) reforms:n.改革(reform的复数);v.改革(reform的单数第三人称); redirections:n.改寄;新姓名地址;折回;归还;(redirection的复数)
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| However, even at their peak , the actively engaged people never exceeded one percent of the citizenry , often far less. |
然而,即使在各种运动的最高峰, 这些运动也从没有召集到 所有公民的百分之一, 通常远低于这个比例。 |
| These builders of democracy and justice came out of the antislavery drives, the pressures for women's right to vote. |
这些民主和公平的缔造者的动力 来自对奴隶制度的反对 以及为女性争取投票权的压力。 |
| They rose from farmers and workers in industrial sectors demanding regulation of banks, railroads and manufacturers and fair labor standards . |
他们从农民和工人中走出来, 要求制定银行、铁路 和制造业的法规, 以及公平的劳工标准。 |
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peak:n.高峰; v.达到高峰; adj.最高度的; engaged:adj.已订婚的; v.吸引住; (engage的过去分词和过去式) exceeded:v.超过(数量);超越(法律、命令等)的限制;(exceed的过去分词和过去式) citizenry:n.市民;公民; builders:n.[建]施工人员(builder的复数);生成器; antislavery:adj.反对奴隶制度的;n.反对奴隶制; industrial:adj.工业的,产业的; n.工业股票; sectors:n.部门; v.把…划成扇形; regulation:n.规则;法规;控制;规章制度;adj.规定的;必须穿戴的;必须使用的; manufacturers:n.生产者;制造者;生产商;(manufacturer的复数) standards:n.标准,水平,规格(standard的复数)
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| In the 20th century, improvements of life came with tiny third parties and their allies pushing the major parties in the electoral arena to adopt such measures, such as the right to form labor unions, the 40-hour week, progressive taxation , the minimum wage , unemployment compensation and social security . |
在二十世纪, 生活的每一点进步 都来自于小组织和他们的盟友 推动选举舞台上主要的政党 采取措施。 例如组织工会的权利, 每周 40 小时工时, 累进制的税率,以及最低工资, 失业补助, 和公共安全。 |
| More recently came Medicare and civil rights , civil liberties , nuclear arms treaties , consumer and environmental triumphs -- all sparked by citizen advocates and small third parties who never won a national election. |
后来又有了 Medicare 医疗保险制度, 公民权、公民自由、 核武器条约, 消费者和环境保护法的胜利... 这都是来自于公民倡议者, 和那些 从没有赢得过选举的小政党。 |
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improvements:n.改善;改进;改善的事物;(improvement的复数) allies:n.盟友,支持者:v.与…结盟(ally的第三人称单数和复数) electoral:adj.选举的;选举人的; arena:n.舞台;竞技场; adopt:v.采取;接受;收养;正式通过; progressive:adj.进步的;先进的;开明的;稳步的;n.进步人士;开明人士;改革派; taxation:n.课税,征税;税款; minimum wage:n.(法定的)最低工资; unemployment:n.失业;失业率;失业人数; compensation:n.补偿;报酬;赔偿金; social security:n.社会保障金(政府定期向贫穷、失业、患病等人发放); recently:adv.最近;新近; Medicare:n.(美,加)医疗保险(等于medicare); civil rights:na.公民权; liberties:n.自由(liberty的复数); nuclear:adj.原子能的;[细胞]细胞核的;中心的;原子核的; treaties:n.条约;协定问题(treaty的复数); consumer:n.[经]消费者;[生,生态]消费者; triumphs:n.巨大成功; v.打败; (triumph的第三人称单数和复数) sparked:v.点燃,发动(spark的过去式,过去分词);鼓舞; advocates:n.拥护者; vt.主张(advocate的第三人称单数);
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| If you're willing to lose persistently , your causes can become winners in time. |
如果你愿意一直失败, 那么你总有一天会成功的。 |
| (Laughter) |
（笑声） |
| The story of how I came to these civic activities may be instructive for people who go along with Senator Daniel Webster's belief, "Justice, sir, is the great interest of man on earth." |
我开始参与公民运动的经历 对于信奉参议员 丹尼尔·韦伯斯特（Daniel Webster） 所说的,“公正,是地球上 所有人最大的心愿”的那些人 可能会有所启发。 |
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persistently:adv.坚持地;固执地; civic:adj.市的;公民的,市民的; instructive:adj.有益的;教育性的; go along with:赞同;陪…一起去; Senator:n.参议员;
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| I grew up in a small, highly industrialized town in Connecticut with three siblings and parents who owned a popular restaurant, bakery and delicatessen . |
我在康州一个小工业城市长大, 有三个兄弟姐妹, 父母拥有一家生意很好的 餐厅兼面包和熟食店。 |
| Two waterways , the Mad River and the Still River, crossed alongside our main street . |
两条河, 麦德河和静河 在主街上交汇。 |
| As a child, I asked why couldn't we wade and fish in them, like the rivers we read about in our schoolbooks . |
小时候我曾问过, 为什么我们不能在里面玩耍钓鱼, 就像我们在课本里读到的那样。 |
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highly:adv.高度地;非常;非常赞许地; industrialized:adj.工业化的;v.使工业化;将…组成产业(industrialize的过去分词); siblings:n.兄;弟;姐;妹;(sibling的复数) bakery:n.面包店; delicatessen:n.熟食;现成的食品; waterways:n.水路;水道(waterway的复数);排水沟; main street:n.大街(城镇的主要商业街道);典型的美国中产阶级; wade:vi.跋涉;vt.涉水;费力行走;n.跋涉;可涉水而过的地方; schoolbooks:n.教科书;adj.(美)教科书式的;过于简单的;
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| The answer: the factories freely use these rivers to dump harmful toxic chemicals and other pollutants . |
得到的回答是: 工厂可以随意使用这条河 来排泄有毒的化学品和其他污染物。 |
| In fact, the companies took control of rivers that belonged to all of us for their own profitable pursuits . |
其实,这些公司控制了 本应属于我们所有人的河 来为他们自己赚取利益。 |
| Later, I realized the rivers were not part of our normal lives at all, except when they flooded our streets. |
后来,我意识到这些河, 除了流过我们的街道外 跟我们平时的生活 一点关系都没有。 |
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dump:v.倾倒;抛售;抛弃;转存;n.垃圾场;转储;转存;废物堆; toxic:adj.有毒的;中毒的; chemicals:n.化学制品;化学品;(chemical的复数) pollutants:n.[环境]污染物(pollutant的复数); profitable:adj.有利可图的;赚钱的;有益的; pursuits:n.追求;寻找;追捕;事业;爱好;(pursuit的复数)
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| There were no water pollution regulations to speak of then. |
当时没有任何关于水污染的法规, |
| I realized only strong laws could clean up our waterways. |
我意识到,只有强制性的法律 才能治理我们的河流。 |
| My youthful observation of our town's two river-sewers started a straight line to my eighth-grade graduation speech about the great conservationist , national park advocate John Muir, |
我小时候对家乡的 两条河流的观察 直接导致了我在 八年级毕业演讲时提到了, 伟大的保守主义者、国家公园的倡导者 约翰·缪尔（ John Muir）, |
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regulations:n.章程;规则;法规;管理,控制;(regulation的复数) youthful:adj.年轻的; observation:n.观察;观测;监视;(尤指据所见、所闻、所读而作的)评论; conservationist:n.自然资源保护论者; national park:n.国家公园;
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| then to my studies at Princeton on the origins of public sanitation , and then to Rachel Carson's "Silent Spring." |
也是我后来在普林斯顿 研究公共卫生起源 和了解瑞秋卡森（Rachel Carson）的 《寂静的春天》的原因。 |
| These engagements prepared me for seizing the golden hour of environmental lawmaking in the early 1970s. |
这些经历让我做好准备 抓住 70 年代初 制定环保法的黄金时间。 |
| I played a leading citizen role in lobbying through Congress the Clean Air Act; the clean water laws, EPA; workplace safety standards, OSHA; and the Safe Drinking Water Act. |
我带头向国会 游说清洁空气法, 向环保局（EPA）游说清洁水源法, 向职业安全与保健管理总署（OSHA） 游说办公场所安全标准, 还有饮用水安全法。 |
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Princeton:n.普林斯顿(美国新泽西州中部的自治市镇); origins:n.起源; (origin的复数) sanitation:n.[医]环境卫生;卫生设备;下水道设施; engagements:n.订婚;订婚期间;约定,约会;战斗;(engagement的复数) lawmaking:n.立法; lobbying:v.游说(从政者或政府);(lobby的现在分词) Drinking Water:n.饮用水;
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| If there's less lead in your body, no more asbestos in your lungs and cleaner air and water, it's because of those laws over the years. |
如果你身体中的铅少了, 肺里吸进的石棉少了, 空气和水都更加干净了, 那都是这些年这些法律的贡献。 |
| Today, enforcement of these lifesaving laws under Trump is being dismantled wholesale . |
如今,这些能救命的法律的执行 正在特朗普的领导下逐步瓦解。 |
| Rolling back these perils is the immediate challenge to a resurgent environmental movement for the young generation. |
重新面对这些危险 是对新一代环保运动的 紧迫挑战。 |
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asbestos:n.石棉;adj.石棉的; enforcement:n.执行,实施;强制; lifesaving:adj.救命的;救生用的;n.救生; Trump:n.王牌;主牌花色;v.出王牌赢(牌);;赢;胜过;打败; dismantled:v.拆开,拆卸;(逐渐)废除,取消;(dismantle的过去分词和过去式) wholesale:n.批发; v.大量地,大批地; v.批发; adj.批发的; perils:n.事故;风险(peril的复数);v.冒险;置…于危险中(peril的第三人称单数); resurgent:adj.复活的;复苏的;n.复活者;
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| As for consumer advocates, there are no permanent victories. |
倡导消费者权益没有永久性的胜利。 |
| Passing a law is only the first step. |
通过立法仅仅只是第一步。 |
| The next step, and the next step, is defending the law. |
下一步,再下一步, 就是捍卫法律。 |
| For me, some of these battles were highly personal . |
对我来说,某些斗争 是出于个人原因。 |
| I lost friends in high school and college to highway collisions , the first leading cause of death in that age group . |
我在高中和大学因为交通事故 失去了一些朋友, 这是这个年龄最常见的致死原因。[05:34] |
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permanent:adj.永久的,永恒的;n.烫发; personal:adj.个人的;身体的;亲自的;n.人事消息栏;人称代名词; collisions:n.[物]碰撞;冲突;撞击(collision的复数形式); age group:n.年龄组;年龄段;
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| Then, the blame was put on the driver, derisively called "the nut behind the wheel ." |
当时,司机要承担主要责任, 他们被戏称为“轮子背后的疯子”。 |
| True, drunk drivers had responsibility, but safer-designed vehicles and highways could prevent crashes and diminish their severity when they occurred . |
的确,醉酒的司机有责任, 但设计更加安全的汽车和公路 可以减少事故, 即使发生也可以 降低事故的严重程度。 |
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derisively:adv.嘲弄地;嘲笑地; wheel:车轮,转动 vehicles:n.车辆;飞行器;运行工具;(vehicles是vehicle的复数) diminish:vt.使减少;使变小;vi.减少,缩小;变小; severity:n.严重;严格;猛烈; occurred:v.发生;出现;存在于;出现在;(occur的过去分词和过去式)
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| There were no seat belts , padded dash panels , no airbags or other crash-worthy protections to diminish the severity of collisions. |
当时没有安全带、仪表盘, 也没有安全气囊 或者其他安全保障 来减轻事故的后果。 |
| The brakes, tires and handling stability of US vehicles left much to be desired, even in comparison with foreign manufacturers. |
美国汽车的刹车、轮胎和 操作稳定性跟理想状况相去甚远, 也比外国制造的要差。 |
| I liked to hitchhike , including back and forth from Princeton and Harvard Law School. |
我喜欢搭便车, 比如在普林斯顿 和哈佛法学院之间往返。 |
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belts:n.皮带(belt的复数);带子;v.用皮带等围绕;用带扎牢(belt的三单形式); padded:v.填充,覆盖,保护;蹑手蹑脚地走;虚报(账目);(pad的过去分词和过去式) panels:n.面板(panel的复数); v.嵌镶(panel的第三人称单数形式); airbags:n.安全气囊(遇车祸时充气保护车内的人);(airbag的复数) stability:n.稳定性;坚定,恒心; in comparison with:与…比较,同…比较起来; hitchhike:vt.要求(搭便车);vi.搭便车;n.搭便车(旅行); back and forth:前后移动的,来回的,反复的; Harvard:n.哈佛大学;哈佛大学学生;
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| Sometimes, a driver and I came upon ghastly crash scenes. |
有时候,我跟司机会 目睹可怕的事故现场。 |
| The horrors made a deep impression on me. |
那种恐怖的场景 给我留下了很深的印象。 |
| They sparked my writing a paper at law school on unsafe automotive design and the need for motor vehicle safety laws. |
这些经历促使我在法学院写了一篇 关于汽车不安全的设计,以及 呼吁交通工具安全法的的论文。 |
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ghastly:adj.可怕的;惨白的;惊人的;极坏的;adv.恐怖地;惨白地; horrors:n.震惊;恐惧;厌恶;;令人厌恶的性质;(horror的复数) impression:n.印象;影响;效果;感想; unsafe:adj.不安全的;危险的;不安稳的; automotive:adj.汽车的;自动的; motor vehicle:n.机动车;
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| One of my closest friends at law school, Fred Condon, was driving home one day from work to his young family in New Hampshire and momentarily drowsed behind the wheel of his station wagon . |
我在法学院最好的朋友之一, 弗莱德·康顿（Fred Condon）, 有一天下班开车回到 他在新罕布什尔的家。 路上他时不时开始犯困, |
| The vehicle went to the shoulder of the road and tipped over. |
于是车冲出路肩,翻了出去。 |
| There were no seat belts in 1961. |
当时是 1961年, 车里还没有配置安全带。 |
| Fred became a paraplegic . |
于是弗莱德成了截瘫的残疾人。 |
| Such preventable violence created fire in my belly . |
这个本可以避免的惨剧 让我的内心久久不能平静。[07:05] |
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Hampshire:n.汉普郡(英国南部之一郡); momentarily:adv.随时地;暂时地;立刻; drowsed:v.打盹儿;糊里糊涂地度过;发呆;(drowse的过去式) station wagon:(美)客货两用轿车,旅行轿车; tipped:v.倾斜;倒出;倾倒;轻触;轻碰;(tip的过去分词和过去式) paraplegic:n.下身麻痹患者;adj.截瘫的; preventable:adj.可预防的;可阻止的;可防止的; violence:n.暴力;侵犯;激烈;歪曲; belly:n.腹部;胃;食欲;v.涨满;鼓起;
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| The auto industry was cruelly refusing to install long-known lifesaving safety features and pollution controls. |
而汽车工业残忍的拒绝了 公认可以救命的安全设施 和污染控制装置, |
| Instead, the industry focused on advertising the annual style changes and excessive horsepower . |
反而在广告中着重强调 每年的款型变化 和额外的马力提升。 |
| I was outraged . |
我彻底出离愤怒了。 |
| The more I investigated the suppression of auto safety devices , publicized evidence from court cases about the auto companies negligently harming vehicle occupants -- |
随着我对被压制的 车辆安全措施的研究越深入, 从法庭案件中公布的汽车公司 因疏忽导致乘车人员 受伤的证据越多—— |
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cruelly:adv.残酷地;非常; install:v.安装;设置;安置;建立(程序); advertising:n.做广告;广告业;广告活动;v.做广告;(advertise的现在分词) annual:n.年报;年鉴;年刊;adj.每年的;年度的;一年的; excessive:adj.过多的,极度的;过分的; horsepower:n.马力(功率单位); outraged:adj.义愤填膺的;愤慨的,气愤的;v.使愤怒(outrage的过去式,过去分词); investigated:v.侦查;调查;研究;(investigate的过去分词和过去式) suppression:n.抑制;镇压;[植]压抑; devices:n.[机][计]设备;[机]装置;[电子]器件(device的复数); publicized:v.宣传(publicize的过去分词);公布;广告; evidence:n.证据,证明;迹象;明显;v.证明; negligently:adv.疏忽地;粗心大意地; occupants:n.居住者;购买者;租赁人(occupant的复数);
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| especially the instability of a GM vehicle called the Corvair -- the more General Motors was keen on discrediting my writings and testimony . |
尤其是通用汽车 那款科威尔的性能很不稳定—— 通用汽车也越来越执着于 让公众质疑我文章和证词的可信度。 |
| They hired private detectives to follow me in order to get dirt . |
他们雇佣了私家侦探跟踪我, 想抓到我的把柄。 |
| After the publication of my book, "Unsafe at Any Speed," |
我的书《任何速度都不安全》 (Unsafe at Any Speed) 出版以后, |
| GM wanted to undermine my forthcoming testimony before a Senate subcommittee in 1966. |
通用汽车公司想要破坏 我即将于 1966 年 在参议院小组委员会面前的证词。 |
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instability:n.不稳定(性);基础薄弱;不安定; keen:adj.敏锐的,敏捷的;渴望的;强烈的;热心的;锐利的;n.痛哭,挽歌; discrediting:vt.不信;使…丢脸;n.怀疑;无信用;名声的败坏; writings:n.作品,篇章(writing的复数形式); testimony:n.[法]证词,证言;证据; detectives:n.侦探;警探;私人侦探;(detective的复数) dirt:n.污垢;尘土;下流话; publication:n.出版物;发表;公布;发行; undermine:vt.破坏,渐渐破坏;挖掘地基; forthcoming:adj.即将到来的;即将发生(或出版等)的;现成;n.来临; Senate:n.参议院,上院;(古罗马的)元老院; subcommittee:n.小组委员会;委员会的附属委员会;
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| The Capitol Police caught them. |
国会警察抓住了他们。 |
| The media was all over the struggle in Congress between me and giant General Motors. |
媒体都在报道 国会在我和通用汽车 这个大公司之间的斗争。 |
| With remarkable speed compared to today, in 1966, Congress and President Johnson brought the largest industry in America under federal regulation for safety, pollution control and fuel efficiency . |
相比于现在, 国会和约翰逊总统 在 1966 年以相当快的速度 把这个美国最大行业的 安全、污染和燃油效率 纳入了联邦管辖。 |
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Capitol:n.美国国会大厦;(美国)州议会大厦; media:n.媒体;媒质(medium的复数);血管中层;浊塞音;中脉; giant:n.巨人;伟人;巨兽;adj.巨大的;特大的 remarkable:adj.卓越的;非凡的;值得注意的; compared:adj.比较的,对照的; v.相比; (compare的过去式和过去分词) federal:adj.联邦的;同盟的;联邦政府的;联邦制的;adv.联邦政府地; efficiency:n.效率;效能;功效;
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| By the year 2015, three and a half million deaths were averted just in the US, millions more injuries prevented, billions of dollars saved. |
到 2015 年, 仅仅在美国,就减少了 350 万人的死亡, 避免了几百万人的受伤, 并节省了几十亿美元。 |
| What did it take for a victory against such overwhelming odds ? |
为什么即使面对如此大的困难, 我们还是获得了胜利呢？ |
| Well, there were: one, a few advocates who knew how to communicate the evidence everywhere; two, several key receptive congressional committee chairs led by three senators; three, about seven reporters from major newspapers who regularly reported on the unfolding story; four, President Lyndon Johnson, with assistance, |
原因是: 第一,一小部分倡议者 知道如何四处散播有力的证据; 第二,有三位参议员 和几位关键国会议员的支持; 第三,有大约七位主要报纸的记者 持续报道故事的真相; 第四,林登·约翰逊总统 在其他人的帮助下, |
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averted:v.防止,避免;转移目光;背过脸;(avert的过去分词和过去式) overwhelming:adj.势不可挡的; v.压倒; (overwhelm的现在分词) odds:n.几率;胜算;不平等;差别; receptive:adj.善于接受的;能容纳的; regularly:adv.经常地;有规律地;定期的 unfolding:v.(使)展开;打开;展示;透露;(unfold的现在分词)
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| amenable to creating a regulatory safety agency , NHTSA; and five, a dozen auto engineers, inspectors and physicians who divulged crucial information, and who need to be better known. |
成立了安全监管机构,美国国家 公路交通安全管理局（NHTSA）; 以及第五,一批汽车工程师, 检查员和技师 向我们透露了关键的信息, 他们值得被我们更多人了解。 |
| One more factor was critical : informed public opinion. |
还有一项因素很关键: 公众的知情。 |
| A majority of people learned about how much safer their cars could be. |
大部分人了解到了 他们的车能变得多么安全。 |
| They wanted their vehicles to be fuel-efficient. |
他们希望他们的交通工具更加省油。 |
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amenable:adj.有责任的,应服从的;有义务的;经得起检验的; regulatory:adj.管理的;控制的;调整的; agency:n.代理,中介;代理处,经销处; inspectors:n.[经管]检查员,巡视员(inspector的复数形式);检查器; physicians:n.[内科]内科医生(physician的复数); divulged:v.泄露;暴露(divulge的过去式和过去分词); crucial:adj.重要的;决定性的;定局的;决断的; factor:n.因素;要素;[物]因数;代理人;v.做代理商;v.把…作为因素计入; critical:adj.鉴定的;[核]临界的;批评的,爱挑剔的;危险的;决定性的;评论的; informed:adj.见多识广的; v.通知; (inform的过去分词和过去式) majority:n.大部分:大多数:多数票:成年人:
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| They wanted to breathe cleaner air. |
他们希望呼吸到更干净的空气。 |
| The result: in September 1966, |
结果就是:在 1996 年 9 月, |
| President Lyndon Johnson signed the safety legislation in the White House with me by his side, receiving a pen! |
林登·约翰逊总统 在白宫签署了安全法, 而我就站在他旁边, 还拿到了一只笔！ |
| (Laughter) |
（笑声） |
| Between 1966 and 1976, those six critically connected factors were used over and over . |
在 1966 到 1976 年之间, 这六项重要的相关因素 被反复采纳。 |
| It became the golden age of legislation and regulatory action for consumer, worker and environmental protection. |
这段时间成为了 消费者、工人和环境保护方面 立法和监管的黄金时代。 |
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legislation:n.立法;法律; White House:n.白宫(美国总统官邸,位于首都华盛顿); critically:adv.精密地;危急地;批评性地;用钻研眼光地; factors:n.因素(factor的复数); v.做代理商; over and over:反复;再三; golden age:n.鼎盛时期;
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| Those connected elements of our past campaigns need to be kept in mind by people striving to do the same today for drinking water safety, antibiotic resistance deaths, criminal justice reform, risks from climate disruption , bio- and nanotech impacts , the nuclear arms race , peace treaties, dangers to children, chemical and radioactive perils, and the like. |
这些过去发挥了重要作用的因素, 需要被今天那些 想为饮用水安全、 抗生素耐药性致死、 司法改革、 气候破坏、 生物和纳米技术的影响、 核装备竞赛、 和平条约、 儿童安全、 化学和放射性危害等领域 做出类似贡献的人们记住。 |
| According to a solid study in 2016 by Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, preventable hospital deaths take a mind-boggling 5,000 lives a week in America. |
根据 2016 年约翰·霍普金斯 医学院的研究显示, 在美国,医院可以避免的死亡, 每周竟高达 5000 例。 |
| The 1980s climax : our dramatic struggle to limit smoking in public places, regulate the tobacco industry and establish conditions for reducing smoking. |
80 年代的热潮: 我们力争在公共场所禁烟, 规范烟草行业, 并建立适宜的条件以减少吸烟。 |
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elements:n.要素;基本部分;少量;一群;(element的复数) striving:n.努力;奋斗;v.努力;奋斗;力争;力求;(strive的现在分词) antibiotic:adj.抗生的;抗菌的;n.抗生素,抗菌素; resistance:n.电阻;抵抗;阻力;抗力; disruption:n.破坏,毁坏;分裂,瓦解; nanotech:纳米技术;纳米科技; impacts:n.影响; v.有影响,有作用; arms race:n.军备竞赛; radioactive:adj.[核]放射性的;有辐射的; According to:根据,据说; mind-boggling:adj.令人难以置信的;令人惊异的; climax:n.(重要事情或时刻的)高潮,顶点; v.达成(或形成)极点(或顶点、高潮); dramatic:adj.突然的;巨大的;令人吃惊的;激动人心的; regulate:v.调节;控制; establish:v.创立;设立;建立;确立;使立足;查实;
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| Their struggle began in earnest in 1964, with the US Surgeon General's famous report linking cigarette smoking to cancer and other diseases. |
他们的斗争从 1964 年 美国军医长那篇着名的报告, 指明吸烟会导致癌症 及其他疾病开始,正式打响。 |
| Over 400,000 deaths a year in the United States are related to smoking. |
美国每年超过 40 万的死亡 都是与吸烟相关。 |
| Public hearings, litigation , media exposés and industry whistleblowers joined with crucial medical scientists to take on a very powerful industry. |
听证会、诉讼、媒体报道 以及行业的吹哨人 都加入了医学科学家, 一同对抗这个非常强大的行业。 |
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in earnest:认真的;诚挚地;正经的; Surgeon:n.外科医生; cancer:n.癌症;恶性肿瘤; United:adj.联合的; v.联合,团结; (unite的过去分词和过去式) litigation:n.诉讼;起诉; whistleblowers:告发者;检举者;
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| I asked Michael Pertschuk, a leading Senate staffer , how many full-time advocates were working on tobacco industry control at that time. |
我询问了参议院工作人员, 迈克尔·皮尔查克 (Michael Pertschuk) 多少全职的倡议者 当时致力于烟草行业管控。 |
| Mr. Pertschuk estimated no more than 1,000 full-time champions in the US pressing for a smoke-free society. |
皮尔查克估计, 在美国,呼吁无烟社会的 全职倡导者不超过 1000 人。 |
| I say that's a remarkably small number of people making it happen. |
我想,居然只有这么少的人 就能取得成功。 |
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staffer:n.职员;编辑;采访记者; full-time:adj.专职的;全日制的;全部时间的; estimated:adj.估计的;预计的;估算的; no more than:adv.只是;仅仅; smoke-free:adj.无烟的;禁止吸烟的; remarkably:adv.非常;极为;格外;出乎意料地
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| They had a public opinion majority of aroused people, nonsmokers , behind them. |
他们背后,是广大的公众 和不吸烟者的支持。 |
| Many smokers were quitting the nicotine addiction . |
很多吸烟者都计划戒烟。 |
| down to 15 percent by 2018. |
下降到 2018 年的 15%。 |
| The tipping point was when Congress passed legislation empowering the Food and Drug Administration to regulate the tobacco companies. |
转折点发生在国会通过立法 允许食品药品监督管理局（FDA） 来规范烟草公司。 |
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aroused:v.激起,引起;激起性欲;使行动起来;激发(arouse的过去分词和过去式) nonsmokers:n.不抽烟的人;禁止吸烟列车车厢; quitting:v.离开;离任;离校;停止;戒掉;(quit的现在分词) nicotine:n.[有化]尼古丁;[有化]烟碱; addiction:n.瘾;嗜好;入迷; tipping point:n.(个案积累终成大趋势的)引爆点; empowering:v.授权;给(某人)…的权力;增加(某人的)自主权;(empower的现在分词)
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| Keep in mind that advances for consumers and workers are usually followed by a variety of corporate counterattacks . |
请记住,消费者和员工的胜利 总会遭到各种大公司的反击。 |
| When the fervor behind such reform fades , then legislatures and regulatory agencies become very vulnerable to industry capture that stalls existing or further enforcement. |
当支持这类改革的热情消退时, 立法机构和监管机构就会 变得非常脆弱,容易向行业妥协, 从而阻碍现有的 或进一步监管的执行。 |
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Keep in mind:记住; consumers:n.消费者;顾客;用户;(consumer的复数) variety:n.多样;种类;杂耍;变化,多样化; corporate:adj.公司的;组成公司(或团体)的;法人的;社团的; counterattacks:vt.反击;反攻;vi.反击;反攻;n.反击;反攻; fervor:n.热情;热烈;热心;炽热; fades:v.褪色;逝去;[生物]衰老;淡接(fade的第三人称单数形式); legislatures:n.立法机关(legislature的复数); agencies:n.代理;代理处(agency的复数); vulnerable:adj.易受攻击的,易受…的攻击;易受伤害的;有弱点的; capture:v.俘虏;捕获;攻占;夺得;刻画,描述;n.(被)捕获;(被)俘获 stalls:n.摊位; v.(使)熄火,抛锚; (stall的第三人称单数和复数)
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| What's that saying? |
那句话怎么说来着？ |
| '"Justice requires constant vigilance ." |
“公正需要持续的警觉”。 |
| We see the difference between the driven stamina of counterattacking , profit-driven corporate power and the fatigue that overcomes a voluntary citizenry whose awareness and skill need renewal . |
我们看到, 大公司为了逐利而持续反击, 而群众却因为获得了短暂的胜利 而感到疲惫不堪,亟待休整。 |
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vigilance:n.警戒,警觉;警醒症; stamina:n.毅力;精力;活力;持久力; counterattacking:v.反击;(counterattack的现在分词) profit-driven:n.获利导向,利润驱动; fatigue:n.疲劳;劳累;厌倦;(金属或木材的)疲劳;v.疲劳;使疲乏;(士兵)担任杂役; overcomes:vt.克服;胜过;vi.克服;得胜; voluntary:adj.自愿的;志愿的;自发的;故意的;n.志愿者;自愿行动; awareness:n.意识,认识;明白,知道; renewal:n.更新,恢复;复兴;补充;革新;续借;重申;
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| It is not a fair contest between large companies like General Motors, Pfizer, |
那些行业巨头, 例如通用汽车、辉瑞制药 |
| ExxonMobil, Wells Fargo , Monsanto, plus other very wealthy companies and lobbyists , compared to people protection groups with very limited resources . |
埃克森美孚、富国银行、孟山都, 以及其他财力雄厚的 大公司和他们的说客, 和资源极其有限的群众保护团体 之间的对抗是非常不公平的。 |
| Moreover , the corporations have immunities and privileges unavailable to real human beings. |
而且,大公司还拥有 普通人所没有的 豁免权和其他特权。 |
| For example, Takata was guilty of a horrific airbag scandal , but the company escaped criminal prosecution . |
比如,高田公司制造了 空气气囊丑闻, 但却免于刑事起诉。 |
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Fargo:n.法戈(美国北达科他州东南部城市); lobbyists:n.游说者(lobbyist的复数形式); limited:adj.有限的; n.高级快车; v.限制; (limit的过去分词和过去式) resources:n.[计][环境]资源; v.向…提供资金(resource的第三人称单数); Moreover:adv.而且;此外; immunities:n.豁免(immunity复数); privileges:n.[计]特权(privilege的复数); v.给与…特权(privilege的第三人称单数形式); unavailable:adj.难以获得的;不能利用的;不近便的; guilty:adj.有罪的;内疚的; horrific:adj.可怕的;令人毛骨悚然的; scandal:n.丑闻;流言蜚语;诽谤;公愤; prosecution:n.起诉,检举;进行;经营;
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| Instead, Takata was allowed to go bankrupt and its executives kept nice nest eggs. |
相反,该公司被允许申请破产保护, 高管们还能保住他们的财富。 |
| But organized people need not be awed by corporate power. |
但群众组织不需要 害怕他们的企业权力。 |
| Lawmakers still want votes more than they need campaign finance from corporations. |
相比于企业提供的竞选资金, 立法者更想要的是选票。 |
| We far outnumber corporations in potential influence . |
我们在这方面的影响 远比那些大公司要大。 |
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bankrupt:adj.破产;倒闭;完全缺乏(有价值的东西);n.(经法院判决的)破产者;v.使破产; executives:n.经理,主管领导,管理人员;领导层;行政部门(executive的复数) organized:adj.有组织的; v.组织; (organize的过去分词和过去式) awed:adj.充满敬畏的,畏怯的;v.使…敬畏;使…惊叹(awe的过去分词); Lawmakers:立法者(lawmaker的复数); finance:n.财政,财政学;金融;v.负担经费,供给…经费; outnumber:vt.数目超过;比…多; potential:n.潜能;可能性;[电]电势;adj.潜在的;可能的;势的; influence:n.影响;势力;感化;有影响的人或事;v.影响;改变;
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| But voters must be connected clearly to what organized voters want from the lawmakers. |
但选民们一定要清楚 他们对立法者的诉求。 |
| Delegating the constitutional authority of "we the people," |
作为“我们人民”的代表, |
| we want them to do the people's work. |
我们希望他们能为我们负责。 |
| A people's Congress, the most constitutionally powerful branch of government, can override , block or rechannel the most destructive corporations. |
一个人民的国会, 政府最有权力的机关, 可以废除、阻挠 或者重组没有良心的企业。 |
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Delegating:v.授权(delegate的ing形式);选举;n.授权;委派;授权式;adj.授权的; constitutional:adj.宪法的;本质的;体质上的;保健的;n.保健散步;保健运动; authority:n.权威;权力;当局; constitutionally:adv.本质地;体质上;天生; override:v.凌驾;(以权力)否决;比…更重要;超驰控制; destructive:adj.破坏的;毁灭性的;有害的,消极的;
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| There are only 100 senators and 435 representatives with just two million organized activists back home, a Congress watchdog hobby. |
我们只有 100 名参议员 和 435 名众议员, 背后是两百万有组织的维权斗士, 他们是忠实的国会看门人。 |
| Congressional justice can be made reliable and prompt . |
国会立法可以既可靠又迅速。 |
| We've proved that again and again with far fewer people. |
我们用少得多的人数反复证明过。 |
| But today, Congress, marinated in campaign money, has been abdicating its responsibilities to an executive branch which too often has become a corporate state controlled by big companies. |
但如今,国会在竞选资金的浸淫下, 面对被大公司控制的行政部门 已经放弃了他们的使命。 |
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senators:n.参议员(senator的复数); representatives:n.代表;众议院(representative的复数形式); watchdog:n.看门狗;监察人;忠实的看守人; reliable:adj.可信赖的;可依靠的;真实可信的;可靠的; prompt:n.提示; v.提示; adj.迅速; v.准时地; marinated:vt.把…浸泡在卤汁中;vi.浸泡在卤汁中; abdicating:v.退位;逊位;失(职);放弃(职责);(abdicate的现在分词) executive branch:n.(美国总统掌管的)政府行政部门;
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| President Franklin D. Roosevelt, in 1938, in a message to Congress, called concentrated corporate power over our government quote -- fascism -- end quote. |
富兰克林罗斯福总统 在 1938 年给国会的消息中, 把过于集中的企业权力 称为“法西斯主义”。 |
| A modest engagement of one percent of adults in each of the 435 congressional districts, summoning senators and representatives or state legislators to their own town meetings, where the citizenry presents their agenda , backed by a majority of voters, can turn Congress around. |
在 435 个国会选区中, 只要有百分之一的 成年人适度参与, 召集参议员、众议员或州议员 参加他们自己的城镇会议, 由公民提出他们的议程, 并得到大多数选民的支持, 就可以改变国会的决定。 |
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concentrated:adj.决心要做的; v.集中(注意力); (concentrate的过去式和过去分词) quote:v.引用;报价;举例说明;开价;为(企业的股份)上市;n.引用; fascism:n.法西斯主义;极端国家主义; summoning:v.传唤,传讯(出庭);召唤;召集,召开(会议);(summon的现在分词) legislators:n.立法委员;(legislator的复数) agenda:n.议事日程;
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| Our representatives can become a fountainhead of democracy and justice, elevating human possibilities. |
我们的代表可以成为 民主与正义的源泉, 提升人类发展的可能性。 |
| I dream of our schools, or after-school clinics , teaching community civic action skills, leading to the good life. |
我期待我们的学校, 或者课外辅导班, 可以教授行使公民权利的方法, 让我们过上更好的生活。 |
| Adult education classes should do the same. |
成人教育也是如此。 |
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fountainhead:n.源;水源;本源; elevating:adj.引人向上的;n.升降机构;v.使升高(elevate的现在分词形式);提起; after-school:放学后 clinics:n.诊所(clinic的复数形式); community:n.社区;[生态]群落;共同体;团体; Adult education:成人教育;
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| We need to create citizen training and action libraries. |
我们需要开设公民培训项目, 建立行动目录。 |
| Students and adults love knowledge that relates to their daily lives. |
孩子和大人都喜欢 跟他们日常生活相关的知识。 |
| Large majorities of Americans, regardless of political labels , favor a living wage , universal health insurance , real enforcement against corporate crime, fraud and abuse . |
大部分美国人, 不论他们持何种政治倾向, 都想获得足够 维持生计的劳动所得、 医疗保障, 以及对抗企业犯罪、诈骗 和滥用职权的法律保障。 |
| They want a fair, productive tax system, public budgets returning value to the people back home in modern infrastructure , and an end to most corporate subsidies . |
他们想要一个公平、 高效的税收体系, 利用公共预算, 通过现代化的基础设施 让国内民众获益, 并取消大多数企业补贴。 |
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regardless:adj.不管的; v.不顾后果地; labels:n.标签;分类(label的复数形式);v.贴标签于;把…称为(label的三单形式); living wage:n.基本生活工资;仅能维持生活的工资; universal:adj.普遍的;全体的;全世界的;共同的; insurance:n.保险;保险业;保险费;保费;adj.胜券在握的; fraud:n.欺骗;骗子;诡计; abuse:n.滥用;虐待;辱骂;弊端;恶习,陋习;v.滥用;虐待;辱骂; productive:adj.能生产的;生产的,生产性的;多产的;富有成效的; budgets:n.[财政]预算(budget复数形式);v.为…做预算(budget的第三人称单数形式); infrastructure:n.基础设施;公共建设;下部构造; subsidies:n.补贴;补助金;津贴;(subsidy的复数)
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| Increasingly , they're demanding serious attention to climate disruption and other environmental and global health perils and pandemics . |
他们也越来越多的关注气候破坏, 以及其他环境和全球健康领域的威胁。 |
| Big majorities of people want efficient government, an end to endless , aggressive wars that boomerang . |
绝大多数人想要更高效的政府, 想要结束无休止的、 只会适得其反的侵略战争。 |
| They want clean elections and fair rules for voters and candidates. |
他们想要更透明的选举以及 更加公平的选民和候选人制度。 |
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Increasingly:adv.越来越多地;渐增地; global:adj.全球的;总体的;球形的; pandemics:大流行;流行病; efficient:adj.有效率的;有能力的;生效的; endless:adj.无止境的;连续的;环状的;漫无目的的; aggressive:adj.侵略性的;好斗的;有进取心的;有闯劲的; boomerang:n.飞去来器;自食其果的行为;回飞棒;
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| These are changes that bring people together, changes Congress can make happen. |
这些都是能够团结大众的变化, 也是国会可以实现的改变。 |
| People around the world favor democracy, because it brings the best out of its inhabitants and its leaders. |
全世界人民都想要民主, 因为它能够让群众和领导者的价值 得到最大程度的发挥。 |
| But this objective requires citizens to want to spend time on this great opportunity called democracy, between and at elections. |
但要想实现这个目标, 人们需要愿意在选举前和选举时, 为伟大的民主目标付出时间。 |
| History gives examples that encourage us to believe that breaking through power is easier than we think. |
历史上有很多这样的例子 让我们相信, 打破权力的壁垒比我们想的要容易。 |
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inhabitants:n.居民(inhabitant的复数); objective:n.目标; adj.客观的;
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| People say to me, "I don't know what to do!" |
人们常常跟我说, “我不知道该怎么做！” |
| Start to learn by doing. |
那就从行动中学习。 |
| The more they practice citizen action, the more skilled and innovative they become at it. |
他们越多的行使自己的公民权力, 就越善于使用和创新。 |
| Like learning a trade, a profession , a hobby, learning how to swim, their doubts, prejudgments and hesitancy begin to melt away in the crucible of action. |
就像学习做生意、一门专业、 一项爱好、学游泳, 一旦开始行动, 他们的怀疑、偏见和疑惑 都会逐渐消失。 |
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skilled:adj.熟练的;有技能的;需要技能的; innovative:adj.革新的,创新的; profession:n.行业,职业;业内人士;同行; prejudgments:n.偏见; hesitancy:n.踌躇,犹豫; melt away:v.消失;融掉; crucible:n.坩埚;严酷的考验;
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| Their arguments for change become deeper and sharper . |
他们呼吁变革的观念 会更加深刻和清晰。 |
| when I was making the case for safer automobiles , |
我在呼吁加强 汽车安全措施的过程中, |
| I realized that there were a lot of industries making a lot of money from dealing with the horrific results of crashes: medical care, insurance sales, repairing cars ... |
意识到很多行业 都能从事故中赚得盆满钵满: 医疗、保险、汽车维修... |
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sharper:n.骗子;赌棍;欺诈犯; automobiles:n.[车辆]汽车,发动器(automobile复数);关于汽车;
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| There was a perverse incentive to do nothing but maintain the status quo . |
他们有动力不去改变, 而是维持现状。 |
| By contrast , preventing these tragedies frees consumer dollars to spend or save in voluntary [ways] |
相反的,阻止这些悲剧 能够使消费者省下这些钱 购买其他东西或是储蓄, |
| for better livelihoods . |
以获得更好的生活。 |
| What it takes is a small number of people to exert their civic muscle , both as individuals and organized groups, on our legal decision makers. |
达成这样的目标, 只需要一小部分个人或组织, 向立法者行使公民权利。 |
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perverse:adj.堕落的,不正当的;倔强的;违反常情的; incentive:n.动机;刺激;adj.激励的;刺激的; maintain:v.维持;保持;维修;保养;坚持(意见); status quo:n.现状;原来的状况; contrast:n.对比;对照;反差;明显的差异;v.对比;对照;形成对比; tragedies:n.悲惨的事;不幸;灾难;悲剧作品;(tragedy的复数) livelihoods:n.赚钱謀生的手段;生计;(livelihood的复数) exert:v.施加;努力;运用;行使; muscle:n.肌肉;力量;v.加强;使劲搬动;使劲挤出; individuals:n.[经]个人;[生物]个体(individual的复数); legal:adj.法律的;合法的;法定的;
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| Ideally , it only takes a few enlightened rich people contributing funds to accelerate citizen efforts against the commanders of greed and power. |
理想情况下,只需要几位 开明的富人提供资金 来帮助公民们对抗贪婪的执政者。 |
| Why, in our past, rich people donated essential money for the antislavery, women's right to vote and civil rights movements. |
原因是,以往,比较富裕的人群 为反对奴隶、争取妇女投票权 和其他民权运动都贡献了重要的资金。 |
| We should remember that. |
我们要牢记他们的奉献。 |
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Ideally:adv.理想地;观念上地; enlightened:adj.开明的; v.启发; (enlighten的过去分词和过去式) contributing:v.捐献,捐赠(尤指款或物);捐助;增加;增进;(contribute的现在分词) accelerate:v.加快;加速;n.接受速成教育的学生; commanders:n.指挥官(commander的复数); greed:n.贪婪,贪心; donated:v.捐赠,赠送;献(血);捐献(器官);(donate的过去分词和过去式) essential:n.要点;要素;实质;必需品;adj.完全必要的;必不可少的;极其重要的;本质的;
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| With the onset of climate catastrophe , every one of us needs to have a higher estimate of our own significance , of our own sustained dedication to the civic life, as part of a normal way of daily living, along with our personal family life. |
面对即将到来的气候灾难, 我们每一个人都要意识到 行使自己的公民权利 应该和个人家庭生活一样, 成为我们日常生活中的重要部分。 |
| Showing up thoughtfully is half of democracy. |
有意识的参与只是民主的一部分。 |
| That's what advances life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness. |
这是生活和民主进步的原因, 也是我们对快乐的追求。 |
| Remember, our country is full of problems we don't deserve and solutions which we do not apply . |
请记住,我们的国家充斥着 我们本不应该面对的问题, 和我们用不到的解决方法。 |
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onset:n.开始,着手;发作;攻击,进攻; catastrophe:n.大灾难;大祸;惨败; significance:n.意义;重要性;意思; sustained:adj.持续的; v.维持; (sustain的过去分词和过去式) dedication:n.奉献;献身;(建筑物等的)落成典礼;(书、音乐或演出前部的)献词; thoughtfully:adv.沉思地;体贴地,亲切地; liberty:n.自由;许可;冒失; deserve:vi.应受,应得; apply:v.申请;涂,敷;应用;适用;请求;
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| That gap is a democracy gap that no power can stop us from closing. |
这是民主的缺口, 没有力量能够阻止我们把它填平。 |
| We owe this to our posterity . |
这是我们理应为后人做的。 |
| Don't we want our descendants , instead of cursing us for our shortsighted neglect , don't we want them to bless our foresight and bright horizons which can fulfill their lives peacefully and advance the common good? |
难道我们希望后代 咒骂我们的短视, 而不是感谢我们的远见, 让他们的生活 更加和平和进步吗？ |
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gap:n.差距;间隙;缺口;间隔;v.使豁裂;豁开; posterity:n.子孙,后裔;后代; descendants:n.后裔;后代;子孙;派生物;(descendant的复数) cursing:v.诅咒;咒骂;在心里诅咒;(curse的现在分词) shortsighted:adj.目光短浅的;近视的; neglect:v.忽视;忽略;疏忽;疏于照顾;n.忽视;忽略;未被重视; foresight:n.先见,远见;预见;深谋远虑; horizons:n.地平线;范围,眼界;(horizon的复数) fulfill:v.执行,贯彻;完成,实现;兑现;达到;起到; peacefully:adv.平静地;和平地;
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| Thank you. |
谢谢。 |
| (Applause) |
（掌声） |