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RadhikaNagpal_2017-_智能机器可以从鱼群中学到什么呢？_
In my early days as a graduate student, 当我还在读研究生的时候
early days:初期;为时尚早;前期;
I went on a snorkeling trip off the coast of the Bahamas . 我在巴哈马海岸参加了一次潜泳之旅
snorkeling:v.用水下通气管潜航;用通气管潜泳;(snorkel的现在分词) Bahamas:n.巴哈马群岛(拉丁美洲国家);
I'd actually never swum in the ocean before, so it was a bit terrifying . 我之前从没在海里游过泳 心里难免有些忐忑
terrifying:adj.令人恐惧的;骇人的;极大的;v.使害怕,使恐怖;(terrify的现在分词)
What I remember the most is, as I put my head in the water and I was trying really hard to breathe through the snorkel, this huge group of striped yellow and black fish came straight at me ... 让我印象最深的是 当我把头潜入水中时 很努力地试图通过通气管呼吸 这时一大群拥有黄黑相间条纹的鱼 径直向我游过来
striped:adj.有条纹的;有斑纹的;v.被剥去(strip的过去分词);
and I just froze. 我瞬间变得不知所措
And then, as if it had suddenly changed its mind, came towards me and then swerved to the right and went right around me. 之后鱼群好像突然改变了主意 游到我面前 然后突然右转 与我擦肩而过
swerved:v.突然转向;急转弯;(swerve的过去分词和过去式)
It was absolutely mesmerizing . 这鱼群彻底惊艳到我了
absolutely:adv.绝对地;完全地; mesmerizing:v.迷住;吸引;(mesmerize的现在分词)
Maybe many of you have had this experience. 也许你们中的许多人也有过这样的经历
Of course, there's the color and the beauty of it, but there was also just the sheer oneness of it, as if it wasn't hundreds of fish but a single entity with a single collective mind that was making decisions. 当然 令人着迷的不但 有它的艳丽和壮美 同时也有它纯粹的同一性 好像它不是成百上千条鱼 而是单一 有唯一集体思维的个体 在做决定
sheer:adj.纯; v.十足地; n.透明薄纱; v.[航海](使)偏航; (使)转向; oneness:n.统一性;单一性;同一性;完整; entity:n.实体;存在;本质; collective:adj.集体的;共同的;集合的;集体主义的;n.集团;集合体;集合名词;
When I look back, I think that experience really ended up determining what I've worked on for most of my career . 回想起来 这段经历 对我职业生涯的大部分工作 起到了决定性的作用
determining:v.查明;测定;准确算出;决定;支配;裁决;(determine的现在分词) career:n.职业;事业;生涯;经历;
I'm a computer scientist, and the field that I work in is artificial intelligence . 我是一个计算机科学家 从事的领域是人工智能（AI）
artificial intelligence:n.人工智能;
And a key theme in AI is being able to understand intelligence by creating our own computational systems that display intelligence the way we see it in nature. 人工智能中一个关键的主题 是能通过创造我们自己的 计算机系统来了解智能 这些系统展现了我们在 自然中所观察到的智能
computational:adj.计算的; display:n.显示;炫耀;vt.显示;表现;陈列;vi.[动]作炫耀行为;adj.展览的;陈列用的;
Now, most popular views of AI, of course, come from science fiction and the movies, and I'm personally a big Star Wars fan. 如今AI最受欢迎的想法是 源于科幻小说和电影 我本人就是星球大战的超级粉丝
science fiction:科幻小说; personally:adv.个人;亲自;本人;就本人而言;
But that tends to be a very human-centric view of intelligence. 但那些关于AI的想法 往往以人类为中心
When you think of a fish school, or when I think of a flock of starlings , that feels like a really different kind of intelligence. 当你想到鱼群 或当我想到一群八哥时 那是一种全新的关于智能的体会
flock:v.聚集;群集;蜂拥;n.(羊或鸟)群;(尤指同类人的)一大群; starlings:n.[鸟]椋鸟;桥墩尖端分水桩;欧掠鸟(starling的复数);
For starters , any one fish is just so tiny compared to the sheer size of the collective, so it seems that any one individual would have a really limited and myopic view of what's going on, and intelligence isn't really about the individual but somehow a property of the group itself. 首先 每一条鱼在庞大鱼群的映衬下 都显得非常微不足道 所以似乎任何一个个体 对于所发生事物的视角都是 非常有限和片面的 智能似乎与个体无关 而是群体的某种属性
starters:n.(主菜之前的)开胃小吃;参赛者;发令员;(starter的复数) compared:adj.比较的,对照的; v.相比; (compare的过去式和过去分词) individual:n.个人;有个性的人;adj.单独的;个别的; limited:adj.有限的; n.高级快车; v.限制; (limit的过去分词和过去式) myopic:adj.近视的;目光短浅的; somehow:adv.以某种方法;莫名其妙地;
Secondly, and the thing that I still find most remarkable , is that we know that there are no leaders supervising this fish school. 其次 我觉得最引人注目的是 鱼群中没有指挥者监督它们
remarkable:adj.卓越的;非凡的;值得注意的; supervising:v.监督;管理;指导;主管;(supervise的现在分词)
Instead, this incredible collective mind behavior is emerging purely from the interactions of one fish and another. 这种简直不可思议的集体行为 仅仅源于个体之间的互动
incredible:adj.难以置信的,惊人的; emerging:adj.新兴的;v.出现,浮现,露出;暴露;(emerge的现在分词) purely:adv.完全;仅仅; interactions:n.[计]交互,相互作用;相互交流;干扰;(interaction复数)
Somehow, there are these interactions or rules of engagement between neighboring fish that make it all work out. 在相邻的鱼之间以某种方式 存在着合作的规律 得以呈现这样的景象
engagement:n.婚约;约会;交战;诺言;n.参与度; neighboring:adj.邻近的;接壤的;v.邻近;使接近;位于…附近;(neighbor的现在分词)
So the question for AI then becomes, what are those rules of engagement that lead to this kind of intelligence, and of course, can we create our own? 所以AI的问题演变成了 引导这种智能背后的规则是什么呢 当然还包括 我们可以把它创造出来吗
And that's the primary thing that I work on with my team in my lab. 这就是我和我的团队 在实验室中的主要工作内容
We work on it through theory, looking at abstract rule systems and thinking about the mathematics behind it. 我们通过理论研究 观察其中抽象的规则系统 然后思考蕴藏在背后的运算规则
abstract:n.摘要; adj.抽象的; vt.摘要; vi.做摘要; mathematics:n.数学;数学运算;
We also do it through biology , working closely with experimentalists . 我们也会和生物学方面的 研究人员密切合作
biology:n.(一个地区全部的)生物;生物学; experimentalists:n.实验主义者;经验主义者;实验者;
But mostly, we do it through robotics , where we try to create our own collective systems that can do the kinds of things that we see in nature, or at least try to. 但最主要的是 我们通过机器人进行研究 尝试着去创造 属于我们自己的群体系统 使其可以完成我们在 自然中所观察到的现象 至少可以尝试一下
robotics:n.机器人学;
One of our first robotic quests along this line was to create our very own colony of a thousand robots. 由此 我们第一批的机器人探索活动 创造了属于我们的 由一千个机器人组成的群体
quests:n.过关模式(游戏用语); v.探索; colony:n.殖民地;移民队;
So very simple robots, but they could be programmed to exhibit collective intelligence, and that's what we were able to do. 非常简单的机器人 但可以通过编程让它们展现集体智慧 这也是我们能够实现的
exhibit:v.展览;表现;展出;n.陈列品;(在法庭上出示的)物证;
So this is what a single robot looks like. 这是单个的机器人
It's quite small, about the size of a quarter, and you can program how it moves, but it can also wirelessly communicate with other robots, and it can measure distances from them. 它非常小 只有一枚硬币大小 你可以通过编程控制它的移动 但它也可以和其他的机器人无线连接 同时也可以测量它们之间的距离
wirelessly:用无线电报与…联系;用无线电报发送(信息等):;;打无线电报;打无线电话;
And so now we can start to program exactly an interaction, a rule of engagement between neighbors. 现在我们可以开始 精确地编码一个交互运动 两个相邻机器人之间得运动规则
And once we have this system, we can start to program many different kinds of rules of engagement that you would see in nature. 一旦我们有了这个系统 我们就能开始编码你可以 在自然界中观察到的 许多不同种类的规则
So for example, spontaneous synchronization , how audiences are clapping and suddenly start all clapping together, the fireflies flashing together. 例如自发同步现象 观众是怎样鼓掌 怎样突然一起开始鼓掌的 萤火虫如何同步闪烁
spontaneous:adj.自发的;自然的;无意识的; synchronization:n.[物]同步;同时性; clapping:v.鼓掌,拍手;击掌;(clap的现在分词) fireflies:n.萤火虫;(firefly的名词复数); flashing:n.防雨板,盖片; v.闪光; (flash的现在分词)
We can program rules for pattern formation , how cells in a tissue determine what role they're going to take on and set the patterns of our bodies. 我们可以编码图案形成的规则 组织中的细胞 如何决定它们将会起什么样的作用 进而决定我们的人体结构的
formation:n.形成;编队;组成;队形; tissue:n.纸巾,手巾纸;(人、动植物细胞的)组织; determine:v.决定;确定;测定;查明;形成;影响;裁决;安排;
We can program rules for migration , and in this way, we're really learning from nature's rules. 我们可以编码迁移的规则 这样一来我们真的是在借鉴自然法则
migration:n.迁移;迁徙;转移;移居;
But we can also take it a step further. 但我们也可以更进一步
We can actually take these rules that we've learned from nature and combine them and create entirely new collective behaviors of our very own. 我们可以将这些从自然中学到的规律 结合在一起 创造全新的 属于我们自己的 集体行为
So for example, imagine that you had two different kinds of rules. 例如 想象一下你有两种不同的规则
So your first rule is a motion rule where a moving robot can move around other stationary robots. 第一种是运动规则 运动的机器人可以在 其他固定的机器人周围移动
motion:n.动作;移动;手势;请求;意向;议案;v.运动;打手势; move around:v.走来走去;绕着…来回转; stationary:adj.固定的;静止的;定居的;常备军的;n.不动的人;驻军;
And your second rule is a pattern rule where a robot takes on a color based on its two nearest neighbors. 第二种是样式规则 机器人参考相邻的两个机器人 呈现与其不同的颜色
So if I start with a blob of robots in a little pattern seed, it turns out that these two rules are sufficient for the group to be able to self-assemble a simple line pattern. 如果从一小组机器人开始 结果显示这两种规则已经 足够实现让群体自我组装成 一个简单的线性图案这一目标
blob:n.一滴;一抹;v.弄脏;把…做错;得零分; sufficient:adj.足够的;充分的; self-assemble:vi.自组装;
And if I have more complicated pattern rules, and I design error correction rules, we can actually create really, really complicated self assemblies , and here's what that looks like. 如果我用更复杂的样式规则 并且设计错误更正规则 我们就可以创造 非常复杂的自组装结构了 给大家展示一下初步成果
complicated:adj.复杂的;难懂的;v.使复杂化;(complicate的过去分词和过去式) error correction:un.纠错;错误校正;误差校正;误差修正; assemblies:n.装配;程序集;集会;衣片(assembly的复数形式);
So here, you're going to see a thousand robots that are working together to self-assemble the letter K. 这里你们可以看到一千个机器人 合作自发组成字母K
The K is on its side. 完成后的字母位于上方
And the important thing is that no one is in charge. 重要的是没有一个 机器人起指导作用
So any single robot is only talking to a small number of robots nearby it, and it's using its motion rule to move around the half-built structure just looking for a place to fit in based on its pattern rules. 每个机器人 只和周围的一些机器人交流 它利用自身的运动规则 在建了一半的结构周围运动 只是根据其样式规律 寻找一个合适的位置
nearby:adj.附近的,邻近的;adv.在附近;prep.在…附近; structure:n.结构;构造;建筑物;vt.组织;构成;建造;
And even though no robot is doing anything perfectly, the rules are such that we can get the collective to do its goal robustly together. 即使没有一个机器人的行为是完美的 这些规则却足以使我们通过集体协作
robustly:adv.要用体力地;粗鲁地;坚定地;
And the illusion becomes almost so perfect, you know -- you just start to not even notice that they're individual robots at all, and it becomes a single entity, kind of like the school of fish. 这种幻想近乎完美 你们甚至不需要注意到 它们是个体机器人 它们变成了一个单一的实体 就像刚刚提到的鱼群一样
illusion:n.幻觉,错觉;错误的观念或信仰;
So these are robots and rules in two dimensions , but we can also think about robots and rules in three dimensions. 这些是从二维层面看 机器人及其运动规则 但我们也可以从三维的角度 考虑机器人和规则
dimensions:n.规模,大小;
So what if we could create robots that could build together? 如果我们能创造 有建筑能力的机器人呢
what if:如果…怎么办?
And here, we can take inspiration from social insects. 看看这里 我们从 社会性昆虫身上获得了启发
So if you think about mound-building termites or you think about army ants, they create incredible, complex nest structures out of mud and even out of their own bodies. 如果你想到了白蚁丘 或者是行军蚁 它们用泥土 甚至用它们自己的身体 惊人 复杂的巢穴结构
termites:n.白蚁;(termite的复数) complex:adj.复杂的;合成的;n.复合体;综合设施; structures:n.结构; v.建造(structure的第三人称单数形式);
And like the system I showed you before, these insects actually also have pattern rules that help them determine what to build, but the pattern can be made out of other insects, or it could be made out of mud. 就像我之前给你们展示的系统一样 这些昆虫实际上也有排布规则 可以帮助它们决定要建造什么 但是这种样式结构 也可以由其他昆虫造出来 或者是用泥土
And we can use that same idea to create rules for robots. 我们也可以将同样的想法 用于创建机器人规则上
So here, you're going to see some simulated robots. 这里你们可以看到一些模拟机器人
simulated:adj.假装的; v.假装; (simulate的过去式和过去分词)
So the simulated robot has a motion rule, which is how it traverses through the structure, looking for a place to fit in, and it has pattern rules where it looks at groups of blocks to decide whether to place a block. 模拟机器人有自己的运动规则 指导它如何穿越结构体 找到一个合适的地方 同时它也有排布规则 它会查看组块 来决定是否放下一个方块
traverses:v.横贯; n.横木;
And with the right motion rules and the right pattern rules, we can actually get the robots to build whatever we want. 有了正确的运动和样式规则之后 我们就能让机器人建造出 我们想要的任何东西
And of course, everybody wants their own tower. 当然每个人都想要属于自己的塔楼
(Laughter) （笑）
So once we have these rules, we can start to create the robot bodies that go with these rules. 一旦我们有了这些规则 我们就可以开始创造 能遵守这些规则的机器人
So here, you see a robot that can climb over blocks, but it can also lift and move these blocks and it can start to edit the very structure that it's on. 在这儿你们能看到 可以爬上方块的机器人 但它也可以举起和移动这些方块 可以编辑它所在的结构体
edit:v.编辑;剪辑;编纂;编选;n.编辑[校订]工作;
But with these rules, this is really only one kind of robot body that you could imagine. 但即便有了这些规则 这也仅仅只是你们能想到的 机器人中的一种
You could imagine many different kinds of robot bodies. 你们可以想象许多不同种类的机器人
So if you think about robots that maybe could move sandbags and could help build levees , or we could think of robots that built out of soft materials and worked together to shore up a collapsed building -- so just the same kind of rules in different kinds of bodies. 如果你觉得机器人也许可以移动沙袋 并帮助建筑堤坝 或者我们想象机器人 可以用柔软的材料造成 共同支撑倒塌的建筑 只是把同样的规则 用于不同种类的机器人
sandbags:vt.用沙袋打;在…堆沙袋;n.沙袋; levees:防洪堤(levee的复数); collapsed:v.倒塌,坍塌;倒下,昏倒;坐下;(collapse的过去分词和过去式)
Or if, like my group, you are completely obsessed with army ants, then maybe one day we can make robots that can climb over literally anything including other members of their tribe , and self-assemble things out of their own bodies. 或是像我的团队一样 你完全着迷于行军蚁 那么也许有一天我们能 让机器人攀爬所有的东西 包括它们部落中的其它成员 或者用它们自身自组装一些东西
obsessed:v.使痴迷;使迷恋;使着迷;(obsess的过去式和过去分词) literally:adv.按字面:字面上:确实地: tribe:n.部落;族;宗族;一伙;
Once you understand the rules, just many different kinds of robot visions become possible. 一旦你明白了这些规律 许多不同的机器人愿景都将成为可能
visions:n.愿景; v.想像;
And coming back to the snorkeling trip, we actually understand a great deal about the rules that fish schools use. 再回到那个潜泳之旅 事实上我们非常了解鱼群的运动规则
So if we can invent the bodies to go with that, then maybe there is a future where I and my group will get to snorkel with a fish school of our own creation . 如果我们能创造一个那样的群体 那么也许在未来 我的团队将和我们创造的鱼群 展开一次潜泳之旅
creation:n.创造,创作;创作物,产物;
Each of these systems that I showed you brings us closer to having the mathematical and the conceptual tools to create our own versions of collective power, 我向你们展示的每一个系统 都使我们更接近利用数学和概念工具 来创造属于我们的集体力量这一目标
mathematical:adj.数学的,数学上的;精确的; conceptual:adj.概念上的;
and this can enable many different kinds of future applications, whether you think about robots that build flood barriers or you think about robotic bee colonies that could pollinate crops 这也使许多不同的未来应用成为可能 机器人可以建筑防洪堤 可以给农作物授粉
enable:v.使能够;使有机会;使成为可能;使可行; barriers:n.障碍;栅栏;篱笆墙(barrier的复数形式); pollinate:vt.对...授粉;
or underwater schools of robots that monitor coral reefs , or if we reach for the stars and we thinking about programming constellations of satellites. 或是让水下机器人模拟珊瑚礁 又或者假设我们抵达某个星球 并设计了卫星的行星
underwater:adj.在水中的;水面下的;adv.在水下;n.水下; coral:n.珊瑚;珊瑚虫;adj.珊瑚的;珊瑚色的; reefs:n.礁石(reef的复数形式); v.收帆; constellations:n.[天]星座(constellation的复数);
In each of these systems, being able to understand how to design the rules of engagement and being able to create good collective behavior becomes a key to realizing these visions. 在每一个系统中 能明白如何设计交互规则 以及创造良好的集体行为 成为了实现这些愿景的关键
So, so far I've talked about rules for insects and for fish and for robots, but what about the rules that apply to our own human collective? 那么到目前为 止 我谈到了昆虫 鱼群 还有机器人的各种行为规则 但是那些适用于人类集体的规则呢
apply:v.申请;涂,敷;应用;适用;请求;
And the last thought that I'd like to leave you with is that science is of course itself an incredible manifestation of collective intelligence, but unlike the beautiful fish schools that I study, 我想留给你们的最后一点思考是 科学本身 毫无疑问就是 集体智慧的伟大体现 但不同于我所研究的美丽鱼群
manifestation:n.表现;显示;示威运动;
I feel we still have a much longer evolutionary path to walk. 我觉得我们还有很长的一段路要走
evolutionary:adj.进化的;发展的;渐进的;
So in addition to working on improving the science of robot collectives , 除了要致力于改进机器人集体的科学
in addition to:除…之外; improving:v.改进;改善;(improve的现在分词) collectives:adj.集体的;共同的;集合的;集体主义的;n.集团;集合体;集合名词;
I also work on creating robots and thinking about rules that will improve our own scientific collective. 我还致力于创造机器人和思考 能够改善我们的科学团队的规则
improve:v.改进;改善; scientific:adj.科学的,系统的;
There's this saying that I love: who does science determines what science gets done. 有一句谚语我很喜欢 科学的成果掌握在从事科学的人手中
determines:v.查明;测定;准确算出;决定;裁决;安排;(determine的第三人称单数)
Imagine a society where we had rules of engagement where every child grew up believing that they could stand here and be a technologist of the future, or where every adult 想象这样一个社会 使得每个孩子从小就 相信自己长大后能站在这里 并成为未来的技术专家 或者每一个成年人
technologist:n.技术专家;工艺学家;
believed that they had the ability not just to understand but to change how science and technology impacts their everyday lives. 都相信他们不仅有能力去理解 更有能力去改变 科技如何影响他们的日常生活
technology:n.技术;工艺;术语; impacts:n.影响; v.有影响,有作用;
What would that society look like? 那样的社会该有多么美好啊
I believe that we can do that. 我相信我们能做得到
I believe that we can choose our rules, and we engineer not just robots but we can engineer our own human collective, and if we do and when we do, it will be beautiful. 我相信我们可以选择自己的规则 我们不仅能设计机器人 更可以设计我们的人类群体 在我们开始行动时 一切都将变得非常美好
Thank you. 谢谢
(Applause) （掌声）