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RachelWurzman_2017X-_社交孤立如何助长阿片类药物成瘾_
What does it mean to be normal? 正常的意思是什么？
And what does it mean to be sick? 有病又意味着着什么？
I've asked myself this question from the time I was about seven, when I was diagnosed with Tourette syndrome . 我从 7 岁起就问自己这个问题, 当时我被诊断患有妥瑞氏症。
diagnosed:v.诊断(疾病);判断(问题的原因);(diagnose的过去分词和过去式) Tourette:Tourette综合征(儿童岁于秽语多动综合征,病因不明,分为先天遗传型和后天获得型); syndrome:n.[临床]综合征;综合症状;并发症状;校验子;并发位;
Tourette's is a neurological disorder characterized by stereotyped movements I perform against my will, called tics. 妥瑞氏症是一种神经障碍, 以违反本意的刻板动作为特征,也叫抽搐。
neurological:adj.神经病学的,神经学上的; disorder:n.混乱;骚乱;vt.使失调;扰乱; characterized:adj.以…为特点的; stereotyped:adj.用铅版印刷的; v.把…浇铸成铅版; perform:v.表演;执行;履行;演出;工作,运转(好/不好);
Now, tics are technically involuntary , in the sense that they occur without any conscious attention or intention on my part. 抽搐基本上是无意识的, 抽搐是在我没有任何有意识注意或意图 的情况下发生的。
involuntary:adj.无意识的;自然而然的;不知不觉的; occur:v.发生;出现;存在于;出现在; conscious:adj.意识到的;故意的;神志清醒的; intention:n.意图;目的;意向;愈合;
But there's a funny thing about how I experience tics. 但我所经历的抽搐有一件有趣的事。
They feel more unvoluntary than involuntary, because I still feel like it's me moving my shoulder, not some external force. 它们感到的是不自愿多于强制。 因为我仍能感觉到是我在移动我的肩膀, 而不是外力使然。
external:n.外部;外观;形式;外部情况;adj.外部的;外面的;外界的;外来的;
Also, I get this uncomfortable sensation , called premonitory urge, right before tics happen, and particularly when I'm trying to resist them. 我也有这种不舒服的感觉,叫前兆的冲动, 就在抽搐发生前, 尤其当我试图抗拒它时。
sensation:n.感觉;轰动;感动; premonitory:adj.先兆的,预兆的; particularly:adv.特别地,独特地;详细地,具体地;明确地,细致地; resist:v.抵制;阻挡;反抗;回击;抵抗;忍住;n.防染剂;防蚀用涂料;防腐剂;
Now, I imagine most of you out there understand what I'm saying, but unless you have Tourette's, you probably think you can't relate. 现在,我想你们大多数人理解我所说的, 但除非你有妥瑞氏症, 你可能认为你无法感同身受。
But I bet you can. 但我打赌你能。
bet:n.打赌;赌注;预计;估计;v.下赌注(于);用…打赌;敢说;八成儿;
So, let's try a little experiment here and see if I can give you a taste of what my experience feels like. 所以,让我们来做个小实验看我能不能 让你体验一番我的感觉怎么样。
Alright, ready? 好了,准备好了吗？
Don't blink . 不要眨眼。
blink:vt.眨眼;使…闪烁;vi.眨眼;闪烁;n.眨眼;瞬间;闪光;
No, really, don't blink. 不,真的,别眨眼。
And besides dry eyes, what do you feel? 除了眼睛干涩,你还有什么感觉？
besides:adv.此外;而且;prep.除…之外;
Phantom pressure? 幻影压力？
Phantom:n.幽灵;幻影;虚位;adj.幽灵的;幻觉的;有名无实的;
Eyelids tingling ? 眼睛刺痛？
Eyelids:n.[解剖]眼睑;[解剖]眼皮(eyelid的复数); tingling:v.感到刺痛;强烈地感到;(tingle的现在分词)
A need? 需要？
Are you holding your breath? 你在屏住呼吸吗？
(Laughter) （笑声）
Aha. 阿哈。
(Laughter) （笑声）
That's approximately what my tics feels like. 这大概就是我抽搐的感觉。
approximately:adv.大约,近似地;近于;
Now, tics and blinking , neurologically speaking, are not the same, but my point is that you don't have to have Tourette's to be able to relate to my experience of my premonitory urges, because your brain can give you similar experiences and feelings. 从神经学的角度来说, 抽搐和眨眼是不一样的, 但我的点在于你不需要有抽搐症 就能够跟我的先兆冲动体验联系起来, 因为你的大脑会给你相似的体验和感受。
blinking:adv.讨厌,可恶;v.眨眼睛;闪烁;(blink的现在分词) neurologically:adv.与神经方面有关地;
So, let's shift the conversation from what it means to be normal versus sick to what it means that a majority of us are both normal and sick. 所以,让我们把对话 从什么是正常、什么是有病 转到我们大多数人的 正常和有病意味着什么。
shift:n.移动;变化;手段;轮班;v.移动;转变;转换; versus:prep.对;与...相对;对抗; majority:n.大部分:大多数:多数票:成年人:
Because in the final analysis , we're all humans whose brains provide for a spectrum of experiences. 因为归根结底,我们全都是 由大脑提供一系列体验的人类。
analysis:n.分析;分解;验定; provide for:供养,供给;规定;为…作准备; spectrum:n.光谱;频谱;范围;余象;
And everything on that spectrum of human experiences is ultimately produced by brain systems that assume a spectrum of different states. 并且人类体验的所有东西 最终都是由认为处于不同状态的 大脑系统产生的。
ultimately:adv.最终;最后;归根结底;终究; assume:v.承担;假定;采取;呈现;
So again, what does it mean to be normal, and what does it mean to be sick, when sickness exists on the extreme end of a spectrum of normal? 那么再问一句,正常的意思是什么, 有病又意味着什么, 当疾病处于正常范围的极端边缘时呢？
extreme:adj.极端的;极度的;偏激的;尽头的;n.极端;末端;最大程度;极端的事物;
As both a researcher who studies differences in how individuals' brains wire and rewire themselves, and as a Touretter with other related diagnoses , 作为一个研究个体大脑 任何连接和重组的研究者, 以及作为妥瑞氏症和相关疾病患者,
rewire:vt.给…再打电报;给…换新电线;vi.再发电报;重装电线; diagnoses:n.诊断;调查分析;评价(diagnosis的复数形式);
I have long been fascinated by failures of self-regulation on the impulsive and compulsive behavioral spectrums . 长期以来,我一直被冲动和强迫行为谱系 的自我调节失败所困扰。
self-regulation:n.自动调节; impulsive:adj.冲动的;受感情驱使的;任性的; compulsive:adj.强制的;强迫的; behavioral:adj.行为的; spectrums:n.光谱;范围(spectrum的复数);
Because so much of my own experience of my own body and my own behavior has existed all over that map. 因为我自己身体的体验 和我自己的行为 在那张图谱上到处都是。
So with the spotlight on the opioid crisis , 随着阿片类药物危机进入聚光灯下,
spotlight:n.聚光灯;反光灯;公众注意的中心;v.聚光照明;使公众注意; opioid:n.[生化]阿片样物质;类鸦片; crisis:n.危机;危险期;决定性时刻;adj.危机的;用于处理危机的;
I've really found myself wondering lately: 我最近发现自己在想:
Where on the spectrum of unvoluntary behavior do we put something like abusing opioid painkillers or heroin ? 我们会把滥用阿片类止痛药或海洛因 放在非自愿行为范围的哪里呢？
abusing:v.滥用(以致危害健康);妄用;虐待;伤害;(abuse的现在分词) painkillers:n.止痛药(painkiller的复数形式); heroin:n.[药][毒物]海洛因,吗啡;
By now, we all know that the opioid crisis and epidemic is out of control. 目前为止,我们都知道阿片类药物 的危机和流行已经无法控制。
epidemic:n.流行病;蔓延;adj.传染病;流行性的;
Ninety-one people die every day in this country from overdose . 这个国家每天有 91 个人因为过度使用而死亡。
overdose:n.(一次用药)过量;v.一次用药过量;
And between 2002 and 2015, the number of deaths from heroin increased by a factor of six. 在 2002 年到 2015 年间, 死于海洛因的人数增加了六倍。
factor:n.因素;要素;[物]因数;代理人;v.做代理商;v.把…作为因素计入;
And something about the way that we treat addiction isn't working, at least not for everyone. 还有我们治疗上瘾的方法不起作用, 至少不对任何人都有效。
treat:v.治疗;处理;招待;款待;n.款待;乐事;乐趣; addiction:n.瘾;嗜好;入迷;
It is a fact that people suffering from addiction have lost free will when it comes to their behavior around drugs, alcohol , food or other reward-system stimulating behaviors. 事实上沉迷于上瘾的人 已经失去自由意志, 当涉及到他们所染上的药物、酒精、食物 或其他奖励系统刺激行为的行为时。
free will:n.自由意志; alcohol:n.酒精;乙醇;含酒精饮料; reward-system:un.奖赏制度;奖励制度; stimulating:adj.激励人的; v.促进; (stimulate的现在分词)
That addiction is a brain-based disease state is a medical, neurobiological reality. 上瘾作为一种以大脑为基础的疾病, 是医学和神经生物学的现实。
disease:n.病,[医]疾病;弊病;vt.传染;使…有病; neurobiological:adj.神经生物学的;
But how we relate to that disease -- indeed, how we relate to the concept of disease when it comes to addiction -- makes an enormous difference for how we treat people with addictions . 但我们如何与这种疾病联系起来—— 确实,当我们谈到上瘾时 如何与疾病的概念联系起来—— 这会让我们对待上瘾的人的方式大为不同。
enormous:adj.庞大的,巨大的;凶暴的,极恶的; addictions:成瘾;
So, we tend to think of pretty much everything we do as entirely voluntary. 我们倾向于认为我们所做 的一切都是完全自主的。
But it turns out that the brain's default state is really more like a car idling in drive than a car in park. 但其实大脑的默认状态 其实更像一辆怠速中的汽车而非停止的汽车。
default:n.违约;拖欠;缺席;缺陷;v.违约;拖欠;缺乏;不履行; idling:n.[电]空载;空运转;
Some of what we think we choose to do is actually things that we have become programmed to do when the brakes are released . 一些我们认为我们选择去做的事情 其实是当刹车松开时,我们 被编程去做的事情。
released:v.释放;使免除;已发布;(release的过去分词和过去式)
Have you ever joked that your brain was running on autopilot ? 你曾经开玩笑说过你的大脑在自动驾驶吗？
autopilot:n.[航]自动驾驶仪(等于automaticpilot);
Guess what? 猜猜怎么的？
It probably was. 它可能真是。
OK? 明白？
And the brain's autopilot is in a structure called the striatum . 大脑的自动驾驶仪位于 一个叫做纹状体的结构中。
structure:n.结构;构造;建筑物;vt.组织;构成;建造; striatum:纹状体;纹体;
So the striatum detects emotional and sensory motor conditions and it knows to trigger whatever behavior you have done most often in the past under those same conditions. 纹状体检测情绪和感官运动状况, 它知道在同样的条件下去触发 你过去常做的任一行为。
detects:发现; emotional:adj.情绪的;易激动的;感动人的; sensory:adj.感觉的;知觉的;传递感觉的; trigger:n.触发器; v.触发;
Do you know why I became a neuroscientist ? 你知道我为什么成为一名神经科学家吗？
neuroscientist:n.神经系统科学家;
Because I wanted to learn what made me tick. 因为我想知道是什么让我抽搐。
(Laughter) （笑声）
Thank you, thank you. 谢谢,谢谢。
(Laughter) （笑声）
I've been wanting to use that one in front of an audience for years. 多年来,我一直想在观众面前使用这个词。
(Applause) （鼓掌）
So in graduate school , I studied genetic factors that orchestrate wiring to the striatum during development. 所以在研究生时,我研究了 形成纹状体发展过程中的基因因素。
graduate school:研究所,研究院; genetic:adj.基因的;遗传学的; factors:n.因素(factor的复数); v.做代理商; orchestrate:v.编配(或创作管弦乐曲);精心安排;策划;密谋;
And yes, that is my former license plate . 是的,那是我以前的车牌。
license plate:牌照;
(Laughter) （笑声）
And for the record, I don't recommend any PhD student get a license plate with their thesis topic printed on it, unless they're prepared for their experiments not to work for the next two years. 注意一下,我不推荐 哪个博士研究生拿到印有 他们论文题目的车牌, 除非他们准备接下来两年 的实验不出成果。
recommend:v.推荐;介绍;劝告;建议;使受欢迎; thesis:n.论文;论点;
(Laughter) （笑声）
I eventually did figure it out. 我最终确实解决了。
eventually:adv.最后,终于;
So, my experiments were exploring how miswiring in the striatum relates to compulsive behaviors. 我的实验是探索纹状体中的错误连接 是如何与强迫行为有关的。
exploring:v.探索:考察:探查;(explore的现在分词) miswiring:错接;错误接线引起的问题;
Meaning, behaviors that are coerced by uncomfortable urges you can't consciously resist. 意思是,由不舒服的冲动 所强迫的行为,你无法有意识地抗拒。
coerced:强制,强迫,胁迫,迫使(coerce的过去式和过去分词); consciously:adv.自觉地;有意识地;
So I was really excited when my mice developed this compulsive behavior, where they were rubbing their faces and they couldn't seem to stop, even when they were wounding themselves. 所以当我的老鼠出现这种强迫行为时, 我真的很兴奋, 它们擦着脸,似乎停不下来, 即便它们在伤害自己。
rubbing:v.擦;磨;搓;(使)相互摩擦;摩擦;(rub的现在分词) wounding:adj.伤人感情的;n.伤害;v.伤害;使受创伤(wound的现在分词);
OK, excited is the wrong word, 好吧,兴奋是个错误的词汇,
I actually felt terrible for them. 我其实为它们感到糟糕。
I thought that they had tics, evidence of striatal miswiring. 我认为它们有抽搐,这是纹状线错误的证据。
evidence:n.证据,证明;迹象;明显;v.证明; striatal:纹状体的;
And they were compulsive, but it turned out, on further testing, that these mice showed an aversion to interacting and getting to know other unfamiliar mice. 它们有强迫症, 但原来是,在进一步的测试中, 这些老鼠表现出了对了解和 与不熟悉的老鼠互动的厌恶。
aversion:n.厌恶;讨厌的人; interacting:v.交流;沟通;合作;相互影响;(interact的现在分词) unfamiliar:adj.不熟悉的;不常见的;没有经验的;
Which was unusual, it was unexpected . 这很不寻常,很出乎意料。
unexpected:adj.意外的,想不到的;
The results implied that the striatum, which, for sure, is involved in compulsive-spectrum disorders , is also involved in human social connection and our ability to -- not human social connection, but our ability to connect. 结果提示纹状体, 肯定,与强迫症有关, 也涉及人们的社会联系和我们的能力—— 不是人们的社会联系, 而是我们社会连接的能力。
implied:adj.不言而喻的; v.含有…的意思; (imply的过去分词和过去式) involved:adj.有关的; v.涉及; (involve的过去式和过去分词) disorders:n.无秩序,混乱; v.[电子]扰乱(disorder的单三形式);
So I delved deeper, into a field called social neuroscience . 所以我更深入地研究, 进入一个叫社会神经科学的领域。
delved:vi.钻研;探究;挖;vt.钻研;探究;挖;n.穴;洞; neuroscience:n.神经系统科学(指神经病学,神经化学等);
And that is a newer, interdisciplinary field, and there I found reports that linked the striatum not just to social anomalies in mice, but also in people. 这是一个新兴的跨学科领域, 在那里我发现了一些报告表明纹状体 不仅仅与老鼠的社交异常有关, 也对人类有关。
interdisciplinary:adj.各学科间的; anomalies:n.异常现象,反常现象(anomaly复数形式);
As it turns out, the social neurochemistry in the striatum is linked to things you've probably already heard of. 事实证明,纹状体中的社交神经化学与 你可能已经听说过的东西有关。
neurochemistry:n.神经化学(生物化学的一个分支学科,专门研究神经系统的化学结构和效应);
Like oxytocin , which is that hormone that makes cuddling feel all warm and fuzzy . 比如催产素, 正是这种荷尔蒙让拥抱的感觉温暖而迷离。
oxytocin:n.[药]催产素;缩宫素;脑下垂体后叶荷尔蒙之一种; hormone:n.[生理]激素,荷尔蒙; cuddling:v.拥抱;搂抱;(cuddle的现在分词) fuzzy:adj.模糊的;失真的;有绒毛的;
But it also implicates signaling at opioid receptors . 但它也暗示了阿片受体的信号传递。
implicates:v.牵涉,涉及(某人); (implicate的第三人称单数和复数) signaling:n.发信号;打信号; receptors:n.[生化]受体;接受器;神经末梢(receptor的复数);
There are naturally occurring opioids in your brain that are deeply linked to social processes . 大脑中自然产生的阿片类物质 与社交过程密切相关。
naturally:adv.自然地;自然而然地;轻而易举;天生地;大方地; occurring:n.事件;事故;事变; opioids:n.阿片类药物;类阿片;鸦片类药剂(opioid的复数形式); processes:n.过程; v.处理(process的第三人称单数形式);
Experiments with naloxone , which blocks opioid receptors, show us just how essential this opioid-receptor signaling is to social interaction . 用能阻断阿片类受体的纳洛酮做的实验, 向我们展示了这种阿片受体信号 对社交互动多么重要。
naloxone:n.烯丙羟吗啡酮,[药]纳洛酮(吗啡拮抗药); essential:n.要点;要素;实质;必需品;adj.完全必要的;必不可少的;极其重要的;本质的; opioid-receptor:阿片受体;阿片类受体;鸦片受体; interaction:n.[计]交互,相互作用;相互交流;干扰;
When people are given naloxone -- it's an ingredient in Narcan , that reverses opioid overdoses to save lives. 当人们服用纳洛酮时—— 纳洛酮是纳尔康的一种成分, 可以逆转阿片类药物过量来拯救生命。
ingredient:n.原料;要素;组成部分;adj.构成组成部分的; Narcan:n.盐酸烯丙羟吗啡酮;纳洛酮; reverses:n.相反的情况(或事物); v.颠倒; (reverse的第三人称单数和复数) overdoses:vt.配药过量; n.药量过多(等于overdosage); vi.服药过量;
But when it's given to healthy people, it actually interfered with their ability to feel connected to people they already knew and cared about. 但这个药物给到健康的人时, 这实际上干扰了他们 与已经认识和关心的人建立联系的能力。
interfered:v.干涉;干预;介入;(interfere的过去分词和过去式)
So, something about not having opioid-receptor binding makes it difficult for us to feel the rewards of social interaction. 所以,没有阿片类受体的结合, 我们就很难感受到社会互动的回报。
binding:v.结合; n.(书籍的)封皮; adj.必须遵守的; (bind的现在分词) rewards:n.[劳经]奖励; v.[劳经]奖赏;
Now, for the interest of time, 现在,为了时间的考虑,
I've necessarily gotten rid of some of the scientific details, but briefly , here's where we're at. 我必须去掉一些科学细节, 但简短地说,这就是我们的进展。
necessarily:adv.必要地;必定地,必然地; scientific:adj.科学的,系统的; briefly:adv.简要地;简短地;暂时地;
The effects of social disconnection through opioid receptors, the effects of addictive drugs and the effects of abnormal neurotransmission on involuntary movements and compulsive behaviors all converge in the striatum. 通过阿片受体的社会脱节的影响, 成瘾药物的影响, 以及神经传导异常对 无意识运动和强迫行为的影响, 所有都集中在纹状体上。
disconnection:n.[电]断开;分离,切断; addictive:adj.使人上瘾的;使人入迷的; abnormal:adj.反常的,不规则的;变态的; neurotransmission:n.神经传递; converge:vt.使汇聚;vi.聚集;靠拢;收敛;
And the striatum and opioid signaling in it has been deeply linked with loneliness. 纹状体和其中的阿片类信号 与孤独密切相关。
When we don't have enough signaling at opioid receptors, we can feel alone in a room full of people we care about and love, who love us. 当我们没有足够的阿片受体信号时, 在一个满是我们关心和爱着,同时也爱 我们的人的房间,我们也会感到孤独。
Social neuroscientists , like Dr. Cacioppo at the University of Chicago, have discovered that loneliness is very dangerous. 社会神经科学家,比如芝加哥大学 的卡西奥普博士（Dr. Cacioppo）, 发现孤独非常危险。
neuroscientists:n.神经系统科学家;
And it predisposes people to entire spectrums of physical and mental illnesses. 它使人容易患上 各种生理和心理疾病。
predisposes:vt.预先处置;使…偏向于; physical:adj.[物]物理的;身体的;物质的;符合自然法则的;n.体格检查; mental:adj.精神的;脑力的;疯的;n.精神病患者;
Think of it like this: when you're at your hungriest, pretty much any food tastes amazing, right? 这样想:当你最饿的时候, 几乎所有的食物尝起来都很美味,对吧？
So similarly , loneliness creates a hunger in the brain which neurochemically hypersensitizes our reward system. 所以类似,孤独也会在大脑中造成饥饿, 在神经化学上会导致我们的 奖赏系统处于敏感状态。
similarly:adv.同样地;类似于;
And social isolation acts through receptors for these naturally occurring opioids and other social neurotransmitters to leave the striatum in a state where its response to things that signal reward and pleasure is completely, completely over the top . 社会隔离通过这些 自然产生的阿片类物质和其他 社会神经传递素的受体作用 使纹状体处于一种状态, 会对表示奖励和快乐的事物的 反应完全过度。
neurotransmitters:n.神经传导物质(neurotransmitter的复数形式); response:n.响应;反应;回答; over the top:adj.过多的;言过其实的;夸大其词的;
And in this state of hypersensitivity , our brains signal deep dissatisfaction . 在这种过敏状态下, 我们的大脑发出强烈不满的信号。
hypersensitivity:n.过敏症;高灵敏度; dissatisfaction:n.不满;令人不满的事物;
We become restless , irritable and impulsive. 我们变得焦躁不安、易怒和冲动。
restless:adj.焦躁不安的;不安宁的;得不到满足的; irritable:adj.过敏的;急躁的;易怒的;
And that's pretty much when I want you to keep the bowl of Halloween chocolate entirely across the room for me, because I will eat it all. 这非常像当我让你们把整个房间里面的 万圣节巧克力给我留下,因为我会全部吃光。
Halloween:n.万圣节前夕
I will. 我会的。
And that brings up another thing that makes social disconnection so dangerous. 这就引发了另一件让社会脱节如此 危险的事情。
If we don't have the ability to connect socially, we are so ravenous for our social neurochemistry to be rebalanced , we're likely to seek relief from anywhere. 如果我们没有社交能力, 我们如此渴望我们的社会神经化学重新平衡, 我们可能会在任何地方寻求解脱。
ravenous:adj.贪婪的;渴望的;狼吞虎咽的; rebalanced:看上她;播放看上她; seek:v.寻求;寻找;谋求; relief:n.救济;减轻,解除;安慰;浮雕;
And if that anywhere is opioid painkillers or heroin, it is going to be a heat-seeking missile for our social reward system. 如果那是阿片类止痛药或海洛因, 它将成为我们社交奖励系统的热追踪导弹。
heat-seeking:装有热跟踪装置的; missile:n.导弹;发射物;投掷物;
Is it any wonder people in today's world are becoming addicted so easily? 当今世界的人们如此容易上瘾, 这有什么好奇怪的吗？
addicted:adj.上瘾的;上瘾;成瘾;有瘾;入迷;
Social isolation -- excuse me -- contributes to relapse . 社交孤立—— 抱歉—— 导致复发。
contributes:[图情]投稿;[经]捐助;[经]捐献(contribute的第三人称单数); relapse:vi.故态复萌;旧病复发;再度堕落;再陷邪道;n.复发,再发;故态复萌;回复原状;
Studies have shown that people who tend to avoid relapse tend to be people who have broad, reciprocal social relationships where they can be of service to each other, where they can be helpful. 研究表明,那些倾向于避免复发的人 往往是那些有着广泛、互惠的社会关系的人, 他们可以相互帮助, 他们可以提供帮助。
reciprocal:adj.互惠的;相互的;倒数的,彼此相反的;n.[数]倒数;互相起作用的事物;
Being of service lets people connect. 能够帮助让人们产生联系。
So -- if we don't have the ability to authentically connect, our society increasingly lacks this ability to authentically connect and experience things that are transcendent and beyond ourselves. 所以—— 如果我们没有能力建立真正的联系, 我们的社会日渐缺乏这种真正联系 和体验超越自己的能力。
authentically:adv.真正地,确实地;可靠地; increasingly:adv.越来越多地;渐增地; transcendent:adj.卓越的;超常的;出类拔萃的;n.卓越的人;超绝物;
We used to get this transcendence from a feeling of belonging to our families and our communities . 我们曾经从对家庭和 社区的归属感中获得这种超越。
transcendence:n.超越;卓越;超然存在; communities:n.社区;社会;团体;共有(community的复数)
But everywhere, communities are changing. 但到处,社区在发生变化。
And social and economic disintegration is making this harder and harder. 并且社会和经济的解体使 这一目标越来越难以实现。
economic:adj.经济的,经济上的;经济学的; disintegration:n.瓦解,崩溃;分解;
I'm not the only person to point out that the areas in the country most economically hard hit, where people feel most desolate about their life's meaning, are also the places where there have been communities most ravaged by opioids. 我不是唯一一个指出 受经济打击最大的国家地区, 那些人们对生活的意义感到最孤独的地方, 那里也是 阿片类药物肆虐最严重的地区。
economically:adv.经济地;在经济上;节俭地; desolate:adj.荒凉的;无人烟的;vt.使荒凉;使孤寂; ravaged:v.毁坏;损坏;严重损害;(ravage的过去分词和过去式)
Social isolation acts through the brain's reward system to make this state of affairs literally painful . 社交孤立通过大脑的奖励系统起作用 让这种状态很痛苦。
literally:adv.按字面:字面上:确实地: painful:adj.痛苦的;疼痛的;令人不快的;
So perhaps it's this pain, this loneliness, this despondence that's driving so many of us to connect with whatever we can. 也许就是这种痛苦,这种孤独, 这种沮丧, 让我们如此多的人抓住一切的稻草。
despondence:n.丧气;沮丧;
Like food. 比如食物,
Like handheld electronics . 比如手持电子产品。
handheld:adj.掌上型;手持型; electronics:n.电子学;电子工业;
And for too many people, to drugs like heroin and fentanyl . 还有对太多的人来说,则是像海洛因 和芬太尼这样的毒品。
fentanyl:n.芬太尼(主要用作止痛剂);
I know someone who overdosed , who was revived by Narcan, and she was mostly angry that she wasn't simply allowed to die. 我认识一个使用过量的人, 被纳洛酮救活后, 她非常生气的是自己不被允许去死。
overdosed:v.一次用药过量;(overdose的过去分词和过去式) revived:v.(使)苏醒,复活;重新使用;使重做;重新上演;(revive的过去分词和过去式)
Imagine for a second how that feels, that state of hopelessness , OK? 试想一下那种感觉,那种绝望的感觉,好吧？
hopelessness:n.绝望,无望;不抱希望;
But the striatum is also a source of hope. 但是纹状体也是希望的源泉。
source:n.来源;水源;原始资料;
Because the striatum gives us a clue of how to bring people back. 因为纹状体给了我们如何把人们带回来的线索。
clue:n.提示;迹象;(纵横填字谜、游戏或问题的)提示词语;v.提示;为…提供线索;
So, remember that the striatum is our autopilot, running our behaviors on habit, and it's possible to rewire, to reprogram that autopilot, but it involves neuroplasticity . 所以,记住纹状体是我们的自动驾驶仪, 按习惯行事, 并且是有可能重连,重新编程这个自动驾驶仪, 但这涉及到神经可塑性。
reprogram:vt.改编程序;程序重调; involves:v.包含;需要;牵涉;牵连;影响;(使)参加,加入(involve的第三人称单数) neuroplasticity:n.神经可塑性;
So, neuroplasticity is the ability of brains to reprogram themselves, and rewire themselves, so we can learn new things. 神经的可塑性是大脑 重新编程自己的能力, 并且重连它们,这样我们就能够学新东西。
And maybe you've heard the classic adage of plasticity: neurons that fire together, wire together. 也许你听过关于可塑性的经典格言: 一起激发的神经元连在一起。
classic:n.名著;优秀的典范;adj.最优秀的;第一流的;有代表性的;典型的; adage:n.格言,谚语;箴言;
Right? 是吧？
So we need to practice social connective behaviors instead of compulsive behaviors, when we're lonely, when we are cued to remember our drug. 所以我们需要实践社交联结行为 而非强迫性的行为,当我们孤独时, 当我们被提示记起我们的药物时。
connective:adj.连合的,连接的;n.连接词;连接物; cued:n.提示,暗示;线索;vt.给…暗示;
We need neuronally firing repeated experiences in order for the striatum to undergo that necessary neuroplasticity that allows it to take that "go find heroin" autopilot offline . 我们需要重复的神经放电体验 来让纹状体经历必要的神经可塑性, 从而让“去找海洛因”的自动驾驶仪下线。
undergo:vt.经历,经受;忍受; offline:n.脱机;挂线;adj.脱机的;离线的,未连线的;adv.未连线地;
And what the convergence of social neuroscience, addiction and compulsive-spectrum disorders in the striatum suggests is that it's not simply enough to teach the striatum healthier responses to compulsive urges. 而社会神经科学、成瘾 和强迫性神经障碍在纹状体中的融合表明 仅仅教会纹状体 对强迫性冲动做出更健康的反应是不够的。
convergence:n.[数]收敛;会聚,集合; responses:n.回答,答复;反应;响应;(response的复数)
We need social impulses to replace drug-cued compulsive behaviors, because we need to rebalance, neurochemically, our social reward system. 我们需要社交脉冲 来取代毒品带来的强迫性行为, 因为我们需要在神经化学上 重新平衡我们的社交奖励系统。
impulses:n.[心理]冲动; v.推动(impulse的第三人称单数);
And unless that happens, we're going to be left in a state of craving . 除非这个发生, 我们会陷入渴望的状态。
craving:n.渴望;热望;v.渴望;恳求;(crave的现在分词);
No matter what besides our drug we repeatedly practice doing. 无论我们除了药物之外,我们重复实践做什么。
No matter what:不管什么…; repeatedly:adv.反复地;再三地;屡次地;
I believe that the solution to the opioid crisis is to explore how social and psychospiritual interventions can act as neurotechnologies in circuits that process social and drug-induced rewards. 我相信阿片类药物危机的解决方案 在于探索社交和精神干预 如何作为神经技术在处理 社交和药物诱导奖励的回路中发挥作用。
solution:n.解决方案;溶液;溶解;解答; explore:v.探索:探测:探险: psychospiritual:灵性;心理卅灵性;精神灵性; interventions:n.[法]干预,干涉;处置(intervention的复数); circuits:n.环行路线;电路;线路;巡回赛;v.巡回;周游;(circuit的第三人称单数和复数) drug-induced:药物引起的;
One possibility is to create and study scalable tools for people to connect with one another over a mutual interest in recovery through psychospiritual practices. 一种可能是创造和研究可扩展的工具, 让人们通过心理和精神实践 在恢复方面的 共同利益上相互联系。
scalable:adj.可攀登的;可去鳞的;可称量的; mutual:adj.共同的;相互的,彼此的; recovery:n.恢复,复原;痊愈;重获;
And as such, psychospiritual practice could involve anything from people getting together as megafans of touring jam bands , or parkour jams, featuring shared experiences of vulnerability and personal growth, 正因为如此,精神实践可以涉及任何东西, 从人们聚集在一起,组成巡回乐队, 或者跑酷的交通堵塞,分享共同的脆弱体验 和个人成长,
bands:n.乐队;法官; parkour:n.跑酷(一种极限运动); vulnerability:n.易损性;弱点; personal:adj.个人的;身体的;亲自的;n.人事消息栏;人称代名词;
or more conventional things, like recovery yoga meetups , or meetings centered around more traditional conceptions of spiritual experiences. 或者更传统的东西,比如恢复瑜伽, 或者围绕更传统的精神体验观念 展开的会议。
conventional:adj.符合习俗的,传统的;常见的;惯例的; yoga:n.瑜珈(意为"结合",指修行);瑜珈术;联想可360°翻转的平板电脑; meetups:聚会; traditional:传统的,惯例的, conceptions:[妇产]怀孕;概念;设想;开始(conception的复数形式);
But whatever it is, it needs to activate all of the neurotransmitter systems in the striatum that are involved in processing social connection. 但不管是什么, 它需要激活 纹状体中所有参与处理 社会联系的神经递质系统。
activate:vt.刺激;使活动;使活泼;使产生放射性;vi.激活;有活力; processing:v.加工;处理;审核;数据处理;v.列队行进;缓缓前进;(process的现在分词)
Social media can't go deep enough for this. 社交媒体在这方面的深度还不够。
media:n.媒体;媒质(medium的复数);血管中层;浊塞音;中脉;
Social media doesn't so much encourage us to share, as it does to compare . 社交媒体在鼓励我们分享上面 远不如鼓励相互攀比。
compare:v.比较;对比;n.比较;
It's the difference between having superficial small talk with someone and authentic, deeply connected conversation with eye contact . 这是与某人进行肤浅的闲聊 和用眼神进行真诚、深入的交谈的区别。
superficial:adj.表面的;肤浅的;表面文章的;外表的;(人)浅薄的; small talk:闲聊;聊天; contact:n.接触,联系;v.使接触,联系;
And stigma also keeps us separate. 羞耻也让我们分离。
stigma:n.[植]柱头;耻辱;污名;烙印;特征;
There's a lot of evidence that it keeps us sick. 有很多的证据表明它会让我们生病。
And stigma often makes it safer for addicts to connect with other addicts. 羞耻常常让瘾君子跟瘾君子 联系变得更加安全。
addicts:有瘾的人;对...入迷的人(addict的复数);
But recovery groups centered around reestablishing social connections could certainly be inclusive of people who are seeking recovery for a range of mental health problems. 但以重建社会关系为中心的康复小组 肯定会包括那些 因一系列心理健康问题寻求康复的人。
reestablishing:v.重建;恢复(reestablish的ing形式); inclusive:adj.包括的,包含的;
My point is, when we connect around what's broken, we connect as human beings. 我的观点是,当我们围绕破坏的东西联系起来, 我们作为人类联系在一起。
We heal ourselves from the compulsive self-destruction that was our response to the pain of disconnection. 我们从强迫性的对隔离的痛苦反应中 的自我毁灭里治愈自己。
heal:v.复原;治疗(病人);使又愉快起来;(使)结束 self-destruction:n.自毁;自杀;
When we think of neuropsychiatric illnesses as a spectrum of phenomenon that are part of what make us human, then we remove the otherness of people who struggle with self-destruction. 当我们认为神经精神疾病是构成 我们人类自身的一系列现象的一部分时, 那么我们就消除了把那些挣扎在 自我毁灭中的人视为异类的看法。
neuropsychiatric:神经精神系统;神经精神病学的;神经精神性; phenomenon:n.现象;杰出的人;非凡的人(或事物); otherness:n.差异性;相异;他物;
We remove the stigma between doctors and patients and caregivers . 我们消除了医生、 病人和护理人员之间的耻辱。
patients:n.接受治疗者,病人;(patient的复数) caregivers:n.照顾者;看护人(caregiver的复数);
We put the question of what it means to be normal versus sick back on the spectrum of the human condition. 我们把正常和疾病的区别是什么的问题 放回到人类状态的范围上。
And it is on that spectrum where we can all connect and seek healing together, for all of our struggles with humanness . 正是在这个范围上, 我们所有人都能联系起来, 一起寻求治愈,为所有与人性的斗争。
healing:n.康复; adj.痊愈中的; v.(使)康复,复原; (heal的现在分词) humanness:n.为人,为人的资格;人性;
Thank you for letting me share. 谢谢让我分享。
(Applause) （鼓掌）