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RachelKleinfeld_2019T-_高危国家的治安之道_-
Picture your dream vacation. 想像你的梦中假期。
Maybe you're dying to go to Rio for Carnival . 也许你非常渴望去里约的嘉年华。
Carnival:n.狂欢节,嘉年华会;饮宴狂欢;
Or you really just want to hang out on a Mexican beach. 或者你只想在墨西哥的 海滩上消磨时间。
Or maybe you're going to join me in New Orleans for Jazz Fest . 又或者,也许你想跟我 一起去纽奥良的爵士节。
Orleans:n.奥尔良(法国城市); Fest:n.集会;节日;
Now, I know it's less pleasant, but picture, for a moment, one of the most violent places on earth. 现在,我知道没那么愉快, 但请想像一下 地球上其中一个最暴力的地方。
violent:adj.暴力的;猛烈的;
Did anyone think of the same place? 有人想的是刚才提到的那些地方吗？
Brazil is the most violent country in the world today. 巴西是现今世界上最暴力的国家。
Brazil:n.巴西(拉丁美洲国家);
More people have been dying there over the last three years than in Syria . 过去三年间,在巴西死亡的人数 比叙利亚还高。
Syria:n.叙利亚共和国;
And in Mexico, more people have died over the last 15 years than in Iraq or Afghanistan . 过去十五年间, 在墨西哥死亡的人数 比伊拉克或阿富汗都要多。
Afghanistan:n.阿富汗(国家名称,位于亚洲);
In New Orleans, more people per capita are dying than in war-torn Somalia. 在纽奥良,人均的死亡人数 比战争摧残下的索马利亚还高。
per capita:adj.每人的;人均的; war-torn:adj.遭受战争破坏的;
The fact is, war only results in about 18 percent of violent deaths worldwide . 事实上,全世界的暴力死亡中 只有约 18% 是战争造成的。
worldwide:adj.全世界的;adv.在世界各地;
Today, you are more likely to die violently if you live in a middle-income democracy with high levels of income inequality and serious political polarization . 现今,如果你依靠中等收入 生活在一个收入高度不平等 以及政治剧烈两极化的民主社会里, 你死于暴力的可能性更高。
violently:adv.猛烈地,激烈地;极端地; middle-income:adj.中等收入的; democracy:n.民主,民主主义;民主政治; polarization:n.极化;偏振;两极分化;
The United States has four of the 50 most violent cities on earth. 地球上最暴力的城市, 前五十名中就有四名位在美国。
United:adj.联合的; v.联合,团结; (unite的过去分词和过去式)
Now, this is a fundamental alteration in the nature of violence , historically . 这代表暴力的本质在发生 根本上的历史性改变。
fundamental:n.基础; adj.十分重大的; alteration:n.修改,改变;变更; violence:n.暴力;侵犯;激烈;歪曲; historically:adv.历史上地;从历史观点上说;
But it's also an opportunity. 但这也是个机会。
Because while few people can do much to end war, violence in our democracies is our problem. 因为,虽然很少人 有能力可以终止战争, 但我们民主制度中的暴力 正是我们的问题。
democracies:民主;
And while regular voters are a big part of that problem, we're also key to the solution . 虽然普通选民相当程度上 正是问题所在, 但也是解决方案的关键所在。
solution:n.解决方案;溶液;溶解;解答;
Now, I work at a think tank , the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, where I advise governments on what to do about violence, but the dirty secret is, most policymakers haven't figured out these changes to violence today. 现在我就职于一个智囊团, 叫做卡内基国际和平基金会。 我的职责是向政府提供 如何处理暴力的建议, 但骯脏的秘密是 大部分的政策制订者还没想通 现今的暴力已经有所改变。
think tank:智囊团、思想库; Endowment:n.捐赠;捐助;捐款;天资; advise:v.建议;通知;劝告;忠告; policymakers:n.决策人;(policymaker的复数)
They still believe that the worst violence happens in countries at war or places that are too poor, too weak, to fight violence and control crime. 他们仍然相信最严重的暴力 发生在战争中的国家, 或者过于贫穷弱势而无法 对抗暴力、控制犯罪的地方。
And that had been my assumption too. 我以前也有过这样的假设。
assumption:n.假定;设想;担任;采取;
But if you look at a map of the most violent places on earth, you see something strange. 但如果在地图上标出 地球上最暴力的地方, 你会发现奇怪的现象。
Some of them are at war, and a few are truly failed states. 当中有些地方是有战争, 少部分是真正衰落的国家。
The violence in these places is horrific , but they happen to have small populations, so it actually affects few people. 在这些地方的暴力很可怕, 但它们刚好人口不多, 所以影响的人数不多。
horrific:adj.可怕的;令人毛骨悚然的;
Then there's South Africa, Brazil, Venezuela . 接着,还有南非、巴西、委内瑞拉。
Venezuela:n.委内瑞拉;
These places are not poor. 这些地方并不贫穷。
Maybe they're weak. 也许它们是弱国。
My research assistant and I mapped places based on how well they delivered on World Bank projects and whether they could get public services to their people, and if you did well on both of those, 我和我的研究助理根据各地 履行世界银行计画的表现, 以及能否向公民提供公共服务做为标准 列出了一些地区, 如果两者都表现良好,
World Bank:n.世界银行(向处于困境需要资助的成员国贷款的国际机构);
if you could get sanitation and electricity to your people and deliver vaccines , you were in the upper right-hand quadrant . 如果能给公民提供卫生和电力, 施打疫苗, 这个国家就会在右上的象限中。
sanitation:n.[医]环境卫生;卫生设备;下水道设施; electricity:n.电力;电流;强烈的紧张情绪; vaccines:n.[药][计]疫苗; upper:adj.上面的;内陆的;n.靴面;兴奋剂; right-hand:adj.得力的;右手的,用右手的; quadrant:n.象限;[海洋][天]象限仪;四分之一圆;
And then we overlaid that with a map of places where journalists were being murdered. 接着,我们把这些地区 和一份标注了记者被害地点的 地图重迭起来。
overlaid:v.覆盖(overlay的过去分词); journalists:n.新闻记者(journalist的复数);
Some were happening in weak states, but an awful lot of journalists were being killed in places plenty capable of protecting them. 有些记者死于弱国, 但格外多的记者 死于非常有能力保护他们的地方。
capable:adj.能干的,能胜任的;有才华的;
I traveled to every settled continent on earth, comparing places that had faced massive violence and recovered and those that hadn't, and I kept seeing the same pattern. 我去过地球上每一块 有人居住的大陆, 把遭受过严重暴力 并从中恢复的地方 我发现了一种规律。
settled:adj.稳定的; v.结束; (settle的过去分词和过去式) continent:n.大陆,洲,陆地;adj.自制的,克制的; comparing:v.比较;对比;(compare的现在分词) massive:adj.大量的;巨大的,厚重的;魁伟的;
I came to call it " privilege violence," 我把它称为「特权暴力」,
privilege:n.特权;优待;v.给与…特权;特免;
because it happened in highly unequal democracies, where a small group of people wanted to hold on to inordinate power and privilege. 因为这种暴力发生在 非常不平等的民主国家中, 在这裏有一小群人 想要把持过多的权力和特权。
highly:adv.高度地;非常;非常赞许地; unequal:adj.不平等的;不规则的;不胜任的;n.不等同的事物; hold on to:坚持;紧握;克制; inordinate:adj.过度的;无节制的;紊乱的;
And if they didn't think they could get those policies past the voters, sometimes they would turn to violent groups for help. 如果他们不认为 那些政策能被投票通过, 有时他们就会转向暴力团体求助。
policies:n.政策;方针;原则;为人之道;保险单(policy的复数)
Drug cartels would finance their campaigns. 毒枭会金援他们的竞选活动。
cartels:n.卡特尔;联合企业(cartel的复数); finance:n.财政,财政学;金融;v.负担经费,供给…经费;
Organized criminals would help them get out the vote . 组织犯罪份子 会协助他们得到选票。
Organized:adj.有组织的; v.组织; (organize的过去分词和过去式) get out the vote:争取选票;投票动员;
Gangs would suppress the vote. 幫派会压迫投票。
Gangs:n.帮派(gang的复数);v.成帮结伙;合伙行动(gang的三单形式); suppress:vt.抑制;镇压;废止;
And in exchange , they'd be given free reign , and violence would grow. 交换条件就是他们 能得到自由支配权, 暴力因此滋长。
exchange:n.交换;交流;交易所;兑换;v.交换;交易;兑换; reign:vi.统治;支配;盛行;君临;n.统治;统治时期;支配;
Take Venezuela. 以委内瑞拉为例,
It's the most violent country in the world today, if you look at deaths per capita. 用人均死亡人数来看, 它是现今世界上最暴力的国家。
Twenty years ago, the current regime gained power in legitimate elections, but they didn't want to risk losing it, and so they turned to gangs, called "colectivos," for help. 目前的这个政权在二十年前的 正当选举中取得权力, 但他们不想冒失去权力的风险, 所以他们转向幫派「集体党」求助。
regime:n.政权,政体;社会制度;管理体制; legitimate:adj.合法的;正当的;合理的;正统的;v.使合法;认为正当(等于legitimize);
The gangs were told to get out the vote for the government and force people to vote for the regime in some neighborhoods and keep opposition voters away from the polls in others, and, in exchange, they'd be given control. 幫派被要求要为政府取得选票, 因此会在一些邻里中 强迫人民投票给这个政权, 在其他地方让反对方 投票者无法靠近投票所, 交换的条件是得到控制权。
opposition:n.反对党;对立;在野党;对抗; polls:n.民意调查; v.对…进行民意测验,使投票(poll的单三形式);
But if criminals have control, then police and courts can't do their jobs. 但如果罪犯有控制权, 警察和法庭就无法尽他们的职责。
So the second stage in privilege violence is that courts and police are weakened , and politicians politicize budgets , hiring, firing, so that they and the violent groups that they collude with stay out of jail . 所以,特权暴力的第二个阶段 就是法庭和警察的力量被削弱, 政客会从政治上处理预算, 进行雇用或开除, 让他们和共谋的暴力团体 能够免于牢狱之灾。
weakened:v.(使)虚弱,衰弱;减弱;削弱;动摇;(weaken的过去分词和过去式) politicians:n.政治家;(蔑)政客;(美)政治贩;(politician的复数) politicize:vt.使具有政治性;vi.参与政治; budgets:n.[财政]预算(budget复数形式);v.为…做预算(budget的第三人称单数形式); collude:vi.勾结;串通;共谋; jail:n.监狱;监牢;拘留所;v.监禁;下狱;
Now, pretty soon, good cops leave, and many that remain become brutal . 没多久,好警察就会离开, 很多留下来的则变得很残酷。
cops:n.警察;v.遭受;忍受;注意到;(cop的第三人称单数和复数) brutal:adj.残忍的;野蛮的,不讲理的;
They start off, usually, with rough justice . 通常,他们一开始 是执行粗暴的正义。
rough justice:n.不太公平的惩罚;算得上公平的待遇;
They kill a drug dealer that they think would be let off by the corrupt courts. 他们会杀死那些他们认为 会被腐败法庭放走的毒贩。
drug dealer:n.毒品贩子; corrupt:v.损坏;破坏;使腐化;使堕落;adj.贪污的;受贿的;腐败的;营私舞弊的;
But over time, the worst of them realize that there will be no repercussions from the politicians they're in bed with, and they go into business for themselves. 但时间长了,他们当中 最糟糕的人会发现, 因此他们自己也做起这门生意。
repercussions:n.反响,影响(repercussion的复数形式);
In Venezuela, nearly one in three murders is by the security services. 在委内瑞拉,三起谋杀案中就有 近一起是保全服务業的人犯下的。
Now, the poor are hit hardest by violence all over the world, but they're hardly going to turn to such predatory cops for help. 在全世界各地,受到 暴力伤害最深的就是穷人, 但他们几乎不会去向 这些掠夺成性的警察求助。
predatory:adj.掠夺的,掠夺成性的;食肉的;捕食生物的;
So they tend to form vigilante groups. 所以他们倾向组成义警团体。
vigilante:n.义务警员;治安维持会成员;
But arm a bunch of 18-year-old boys, and pretty soon, they devolve into gangs over time. 但让一群十八岁男孩武装起来, 没多久,男孩们就 逐渐发展成了幫派。
a bunch of:一群;一束;一堆; devolve:vi.被移交;转让;vt.转移;移交;使滚下;衰落;
Other gangs come in, mafias come in, and they offer to protect people from the other criminals and from the police. 其他幫派介入,黑手党介入, 这些人主动提议保护 人们免受其他罪犯 甚至警察的干扰。
mafias:n.黑手党;(意)秘密政党;
Unlike the state, the criminals often try to buy legitimacy . 和国家政府不同, 罪犯通常会用买的方式取得合法性。
legitimacy:n.合法;合理;正统;
They give charity . They solve disputes . 他们会做慈善。他们解决争议。
charity:n.慈善;施舍;慈善团体;宽容;施舍物; disputes:n.争论(dispute的复数);v.争论(dispute的单数第三人称);
Sometimes, they even build subsidized housing. 有时,他们甚至会建造补助住房。
subsidized:adj.补贴的,补助的;v.资助或补助(subsidize的过去时和过去分词);
The last stage of privilege violence happens when regular people start committing a significant portion of the murder. 特权暴力的最后一个阶段出现的信号
committing:v.做出;犯罪或错等;自杀;承诺,保证;(commit的现在分词) significant:adj.重大的;有效的;有意义的;值得注意的;意味深长的;n.象征;有意义的事物; portion:n.部分;(食物的)一份;分担的责任;v.把…分成若干份(或部分);
Bar fights and neighborhood arguments turn deadly when violence has become normal and repercussions have evaporated . 酒吧打架、邻坊争执会闹出人命, 此时暴力已经成为常态, 动起手来根本不计后果。
neighborhood:n.附近;地区;街坊;adj.附近的; deadly:adj.致命的;非常的;死一般的;adv.非常;如死一般地; evaporated:adj.浓缩的;脱水的;蒸发干燥的;v.蒸发;消失(evaporate的过去式);失去水分;
To outsiders , the culture looks depraved , as if something is deeply wrong with those people. 对局外人来说, 这种文化看起来很堕落, 好像这些人骨子里就出了问题。
outsiders:n.[劳经]局外人,外来者(outsider复数形式); depraved:adj.堕落的;腐化的;卑鄙的;v.使腐化(deprave的过去式和过去分词);
But any country can become this violent when the government is, by turns, absent and predatory. 但任何国家都可能变成这么暴力, 如果政府时而无所作为, 时而掠夺成性,
absent:adj.缺席的;缺少的;心不在焉的;茫然的;v.使缺席;
Actually, that's not quite true -- it takes one more step for this level of violence to reign. 其实,不尽然如此—— 还要更进一步,这种程度的 暴力才会成为主导。
It takes mainstream society to ignore the problem. 要的是主流社会 对问题视而不见。
mainstream:n.主流; ignore:v.驳回诉讼;忽视;不理睬;
You'd think that would be impossible, that violence at this level would be unbearable , but it's actually quite bearable to people like you and me. 你可能会认为那不可能, 这种程度的暴力根本不可容忍, 但对你我这样的人来说 这并非不能容忍。
unbearable:adj.难以忍受的;承受不住的;
That's because, in every society in the world, even the most violent, violence is highly concentrated . 因为,在世界上的每个社区里, 即使是在最暴力的社区里, 暴力也是高度集中的。
concentrated:adj.决心要做的; v.集中(注意力); (concentrate的过去式和过去分词)
It happens to people on the wrong side of town, people who are poor, often darker, often from groups that are marginalized , groups that mainstream society can separate ourselves from. 暴力发生在镇上 糟糕的那一侧的人身上, 也就是贫穷的人,通常肤色较深, 通常来自被边缘化的族群, 那些主流社会可以置身事外的族群。
on the wrong side of:过了…岁;已过…岁;亏欠; marginalized:使边缘化;忽略;排斥(marginalize的过去式和过去分词);
Violence is so concentrated that we're shocked when the pattern deviates . 暴力太过集中, 因此当常规偏离轨道时, 我们会很吃惊。
deviates:vi.脱离;越轨;vt.使偏离;
In Washington, DC, in 2001, a young white college-educated intern went missing after a hike in Northwest DC, and her case was in the papers nearly every day. 2001 年,在华盛顿特区, 一位受过大学教育的年轻白种实习生 到华盛顿特区西北区 健行之后就失踪了, 报纸几乎天天都有报导她的案例。
intern:n.实习医生; v.(战争期间或由于政治原因未经审讯)拘留; hike:v.做徒步旅行; n.徒步旅行; (价格、花费等的)大幅度提高; Northwest:adj.西北的;来自西北的;n.西北;adv.在西北;来自西北;
On the other side of town, a black man had been killed every other day that year. 在镇的另一侧, 那一年,每两天 就有一名黑人被杀害。
On the other side:另一面;在另一边;
Most of those cases never made the papers even once. 这些案例大部分 根本没有见报的机会。
Middle class society buys their way out of violence. 中产阶级社会是用 「买」的方式脱离暴力。
Middle class:adj.中产阶级的;中层社会的;
We live in better neighborhoods. 我们住在比较好的邻里。
Some people buy private security. 有些人能买私人保全。
And we also tell ourselves a story. 我们还会自说自话。
We tell ourselves that most of the people who are killed are probably involved in crime themselves. 我们告诉自己,大部分被杀的人 可能自己本身就有涉及犯罪。
involved:adj.有关的; v.涉及; (involve的过去式和过去分词)
By believing that somehow some people deserve to be murdered, otherwise good people allow ourselves to live in places where life chances are so deeply skewed . 透过从某种角度相信 某些人被谋杀是罪有应得, 我们其他好人就能容许我们自己 住在生活机会非常不公平的地方。
somehow:adv.以某种方法;莫名其妙地; deserve:vi.应受,应得; skewed:adj.歪斜的;曲解的;
We allow ourselves. 我们允许自己这么做。
Because, after all, what else can you do? 因为,毕竟,还能怎么做？
Well, it turns out, quite a lot. 事实上,我们能做的很多。
Because violence today is not largely the result of war but is because of rotten politics in our democracies, regular voters are the greatest force for change. 因为现今的暴力 并非主要由战争造成, 而是由民主制度的腐败政治造成, 一般选民正是能带来 改变的最大力量。
largely:adv.主要地;大部分;大量地; rotten:adj.腐烂的;堕落的;恶臭的;虚弱的;极坏的;adv.非常; politics:n.政治;钩心斗角;政治观点;v.(贬)从事政治活动;(politic的第三人称单数)
Consider the transformation of Bogotá. 想想波哥大的改革。
transformation:n.转变;(用于南非)民主改革;
In 1994, Colombia's incoming president was caught taking millions of dollars in campaign contributions from the Cali drug cartel, and the capital was overrun with gangs and paramilitary groups. 1994 年,哥伦比亚即将上台的总统 被逮到收取了卡利贩毒集团的 首都也满是幫派 和准军事组织团体。
incoming:n.进来;收入;adj.新当选的;新任的; contributions:n.捐款;捐资;定期缴款;贡献;促成作用;(contribution的复数) overrun:n.泛滥成灾;超出限度;vt.泛滥;超过;蹂躏;vi.泛滥;蔓延; paramilitary:adj.准军事的;辅助军事的;n.准军事部队;
But fed-up voters overcame really rabid partisanship , and they delivered nearly two-thirds of the vote to an independent candidate, enough to really overcome business as usual . 但忍无可忍的选民克服了 疯狂的党派偏护, 将近三分之二的选票 投给独立候选人, 足以真正克服「照旧」的现象。
overcame:v.克服(overcome的过去式); rabid:adj.激烈的;狂暴的;偏激的;患狂犬病的; partisanship:n.党派性;党派偏见;对党派的忠诚; two-thirds:n.三分之二;三分之二的;三分之二地; independent:adj.独立的; n.无党派议员(或候选人等); overcome:vt.克服;胜过;vi.克服;得胜; business as usual:na.照常营业;
On Mayor Mockus's first day in office, the police barely bothered to even brief him on homicide , and when he asked why, they just shrugged and said, "It's just criminals killing criminals." 莫茨庫斯市长上任的第一天, 警方几乎懒得向他 简报兇杀的情况, 他问为什么,而他们只是耸肩说: 「不过就是罪犯杀罪犯。」
Mayor:n.市长;镇长; barely:adv.仅仅,勉强;几乎不;公开地;贫乏地; bothered:adj.烦(恼)的; v.使(某人)烦恼; homicide:n.杀人;杀人犯; shrugged:v.耸肩(表示不知道或不在乎);(shrug的过去分词和过去式)
The corrupt city council wanted to give police even more impunity for brutality . 腐败的市议会 还想给警方更多暴行免责的特权。
council:n.(市、郡等的)政务委员会;市政(或地方管理)服务机构; impunity:n.不受惩罚;无患;[法]免罚; brutality:n.无情;残忍;暴行(需用复数形式);
It's a really common tactic that's used worldwide when politicians want to posture as tough on crime but don't actually want to change the status quo . 这是全世界常见的战略, 当政客想要装作 对犯罪采取强悍态度 但又不想真正改变 现状时就会采用。
tactic:n.策略,战略;adj.按顺序的,依次排列的; posture:n.姿势;态度;看法;立场;处理方式;v.故作姿态;装样子 status quo:n.现状;原来的状况;
And research shows it backfires all over the world. 研究显示,在全世界, 结果都是事与愿违。
backfires:vi.放出逆火;预先放火;产生出乎意料及事与愿违的结果;n.逆火,回火;
If you throw a lot of low-level offenders into jails , usually already overcrowded jails , they learn from each other and they harden . 如果你把很多小犯罪者关入监狱, 通常是已经挤满了人的监狱, 他们会互相学习, 从而变得更强硬。
low-level:adj.低水平的;低级别的; offenders:n.罪犯(offender的复数);冒犯者; jails:n.监狱;监牢;拘留所;vt.监禁;下狱; overcrowded:adj.过度拥挤的;v.拥挤(overcrowd的过去分词); harden:v.硬化;(使声音、面孔等)更严肃;(使)更坚定;使变得无情;n.哈登;
They start to control the prisons, and from there, the streets. 他们会开始控制监狱, 接着再进一步控制街头。
Instead, Mockus insisted that police begin investigating every death. 莫茨庫斯反而坚持警方 要开始调查每一起死亡。
investigating:v.调查;研究;审查;(investigate的现在分词)
He fought the right-wing city council, and he abandoned SWAT-style police tactics . 他对抗右翼的市议会, 他舍弃警察特种部队式的战略。
right-wing:adj.右翼的;右派的; abandoned:adj.被抛弃的放纵的;v.抛弃;丢弃,离开;放弃;(abandon的过去分词和过去式) tactics:n.战术:策略:手段:兵法(tactic的复数)
And he fought the left-wing unions and fired thousands of predatory cops. 他对抗左翼的公会, 开除了数千名掠夺成性的警察。
left-wing:adj.左派的;
Honest police were finally free to do their jobs. 诚实的警察终于可以 好好做他们的工作了。
finally:adv.终于;最终;(用于列举)最后;彻底地;
Mockus then challenged citizens. 接着,莫茨庫斯去挑战市民。
He asked the middle class to stop opting out of their city, to follow traffic laws and otherwise behave as if they shared the same community of fate. 他要求中产阶级停止 置身于城市之外, 要遵守交通法则, 行为举止要像是他们也得 共同承担这个社会的命运。
opting:v.选择;挑选;(opt的现在分词) behave:v.表现;(机器等)运转;举止端正;(事物)起某种作用; community:n.社区;[生态]群落;共同体;团体;
He asked the poor to uphold social norms against violence, often at immense personal risk. 他要求穷人要支持 对抗暴力的社会规范, 通常这要冒着很大个人风险。
uphold:v.支撑;鼓励;赞成;举起; norms:n.[标准]标准,规范;基准(norm复数形式); immense:adj.巨大的,广大的;无边无际的;非常好的; personal:adj.个人的;身体的;亲自的;n.人事消息栏;人称代名词;
And he asked the wealthy to give 10 percent more in taxes, voluntarily . 他也要求有钱人 要自愿多付 10% 的税。
voluntarily:adv.自动地;以自由意志;
Sixty-three thousand people did. 六万三千人照做了。
And at the end of the decade that spanned Mayor Mockus's two terms in office, homicide in Bogotá was down 70 percent. 在横跨莫茨庫斯市长 两任任期的十年到尾声时, 波哥大的兇杀下降了七成。
spanned:adj.生活期有限的;
Audience: Whoo! 观众:哇！
(Applause) （掌声）
People in places with the most violence, whether it's Colombia or the United States, can make the biggest difference. 在最暴力的地方生活的人们, 不论是哥伦比亚或是美国, 都可以做到最大的改变。
The most important thing we can do is abandon the notion that some lives are just worth less than others, that someone deserves to be raped or murdered, because after all, they did something, 我们能做的重中之重 是不要再认为 有些人的命贱于其他人, 也不要认为有人被强暴 或谋杀是罪有应得, 因为,毕竟,他们自己种下了因,
notion:n.观念;信念;理解; deserves:v.值得;应得;应受;(deserve的第三人称单数) raped:v.强奸;强暴(rape的过去分词和过去式)
they stole or they did something to land themselves in prison where that kind of thing happens. 他们偷窃或做了什么让他们入狱, 而监狱正是强暴或谋杀会发生的地方。
This devaluing of human life, a devaluing we barely admit even to ourselves, is what allows the whole downward spiral to begin. 这种将人命贬低的行为, 这种我们都不愿承认 自己会有的贬低行为, 成为开端纵容事态每况愈下。
devaluing:vt.使贬值;降低…的价值;vi.贬值; downward:adj.下降的;向下的;adv.同"downwards"; spiral:n.螺旋;旋涡;螺旋形之物;adj.螺旋形的;v.使成螺旋形;vi.盘旋;螺旋形上升;
It's what allows a bullet shot in a gang war in Rio to lodge in the head of a two-year-old girl climbing on a jungle gym nearby . 正是这种行为纵容了 里约幫派斗争打出的子弹 射入一个两岁小女孩的头颅, 女孩当时在附近攀登架上玩耍。
bullet:n.子弹;只选某党全部候选人的投票;豆子;vi.射出;迅速行进; lodge:n.传达室; v.(向公共机构或当局)正式提出(声明等); jungle gym:(儿童游乐设施)攀爬架 nearby:adj.附近的,邻近的;adv.在附近;prep.在…附近;
And it's what allows a SWAT team hunting for a meth dealer in Georgia to throw a flash bang grenade into the crib of a little boy, exploding near his face and maiming him for life. 正是这种行为纵容了 把闪光弹丢到 小男孩的婴儿床上, 几乎炸掉了他的脸, 让他一辈子残废。
SWAT team:n.特警队(SWAT全写为SpecialWeaponsandTactics); meth:n.甲安菲他明(一种兴奋剂); flash:n.闪光; v.闪光; adj.庞大的; bang:n.猛敲; v.猛敲; v.正好; grenade:n.手榴弹;灭火弹;v.扔手榴弹;用催泪弹攻击; crib:n.饲料槽;圣诞马槽;夹带;住所;v.抄袭,剽窃 exploding:v.爆炸;爆裂;勃然(大怒);突然发生(危险);(explode的现在分词) maiming:v.使残废;损害(maim的ing形式);
The fact is, most violence everywhere happens to people on the wrong side of town at the wrong time, and some of those people are from communities that we consider quite different. 事实是,不论在哪里, 大部分遇到暴力的人 都是在糟糕的时间身处在 镇上糟糕的那一侧, 且当中有些人来自 我们眼里非比寻常的社区。
communities:n.社区;社会;团体;共有(community的复数)
Some of them are people who have done horrible things. 当中有些人曾经做过可怕的事。
horrible:可怕的,极讨厌的,
But reducing violence begins with privileging every human life, both because it's right and because only by prizing each life as worthy of at least due process , can we create societies in which the lives of innocents are safe. 但暴力的减少 因为这是正确之举, 也因为只有认定每个生命都 至少值得获得合法诉讼程序, 我们才有可能创造出让无辜的人 能够安全过生活的社会。
privileging:n.特权; v.给…以特权; (privilege的现在分词); worthy:adj.值得的; n.杰出人物; process:v.处理;加工;列队行进;n.过程,进行;方法,adj.经过特殊加工(或处理)的; innocents:n.无辜人士(innocent的复数);
Second, recognize that today, inequality within our countries is a vastly greater cause of violence than war between countries. 第二,要知道现今暴力的最大成因 并非国家之间的战争,
recognize:v.认识;认出;辨别出;承认;意识到; vastly:adv.极大地;广大地;深远地;
Now, inequality leads to violence for a whole host of reasons, but one of them is that it lets us separate ourselves from what's happening on the other side of town. 不平等会导致暴力, 这背后的理由非常多, 其中之一,是它会让我们
Those of us who are middle-class or wealthy, who are benefiting from these systems, have to change them at immense cost to ourselves. 我们当中那些 中产阶级或富裕的人, 那些从这些体制受惠的人, 必须要付出巨大的代价来改变体制。
middle-class:adj.中产阶级的;中层社会的;
We have to pay enough taxes and then demand that our governments put good teachers in other kids' schools and well-trained police to protect other peoples' neighborhoods. 我们必须要缴足够的税, 接着要求我们的政府安排好老师 到其他孩子的学校教书, 安排训练有素的警察 来保护其他人的街坊。
well-trained:adj.训练有素的;良好训练;
But, of course, that's not going to do any good if the government is stealing the money or fueling the violence, and so we also need better politicians with better incentives . 但,当然,如果政府会贪汙 或助长暴力,那也还是行不通, 所以我们也需要更好的政治人物, 出于更好的动机来做事。
incentives:n.激励;奖励;诱因(incentive的复数形式);奖励措施;
The fact is, we actually know a lot about what it takes to reduce violence. 事实是,我们其实很清楚 减少暴力需要做的是什么。
It's policies like putting more cops in the few places where most violence occurs . 是「集中警力到少数严重暴力频发地」 这样的政策。
occurs:v.重现(occur的第三人称单数);
But they don't fit easily into the boxes of the Left or the Right, and so you need really honest politicians who are willing to buck knee-jerk partisanship and implement solutions. 但这些政策不容易符合 左派或右派的框架, 所以会需要真正诚实的政治人物, 他们愿意反抗一触即发的党派偏护, 并去实践解决方案。
buck:n.(美)钱,元;雄鹿;纨绔子弟;年轻的印第安人或黑人; knee-jerk:n.下意识,自动反应;膝反射;adj.下意识的,自动反应的;膝反射的; implement:v.实施;执行;贯彻;使生效;n.工具;
And if we want good politicians to run, we need to start respecting politicians. 如果我们希望好的 政治人物出来竞选, 我们就得开始尊重政治人物。
There's also a lot we can do to fight privilege violence in other countries. 要对抗其他国家的特权暴力, 还有很多是我们能做的。
The most violent regimes tend to be fueled by drugs, and then they launder the profits through financial systems in New York and London, through real-estate transactions , and through high-end resorts . 最暴力的政权似乎 背后都有毒品的支持, 接着,他们会将利益洗白, 透过房地产交易来洗, 及透过高檔度假胜地来洗。
regimes:n.政治制度,政权,政体(regime的名词复数); launder:n.流槽;[矿]槽洗机;v.洗熨(衣物);洗(钱); profits:n.利润; v.获益; (profit的第三人称单数和复数) financial:adj.金融的;财政的,财务的; real-estate:n.房地产;不动产; transactions:n.处理,[图情]会报;汇报(transaction复数); high-end:adj.高端的;高档的; resorts:n.度假村;度假胜地(resort复数);v.诉诸(resort的第三人称单数);
If you use drugs, know your supply chain top to bottom , or admit the amount of pain you're willing to cause others for your own pleasure. 如果你吸毒, 先从头到尾了解一下整个供应链, 不然就承认你愿意为了自身的享乐 愿意造成他人多少痛苦吧。
supply chain:n.供应链; top to bottom:从上到下;
Meanwhile , I would love to see one of those tourist sites team up with investigative journalists and create a little tiny icon -- right next to the one for free WiFi and if a place has a swimming pool , there could be a little tiny gun for "likely criminal money-laundering front." 同时,我希望能见到某个游客景点 能和调查记者合作, 设计一个小图示 -- 就标在免费无线网路 和是否有游泳池的图示旁边, 图示可以是一支小小的枪, 代表「疑似犯罪洗钱的掩护」。
Meanwhile:adv.同时,其间;n.其间,其时; sites:n.网站(site的复数);遗址,举办地点;v.使...位于(site的单三形式); team up with:与…合作,与…协作; investigative:adj.研究的;调查的;好调查的; swimming pool:n.游泳池;游泳场;游泳馆; money-laundering:洗钱;
(Laughter) （笑声）
(Applause) （掌声）
But until then, if you're booking a place in a dangerous country, whether that's Jamaica or New Orleans, do a little web research, see if you can see any criminal ties. 但在那之前, 如果你要在危险国家中 预订一个住处, 不论是牙买加或者纽奥良, 先上网作点功课, 看看是否牵涉犯罪。
Jamaica:n.牙买加(拉丁美洲一个国家);
And, to make that easier, support legislation that makes our financial systems more transparent -- things like banning anonymous company ownership. 若要让这更容易做到, 就要支持让我们的金融体制 比如禁止匿名持有公司。
legislation:n.立法;法律; transparent:adj.透明的;显然的;坦率的;易懂的; banning:n.禁止;禁令;v.禁止;取缔;限制(ban的ing形式);adj.禁止的; anonymous:adj.匿名的,无名的;无个性特征的;
Now, this all probably sounds pretty quixotic , kind of like recycling your cans, just a tiny drop in the ocean of a gigantic problem, but that's actually a misconception . 上述的操作可能和 「回收罐子」一样, 听着很美好, 但对于超级大的问题而言 不过是沧海一粟, 但那其实是错误的观念。
quixotic:adj.唐吉诃德式的;狂想家的;愚侠的; recycling:n.(资源,垃圾的)回收利用;v.回收;再循环利用(recycle的现在分词); gigantic:adj.巨大的,庞大的; misconception:n.误解;错觉;错误想法;
Homicide has been falling for centuries. 数世纪以来,兇杀都在下降。
Battle deaths have been dropping for decades. 数十年来,战争 死亡人数都在下降。
In places where people have demanded change, violent death has fallen, from Colombia to New York City, where homicide is down 85 percent since 1990. 在人民要求改变的地方, 从哥伦比亚到纽约市 暴力死亡人数都有所下降, 自 1990 年起兇杀案 已经减少了 85%。
The fact is, violence will always be with us, but it's not a constant. 事实是,暴力会永远和我们共存, 但它不是一个不变的常数。
It has been falling for centuries, and it could fall further faster. 数世纪来它一直在下降, 而且还可以下降得更快。
Could it drop by 25 percent in the next quarter century, a third? 有没有可能在接下来的二十五年 再降 25%？三分之一？
Many of us actually think it could. 我们许多人真心认为可以。
I think of all the kids who'd grow up with their dads, all the families that get their sisters back, their brothers. 我想到了每一个 有父亲陪伴成长的孩子, 每一个能看到兄弟姐妹回家的家庭。
All it needs is one small push. 这一切要的只是一臂之力。
It needs us to care. 要的是我们去在乎。
Thank you. 谢谢。
(Applause) （掌声）