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RachelBotsman_2016T-_从信任组织机构转向信任陌生人_
Let's talk about trust. 我们来一起讨论讨论信任这个问题。
We all know trust is fundamental , but when it comes to trusting people, something profound is happening. 我们都知道信任是人与人交往的基础, 当我们开始信任一个人的时候 一些巨大的改变随之发生
fundamental:n.基础; adj.十分重大的; profound:adj.深厚的;意义深远的;渊博的;
Please raise your hand if you have ever been a host or a guest on Airbnb . 在“空中食宿网“（旅行短租网站）中 当过房东或者住客的请举手。
Airbnb:寻找奇居;爱本卜(一个网站);
Wow. That's a lot of you. 哇！人数真不少。
Who owns Bitcoin ? 那么谁有”比特币“（一种电子货币）呢？
Bitcoin:比特币(电子货币的一种形式,是专为互联网交易而创造的货币);
Still a lot of you. OK. 仍有很多人啊。
And please raise your hand if you've ever used Tinder to help you find a mate . 那么在“火线”（交友网站）上找过男女朋友的, 而区块链也会在全球范围内掀起一场信任革命。
Tinder:n.火绒;易燃物; mate:n.助手,大副; v.使配对;
(Laughter) （笑声）
This one's really hard to count because you're kind of going like this. 这次真的很难计算,因为很多人都不好意思举手。
(Laughter) （笑声）
These are all examples of how technology is creating new mechanisms that are enabling us to trust unknown people, companies and ideas. 以上的这些都可以很好的证明, 科技是如何创造一种新机制的 使我们相信陌生人、陌生的公司以及陌生的点子,
technology:n.技术;工艺;术语; mechanisms:n.机制;[机]机构(mechanism的复数);机械;[机]机构学; enabling:adj.授权的;v.使能够;授权给(enable的现在分词);
And yet at the same time , trust in institutions — banks, governments and even churches — is collapsing . 但与此同时, 对于一些组织机构, 比如说,银行,甚至教堂, 我们的信任正在崩塌。
at the same time:同时;另一方面;与此同时; institutions:n.机构;慈善机构;风俗习惯,制度;(institution的复数) collapsing:v.倒塌,坍塌; (collapse的现在分词)
So what's happening here, and who do you trust? 这究竟是怎么回事呢？ 你究竟信任谁呢？
Let's start in France with a platform — with a company, I should say — with a rather funny-sounding name, 我们先来看看法国的一个网络平台, 它有着一个听起来很有意思的名字:
platform:n.平台; v.把…放在台上[放在高处;
BlaBlaCar. “巴拉巴拉拼车”
It's a platform that matches drivers and passengers who want to share long-distance journeys together. 这个平台可以将想要进行长途拼车的 司机和旅客进行配对。
long-distance:adj.[通信][交]长途的;长距离的;vt.打长途电话给;adv.通过长途电话;
The average ride taken is 320 kilometers. 每次拼车的平均旅程距离为320千米。
So it's a good idea to choose your fellow travelers wisely. 所以说通过这个平台选择你的驴友是非常明智的。
Social profiles and reviews help people make a choice. 人们可以通过社交网络资料和评论进行选择,
profiles:n.配置文件; v.扼要描述; reviews:n.综述; v.回顾;
You can see if someone's a smoker, you can see what kind of music they like, you can see if they're going to bring their dog along for the ride. 通过这些,你可以知道他是否吸烟, 你也可以知道他们是否会带着宠物狗一起旅行。
But it turns out that the key social identifier is how much you're going to talk in the car. 但研究结果表示,人们最关心的问题是: 你能在车里说多少话。
identifier:n.标识符,认同者;检验人,鉴定人;
(Laughter) （笑声）
Bla, not a lot, bla bla, you want a nice bit of chitchat , and bla bla bla, you're not going to stop talking the entire way from London to Paris. “巴拉”的意思是没说几句话 “巴拉巴拉”的意思是你们可能会有一个很好的交谈。 而“巴拉巴拉巴拉”就代表从伦敦直到巴黎的一路上, 你都在说个不停。
chitchat:n.闲聊;v.聊天;
(Laughter) （笑声）
It's remarkable , right, that this idea works at all, because it's counter to the lesson most of us were taught as a child: never get in a car with a stranger. 这个点子真的很不错,因而它大获成功。 而且它与我们小时候父母警告我们的事情正好相反: 永远不要和陌生人搭同一辆车。
remarkable:adj.卓越的;非凡的;值得注意的;
And yet, BlaBlaCar transports more than four million people every single month. 然而,“巴拉巴拉拼车”在每个月里
transports:n.运输工具; v.运送;
To put that in context , that's more passengers than the Eurostar or JetBlue airlines carry. 如果进行比较的话,这些乘客数 要超过“欧洲之星”或者“捷蓝航空”的客流量。
context:n.环境;上下文;来龙去脉; JetBlue:n.美国捷蓝航空公司; airlines:n.航空公司(airline的复数);航空业;
BlaBlaCar is a beautiful illustration of how technology is enabling millions of people across the world to take a trust leap . “巴拉巴拉拼车”很好的证明了科技如何使得 上百万来自世界各地的人实现一种信任上的跨越。
illustration:n.插图;图解;示例;图示; leap:n.跳越;跳跃;跳高;骤变;v.跳;跳跃;跳越;猛冲;
A trust leap happens when we take the risk to do something new or different to the way that we've always done it. 当我们冒险去尝试一些新的或与众不同的事物时, 我们说这是一种信任上的跨越。
Let's try to visualize this together. 让我们一起来设想下:
visualize:vt.形象,形象化;想像,设想;vi.显现;
OK. I want you to close your eyes. 现在,我希望大家都把眼睛闭上,
There is a man staring at me with his eyes wide open. 那有一位先生瞪大了眼睛看着我。
staring:adj.凝视的,目不转睛的;显眼的;v.凝视;盯着看;显眼;(stare的现在分词)
I'm on this big red circle. I can see. 我站在这个巨大的红色圆圈中,我能清楚的看见你,
So close your eyes. 所以,请闭上眼睛。
(Laughter) (Applause) （笑声）（掌声）
I'll do it with you. 我来教大家接下来怎么做。
And I want you to imagine there exists a gap between you and something unknown. 我希望大家想象下,你与一个陌生事物之间, 存在着一个空间上的间隔。
gap:n.差距;间隙;缺口;间隔;v.使豁裂;豁开;
That unknown can be someone you've just met. 这个陌生的事物可能是你刚刚认识的某个人,
It can be a place you've never been to. 也可能是你一个你从来没去过的地方,
It can be something you've never tried before. 也可能是你从来没尝试过的事情。
You got it? 大家想好了吗？
OK. You can open your eyes now. 现在,大家可以睁开眼睛了。
For you to leap from a place of certainty , to take a chance on that someone or something unknown, you need a force to pull you over the gap, and that remarkable force is trust. 对于你来说,如果你想跨越这个间隙, 想要尝试到那个地方,或者了解那个人, 你需要一个动力去推你, 而这个了不起的动力就是信任。
certainty:n.必然;确实;确实的事情; take a chance on:冒险;
Trust is an elusive concept, and yet we depend on it for our lives to function. 信任是一个捉摸不透的概念, 但是我们却需要它成为我们生存的基石。
elusive:adj.难懂的;易忘的;逃避的;难捉摸的;
I trust my children when they say they're going to turn the lights out at night. 我相信我的孩子, 相信他们会按照他们自己说的那样,在晚上准时关灯。
I trusted the pilot who flew me here to keep me safe. 我相信飞行员,相信他们会在飞行中保障我的安全。
It's a word we use a lot, without always thinking about what it really means and how it works in different contexts of our lives. 信任是我们频繁使用的一个词, 但我们却不会考虑在不同的生活环境中, 它究竟是什么意思,起着怎样的作用。
contexts:n.环境,[计]上下文(context复数);
There are, in fact, hundreds of definitions of trust, and most can be reduced to some kind of risk assessment of how likely it is that things will go right. 实际上,对于信任的定义有成百上千种, 这些定义大多数可以被简化成一种风险评估, 主要的评估内容是这件事有多大的可能性是正确的。
definitions:n.[数]定义(definition的复数形式); assessment:n.评定;估价;
But I don't like this definition of trust, because it makes trust sound rational and predictable , and it doesn't really get to the human essence of what it enables us to do and how it empowers us to connect with other people. 但我并不喜欢这种对信任的定义。 因为它们使得信任看起来是理性的且可预测的。 而且这些定义并没有真正抓住究竟是人的哪些本性 促使我们去前进, 是怎么促使我们 与他人建立联系？
rational:n.理性;人类;合理的事物;[数]有理数;adj.合理的;理性的;明智的;理智的; predictable:adj.可预言的; essence:n.本质;实质;精髓;香精; enables:v.使得; (enable的第三人称单数) empowers:授权;使能够(empower的第三人称单数);
So I define trust a little differently. 所以,我对信任的定义与它们有些不同,
define:v.定义;使明确;规定;
I define trust as a confident relationship to the unknown. 我认为信任是对未知关系的一种自信。
confident:adj.自信的;确信的;
Now, when you view trust through this lens , it starts to explain why it has the unique capacity to enable us to cope with uncertainty , to place our faith in strangers, to keep moving forward. 现在,如果大家以这种角度来审视信任, 你就会发现为什么信任会有一种独特的力量, 帮助我们克服那种不确定的不安 帮助我们将信任交付到陌生人手中, 最终帮助我们不断前进。
lens:n.透镜,镜头;晶状体;隐形眼镜;汽车的灯玻璃;v.给…摄影; unique:adj.独特的,稀罕的;[数]唯一的;n.独一无二的人或物; capacity:n.能力;容量;资格,地位;生产力; cope:v.处理;n.大圆衣; uncertainty:n.不确定,不可靠; faith:n.信心;信任;宗教信仰;
Human beings are remarkable at taking trust leaps . 人类是非常了不起的, 我们可以因信任跨越鸿沟。
leaps:n.跳跃,剧增,急变(leap的复数);v.跳跃;急速进步(leap的三单形式);
Do you remember the first time you put your credit card details into a website? 你还记得你第一次上网填写 信用卡信息的时候吗？
credit card:n.[经]信用卡;
That's a trust leap. 这就是信任的飞跃。
I distinctly remember telling my dad that I wanted to buy a navy blue secondhand Peugeot on eBay, and he rightfully pointed out that the seller's name was " Invisible Wizard " 我始终记得当我告诉我的父亲 我想在易趣（购物网站）上 他理直气壮的指出 卖家的名字叫“隐形的巫师”,
distinctly:adv.明显地;无疑地,确实地; navy blue:adj.深蓝色的; secondhand:adj.二手的;旧的;间接获得的;做旧货生意的;adv.间接地;间接听来;以旧货; Peugeot:n.法国标致(法国汽车公司); rightfully:adv.正当地;正直地; Invisible:adj.看不见的;n.看不见的人或物; Wizard:n.男巫;术士;奇才;adj.男巫的;巫术的;
and that this probably was not such a good idea. 这个名字不好,不能在他这里买。
(Laughter) （笑声）
So my work, my research focuses on how technology is transforming the social glue of society, trust between people, and it's a fascinating area to study, because there's still so much we do not know. 我的工作主要是研究科技 是如何改变社会凝聚力的, 是如何在人们之间建立信任的。 这个领域真的特别吸引人, 因为有太多的东西是我们不知道的。
transforming:v.使改变形态;使改变外观(或性质);使改观;(transform的现在分词) glue:n.胶;胶水;v.粘贴; fascinating:adj.极有吸引力的;迷人的;v.深深吸引;迷住;(fascinate的现在分词)
For instance , do men and women trust differently in digital environments? 例如,男人和女人在网络中的信任度是一样的吗？
instance:n.实例;情况;建议;v.举...为例; digital:adj.数字的;手指的;n.数字;键;
Does the way we build trust face-to-face translate online? 我们在现实社会与在网络中
face-to-face:adj.面对面的;当面的;adv.面对面地; translate:v.翻译;被翻译;被译成;(使)转变;
Does trust transfer ? 信任会传递吗？
transfer:n.转移;调任;调离;[体]转会球员;v.调任;调走;转学;转移;
So if you trust finding a mate on Tinder, are you more likely to trust finding a ride on BlaBlaCar? 如果你相信在“火线”上能找到你的另一半, 那么你会不会更愿意相信
But from studying hundreds of networks and marketplaces , there is a common pattern that people follow, and I call it "climbing the trust stack ." 在研究过成百上千的网络软件和商场模式之后, 我发现人们的行为遵循一个共同的规律, 我叫它“爬上信任的阶梯”。
marketplaces:n.市场;集贸市场(marketplace的复数); stack:n.堆栈;一摞;大量;许多;v.(使)放成整齐的一叠(或一摞,一堆);
Let me use BlaBlaCar as an example to bring it to life. 让我用“巴拉巴拉拼车”为大家更直观的解释下。
On the first level, you have to trust the idea. 在这个阶梯的第一层, 你需要首先相信这个想法的可行性,
So you have to trust the idea of ride-sharing is safe and worth trying. 也就是说你要相信, 这个共同搭车的想法是安全且值得一试的。
The second level is about having confidence in the platform, that BlaBlaCar will help you if something goes wrong. 阶梯的第二层是你要对这个平台有信心, 也就是说你要相信当问题出现时,
confidence:n.信心;信任;秘密;adj.(美)诈骗的;骗得信任的;
And the third level is about using little bits of information to decide whether the other person is trustworthy . 第三层就是运用一些信息 来决定究竟谁是值得信任的驴友。
trustworthy:adj.可靠的;可信赖的;
Now, the first time we climb the trust stack, it feels weird , even risky, but we get to a point where these ideas seem totally normal. 经历了这三层之后, 我们会感觉有些不可思议,甚至还有些冒险, 但是我们却发现了其实这些想法是再正常不过的。
weird:adj.奇怪的;奇异的;离奇的;n.命运;宿命;命运女神;
Our behaviors transform, often relatively quickly. 我们的行为在改变着, 而且速度相对较快。
relatively:adv.相当程度上;相当地;相对地;
In other words, trust enables change and innovation . 换句话说,信任使我们改变且不断创新。
innovation:n.创新,革新;新方法;
So an idea that intrigued me, and I'd like you to consider, is whether we can better understand major waves of disruption and change in individuals in society through the lens of trust. 因而,我有了一个想法,我希望我们可以一起考虑, 我们是否可以在信任的角度上, 更好的理解社会中 人们的分裂及改变？
intrigued:adj.感兴趣的; v.密谋; (intrigue的过去式和过去分词) disruption:n.破坏,毁坏;分裂,瓦解; individuals:n.[经]个人;[生物]个体(individual的复数);
Well, it turns out that trust has only evolved in three significant chapters throughout the course of human history: local, institutional and what we're now entering, distributed . 研究结果表明,信任只参与了 人类历史进程中的三个重要环节: 本土化,制度化 以及现在的分散化。
evolved:v.(使)逐渐形成;进化;进化形成;(evolve的过去分词和过去式) significant:adj.重大的;有效的;有意义的;值得注意的;意味深长的;n.象征;有意义的事物; throughout:adv.自始至终,到处;全部;prep.贯穿,遍及; institutional:adj.制度的; distributed:adj.分布的;分散的;v.分发;分配;使分布(distribute的过去分词和过去式)
So for a long time, until the mid-1800s, trust was built around tight-knit relationships. 所以,很长一段时间内, 也就是直到19世纪中期 信任只是建立在亲密的关系之间的。
tight-knit:adj.亲密的,紧密的;
So say I lived in a village with the first five rows of this audience, and we all knew one another, and say I wanted to borrow money. 举个例子,我和前五排的观众, 一起生活在一个村子里 我们都互相熟悉。 如果我想借钱,
The man who had his eyes wide open, he might lend it to me, and if I didn't pay him back, you'd all know I was dodgy . 前排这个睁大眼睛看着我的先生可能会借给我。 但是如果我没有还钱给他, 村子了的所有人就都会知道我是个骗子,
dodgy:adj.狡猾的,逃避的;善于骗人的;躲闪的;
I would get a bad reputation, and you would refuse to do business with me in the future. 我的名声会变臭, 以后没有人会再和我做生意。
Trust was mostly local and accountability-based. 那时的信任完全是建立在地区范围之内,
In the mid-19th century, society went through a tremendous amount of change. 而到了19世纪中期, 我们的社会经历了巨大的变革,
tremendous:adj.极大的,巨大的;惊人的;极好的;
People moved to fast-growing cities such as London and San Francisco, and a local banker here was replaced by large corporations that didn't know us as individuals. 很多人搬到了发展迅速的城市地区, 与此同时,当地的银行家也被一些大企业而取代, 这些大企业并不了解我们每一个人。
fast-growing:adj.生长迅速的;发育快的; corporations:n.[贸易]公司,[经]企业(corporation的复数形式);
We started to place our trust into black box systems of authority , things like legal contracts and regulation and insurance , and less trust directly in other people. 因此,我们开始将我们的信任 放入权威机构的“黑箱系统”中 它就像法律合同,法律规范或者保险一样, 因而人与人之间的直接信任就减少了很多,
black box:黑箱;(装在飞机上记录飞行情况等的)密封仪器; authority:n.权威;权力;当局; legal:adj.法律的;合法的;法定的; contracts:n.[经]合同; v.使收缩; regulation:n.规则;法规;控制;规章制度;adj.规定的;必须穿戴的;必须使用的; insurance:n.保险;保险业;保险费;保费;adj.胜券在握的; directly:adv.直接地;立即;马上;正好地;坦率地;conj.一…就;
Trust became institutional and commission-based. 信任开始基于各种机构组织。
It's widely talked about how trust in institutions and many corporate brands has been steadily declining and continues to do so. 人们现在讨论最多的就是对于各种机构组织的信任, 是如何持续下滑的。
corporate:adj.公司的;组成公司(或团体)的;法人的;社团的; brands:n.品牌;烙印(brand的复数);v.加商标于;铭刻于(brand的第三人称单数); steadily:adv.稳定地;稳固地;有规则地; declining:v.减少;下降;衰弱;谢绝;婉言拒绝;(decline的现在分词)
I am constantly stunned by major breaches of trust: the News Corp phone hacking , the Volkswagen emissions scandal , the widespread abuse in the Catholic Church, the fact that only one measly banker went to jail after the great financial crisis , or more recently the Panama Papers that revealed how the rich can exploit offshore tax regimes . 我一直被那些失信的丑闻所震惊着。 比如说,新闻集团的电话入侵事件, 大众的尾气排放丑闻, 天主教会中大量的虐童事件。 实际上,在金融危机爆发以后 到监狱里做了替死鬼。 还有最近爆出的“巴拿马文件”, 这些文件向我们暴露了,
constantly:adv.不断地;时常地; stunned:adj.震惊的; v.使昏迷; (stun的过去分词和过去式) breaches:n.违背; v.违反; (breach的第三人称单数和复数) hacking:v.黑客行为;砍;劈;猛踢;(hack的现在分词) Volkswagen:n.大众汽车(财富500强公司之一); emissions:n.(光、热、气等的)发出,排放;排放物;散发物;(emission的复数) scandal:n.丑闻;流言蜚语;诽谤;公愤; widespread:adj.普遍的,广泛的;分布广的; abuse:n.滥用;虐待;辱骂;弊端;恶习,陋习;v.滥用;虐待;辱骂; Catholic:adj.天主教的;宽宏大量的;n.天主教徒;罗马天主教; measly:adj.患麻疹的;极少的;低贱的; jail:n.监狱;监牢;拘留所;v.监禁;下狱; financial:adj.金融的;财政的,财务的; crisis:n.危机;危险期;决定性时刻;adj.危机的;用于处理危机的; recently:adv.最近;新近; revealed:v.揭示;显示;露出;(reveal的过去分词和过去式) exploit:v.利用…为自己谋利;剥削;压榨;运用;发挥; offshore:adj.离岸的;[海洋]近海的;吹向海面的;adv.向海面,向海; regimes:n.政治制度,政权,政体(regime的名词复数);
And the thing that really surprises me is why do leaders find it so hard to apologize, I mean sincerely apologize, when our trust is broken? 真正令我吃惊的是, 当人们间的信任崩盘时, 让这些人领导人道个歉为什么这么难？ 当然,我说的是真正的道歉
sincerely:adv.真诚地;由衷地,诚恳地;
It would be easy to conclude that institutional trust isn't working because we are fed up with the sheer audacity of dishonest elites , but what's happening now runs deeper than the rampant questioning of the size and structure of institutions. 我们对各种机构、组织失去信任的原因很简单, 因为我们受够了那些 厚颜无耻、谎话连篇的所谓的精英们。 但现在所发生的这些事,远不止 对那些组织机构的规模、结构的质疑那么简单。
conclude:v.断定:得出结论:终止:达成:缔结(协定) fed up with:受够了;极厌恶;对…厌倦; sheer:adj.纯; v.十足地; n.透明薄纱; v.[航海](使)偏航; (使)转向; audacity:n.大胆;厚颜无耻; dishonest:adj.不诚实的;欺诈的; elites:n.精英(elite的复数); rampant:adj.猖獗的;蔓延的;狂暴的;奔放的; structure:n.结构;构造;建筑物;vt.组织;构成;建造;
We're starting to realize that institutional trust wasn't designed for the digital age. 因为我们开始意识到, 建立在组织机构上的信任, 不再适用于数字时代。
Conventions of how trust is built, managed, lost and repaired — in brands, leaders and entire systems — is being turned upside down . 一些常规的思维,比如说信任在 一些集团公司中、领导中,以及整个系统之中, 是如何建立的、管理的、失去的,最后又重建的, 已经被完全颠覆。
Conventions:n.[法]惯例;会议;[计]约定(convention的复数); upside down:adj.颠倒的;乱七八糟的;
Now, this is exciting, but it's frightening , because it forces many of us to have to rethink how trust is built and destroyed with our customers, with our employees, even our loved ones. 就现在来说,是件另人兴奋的事, 但这也是非常恐怖的事情。 因为这就要求我们重新思考, 信任是如何在我们与客户之间,与雇员之间, 建立、摧毁的。
frightening:adj.可怕的;骇人的;引起恐惧的;v.使惊吓;使惊恐(frighten的现在分词) rethink:v.重新考虑;再想;n.重新考虑;反思;新想法;
The other day , I was talking to the CEO of a leading international hotel brand, and as is often the case, we got onto the topic of Airbnb. 有一天,我与一个来自国际顶级酒店集团的 我们又不自觉的聊到了“空中食宿网”。
The other day:不久前某一天;几天以前;
And he admitted to me that he was perplexed by their success. 他说他真的不明白这个公司是怎么成功的,
perplexed:adj.困惑的;不知所措的;
He was perplexed at how a company that depends on the willingness of strangers to trust one another could work so well across 191 countries. 他不明白一个公司怎么可以 依靠陌生人间的信任, 将生意做得如此成功,甚至遍布191个国家。
willingness:n.乐意;心甘情愿;自动自发;
So I said to him that I had a confession to make, and he looked at me a bit strangely , and I'm sure many of you do this as well — 然后我跟他说,我要向他承认一个错误, 他有些莫名其妙的看着我, 我相信很多在座的各位也这样做过。
confession:n.忏悔,告解;供认; strangely:adv.奇怪地;奇妙地;不可思议地;
I don't always bother to hang my towels up when I'm finished in the hotel, but I would never do this as a guest on Airbnb. 当我在离开酒店之前, 我经常不把用过的毛巾挂起来, 但我不会这样对待在“空中食宿网”订购的民宿。
bother:v.烦扰,打扰;使…不安;操心,麻烦;n.麻烦;烦恼;
And the reason why I would never do this as a guest on Airbnb is because guests know that they'll be rated by hosts , and that those ratings are likely to impact their ability to transact in the future. 我之所在“空中食宿网”中不会这么做, 是因为住客知道房主会对他们进行评估打分, 这些评估打分很有可能会 影响他们将来的交易,
hosts:n.主人; v.主办,主持(活动); (host的第三人称单数和复数) ratings:n.评级;等级(rating的复数形式); impact:n.影响;效果;碰撞;冲击力;v.挤入,压紧;撞击;对…产生影响; transact:v.做交易;(与人或组织)做业务
It's a simple illustration of how online trust will change our behaviors in the real world, make us more accountable in ways we cannot yet even imagine. 这就是一个非常好的例子。它证明了网络上的信任是 如何在现实生活中改变我们的行为的。 而且这些信任以一种我们以前从未设想过的方式, 使得我们变得更有责任感。
accountable:adj.有责任的;有解释义务的;可解释的;
I am not saying we do not need hotels or traditional forms of authority. 当然,我也不是说我们不再需要酒店了, 或者说不再需要传统的那些组织机构了。
traditional:传统的,惯例的,
But what we cannot deny is that the way trust flows through society is changing, and it's creating this big shift away from the 20th century that was defined by institutional trust towards the 21st century that will be fueled by distributed trust. 但是我们也不能否认, 当今社会的信任流向已经改变了。 这种巨大的改变, 是从20世纪 由组织机构定义的信任, 转向了21世纪 更加分散的信任。
deny:v.否定,否认;拒绝给予;拒绝…的要求; shift:n.移动;变化;手段;轮班;v.移动;转变;转换; defined:adj.有定义的,确定的; v.使明确;
Trust is no longer top-down . 信任不再仅仅是由上到下流动了,
top-down:adj.[计]自顶向下;组织管理严密的;
It's being unbundled and inverted . 而是分散式的甚至是反向的。
unbundled:adj.非捆绑的; v.分类定价; inverted:v.(使)倒转,颠倒,倒置;(invert的过去分词和过去式)
It's no longer opaque and linear . 信任也不再是看不见摸不着的了,
opaque:adj.不透明的;不传热的;迟钝的;n.不透明物;vt.使不透明;使不反光; linear:adj.线的,线型的;直线的,线状的;长度的;
A new recipe for trust is emerging that once again is distributed amongst people and is accountability-based. 一种新型的信任正在不断兴起, 这种信任再一次的在人群中兴起 它以问责制为基础。
recipe:n.食谱;方法;诀窍;烹饪法; emerging:adj.新兴的;v.出现,浮现,露出;暴露;(emerge的现在分词) amongst:prep.在…之中;在…当中(等于among);
And this shift is only going to accelerate with the emergence of the blockchain, the innovative ledger technology underpinning Bitcoin. 这种改变加速了 区块链的出现, 区块链就是支持比特币产生的分布式账本创新技术。
accelerate:v.加快;加速;n.接受速成教育的学生; emergence:n.出现,浮现;发生;露头; innovative:adj.革新的,创新的; ledger:n.总帐,分户总帐;[会计]分类帐;帐簿;底帐;(手脚架上的)横木; underpinning:n.基础材料;基础结构;v.基础;加强;巩固;(underpin的现在分词)
Now let's be honest, getting our heads around the way blockchain works is mind-blowing . 但是诚实的讲, 我们是很难真正的理解究竟 区块链是怎样工作的。
mind-blowing:adj.使兴奋的;引起幻觉的;
And one of the reasons why is it involves processing some pretty complicated concepts with terrible names. 其中的一个原因就是人们总是, 给一些及其复杂的概念, 起一些特别难懂的名字,
involves:v.包含;需要;牵涉;牵连;影响;(使)参加,加入(involve的第三人称单数) processing:v.加工;处理;审核;数据处理;v.列队行进;缓缓前进;(process的现在分词) complicated:adj.复杂的;难懂的;v.使复杂化;(complicate的过去分词和过去式)
I mean, cryptographic algorithms and hash functions, and people called miners , who verify transactions — all that was created by this mysterious person or persons called Satoshi Nakamoto. 比如说所谓的“密码规则系统”以及“散列函数”, 还有那些核查交易的“矿工”们。 这些都是由一个神秘人创造的, 他的名字叫做中本聪
cryptographic:adj.关于暗号的,用密码写的; hash:n.剁碎的食物;混杂,拼凑;重新表述;v.搞糟,把…弄乱;切细;推敲; miners:n.[矿业]矿工(miner的复数);煤矿工人; verify:vt.核实;查证; transactions:n.处理,[图情]会报;汇报(transaction复数); mysterious:adj.神秘的;不可思议的;难解的;
Now, that is a massive trust leap that hasn't happened yet. 现在对我们来说,这些概念都是还没有发生的,
massive:adj.大量的;巨大的,厚重的;魁伟的;
(Applause) （掌声）
But let's try to imagine this. 但还是让我们试着体会一下,
So "The Economist" eloquently described the blockchain as the great chain of being sure about things. 经济学家们将区块链生动的比作为: 事物间最伟大的链接。
eloquently:adv.善辩地;富于表现力地; described:v.描述;形容;把…称为;做…运动;(describe的过去分词和过去式)
The easiest way I can describe it is imagine the blocks as spreadsheets , and they are filled with assets . 而我能想到的最好方法就是将区块链比作表格, 这个表格里面有着丰富的数据。
spreadsheets:n.电子表格;电子数据表;试算表;空白表格程序; assets:n.资产;宝贵的人材;(一项)财物;资产;(asset的名词复数)
So that could be a property title. 所以,我们可以将它看做一个不动产契约,
It could be a stock trade. 也可以看成一次股票交易,
stock:n.股票; v.库存; adj.老一套的;
It could be a creative asset, such as the rights to a song. 也可以是一种具有创造性的资产,
creative:adj.创造性的;
Every time something moves from one place on the register to somewhere else, that asset transfer is time-stamped and publicly recorded on the blockchain. 一旦人们登录的地点 有所改变, 那么这些资产也是随之实时转移的。 同时在区块链上也有所有记录,
register:v.登记;注册;记录;n.登记簿;登记表;注册簿; time-stamped:时戳;
It's that simple. Right. 这样是不是就好理解些了。
So the real implication of the blockchain is that it removes the need for any kind of third party, such as a lawyer, or a trusted intermediary , or maybe not a government intermediary to facilitate the exchange. 所以说区块链的真正含义就是: 它为任何形式的第三方转移他们的需求, 比如说像一名律师一样, 或者是一个可信的中介, 来实现交易。
implication:n.含意;可能的影响(或作用、结果);暗指;(被)牵连; intermediary:adj.中间的;媒介的;中途的;n.中间人;仲裁者;调解者;媒介物;
So if we go back to the trust stack, you still have to trust the idea, you have to trust the platform, but you don't have to trust the other person in the traditional sense. 那么,现在我们回到信任层级这个问题上来。 现在的情况是,你仍需要相信这个点子, 你仍需要相信这个平台, 但是你不需要像以前一样, 相信某个特定的人了。
The implications are huge. 这对我们的启示是非常巨大的,
implications:n.蕴涵式;暗指,暗示;含蓄,含意;卷入(implication的复数);
In the same way the internet blew open the doors to an age of information available to everyone, the blockchain will revolutionize trust on a global scale . 同样的,互联网开启了一个新的信息时代的大门。 这个大门允许任何人的进入, 而区块链也会在全球范围内掀起一场信任革命。
revolutionize:vt.发动革命;彻底改革;宣传革命;vi.革命化;从事革命; global:adj.全球的;总体的;球形的; scale:n.规模;比例;鳞;刻度;天平;数值范围;v.衡量;攀登;剥落;生水垢;
Now, I've waited to the end intentionally to mention Uber , because I recognize that it is a contentious and widely overused example, but in the context of a new era of trust, it's a great case study . 我一直在等着人们不再提起“优步”（打车应用）, 因为我认为这是一个有异议, 且被过度使用了的例子。 但在我们所说的新的信任的领域下,
intentionally:adv.故意地,有意地; Uber:adj.最好的;?超级的;n.Uber(公司品牌名)优步; recognize:v.认识;认出;辨别出;承认;意识到; contentious:adj.诉讼的;有异议的,引起争论的;爱争论的; overused:adj.过度使用的;v.过度使用(overuse的过去分词); case study:n.个案研究;专题研究;案例研究;
Now, we will see cases of abuse of distributed trust. 现在,我们看几个滥用分散性信任的例子。
We've already seen this, and it can go horribly wrong. 我们早已看过这些例子了,而且它们都糟糕到离谱,
horribly:adv.可怕地;让人吃惊
I am not surprised that we are seeing protests from taxi associations all around the world trying to get governments to ban Uber based on claims that it is unsafe . 对于出租车协会在全球范围内的抗议, 我一点也不觉得奇怪。 他们试图说服政府相信“优步”并不安全,
protests:v.抗议;反对(protest的三单形式);n.抗议(protest的复数); associations:n.协会,[遗]关联(association复数);关联分析,协会组织; ban:v.下令禁止;查禁;n.禁令; claims:v.宣称; n.声明; (claim的第三人称单数和复数) unsafe:adj.不安全的;危险的;不安稳的;
I happened to be in London the day that these protests took place, and I happened to notice a tweet from Matt Hancock, who is a British minister for business. 有一次我在伦敦刚好遇到了抗议的队伍, 也正巧我看到了一个很巧妙的“推文”。 这段话那来自英国商务大臣马特·汉考克,
minister:n.部长;大臣;牧师;vi.执行牧师职务;辅助或伺候某人;
And he wrote, "Does anyone have details of this #Uber app everyone's talking about? 他写到, “谁能给我一些关于‘优步’的信息？
(Laughter) （笑声）
I'd never heard of it until today." 直到今天之前我都没有听说过！“
Now, the taxi associations, they legitimized the first layer of the trust stack. 而现在,出租车协会 合理化了信任层级中的第一层。
legitimized:vt.使…合法;立为嫡嗣; layer:n.层,层次; vt.把…分层堆放; vi.形成或分成层次;
They legitimized the idea that they were trying to eliminate , and sign-ups increased by 850 percent in 24 hours. 他们将他们想要避免的事变得合理化了。 而且在24小时内”优步“的注册人数增加了850%。
eliminate:v.消除;排除; sign-ups:n.注册;签约;
Now, this is a really strong illustration of how once a trust shift has happened around a behavior or an entire sector , you cannot reverse the story. 这个例子很好的说明了, 信任是如何在行为之间或者整个领域中转变的。 大家可以好好想一下这个例子:
sector:n.部门;扇形,扇区;象限仪;函数尺;vt.把…分成扇形; reverse:n.反面; v.颠倒; adj.相反的;
Every day, five million people will take a trust leap and ride with Uber. 每天,全世界会有500万人跨越信任鸿沟, 乘坐”优步“,
In China, on Didi , the ride-sharing platform, 11 million rides taken every day. 在中国的“滴滴”,这个打车应用每天 载客数会达到1100万,
Didi:n.迪迪(足球运动员名);
That's 127 rides per second, showing that this is a cross-cultural phenomenon . 也就是每秒会有127辆车载客。 所以说这是一个跨越文化的现象。
cross-cultural:adj.跨文化的;交叉文化的; phenomenon:n.现象;杰出的人;非凡的人(或事物);
And the fascinating thing is that both drivers and passengers report that seeing a name and seeing someone's photo and their rating makes them feel safer, and as you may have experienced, even behave a little more nicely in the taxi cab. 而且更神奇的是司机和乘客都说, 只看到一个人的名字, 照片以及他们的评论, 会使他们感到更安全。 也许在坐的各位都体会到, 我们在”优步“上会比在出租车上表现的好一些,
behave:v.表现;(机器等)运转;举止端正;(事物)起某种作用; nicely:adv.细致地;有吸引力;令人满意;令人愉快;adj.强健的;
Uber and Didi are early but powerful examples of how technology is creating trust between people in ways and on a scale never possible before. 虽然”优步“和”滴滴“都已经出现很久了, 科技是如何以一种前所未有的方式和范围内, 增加人与人之间的信任的。
Today, many of us are comfortable getting into cars driven by strangers. 现在,很多人对于进入到一个陌生人开的车里,
We meet up with someone we swiped right to be matched with. 我们会与陌生人见面,会刷卡买东西,
meet up with:偶遇;碰面;符合标准; swiped:v.挥拳打;挥起(物体)击打;偷窃;刷(磁卡);(swipe的过去分词和过去式)
We share our homes with people we do not know. 我们会与陌生人分享我们的房子,
This is just the beginning, because the real disruption happening isn't technological . 但是,一切一切才只是刚刚开始。 因为真正促使改变产生的, 并不是科技,
technological:adj.技术[工程](上)的;因工艺技术高度发展而引起的;
It's the trust shift it creates, and for my part , I want to help people understand this new era of trust so that we can get it right and we can embrace the opportunities to redesign systems that are more transparent , inclusive and accountable. 是信任的转变刺激了科技的创造性。 站在我的角度来说, 所以我们才能正确的掌握它。 因而我们也可以抓住这个机会重塑我们的系统, 使得这些系统更加透明,更加兼容也更加值得信任。
for my part:就我而言,对我来说; embrace:n.拥抱,怀抱;v.拥抱;乐意采纳(思想、建议等);信奉;包括; redesign:vt.重新设计;n.重新设计;新设计; transparent:adj.透明的;显然的;坦率的;易懂的; inclusive:adj.包括的,包含的;
Thank you very much. 谢谢大家！
(Applause) （掌声）
Thank you. 谢谢！
(Applause) （掌声）