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PhilippaNeave_2016S-_国家第一次选举的未知挑战_
The great philosopher Aristotle said if something doesn't exist, there's no word for it, and if there's no word for something, that something doesn't exist. 伟大的哲学家亚里士多德曾说过: 如果一件事物不存在,它就没有名字, 如果一件事物没有名字, 它就不存在。
philosopher:n.哲学家;深思的人;善于思考的人; Aristotle:n.亚里士多德;
So when we talk about elections, we in established democracies , we know what we're talking about. 所以当我们讨论到选举的时候, 在已经建立民主政治的地方,我们知道自己在谈论什么。
established:adj.已确立的;著名的;v.建立;创立;设立;(establish的过去分词和过去式) democracies:民主;
We've got the words. We have the vocabulary. 我们有这样的语言,关于它的词汇。
We know what a polling station is. 我们知道什么是投票站,
polling station:n.投票站;投票点;
We know what a ballot paper is. 什么是选票。
ballot:n.投票;投票用纸;投票总数;vi.投票;抽签决定;vt.使投票表决;拉选票;
But what about countries where democracy doesn't exist, countries where there are no words to describe the concepts that underpin a democratic society? 但是在民主尚未建立的国家会怎样呢？ 那些国家没有词汇用来形容民主这个概念, 民主社会是不存在的。
democracy:n.民主,民主主义;民主政治; describe:v.描述;形容;把…称为;画出…图形; underpin:vt.巩固;支持;从下面支撑;加强…的基础; democratic:adj.民主的;民主政治的;大众的;
I work in the field of electoral assistance, so that's to say we assist emerging democracies to organize what is often their first elections. 我从事选举援助工作, 也可以说,我们就是去帮助 那些初生的民主政权去组织, 通常是他们的第一次选举。
in the field of:在…方面,在…领域; electoral:adj.选举的;选举人的; emerging:adj.新兴的;v.出现,浮现,露出;暴露;(emerge的现在分词) organize:v.组织;安排;处理;分配;管理;
When people ask me what I do, quite often I get this answer. 当人们问起我从事的工作, 我经常得到这样的回复:
'"Oh, so you're one of these people who goes around the world imposing Western democracy on countries that can't handle it." 类似控制的概念。 将西方民主政治硬塞给那些自己搞不定的国家的人啊。”
imposing:adj.壮观的; v.推行,采用; (impose的现在分词) handle:n.[建]把手;柄;手感;口实;v.处理;操作;运用;买卖;触摸;
Well, the United Nations does not impose anything on anybody. 其实,联合国从不把任何东西强加于任何人身上。
United Nations:n.联合国; impose:v.推行;迫使;强制实行;把…强加于;
It really doesn't, and also, what we do is firmly anchored in the 1948 Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 不,它真的不会。 而且,我们所做的, 是牢牢绑定在1948年的世界人权宣言当中,
Universal:adj.普遍的;全体的;全世界的;共同的; Declaration:n.宣言;宣告;宣布;公告;
Article 21, that says that everybody should have the right to choose who governs them. 第二十一章中说的: 每个人都有权选择自己的政府。
So that's the basis of the work. 这是我们工作的基本准则。
I specialize in public outreach . 我专精于公共宣传。
specialize in:专门研究…; outreach:vt.超越,伸出; vi.拓广,延伸; n.延伸,拓广; adj.扩大服务的;
What does that mean? Another jargon . 那是什么意思呢？另一个术语。
jargon:n.行话,术语;黄锆石;
It actually means designing information campaigns so that candidates and voters who have never had the opportunity to participate or to vote understand where, when, how to register; where, when, how to vote; why, why it is important to take part. 它实际上是指设计信息化运动, 这样候选人和选民, 那些从来没有机会去参加选举或参加投票的人, 就会明白何时何地和如何去注册; 何时何地和如何去投票; 还有参与的重要意义。
participate:v.参加;参与;
So I'll probably devise a specific campaign to reach out to women to make sure that they can take part, that they can be part of the process . 所以我可能会设计一个专门针对女性的运动 去确保她们会参与其中, 确保她们也成为过程中的一部分。
devise:v.设计; n.[法]遗赠财产的遗嘱(或其中的条款); specific:adj.特殊的,特定的;明确的;详细的;[药]具有特效的;n.特性;细节;特效药; process:v.处理;加工;列队行进;n.过程,进行;方法,adj.经过特殊加工(或处理)的;
Young people as well. 年轻人也是一样。
All sorts of people. 所有人都是。
Handicapped people. 残疾人也是。
Handicapped:adj.残疾的; v.妨碍; n.残疾人; (handicap的过去分词和过去式)
We try to reach everybody. 我们试图动员每个人。
And it's not always easy, because very often in this work, 而这从来就不简单,因为经常出现的问题
I've noticed now over the years that I've been doing it that words are lacking, and so what do you do? 就是我这么多年来从事这项工作, 发现常常找不到相应的词汇可用, 那么我们应该怎么做？
Afghanistan . 阿富汗。
Afghanistan:n.阿富汗(国家名称,位于亚洲);
It's a country with high levels of illiteracy , and the thing about that was, it was in 2005, and we organized two elections on the same day. 这是一个高文盲率的国家, 与此相关的,是我们在2005年, 同一天举办了两场选举。
illiteracy:n.文盲;无知; organized:adj.有组织的; v.组织; (organize的过去分词和过去式)
The reason was because the logistics are so incredibly difficult, it seemed to be more efficient to do that. 这么做是因为物流的极度紧张, 而这样做比较高效。
logistics:n.[军]后勤;后勤学;物流; incredibly:adv.难以置信地;非常地; efficient:adj.有效率的;有能力的;生效的;
It was, but on the other hand , explaining two elections instead of one was even more complicated . 它确实比较高效, 但是在另一方面,解释两场选举而非一场, 就使工作变得更加复杂。
on the other hand:另一方面; complicated:adj.复杂的;难懂的;v.使复杂化;(complicate的过去分词和过去式)
So we used a lot of images , and when it came to the actual ballot, we had problems, because so many people wanted to take part, we had 300 candidates for 52 seats in the Wolesi Jirga , which is the parliamentary elections. 所以我们使用了大量的图片, 而当真正的投票到来时, 就出现了问题,因为太多的人想要参与其中, 我们有300个候选人争夺52个众议院席位, 是在人民院（相当于国会）的选举中。
images:n.印象;声誉;形象;画像;雕像;(image的第三人称单数和复数) Jirga:n.族长会议; parliamentary:adj.议会的;国会的;议会制度的;
And for the Provincial Council , we had even more candidates. 而省议会选举的候选人就更多。
Provincial:adj.省的;地方性的;偏狭的;n.粗野的人;乡下人;外地人; Council:n.(市、郡等的)政务委员会;市政(或地方管理)服务机构;
We had 330 for 54 seats. 我们有330人抢54个位置。
So talking about ballot design, this is what the ballot looked like. 所以当谈论起候选名单设计, 这就是候选名单的样子。
It's the size of a newspaper. 跟报纸差不多大。
This was the Wolesi Jirga ballot -- 这是众议院候选名单——
(Laughter) （笑声）
Yeah, and -- this was the Provincial Council ballot. 对,是的—— 这是省议会候选名单。
Even more. 甚至更多。
So you see, we did use a lot of symbols and things like that. 所以你们能看到,我们确实用了很多这样的符号。
symbols:n.符号;象征;标志;符号表(symbol的复数);
And we had other problems in Southern Sudan. 我们在南苏丹则遇到了另外的问题。
Southern Sudan was a very different story. 南苏丹有着完全不同的历史背景。
We had so many people who had never, of course, voted, but we had extremely , extremely high levels of illiteracy, very, very poor infrastructure . 我们有这么多的人,很明显从未参与过选举, 但是那儿的文盲率却是极度的,前所未有的高, 有着破旧的,极度糟糕的基础设施。
extremely:adv.非常,极其;极端地; infrastructure:n.基础设施;公共建设;下部构造;
For example -- I mean, it's a country the size of Texas, more or less . 举个例子——它是一个和德克萨斯州差不多大的国家。
more or less:或多或少;
We had seven kilometers of paved roads, seven kilometers in the whole country, and that includes the tarmac where we landed the planes in Juba Airport . 那儿只有7公里铺平的道路, 全国只有7公里, 这其中还包括了停机坪,就是我们飞机起降的跑道, 在朱巴机场。
paved:v.(用砖石)铺(地);(pave的过去分词和过去式) tarmac:n.柏油碎石路面;铺有柏油碎石的飞机跑道; Juba:n.朱巴舞(一种美国黑人舞);(美国黑人传说中的)鬼魂; Airport:n.机场;航空港;
So transporting electoral materials, etc., is exceedingly difficult. 所以运送选举材料之类的工作, 就变得超乎寻常的困难。
transporting:v.运输,运送,输送;传播;(transport的现在分词) exceedingly:adv.非常;极其;极度地;极端;
People had no idea about what a box looked like. 人们甚至不知道投票箱长什么样。
It was very complicated, so using verbal communication was obviously the way to go, but there were 132 languages. 一切都太困难了, 因此,想要用语言交流显然还有漫长的道路要走。 但是在那里一共有132种语言。
verbal:adj.口头的;言语的;动词的;照字面的;n.动词的非谓语形式;
So that was extremely challenging. 所以这是极具挑战性的。
Then I arrived in Tunisia in 2011. 之后,在2011年我去了突尼斯。
Tunisia:n.突尼斯(非洲国家);
It was the Arab Spring. 那会正赶上阿拉伯之春运动。
A huge amount of hope was generated by that enormous movement that was going on in the region . 在那片地区的大型运动 给人们带来了巨大的希望。
generated:v.产生;引起;(generate的过去式和过去分词) enormous:adj.庞大的,巨大的;凶暴的,极恶的; region:n.地区;范围;部位;
There was Libya , there was Egypt, there was Yemen. 在利比亚,埃及,还有也门。
Libya:n.埃及以西的北非地方古名;利比亚;
It was an enormous, enormous historical moment. 这一个巨大的,前所未有的历史性运动。
historical:adj.历史的;史学的;基于史实的;
And I was sitting with the election commission , and we were talking about various aspects of the election, and I was hearing them using words that I hadn't actually heard before, 我就和选举委员们坐在一起, 我们讨论了选举的方方面面, 我听到他们用那些我从未听过的词汇,
commission:n.委员会;佣金;犯;委任;委任状;vt.委任;使服役;委托制作; aspects:n.方面;相位;面貌(aspect的复数);
and I'd worked with Iraqis , I'd worked with Jordanians, Egyptians , and suddenly they were using these words, and I just thought, "This is strange." 我曾与伊拉克人,约旦人,埃及人一起工作, 然后突然之间他们就开始使用这些词汇, 我就想:“这真是奇怪”。
Iraqis:adj.伊拉克的;伊拉克人的;n.伊拉克人; Egyptians:n.埃及人;埃及语;(Egyptian的复数)
And what really gave rise to it was this word " observer ." 他们真正想表达的是“观察员”。
observer:n.观察员;观察者;观察家;观测者;
We were discussing election observers , and the election commissioner was talking about "mulahiz" in Arabic. 我们正在讨论选举的观察员, 选举委员们用阿拉伯语讨论着“mulahiz”。
observers:n.观察者(observer的复数); commissioner:n.理事;委员;行政长官;总裁;
This means "to notice" in a passive sort of sense, as in, "I noticed he was wearing a light blue shirt." 它的意思是“注意”,以一种被动的语气。 例如:“我注意到了他穿着一件淡蓝色的衬衫。”
passive:adj.被动的,消极的;被动语态的;n.被动语态;
Did I go and check whether the shirt was light blue or not? 我是否去检查了他的衬衫真的是淡蓝色?
That is the role of an election observer. 这就是选举观察员的角色。
It's very active, it's governed by all kinds of treaties , and it has got that control function in it. 这角色非常活跃,它被各种条约所支配, 也拥有了内部控制能力。
treaties:n.条约;协定问题(treaty的复数);
And then I got wind of the fact that in Egypt, they were using this term "mutabi’," which means "to follow." 然后我听闻了在埃及的一些事实, 他们使用“mutabi”这个词,意思是“去跟进”。
So we were now having followers of an election. 所以我们现在又有了选举的跟进员。
So that's not quite right either, because there is a term that's already accepted and in use, which was the word "muraqib" which means "a controller." 但这也不太对, 因为还有另一个已经被接受并在使用的词, 就是“muraqib”意思是“监控员”。
It's got that notion of control. 类似控制的概念。
notion:n.观念;信念;理解;
So I thought, three words for one concept. This is not good. 所以我就想,三个单词,一个概念,这可不好。
And with our colleagues , we thought perhaps it's our role to actually help make sure that the words are understood and actually create a work of reference that could be used across the Arab region. 和我们的同事一起时,我们认为我们的角色或许是 在实质上帮助他们理解这些单词, 规范一个基本用词框架, 应用于全阿拉伯语地区。
colleagues:n.同事;同行(colleague的复数); reference:n.参考,提及;参考书目;证明书;v.引用;
And that's what we did. 所以我们就这么做了。
So together with these colleagues, we launched the "Arabic Lexicon of Electoral Terminology ," 和这些同行在一起, 我们发起了一个“阿拉伯语选举标准术语”项目,
launched:v.发射;发起;开展;开始;(launch的过去式和过去分词) Lexicon:n.词典,辞典; Terminology:n.术语,术语学;用辞;
and we worked in eight different countries. 并在八个不同的国家进行使用。
It meant actually defining 481 terms which formed the basis of everything you need to know if you're going to organize a democratic election. 实质上是新定义了481个词语, 它们组成了任何民主选举的 基本词汇库。
defining:v.解释(词语)的含义;给(词语)下定义;阐明;界定;(define的现在分词)
And we defined these terms, and we worked with the Arab colleagues and came to an agreement about what would be the appropriate word to use in Arabic. 我们定义了这些词汇, 也和阿拉伯的同事们一起工作, 进而达成了适用于阿拉伯的 词汇的共识。
defined:adj.有定义的,确定的; v.使明确; appropriate:adj.适当的;恰当的;v.占用,拨出;
Because the Arabic language is very rich, and that's part of the problem. 阿拉伯语词汇很丰富,但这样也正是一部分问题所在。
But there are 22 countries that speak Arabic, and they use modern standard Arabic, which is the Arabic that is used across the whole region in newspapers and broadcasts, 因为有22个国家和地区的人民使用阿拉伯语, 虽然他们使用的都是标准现代阿拉伯语, 在整个中东地区的报纸和广播节目中 都会使用。
standard:n.标准;水准;旗;度量衡标准;adj.标准的;合规格的;公认为优秀的;
but of course, then from one country to the next in day to day language and use it varies -- dialect , colloquialisms , etc. 但是当然,随着不同国家的使用及时间的演化, 阿拉伯语就开始分化了——方言,俗语等等。
varies:n.多重复合;v.使不同;改变;违背(vary的三单形式); dialect:n.方言;地方话;土话; colloquialisms:口语;
So that was another added layer of complication . 所以那又构成了另一道障碍。
layer:n.层,层次; vt.把…分层堆放; vi.形成或分成层次; complication:n.并发症;复杂;复杂化;混乱;
So in one sense you had the problem that language wasn't fully ripe , if you like, neologisms were coming up, new expressions . 在这个情况下, 语言还不成熟,如果你愿意这么讲。 新词,新的表达不断的被发明出来,
ripe:adj.成熟的;口味浓郁的;醇美可口的;强烈的; neologisms:新词; expressions:表达,表情(expression的复数)
And so we defined all these terms, and then we had eight correspondents in the region. 所以我们定义了这些词汇, 我们在这些地区有了八个通讯员。
correspondents:n.通讯员(correspondent的复数);通信者;
We submitted the draft to them, they responded back to us. 我们把词汇表草稿交给他们, 他们就回复我们:
submitted:v.提交;顺从;投降;表示;认为;建议;(submit的过去分词和过去式) draft:n.草案; v.起草; adj.供役使的; responded:v.回答,回应;作出反应;响应;反应灵敏;(respond的过去式和过去分词)
'"Yes, we understand the definition . “是的,我们明白这些定义。
definition:n.定义;清晰度;(尤指词典里的词或短语的)释义;解释;
We agree with it, but this is what we say in our country." 我们投赞同票, 但是这是我们在我们国家的说法。”
Because we were not going to harmonize or force harmonization . 因为我们不打算去协调,也不准备强制协调。
harmonize:vt.使和谐;使一致;以和声唱;vi.协调;和谐;以和声唱; harmonization:n.和谐;融洽;悦耳;
We were trying to facilitate understanding among people. 我们就只能尝试去促进人与人之间的相互理解。
facilitate:vt.促进;帮助;使容易;
So in yellow, you see the different expressions in use in the various countries. 所以在黄色的部分,你们能看出在不同的国家有 不同的表达方式。
So this, I'm happy to say, it took three years to produce this because we also finalized the draft and took it actually into the field, sat with the election commissions in all these different countries, debated and defined and refined the draft, and finally published it in November 2014 in Cairo . 因此,我很高兴地告诉你们,我们花了三年时间 去完成这项任务,完成最终稿,并使他们真正应用到这个领域。 与各国的选举委员会的成员坐在一起, 进行争论,定义和精炼这些草稿, 并最终于2014年11月在开罗发表。
finalized:v.把(计划、旅行、项目等)最后定下来;定案;(finalize的过去式和过去分词) commissions:n.[会计]佣金,[会计]手续费;现金奖励情况(commission的复数); debated:v.讨论,辩论;思考;盘算;(debate的过去分词和过去式) refined:adj.精制的; v.精炼; finally:adv.终于;最终;(用于列举)最后;彻底地; Cairo:开罗(埃及首都)
And it's gone a long way. We published 10,000 copies. 一路走来,我们成绩斐然,总共发行了一万份副本。
To date, there's about 3,000 downloads off the internet in PDF form. 直至今日,已经有3000多份PDF下载件了。
I heard just recently from a colleague that they've taken it up in Somalia. 我最近刚从一个同事那儿听说,他们要把这份文件带去索马里。
recently:adv.最近;新近;
They're going to produce a version of this in Somalia, because there's nothing in Somalia at all. 他们将做一份索马里的版本, 因为索马里还什么都没有。
So that's very good to know. 所以,这听起来不错。
And this newly formed Arab Organization for Electoral Management Bodies, which is trying to professionalize how elections are run in the region, they're using it as well. 这份新形成的阿拉伯选举管理体制, 就是用于规范 在该地区的选举流程的这份文件, 他们也正在使用了。
Organization:n.组织;机构;体制;团体; Management:n.管理;管理人员;管理部门;操纵;经营手段; professionalize:vi.专业化;职业化;vt.使…专业化;使…专业化;
And the Arab League have now built up a pan-Arab observation unit, and they're using it. 阿拉伯联盟现在也建立了一个通用阿拉伯观察中心, 而且他们正在使用它。
observation:n.观察;观测;监视;(尤指据所见、所闻、所读而作的)评论;
So that's all really good. 这听起来都很好。
However, this work of reference is quite high-pitched . 但是,这个框架比较高级。
high-pitched:adj.声调高的;声音尖锐的;紧张的;陡的;
It's complex , and a lot of the terms are quite technical , so the average person probably doesn't need to know at least a third of it. 它很复杂, 包含很多专业词汇, 所以有至少三分之一的词汇普通人并不需要知道。
complex:adj.复杂的;合成的;n.复合体;综合设施; technical:adj.工艺的,科技的;技术上的;专门的;
But the people of the Middle East have been deprived of any form of what we know as civic education. 但是在中东地区的人们, 他们被剥夺了我们所理解的文明教育。
Middle East:n.中东(包括亚洲西南部和非洲东北部); deprived:adj.缺少食物的;缺乏足够教育的; civic:adj.市的;公民的,市民的;
It's part of our curriculum at school. 那些是我们日常课程中的一部分。
curriculum:n.课程;总课程;
It doesn't really exist in that part of the world, and I feel it's really the right of everybody to know how these things work. 这在那个世界中是不存在的, 但我认为每个人都有权利 知道选举的工作流程。
And it's a good thing to think about producing a work of reference for the average person, and bearing in mind that now we have a basis to work with, but also we have technology , so we can reach out using telephone apps, video, animation . 而且让普通人理解这样一种选举框架, 这种想法是一件好事, 要牢记我们现在已经 有这样一种基础文件了, 我们还有科技, 我们可以使用电话软件, 视频,动画软件。
bearing:n.关系;影响;姿态;举止v.承受;忍受;承担责任;(bear的现在分词) technology:n.技术;工艺;术语; animation:n.活泼,生气;激励;卡通片绘制;
There's all sorts of tools that can be used now to communicate these ideas to people for the first time in their own language. 我们现在有各种可用的工具 能够第一次把这些观点 用人们自己的语言传递给他们。
We hear a lot of misery about the Middle East. 我们听说了中东地区人们的很多痛苦。
misery:n.痛苦,悲惨;不幸;苦恼;穷困;
We hear the chaos of war. We hear terrorism . 我们听说了战乱。我们听说了恐怖主义。
chaos:n.混沌,混乱; terrorism:n.恐怖主义;
We hear about sectarianism and all this horrible negative news that comes to us all the time. 我们听说了宗教分裂和各种可怕的负面消息, 这些消息不断向我们涌来。
sectarianism:n.宗派主义;教派意识; horrible:可怕的,极讨厌的, negative:adj.[数]负的;消极的;否定的;阴性的;n.否定;负数;[摄]底片;v.否定;拒绝;
What we're not hearing is what are the people, the everyday people, thinking? 我们不知道当地的人们,普通人是怎么想的,
What are they aspiring to? 他们又向往什么呢？
aspiring:adj.渴望从事…的; v.渴望(成就); (aspire的现在分词)
Let's give them the means, let's give them the words. 让我们给予他们工具吧,给予他们这些词汇。
The silent majority is silent because they don't have the words. 大众沉默的原因, 是他们不懂得如何表达。
silent majority:n.沉默的大多数(不公开表达自己意见的广大民众);
The silent majority needs to know. 沉默的大众需要知道这些表达方式。
It is time to provide people with the knowledge tools that they can inform themselves with. 现在是给人们知识工具的时候了, 这样他们就能自学成才。
inform:v.通知;告诉;报告;告发;告密;
The silent majority does not need to be silent. 沉默的大众不必保持沉默。
Let's help them have a voice. 让我们帮助他们发出自己的声音。
Thank you very much. 非常感谢。
(Applause) （鼓掌）