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PhilZimbardo_2008-_普通人如何变成魔鬼或英雄_
Philosophers , dramatists , theologians have grappled with this question for centuries: 许多世纪以来,哲学家,剧作家,神学家 都在着力解决这个问题:
Philosophers:n.哲学家(philosopher的复数); dramatists:n.剧作家;戏剧家群;(dramatist的复数) theologians:n.神学者;空头理论家; grappled:vi.抓住;格斗;抓斗机;vt.抓住;与…格斗;n.抓住;格斗;
What makes people go wrong? 什么使人们变坏？
Interestingly , I asked this question when I was a little kid. 有趣的是,当我还是小孩时,我问过同样的问题。
Interestingly:adv.有趣地;
When I was a kid growing up in the South Bronx , inner-city ghetto in New York, I was surrounded by evil , as all kids are who grew up in an inner city . 我在纽约南布朗克斯市中的贫民窟长大, 周围充满了罪恶, 如同所有在贫民窟长大的孩子一样。
Bronx:n.布朗克斯(纽约市最北端的一区);布朗克斯鸡尾酒; inner-city:n.(居民拥挤,住屋破旧的)市中心平民区;adj.市中心的; ghetto:n.犹太人区;贫民区;vt.使集中居住; evil:adj.邪恶的;不幸的;有害的;讨厌的;n.罪恶,邪恶;不幸; inner city:n.(居民拥挤,住屋破旧的)市中心平民区;adj.市中心的;
And I had friends who were really good kids, who lived out the Dr. Jekyll-Mr. Hyde scenario -- Robert Louis Stevenson. 我有一些朋友,他们曾是好孩子, 但他们的人生却如同罗伯特·路易斯·斯蒂文森笔下的变身怪医,由善转恶。
scenario:n.方案;情节;剧本;
That is, they took drugs, got in trouble, went to jail . 他们染毒,惹了麻烦,然后进了监狱。
jail:n.监狱;监牢;拘留所;v.监禁;下狱;
Some got killed, and some did it without drug assistance. 有些丧了命,即使并没有沾染毒品。
So when I read Robert Louis Stevenson, that wasn't fiction. 所以当我读罗伯特·路易斯·斯蒂文森的作品时,我觉得那不是小说。
The only question is, what was in the juice? 唯一的问题是:酿成由善转恶的毒药是什么？
And more importantly, that line between good and evil -- which privileged people like to think is fixed and impermeable , with them on the good side, and the others on the bad side -- 更重要的是,善恶之间的界限—— 特权阶层喜欢认定这个界限是固定且不可逾越的, 认为他们是在善的一边,其他人在恶的一边——
privileged:adj.有特权的; v.给予特权; (privilege的过去式和过去分词) impermeable:adj.不渗透性的;(对水等)不能渗透的;
I knew that line was movable , and it was permeable. 而我以前就知道这个界限是可以移动的,而且是可逾越的。
movable:adj.动产的;可移动的;不固定的;n.动产;可移动的东西;
Good people could be seduced across that line, and under good and some rare circumstances bad kids could recover with help, with reform , with rehabilitation . 好人可以受诱惑而越界, 偶尔在某些比较好的情况下,坏孩子也可能 依靠外界的帮助、改造、治疗,以重塑人生。
seduced:v.诱奸;诱骗;唆使;(seduce的过去分词和过去式) circumstances:n.情况;环境;情形;(circumstance的复数) reform:v.改革;改进;改良;(使)悔改;n.改革;改良;改善; rehabilitation:n.康复;恢复;善后;平反;复权;
So I want to begin with this this wonderful illusion by [Dutch] artist M.C. Escher. 所以,我想以荷兰艺术家M. C. Escher 这幅奇妙的作品开始说起。
illusion:n.幻觉,错觉;错误的观念或信仰;
If you look at it and focus on the white, what you see is a world full of angels. 如果你把视线集中在白色区域, 你会看到一个充满了天使的世界。
But let's look more deeply, and as we do, what appears is the demons , the devils in the world. 但是当我们再靠近一点看, 魔鬼就出现了,世间的魔鬼。
demons:n.恶魔;魔鬼;心魔;邪念;(demon的复数) devils:n.魔王;恶魔;调皮鬼(devil的复数)
And that tells us several things. 这告诉我们几点。
One: the world is, was, will always be filled with good and evil, because good and evil is the Yin and Yang of the human condition. 一:这个世界,无论过去,现在,还是将来,都总是由善和恶组成, 因为善恶就如人类的阴阳。
It tells me something else. If you remember, 它也告诉我另外一件事。如果你还记得,
God's favorite angel was Lucifer . 上帝最喜欢的天使是路西法。
Lucifer:n.撒旦;金星;
Apparently , Lucifer means "the light." 显然,路西法的意思是“光明”。
Apparently:adv.显然地;似乎,表面上;
It also means "the morning star ," in some scripture . 在某些经文里,它也有“黎明之星”的意思。
morning star:n.晨星; scripture:n.(大写)圣经;手稿;(大写)圣经的一句;
And apparently he disobeyed God, and that's the ultimate disobedience to authority . 显然他后来背叛了上帝, 这是对权威的终极背叛。
disobeyed:v.不服从;不顺从;违抗;(disobey的过去式和过去分词) ultimate:adj.最终的;极限的;根本的;n.终极;根本;基本原则; disobedience:n.不服从;违反,违抗; authority:n.权威;权力;当局;
And when he did, Michael the Archangel was sent to kick him out of heaven along with the other fallen angels. 当他率众背叛后,上帝派迈克天使长 将他和其他堕落的天使一起赶出天堂。
Archangel:n.大天使;天使长;第八级天使;
And so Lucifer descends into hell, becomes Satan , becomes the devil, and the force of evil in the universe begins. 于是路西法降入地狱,成为撒旦, 成为恶魔,宇宙中的恶之能量诞生了。
descends:下降; Satan:n.撒旦;魔鬼;
Paradoxically , it was God who created hell as a place to store evil. 矛盾的是,是上帝造出了恶的容身之处---地狱。
Paradoxically:adv.自相矛盾地;似非而是地;反常地;
He didn't do a good job of keeping it there though. 他却没能使恶一直呆在那里。
So, this arc of the cosmic transformation of God's favorite angel into the Devil, for me, sets the context for understanding human beings who are transformed from good, ordinary people into perpetrators of evil. 所以,从上帝最受宠的天使变为恶魔, 这个巨大的转变, 为我设立了一个大背景, 去理解那些从好人或者普通人 转变成坏人的人。
cosmic:adj.宇宙的; transformation:n.转变;(用于南非)民主改革; context:n.环境;上下文;来龙去脉; transformed:v.使改变形态;使改变外观(或性质);(transform的过去分词和过去式) perpetrators:n.作恶者;行凶者;犯罪者;(perpetrator的复数)
So the Lucifer Effect, although it focuses on the negatives -- the negatives that people can become, not the negatives that people are -- leads me to a psychological definition : evil is the exercise of power. 所以,路西法效应,尽管它集中在阴暗的方面—— 人们可能投向阴暗, 但他们本身并非阴暗—— 引导我作出一个心理学定义:恶是行使权力
negatives:n.[摄]底片; v.否定; psychological:adj.心理的;心理学的;精神上的; definition:n.定义;清晰度;(尤指词典里的词或短语的)释义;解释;
And that's the key: it's about power. 这才是关键:权力。
To intentionally harm people psychologically , to hurt people physically, to destroy people mortally , or ideas, and to commit crimes against humanity . 来故意对他人进行心理伤害, 对他人进行身体伤害,残害他人生命或思想, 犯下反人道的罪行。
intentionally:adv.故意地,有意地; psychologically:adv.心理上地;心理学地; mortally:adv.致命地;非常; commit:v.犯(罪等);干(坏事等);[法]提(审);判处; humanity:n.人类;人道;仁慈;人文学科;
If you Google "evil," a word that should surely have withered by now, you come up with 136 million hits in a third of a second. 如果你用谷歌搜索evil (恶) 这个词——时至今日,这本是个早应消亡的词, 你会在1/3秒内得到1.36亿个搜索结果。
Google:谷歌;谷歌搜索引擎; withered:adj.枯萎的; v.干枯; (wither的过去分词和过去式) come up with:提出;想出;赶上;
A few years ago -- I am sure all of you were shocked, as I was, with the revelation of American soldiers abusing prisoners in a strange place in a controversial war: Abu Ghraib in Iraq. 几年前发生的一件事——我知道你们当时一定和我一样震惊, 就是揭露美军士兵 在那场争议性的对伊战争中 中的虐囚行为:阿布格莱布虐囚事件。
revelation:n.披露; adj.暴露的; abusing:v.滥用(以致危害健康);妄用;虐待;伤害;(abuse的现在分词) controversial:adj.有争议的;有争论的;
And these were men and women who were putting prisoners through unbelievable humiliation . 这些士兵,有男性也有女性, 对囚犯们实施了让人难以置信的羞辱。
unbelievable:adj.(非正式)难以置信的;不可信的 humiliation:n.丢脸,耻辱;蒙羞;谦卑;
I was shocked, but I wasn't surprised, because I had seen those same visual parallels when I was the prison superintendent of the Stanford Prison Study. 我很震惊,但是并不感到意外, 因为我以前看到过类似的情况, 当时我是斯坦福监狱实验的负责人。
visual:adj.视觉的,视力的;栩栩如生的; parallels:n.平行线; v.使…成平行; superintendent:n.监督人;负责人;主管;指挥者;
Immediately the Bush administration military said ... what? 布什政府军方对此事的第一反应是什么？
Bush:n.灌木; v.以灌木装饰; adj.如灌木般长得低矮的; military:adj.军事的;军人的;适于战争的;n.军队;军人;
What all administrations say when there's a scandal . 是丑闻发生后任何官方都会说的套词,
scandal:n.丑闻;流言蜚语;诽谤;公愤;
'"Don't blame us. It's not the system. It's the few bad apples, the few rogue soldiers." 不要怪我们。这与整个系统无关。只是几个坏苹果而已, 只是一小撮恶劣的士兵而已。
rogue:n.流氓; v.游手好闲; adj.(野兽)凶猛的;
My hypothesis is American soldiers are good, usually. 而我的假设是,美国士兵通常情况下是好的。
hypothesis:n.假设;
Maybe it was the barrel that was bad. 也许是装苹果的桶坏了。
barrel:n.桶;枪管;一桶(的量);v.飞驰;
But how am I going to -- how am I going to deal with that hypothesis? 但我如何证明这个假设呢？
I became an expert witness for one of the guards, Sergeant Chip Frederick, and in that position, I had access to the dozen investigative reports. 我成为了其中一个名叫 奇普·弗莱德里克中士的专家证人, 在这个位置上,我可以接触到关于此事的十几份调查报告。
witness:n.证人;目击者;证据;v.目击;证明;为…作证; Sergeant:n.军士;警察小队长;海军陆战队中士;高等律师; Chip:v.削,凿;削成碎片;剥落;碎裂;n.[电子]芯片;筹码;碎片;(食物的)小片;薄片; investigative:adj.研究的;调查的;好调查的;
I had access to him. I could study him, have him come to my home, get to know him, do psychological analysis to see was he a good apple or bad apple. 我同他接触,我可以研究他, 让他来我家,了解他, 作些心理上的分析来判断他是个好苹果还是坏苹果。
analysis:n.分析;分解;验定;
And thirdly, I had access to all of the 1,000 pictures that these soldiers took. 第三点,我可以查看所有的 1000多张士兵拍摄的照片。
These pictures are of a violent or sexual nature. 这些照片都是暴力或色情的。
violent:adj.暴力的;猛烈的; sexual:adj.性的;性别的;有性的;
All of them come from the cameras of American soldiers. 所有这些都是美军士兵用相机拍摄的。
Because everybody has a digital camera or cell phone camera, they took pictures of everything. More than 1,000. 因为每个人都有数码相机或手机相机, 他们什么都拍。拍了超过1000张照片。
digital:adj.数字的;手指的;n.数字;键;
And what I've done is I organized them into various categories . 我所做的是把它们分类。
organized:adj.有组织的; v.组织; (organize的过去分词和过去式) categories:n.(人或事物的)类别,种类(category的复数)
But these are by United States Military Police , Army Reservists . 但这些由陆军预备役的美军宪兵所拍摄的。
United:adj.联合的; v.联合,团结; (unite的过去分词和过去式) Military Police:n.宪兵; Reservists:在乡军人;后备军人(reservist的复数);
They are not soldiers prepared for this mission at all. 他们完全不是为执行此项任务而设立的部队。
mission:n.使命,任务;代表团;布道;v.派遣;向…传教;
And it all happened in a single place, Tier 1A, on the night shift. 而此事仅发生在一个地点,1A层,在夜间值班时间。
Tier:n.层,排;行,列;等级;vt.使层叠;vi.成递升徘列;
Why? Tier 1A was the center for military intelligence . 为什么？1A层是军方情报中心。
intelligence:n.智力;智慧;才智;(尤指关于敌国的)情报;
It was the interrogation hold. The CIA was there. 是审讯关押处。中央情报局在那里。
interrogation:n.讯问;审问;[语]疑问句;
Interrogators from Titan Corporation , all there, and they're getting no information about the insurgency . 巨人公司（美军外包公司）的审讯人员,全部都在那里, 而他们得不到任何关于暴动的信息。
Interrogators:n.质问者;询问机; Titan:n.巨人;提坦;太阳神; Corporation:n.法人;(大)公司;法人团体;市政委员会; insurgency:n.叛乱;暴动;叛乱状态;
So they're going to put pressure on these soldiers, 于是他们向这些宪兵队士兵施加压力,
Military Police, to cross the line, give them permission to break the will of the enemy, to prepare them for interrogation, to soften them up, to take the gloves off. Those are the euphemisms , and this is how it was interpreted . 迫使他们越线, 允许他们采取措施来击溃敌人的意志, 挽起袖子,为审讯做准备, 使他们屈服。这些都是婉辞, 而这就是他们如何阐释的。
soften:vt.使温和;使缓和;使变柔软;vi.减轻;变柔和;变柔软; euphemisms:n.委婉语;委婉用法;委婉的说法(euphemism的复数形式); interpreted:v.诠释;说明;把…理解为;领会;口译;(interpret的过去式和过去分词)
Let's go down to that dungeon . 让我们进入那个地牢吧。
dungeon:n.(尤指城堡中的)地牢,土牢;
(Camera shutter) （相机快门声）（以下图片含有裸露及暴力展示）
(Thuds) （重击声）
(Camera shutter) （相机快门声）
(Thuds) （重击声）
(Breathing) （喘息声）
(Bells) （钟声）
So, pretty horrific . 很恐怖。
horrific:adj.可怕的;令人毛骨悚然的;
That's one of the visual illustrations of evil. 这是恶的一种视觉展示。
illustrations:n.[印刷]插图;插画(illustration的复数);
And it should not have escaped you that the reason I paired the prisoner with his arms out with Leonardo da Vinci's Ode to Humanity, is that that prisoner was mentally ill. 你应该不会没有注意到, 我把那个伸开双臂的囚犯 和达芬奇颂扬人类的作品放在一起的原因, 是那个犯人得了精神疾病。
Ode:n.赋;颂歌;颂诗; mentally:adv.精神上,智力上;心理上;
That prisoner covered himself with shit every day, and they used to have to roll him in dirt so he wouldn't stink . 那个犯人每天用大便涂抹在身上, 士兵们不得不使他在泥土里打滚,以消除臭味。
dirt:n.污垢;尘土;下流话; stink:n.恶臭;吵闹;争吵;v.有臭味;令人厌恶;
But the guards ended up calling him Shit Boy. 但士兵们最终还是叫他屎男。
What was he doing in that prison rather than in some mental institution ? 他在监狱里做什么？! 他本应在精神病院。
institution:n.制度;建立;(社会或宗教等)公共机构;习俗;
In any event , here's former Secretary of Defense Rumsfeld. 不管怎样,前国防部长拉姆斯菲尔德
In any event:无论如何;不管怎样;
he comes down and says, "I want to know who is responsible ? 下来问, 我想知道谁该为此负责？
responsible:adj.负责的,可靠的;有责任的;
Who are the bad apples?" Well, that's a bad question. 到底谁才是那几个坏苹果？ 嗯,这是个差劲的问题。
You have to reframe it and ask, "What is responsible?" 你应该重新组织一下这个句子, 是什么为此负责？
reframe:v.再构造,再组织;重新制订;给…装上新框架;
Because "what" could be the who of people, but it could also be the what of the situation, and obviously that's wrongheaded . 因为 什么 既可以是指人, 也可以是指情境, 而显然那样问是坚持错误。
wrongheaded:adj.固执的;坚持错误的;
So how do psychologists go about understanding such transformations of human character, if you believe that they were good soldiers before they went down to that dungeon? 那么心理学家是如何理解 这种人性的转变呢？ 如果你相信他们在进入地牢之前 是好士兵的话。
psychologists:n.[心理]心理学家(psychologist的复数形式); transformations:n.[晶体]转变(transformation的复数形式);转换;
There are three ways. The main way is, it's called dispositional . 有三种方式。最主要的方式是所谓的特质论。
dispositional:adj.意向的;
We look at what's inside of the person, the bad apples. 我们查看那些坏苹果的内在特征。
This is the foundation of all of social sciences, the foundation of religion, the foundation of war. 这是所有社会科学的基础, 宗教的基础,战争的基础。
foundation:n.基础;地基;基金会;根据;创立;
Social psychologists like me come along and say, "Yeah, people are the actors on the stage , but you'll have to be aware of what that situation is. 像我这样的社会心理学家会出来说, 是啊, 人们是舞台上的演员, 但你得清楚其所处的情境。
on the stage:在舞台上;现阶段;当演员;
Who are the cast of characters? What's the costume ? 扮演角色的演员是哪些人？戏服什么样？
costume:n.服装;装束;戏装,服装;v.给(某人)穿上特殊服装;
Is there a stage director?" 有舞台导演吗？
And so we're interested in, what are the external factors around the individual , the bad barrel? 所以我们感兴趣的是,个体周围的外界因素 是什么,坏的苹果桶？
external:n.外部;外观;形式;外部情况;adj.外部的;外面的;外界的;外来的; factors:n.因素(factor的复数); v.做代理商; individual:n.个人;有个性的人;adj.单独的;个别的;
And social scientists stop there and they miss the big point that I discovered when I became an expert witness for Abu Ghraib. 社会学家研究的仅限于此,却遗漏了这个很重要的问题, 即我在成为阿布格莱布虐囚事件的专家证人后所发现的:
The power is in the system. 权力存在于系统中。
The system creates the situation that corrupts the individuals , and the system is the legal , political, economic , cultural background. 系统制造出腐化个体的情境, 这个系统,是指法制、政治、经济和文化背景。
corrupts:adj.腐败的,贪污的;堕落的;v.使腐烂;使堕落,使恶化; individuals:n.[经]个人;[生物]个体(individual的复数); legal:adj.法律的;合法的;法定的; economic:adj.经济的,经济上的;经济学的; cultural:adj.与文化有关的;文化的;与艺术、文学、音乐等有关的;
And this is where the power is of the bad-barrel makers. 该系统即苹果桶制造者权力之所在。
So if you want to change a person you've got to change the situation. 如果你想改变一个人,你就得改变其所处的情境。
If you want to change the situation, you've got to know where the power is in the system. 如果你要改变情境, 你得知道其权力存在于系统的何处。
So the Lucifer Effect involves understanding human character transformations with these three factors. 所以路西法效应牵涉到理解 人性转变是如何受这三项因素影响的。
involves:v.包含;需要;牵涉;牵连;影响;(使)参加,加入(involve的第三人称单数)
And it's a dynamic interplay . 它是一个相互作用的过程。
dynamic:n.动力; adj.充满活力的; interplay:n.相互影响,相互作用;vi.相互影响,相互作用;
What do the people bring into the situation? 人们会怎样影响情境？
What does the situation bring out of them? 情境如何影响人们？
bring out:出版,生产;使显示;说出;
And what is the system that creates and maintains that situation? 制造并维持该情境的系统是什么？
maintains:v.维持;保持;维修;保养;坚持(意见);(maintain的第三人称单数)
So my book, The Lucifer Effect, recently published, is about, how do you understand how good people turn evil? 我最近出版的书《路西法效应》, 就是关于我们如何理解好人是怎样变成恶人的。
recently:adv.最近;新近;
And it has a lot of detail about what I'm going to talk about today. 书中有关于我今天演讲内容 的大量细节。
So Dr. Z's "Lucifer Effect," although it focuses on evil, really is a celebration of the human mind's infinite capacity to make any of us kind or cruel, caring or indifferent , creative or destructive , and it makes some of us villains . 所以,津博士的《路西法效应》,尽管着重于恶, 但其实是颂扬人类有无限的潜力, 使我们任何人向善或作恶, 关怀或冷漠,创造或毁灭, 甚至可以使得我们其中一些人成为恶棍。
infinite:adj.无限的,无穷的; n.无限; capacity:n.能力;容量;资格,地位;生产力; indifferent:adj.漠不关心的;无关紧要的;中性的,中立的; creative:adj.创造性的; destructive:adj.破坏的;毁灭性的;有害的,消极的; villains:n.恶棍;反派角色(villain的复数);
And the good news story that I'm going to hopefully come to at the end is that it makes some of us heroes. 而我在最后将满怀希望地给大家讲一个好消息的故事, 即这潜力也可以使我们其中一些人成为英雄。
This is a wonderful cartoon in the New Yorker, which really summarizes my whole talk: "I'm neither a good cop nor a bad cop, Jerome. 这是登在《纽约客》上非常棒的一个漫画, 它其实总结了我的全部演讲: 杰罗姆,我既不是好警察也不是坏警察,
summarizes:v.概述;简而说明;摘要而言(summarize的第三人称单数); cop:v.遭受;忍受;注意到;n.警察;
Like yourself, I'm a complex amalgam of positive and negative personality traits that emerge or not, depending on the circumstances." 跟你一样,我是一个正面和负面人格特质 的复杂混合体, 至于体现哪一面,要靠具体情况而言。
complex:adj.复杂的;合成的;n.复合体;综合设施; amalgam:n.[材]汞合金,[化工]汞齐;混合物; positive:adj.积极的;[数]正的,[医][化学]阳性的;确定的;n.正数;[摄]正片; personality:n.性格;个性;人格;魅力;气质;名人;特色; traits:n.特性,特质,性格(trait的复数); emerge:v.浮现;显现;暴露;露出真相;
(Laughter) （笑声）
There's a study some of you think you know about, but very few people have ever read the story. You watched the movie. 有一项研究,你们其中一些人可能以为自己知道, 但极少数人读过这个故事。你看过电影。
This is Stanley Milgram, little Jewish kid from the Bronx, and he asked the question, "Could the holocaust happen here, now?" 这是斯坦利·米尔格拉姆,自小在布朗克斯长大的一个犹太人, 他问, 大屠杀在此时此地发生吗？
Jewish:adj.犹太人的;犹太族的; holocaust:n.大屠杀;毁灭;
People say, "No, that's Nazi Germany, that's Hitler, you know, that's 1939." 人们回答, 不,那是纳粹德国, 那是希特勒,你知道,那是1939年。
He said, "Yeah, but suppose Hitler asked you, 'Would you electrocute a stranger?' 'No way, not me, I'm a good person.'" 他说, 是啊,但如果希特勒问你, *你会用电刑处死一个陌生人吗？* * 没门儿,我肯定不会,我是个好人。
suppose:v.推断:假定:假设:设想: electrocute:vt.(美)以电椅处死;使触电致死;
He said, "Why don't we put you in a situation and give you a chance to see what you would do?" 他说, 那么我们不如把你放在一个情境里, 给你一个机会,看看你会怎么做？
And so what he did was he tested 1,000 ordinary people. 于是,他找了1000个普通人来做测试。
500 New Haven , Connecticut; 500 Bridgeport . 500人来自康州纽黑文,500人来自布里奇波特。
Haven:n.避难所;保护区;v.把船开进港;掩护; Bridgeport:n.布里奇波特(地名);
And the ad said, "Psychologists want to understand memory, we want to improve people's memory, because memory is the key to success." OK? 广告是这样说的, 心理学家想要研究人的记忆, 我们想改善人的记忆, 因为记忆是成功的关键。
improve:v.改进;改善;
'"We're going to give you five bucks -- four dollars for your time." 我们会给你5美元——4元用来支付时间。
bucks:n.元;雄鹿;(buck的复数)
And it said "We don't want college students; we want men between 20 and 50" 上面写着, 我们不要大学生, 我们需要20到50岁之间的男性。
- in the later studies they ran women -- ordinary people: barbers , clerks, white-collar people. ——他们在后来的实验中也研究了女性—— 他们都是普通人:理发师,收银员,白领等等。
barbers:n.理发店(barber的复数形式); v.为…理发; white-collar:adj.白领阶层的;脑力劳动者;
So you go down, and one of you is going to be a learner, and one of you is going to be a teacher. 于是你们下去,其中一个扮演学生, 另一个扮演教师。
The learner's a genial , middle-aged guy. 学生是一个和蔼的中年男子。
genial:adj.亲切的,友好的;和蔼的;适宜的; middle-aged:adj.中年的;具有中年人特点的;适合于中年人的;
He gets tied up to the shock apparatus in another room. 在另外一间屋子里,他被绑在一个电击仪器上。
apparatus:n.装置,设备;仪器;器官;
The learner could be middle-aged, could be as young as twenty. 学生可能是中年人,也可能是二十多岁。
And one of you is told by the authority, the guy in the lab coat, "Your job as teacher is to give this guy material to learn. 穿实验室工作服的负责人,即权威角色,会告诉你们其中一个人说, 你作为教师的工作就是让这个人学习材料。
Gets it right, reward him. 记对了,就奖励他。
reward:n.[劳经]报酬;报答;酬谢;v.[劳经]奖励;奖赏;
Gets it wrong, you press a button on the shock box. 记错了,你就按这个电击盒上的按钮。
The first button is 15 volts . He doesn't even feel it." 第一个按钮是15伏特。他基本感觉不到。
volts:n.伏特(volt的复数形式);电压;
That's the key. All evil starts with 15 volts. 这就是关键。所有的恶都是从15伏特开始的。
And then the next step is another 15 volts. 下一个再加15伏特。
The problem is, at the end of the line , it's 450 volts. 问题是,最后一个按钮,是450伏特。
the end of the line:尽头,极限;
And as you go along the guy is screaming, "I've got a heart condition! I'm out of here!" 随着你不断加电压,那个人就会惨叫, 我有心脏问题！我要出去！
You're a good person. You complain . 你是一个好人。你去投诉。
complain:v.投诉;发牢骚;诉说;
'"Sir, who's going to be responsible if something happens to him?" 先生,如果他出事了,谁来负责？
The experimenter says, "Don't worry, I will be responsible. 实验人员说, 不要紧,我来负责。
Continue, teacher." 请继续,教师。
And the question is, who would go all the way to 450 volts? 问题是,谁会一直按到450伏特？
You should notice here, when it gets up to 375, it says, "Danger: Severe Shock." 你们会注意到,到375伏特时, 上面写着, 危险:强烈电击
Severe:adj.极为恶劣的;十分严重的;严厉的;苛刻的;
When it gets up to here, there's "XXX": the pornography of power. 到这儿的时候,那儿标着 XXX :少儿不宜的级别。
pornography:n.淫秽作品;色情书刊(或音像制品等)
(Laughter) （笑声）
So Milgram asks 40 psychiatrists , "What percent of American citizens would go to the end?" 于是米尔格拉姆问了40个精神病医生, 百分之多少的美国人会按到最高电压？
psychiatrists:n.精神病学家;精神科医生;(psychiatrist的复数)
They said only 1 percent. Because that's sadistic behavior, and we know, psychiatry knows, only 1 percent of Americans are sadistic. 他们回答只有百分之1。因为那属于虐待狂行为, 而且我们知道,精神病学显示,只有百分之1的美国人是虐待狂。
sadistic:adj.虐待狂的;残酷成性的; psychiatry:n.精神病学;精神病治疗法;
OK. Here's the data. They could not be more wrong. 好。这里是研究资料。他们大错特错。
Two-thirds go all the way to 450 volts. This was just one study. 三分之二的人会一直按到450伏特。这只是一个研究而已。
Two-thirds:n.三分之二;三分之二的;三分之二地;
Milgram did more than 16 studies. And look at this. 米尔格拉姆做了超过16项研究。我们看一下这个。
In study 16, where you see somebody like you go all the way, 90 percent go all the way. In study five, if you see people rebel , 90 percent rebel. 在第16个研究中,你可以看到跟你们一样的人们有百分之90 会一直按到450伏特。在第5个研究中,如果有人反抗,百分之90的人反抗。
rebel:n.反政府的人;叛乱者;造反者;反抗权威者;v.造反;反抗;背叛;adj.造反的;
What about women? Study 13: no different than men. 女性呢？第13个研究:与男性无差别。
different than:不同于;
So Milgram is quantifying evil as the willingness of people to blindly obey authority, to go all the way to 450 volts. 米尔格拉姆在以人们盲目服从权威, 一直按到450伏特的意愿,来数量化恶。
quantifying:n.定量法;v.量化(quantify的ing形式);定量; willingness:n.乐意;心甘情愿;自动自发; blindly:adv.盲目地;轻率地;摸索地;
And it's like a dial on human nature . 这就好像是在调节人性。
human nature:n.人性;
A dial in a sense that you can make almost everybody totally obedient down to the majority , down to none. 调节的意思是,你几乎可以从使绝大多数人完全服从, 到使没有人服从。
in a sense:在某种意义上; obedient:adj.顺从的,服从的;孝顺的; majority:n.大部分:大多数:多数票:成年人:
So what are the external parallels? For all research is artificial . 那么,外界世界有什么类似情况吗？毕竟所有的实验都是人为的。
artificial:adj.人造的;仿造的;虚伪的;非原产地的;武断的;
What's the validity in the real world? 它在真实世界中的有效性如何？
validity:n.[计]有效性;正确;正确性;
912 American citizens committed suicide or were murdered by family and friends in Guyana jungle in 1978, because they were blindly obedient to this guy, their pastor . 1978年,在圭亚那丛林里,有912名美国人 自杀或遭其家人朋友杀害, 因为他们盲目地服从这个家伙,他们的传道者。
committed:adj.坚信的; v.做出错事; (commit的过去分词和过去式) suicide:n.自杀;自杀行为;自杀者;adj.自杀的;v.自杀;vi.自杀; jungle:n.密林;尔虞我诈的环境;危险地带; pastor:n.(尤指非英国国教的)牧师;
Not their priest . Their pastor, Reverend Jim Jones. 不是他们的神父。他们的传道者,吉姆·琼斯主教。
priest:n.司祭,神父;教士,祭司,僧侣;v.使成为教士;任命…为祭司; Reverend:n.牧师;adj.可敬的;
He persuaded them to commit mass suicide. 他说服他们进行集体自杀。
persuaded:v.劝说;说服;使信服;使相信;(persuade的过去式和过去分词) mass:n.块,团; adj.群众的,民众的; v.聚集起来,聚集;
And so he's the modern Lucifer Effect. 所以他是一个当代的路西法效应。
A man of God who becomes the Angel of Death. 从上帝使者变成死亡天使。
Milgram's study is all about individual authority to control people. 米尔格拉姆的研究完全是关于控制大众的个人权力。
Most of the time we are in institutions , so the Stanford Prison Study is a study of the power of institutions to influence individual behavior. 大多数时间我们在机构里, 所以斯坦福监狱实验,研究的是机构权力 如何影响个人行为。
institutions:n.机构;慈善机构;风俗习惯,制度;(institution的复数)
Interestingly, Stanley Milgram and I were in the same high school class in James Monroe in the Bronx, 1954. 有趣的是,斯坦利·米尔格拉姆和我上高中的时候在同一个班级, 那是1954年,在布朗克斯的詹姆斯·门罗高中。
So this study, which I did with my graduate students, especially Craig Haney, we also began work with an ad. 这个实验室是我跟 我的研究生做的,尤其是克雷格·汉尼, 我们也从打广告开始。
especially:adv.尤其;特别;格外;十分;
We didn't have money, so we had a cheap, little ad, but we wanted college students for a study of prison life. 我们没什么钱,于是我们打了一个简单的小广告, 我们想找大学生来研究一下监狱生活。
75 people volunteered , took personality tests. 75个人志愿参加,做了人格测试。
volunteered:v.自愿做;义务做;自愿参军;(volunteer的过去分词和过去式)
We did interviews . Picked two dozen: the most normal, the most healthy. 我们做了面试。挑选了24名: 他们是最正常的,最健康的。
interviews:n.面试; v.对(某人)进行面试(或面谈);
Randomly assigned them to be prisoner and guard. 然后随机把他们分成囚犯和警卫两组。
Randomly:adv.随便地,任意地;无目的,胡乱地;未加计划地; assigned:v.分配(某物);分派;指定;委派;(assign的过去分词和过去式)
So on day one, we knew we had good apples. 所以在第一天,我们知道他们都是好苹果。
I'm going to put them in a bad situation. 而我将把他们放在一个坏的情境里。
And secondly, we know there's no difference between the boys who are going to be guards and the boys who are going to be prisoners. 其次,我们知道 在将要扮演警卫和 扮演囚犯的男生之间没有任何区别。
The kids who were going to be prisoners, we said, "Wait at home in the dormitories . The study will begin Sunday." 我们对那些将要扮演囚犯的男生说, 在住处等着,实验在星期天开始。
dormitories:n.学生宿舍,宿舍(dormitory复数);
We didn't tell them that the City Police were going to come and do realistic arrests. 我们没有告诉他们的是, 市警察局的警察会上门做真实的逮捕。
realistic:adj.现实的;现实主义的;逼真的;实在论的;
Man in Video: A police car pulls up in front, and a cop comes to the front door and knocks and says he's looking for me. 录像中的男人:一辆警车停在房子前面,一个警察来到前门 敲门,说是找我。
police car:警察巡逻车;
So they, right there, you know, they took me out the door, they put my hands against the car. 于是他们,就在那儿,你懂的,把我抓出去, 把我的双手放车上。
It was a real cop car, it was a real policeman, and there were real neighbors in the street who didn't know that this was an experiment. 那是辆真警车,是个真警察, 街上的邻居也是真的, 他们不知道这是个实验。
And there was cameras all around and neighbors all around. 周围都是相机,围满了邻居。
They put me in the car, then they drove me around Palo Alto . 他们让我上警车,在帕罗奥图市的大街上行驶。
Alto:n.女低音;男声最高音;中音乐器;adj.中音部的;
They took me to the police station , the basement of the police station.Then they put me in a cell. 他们把我抓到警察局, 警察局的地下室。他们把我关到一间牢房里。
police station:n.警察局;派出所;
I was the first one to be picked up, so they put me in a cell, which was just like a room with a door with bars on it. 我是第一个被抓来的,所以他们把我关进一间单人牢房, 基本上就是一间门上有栏杆的房间。
You could tell it wasn't a real jail. 你可以看出来出它不是间真的牢房。
They locked me in there, in this degrading little outfit . 他们把我锁在那儿,穿着这件丢人的衣服。
degrading:adj.降低身份的; v.降低…身份; (degrade的现在分词) outfit:n.全套服装;团队;小组;分队;v.装备;配置设备;供给服装;
They were taking this experiment too seriously. 他们对这个实验太认真了。
Here are the prisoners who are going to be dehumanized . 这就是那些将要被剥夺人性的囚犯。
dehumanized:v.使丧失人性;使无人性;(dehumanize的过去分词和过去式)
They're going to become numbers. 他们的名字将被号码代替。
Here are the guards with the symbols of power and anonymity . 这是那些警卫,他们的装扮标志着权力和匿名性。
symbols:n.符号;象征;标志;符号表(symbol的复数); anonymity:n.匿名;匿名者;无名之辈;
Guards get prisoners to clean the toilet bowls out with their bare hands, to do other humiliating tasks. 警卫们让囚犯们 徒手清理马桶, 让他们做其他一些羞辱性的任务。
bare:adj.空的;赤裸的,无遮蔽的;v.露出,使赤裸; humiliating:adj.让人出丑的;丢脸的;v.羞辱;使丧失尊严;(humiliate的现在分词)
They strip them naked . They sexually taunt them. 他们脱光囚犯的衣服,性侮辱他们。
strip:n.带; v.夺; adj.脱衣舞的; naked:adj.裸体的;无装饰的;无证据的;直率的; sexually:adv.性,性欲 taunt:n.嘲弄;讥讽;vt.奚落;逗弄;adj.很高的;
They begin to do degrading activities, like having them simulate sodomy . 他们开始做侮辱行为, 譬如强迫囚犯们模拟鸡奸。
simulate:vt.模仿;假装;冒充;adj.模仿的;假装的; sodomy:n.鸡奸,兽奸;
You saw simulating fellatio in soldiers in Abu Ghraib. 你们看到阿布格莱布的士兵强迫囚犯模拟口交。
simulating:n.模拟;假装; fellatio:n.口交;吮吸阴茎;
My guards did it in five days. The stress reaction was so extreme , that normal kids we picked because they were healthy had breakdowns within 36 hours. 我的警卫在五天内就做了。囚犯们的应激反应是非常极端的, 我们当初挑选他们是因为他们是健康的, 而这些正常的男生在36小时内就有人崩溃了。
reaction:n.反应,感应;反动,复古;反作用; extreme:adj.极端的;极度的;偏激的;尽头的;n.极端;末端;最大程度;极端的事物; breakdowns:n.故障;受控制帧;节奏鼓点(breakdown的复数);
The study ended after six days because it was out of control. 这个实验在6天后结束因为它已经失控了。
Five kids had emotional breakdowns. 五个男生情绪崩溃。
emotional:adj.情绪的;易激动的;感动人的;
Does it make a difference if warriors go to battle changing their appearance or not? 战士们是否更换统一服装 对于他们在战场上的表现会有影响吗？
make a difference:有影响,有关系; warriors:n.(尤指旧时的)武士,勇士,斗士(warrior的复数) appearance:n.外貌;外观;外表;
Does it make a difference if they're anonymous in how they treat their victims? 他们是否匿名 对于他们对付受害者会有影响吗？
anonymous:adj.匿名的,无名的;无个性特征的; treat:v.治疗;处理;招待;款待;n.款待;乐事;乐趣;
We know in some cultures they go to war, they don't change their appearance. 我们知道在某些文化里,人们上战场时 是不换服装的。
In other cultures they paint themselves like " Lord of the Flies." 在另外一些文化里,他们把自己涂成 苍蝇王 的样子。
Lord:n.(英国)贵族,大人,大臣;v.使成贵族;作威作福;
In some they wear masks. 在某些文化里他们戴着面具。
In many, soldiers are anonymous in uniform . 在许多文化中,战士们穿着统一服装达到匿名性。
uniform:adj.统一的;一致的;相同的;始终如一的;n.制服;v.使穿制服;使成一样;
So this anthropologist , John Watson, found 23 cultures that had two bits of data. 人类学家约翰·华生 在23个文化中发现两组数据。
anthropologist:n.人类学家;人类学者;
Do they change their appearance? 15. 他们是否更换服装？15个是。
Do they kill, torture , mutilate ? 13. 他们是否杀戮,折磨,残害？13个是。
torture:v.折磨;拷问;歪曲;n.折磨;拷问;歪曲; mutilate:vt.切断,毁坏;使…残缺不全;使…支离破碎;
If they don't change their appearance only one of eight kills, tortures or mutilates. 如果他们不换服装, 八个文化中只有一个杀戮,折磨或残害。
tortures:n.拷打;拷问;折磨;v.拷打;拷问;使痛苦;(torture的第三人称单数和复数)
The key is in the red zone. 关键在这个红色区域。
If they change their appearance, 12 of 13 -- that's 90 percent -- kill, torture, mutilate. 如果他们更换服装, 13个文化中有12个,即百分之90,会杀戮,折磨,残害。
And that's the power of anonymity. 这就是匿名性的威力。
So what are the seven social processes that grease the slippery slope of evil? 那么是哪七个社会性过程 会导致恶的逐渐产生呢？
processes:n.过程; v.处理(process的第三人称单数形式); grease:v.涂脂于;贿赂;n.油脂;贿赂; slippery slope:n.灾难性的急剧下滑;
Mindlessly taking the first small step. 无意中迈出第一步。
Mindlessly:adv.不费心思地;愚蠢地;
Dehumanization of others. De-individuation of self. 对他人去人性化。对自己去个体化。
Dehumanization:n.非人化;灭绝人性;人性丧失;
Diffusion of personal responsibility. Blind obedience of authority. 推卸个人责任。盲目服从权威。
Diffusion:n.扩散,传播;[光]漫射;
Uncritical conformity to group norms . 不加鉴别地依从群体规范。
Uncritical:adj.无批判力的;不加批判的;不严厉的; conformity:n.一致,适合;符合;相似; norms:n.[标准]标准,规范;基准(norm复数形式);
Passive tolerance to evil through inaction or indifference . 袖手旁观,漠不关心,对恶行消极容忍。
Passive:adj.被动的,消极的;被动语态的;n.被动语态; tolerance:n.公差;耐量;宽容;容忍; inaction:n.不活动;迟钝; indifference:n.漠不关心;冷淡;不重视;中立;
And it happens when you're in a new or unfamiliar situation. 而其容易在新的或不熟悉的环境中发生。
unfamiliar:adj.不熟悉的;不常见的;没有经验的;
Your habitual response patterns don't work. 你的习惯性反应失效了。
habitual:adj.习惯的;惯常的;习以为常的; response:n.响应;反应;回答;
Your personality and morality are disengaged . 你的人格和道德感被关闭了。
morality:n.道德;品行,美德; disengaged:adj.空闲的;自由的;已脱离的;v.脱离(disengage的过去分词);
'"Nothing is easier than to denounce the evil-doer; nothing more difficult than understanding him," Dostoevksy tells us. 没有什么比公开谴责作恶者更容易, 也没什么比理解他更难。 陀思妥耶夫斯基告诉我们。
denounce:vt.谴责;告发;公然抨击;通告废除;
Understanding is not excusing. Psychology is not excuse-iology. 理解不是找借口。心理学不是借口学。
Psychology:n.心理学;心理状态;
So social and psychological research reveals how ordinary good people can be transformed without the drugs. 社会学和心理学研究揭示了 在无需药物的情况下,普通的好人是如何被转变的。
reveals:v.揭示;显示;透露;展示;(reveal的第三人称单数)
You don't need it. You just need the social-psychological processes. 你不需要药物,你只需要社会心理学的过程。
Real world parallels? Compare this with this. 真实世界的情况？和这个比较一下。
Compare:v.比较;对比;n.比较;
James Schlesinger --and I'm going to have to end with this -- says, "Psychologists have attempted to understand how and why individuals and groups who usually act humanely can sometimes act otherwise in certain circumstances." 我以詹姆斯·施莱辛格的话作为结束, 心理学家已尝试理解, 一般情况下具备人性的个体和群体,为什么以及如何 会在某些情境下,作出反常行为。
attempted:adj.未遂的;v.努力;尝试;试图;(attempt的过去分词和过去式) humanely:adv.人道地;富人情地;慈悲地;
That's the Lucifer Effect. 这就是路西法效应。
And he goes on to say, "The landmark Stanford study provides a cautionary tale for all military operations." 他接着说, 具有标志性的斯坦福实验 给了所有军事行为一个警告。
landmark:n.[航]陆标; adj.有重大意义或影响的; cautionary:adj.警告的;劝诫的;
If you give people power without oversight , it's a prescription for abuse . They knew that and let that happen. 如果你在没有监督的情况下赋予人们权力, 那就是在给滥用开通行证。他们明明了解后果,却任其发生。
oversight:n.疏忽;忽略;失察;负责;照管; prescription:n.处方;药方;医生开的药;开处方; abuse:n.滥用;虐待;辱骂;弊端;恶习,陋习;v.滥用;虐待;辱骂;
So another report, an investigative report by General Fay, says the system is guilty , and in this report he says it was the environment that created Abu Ghraib by leadership failures that contributed to the occurrence of such abuse, and the fact that it remained undiscovered by higher authorities for a long period of time. 另一个报告,是费将军所做的调查, 认为整个系统是有罪的,在该报告中, 他认为是环境造成了阿布格莱布事件, 领导力的失误, 导致了虐待的发生, 以及在很长一段时间内, 当局高层一直被蒙在鼓里。
guilty:adj.有罪的;内疚的; contributed:v.捐献,捐赠(尤指款或物); (contribute的过去式和过去分词) occurrence:n.发生;出现;存在;发生的事情; undiscovered:adj.未被发现的;未勘探的; authorities:n.权力;威权;职权;批准;(authority的复数)
Those abuses went on for three months. Who was watching the store? 那些虐待行为持续了三个月。有谁在看管吗？
abuses:v.滥用;虐待;辱骂(abuse的三单形式);n.滥用;虐待;暴行(abuse的复数);
The answer is nobody, and I think, nobody on purpose . 答案是没有人,我认为,是没有人主动去。
on purpose:有目的地,故意地;
He gave the guards permission to do those things, and they knew nobody was ever going to come down to that dungeon. 他允许警卫们作那些恶行, 他们知道没有人会下地牢来查看。
So you need a paradigm shift in all of these areas. 所以我们在所有这些方面进行模式上的转变。
paradigm shift:n.范式转移(指行事或思维方式的重大变化);
The shift is away from the medical model that focuses only on the individual. 原来的医疗模式, 只集中于个体,
The shift is toward a public health model that recognizes situational and systemic vectors of disease . 必须转向一个公共健康模式, 这个模式同时考虑情境和系统对疾病的作用。
recognizes:v.认识;认出;辨别出;承认;意识到;(recognize的第三人称单数) situational:adj.环境形成的;情形的; systemic:adj.系统的;全身的;体系的; vectors:n.[数]向量(vector的复数); v.推动…前进; disease:n.病,[医]疾病;弊病;vt.传染;使…有病;
Bullying is a disease. Prejudice is a disease. Violence is a disease. 欺侮是病。偏见是病。暴力是病。
Bullying:n.仗势欺人者;横行霸道者;v.恐吓;伤害;胁迫;(bully的现在分词) Prejudice:n.偏见;侵害;vt.损害;使有偏见; Violence:n.暴力;侵犯;激烈;歪曲;
And since the Inquisition , we've been dealing with problems at the individual level. And you know what? It doesn't work. 自从审讯以来,我们一直在个人层面 解决问题。你猜怎么着,没用。
Inquisition:n.调查;宗教法庭;审讯;
Alexander Solzhenitsyn says the line between good and evil cuts through the heart of every human being. 亚历山大·索尔仁尼琴认为每个人心中 都有善恶的分界线。
That means that line is not out there. 也就是说,这条线不是外在的。
That's a decision that you have to make. That's a personal thing. 这是一个你必须作出的决定。是个人层面的。
So I want to end very quickly on a positive note: heroism as the antidote to evil. 那么,我想以一个正面的意见来做个简短的结尾: 英雄主义是恶的解药。
heroism:n.英勇,英雄气概;英雄行为;勇敢的事迹; antidote:n.[药]解毒剂;解药;矫正方法;
By promoting the heroic imagination , especially in our kids, in our educational system. 通过推广英雄主义想象, 尤其是在我们的孩子之中,在教育系统里。
promoting:v.促进;推动;促销;提升;晋升;(promote的现在分词) heroic:adj.英雄的;英勇的;记叙英雄及其事迹的;夸张的;n.史诗;英勇行为; imagination:n.想象;想象力;创造力;想象的事物; educational:adj.教育的;有关教育的;有教育意义的
We want kids to think, I'm the hero in waiting, waiting for the right situation to come along, and I will act heroically . 我们要孩子们想,我是那个等待中的英雄, 等待合适的情境出现, 届时我会行英雄之事。
heroically:adv.英雄地;超人地;冒险地;
My whole life is now going to focus away from evil that I've been in since I was a kid, to understanding heroes. 我一生自小与恶相伴, 如今我毕生努力之重点,将从研究恶转向理解英雄主义。
And now their idea of heroism is, it's ordinary people who do heroic deeds . 现在所谓的英雄主义是, 平凡之人行英雄之事。
deeds:n.行为;行动;(尤指房产)契约,证书;(deed的复数)
It's the counterpoint to Hannah Arendt's Banality of Evil. 这是对汉娜·阿伦特的平庸之恶的反驳。
counterpoint:n.复调;对位法;旋律配合;对应物; Banality:n.平凡;陈腐;陈词滥调;
Our traditional societal heroes are wrong, because they are the exceptions. 我们传统的社会英雄是错误的, 因为他们是极少数例外。
traditional:传统的,惯例的, societal:adj.社会的;
They organize their whole life around this. 他们为目标投入毕生之努力。
That's why we know their names. 因此我们才知道他们的名字。
And our kids' heroes are also role models for them, because they have supernatural talents. 孩子们的英雄也是他们的榜样, 因为他们有超自然能力。
supernatural:adj.超自然的;神奇的,不可思议的;n.超自然现象;不可思议的事;
We want our kids to realize most heroes are everyday people, and the heroic act is unusual. This is Joe Darby . 我们想要让孩子们意识到,大多数英雄是平凡的人们, 而英雄行为是不平凡的。这是乔·达比。
Darby:n.[建]刮尺,平墙镘;手铐;钞票;
He was the one that stopped those abuses you saw, because when he saw those images , he turned them over to a senior investigating officer. 就是他阻止了你们前面所见的那些虐行, 因为当他看到那些图片时, 他把它们交给了一位高级调查官。
images:n.印象;声誉;形象;画像;雕像;(image的第三人称单数和复数) senior:adj.大;级别(或地位)高的;成人的;高级水平的;n.上级;上司;较…年长的人; investigating:v.调查;研究;审查;(investigate的现在分词)
He was a low-level private and that stopped it. Was he a hero? No. 他是一个低级列兵但却阻止了此事。他是英雄吗？不是。
low-level:adj.低水平的;低级别的;
They had to put him in hiding, because people wanted to kill him, and then his mother and his wife. 他们不得不把他藏起来,因为有人想杀他, 还有他的母亲和妻子。
For three years they were in hiding. 他们隐藏了三年。
This is the woman who stopped the Stanford Prison Study. 这个女人阻止了斯坦福监狱实验。
When I said it got out of control, I was the prison superintendent. 当我说实验失控的时候,我当时是监狱实验负责人。
I didn't know it was out of control. I was totally indifferent. 我不知道实验已经失控了。我完全无动于衷。
She came down, saw that madhouse and said, "You know what, it's terrible what you're doing to those boys. 她下来看到这疯人院一样的监狱说, 你知道吗？你对这些男孩所做的一切实在是太可怕了。
madhouse:n.精神病院;极为吵闹的场所;
They're not prisoners, they're not guards, they're boys, and you are responsible." 他们不是囚犯,不是警卫, 他们只是孩子,你要为他们负责。
And I ended the study the next day. 我第二天就停止了这个实验。
The good news is I married her the next year. 好消息是,我第二年就娶了她。
(Laughter) （笑声）
(Applause) （鼓掌）
I just came to my senses, obviously. 显然,我醒悟了。
So situations have the power to do, through -- but the point is, this is the same situation that can inflame the hostile imagination in some of us, that makes us perpetrators of evil, can inspire the heroic imagination in others. It's the same situation. 所以情境是有力量的—— 关键是,这个情境 可以刺激一些人内心的敌意想象, 使我们成为恶之犯人, 也可以激发另外一些人内心的英雄想象。情境是同样的情境。
inflame:vt.激怒;使燃烧;使发炎;vi.燃烧;发炎;激动; hostile:adj.敌意的; n.敌对分子; inspire:v.激发;鼓舞;启示;产生;使生灵感;
And you're on one side or the other. 而你二者必居其一。
Most people are guilty of the evil of inaction, because your mother said, "Don't get involved , mind your own business ." 大多数人对袖手旁观之恶感到内疚, 因为你母亲会说, 别管闲事,先管好你自己的事。
involved:adj.有关的; v.涉及; (involve的过去式和过去分词) mind your own business:管好你自己的事;少管闲事;别管闲事;
And you have to say, "Mama, humanity is my business." 你一定得这么回答, 妈妈,人性就是我的事。
So the psychology of heroism is -- we're going to end in a moment -- how do we encourage children in new hero courses, that I'm working with Matt Langdon -he has a hero workshop -- 英雄主义的心理学是——我们很快会结束—— 我们如何在新的英雄课程里鼓励孩子们, 我正与马特·郎登从事这项工作——他有一个英雄工作坊——
in a moment:立刻; workshop:n.车间;研讨会;讲习班;工场;v.学习;
to develop this heroic imagination, this self-labeling, "I am a hero in waiting," and teach them skills. 来培养这种英雄想象,这种自我标签, 我是一个等待中的英雄 ,并且教会他们技能。
To be a hero you have to learn to be a deviant , because you're always going against the conformity of the group. 想成为英雄的话,你一定要学会成为一个 异类 , 因为你得总是与群体规范相左。
deviant:n.不正常者;偏移值;变异物;adj.不正常的;离经叛道的;
Heroes are ordinary people whose social actions are extraordinary . Who act. 英雄是那些在社会上行非凡之事的平凡人。那些有所为之人。
extraordinary:adj.非凡的;特别的;离奇的;临时的;特派的;
The key to heroism is two things. 英雄主义之关键有二。
A: You've got to act when other people are passive. 一:在众人消极冷漠之时有所作为。
B: You have to act socio-centrically, not egocentrically. 二:你的作为必须以社会为中心,而非以自我为中心。
And I want to end with the story that some of you know, about Wesley Autrey, New York subway hero. 我想以韦斯利·奥特里,纽约地铁英雄的故事来结尾, 你们其中一些人知道这个故事。
50-year-old African-American construction worker. 他是一个50岁的非裔美国人,是一个建筑工人。
African-American:非洲裔美国人(指美国黑人); construction:n.建设;建筑物;解释;造句;
He's standing on a subway in New York; a white guy falls on the tracks . 他在纽约地铁等车的时候, 一个白人掉进地铁轨道里。
tracks:n.小道;足迹;车辙;轨道;v.追踪;跟踪;(track的第三人称单数和复数)
The subway train is coming. There's 75 people there. 当时地铁正开过来。当时有75个人在那儿。
You know what? They freeze. 你猜怎么着,他们全都僵住了。
He's got a reason not to get involved. 他有理由袖手旁观。
He's black, the guy's white, and he's got two little kids. 他是黑人,那个人是白人,他还有两个小孩。
Instead, he gives his kids to a stranger, jumps on the tracks, puts the guy between the tracks, lays on him, the subway goes over him. 相反的是,他把两个孩子交给一个陌生人看管, 跳进铁轨里,把那男子压在铁轨之间, 趴在他身上,地铁就从他身上开了过去。
Wesley and the guy: 20 and a half inches height. 韦斯利和那个男子摞起来高20.5英寸。
The train clearance is 21 inches. 地铁列车下的空隙高21英寸。
clearance:n.清除;空隙;
A half an inch would have taken his head off. 再低半英寸就会把他的脑袋铲去。
And he said "I did what anyone could do," 而他却说 我做了任何人都会做的事 ,
no big deal to jump on the tracks. 跳下铁轨没什么大不了的。
And the moral imperative is "I did what everyone should do." 从道德责任的角度说应该是 我做了任何人应该做的事 。
imperative:adj.重要紧急的; n.重要紧急的事;
And so one day, you will be in a new situation. 那么,将来有一天,你会遇到一个新的情境。
Take path one, you're going to be a perpetrator of evil. 第一条路,你会成为恶之犯人。
Evil, meaning you're going to be Arthur Andersen. 恶,即你将成为亚瑟·安德森。
You're going to cheat, or you're going to allow bullying. 你将会欺骗,或允许欺侮。
Path two: you become guilty of the evil of passive inaction. 第二条路:你将因漠不关心袖手旁观而内疚。
Path three: you become a hero. 第三条路:你成为一个英雄。
The point is, are we ready to take the path to celebrating ordinary heroes, waiting for the right situation to come along, to put heroic imagination into action? 关键是,我们是否做好准备来选择这条路 以颂扬平凡的英雄, 等待合适的情境出现, 将对于英雄的想象付诸于实施呢？
Because it may only happen once in your life, and when you pass it by you'll always know, 因为这可能是你平生仅有的机会, 而当你错过的时候,你将永远记得,
I could have been a hero and I let it pass me by. 我本可以成为一个英雄但我让这机会溜走了。
So the point is thinking it and then doing it. 所以关键是先想再做。
So I want to thank you. Thank you. Thank you. 所以我想谢谢你们。谢谢你们。谢谢。
Let's oppose the power of evil systems at home and abroad , and let's focus on the positive. 让我们反对国内外的恶之系统的力量, 并集中于积极的一面。
oppose:v.反对(计划、政策等);抵制;阻挠;(在竞赛中)与…对垒; abroad:adv.在国外;到海外;adj.往国外的;n.海外;异国;
Advocate for respect of personal dignity , for justice and peace, which sadly our administration has not been doing. 倡导对个人高尚行为之尊敬,倡导正义与和平, 遗憾的是,我们的当局并没有在做这些。
Advocate:v.拥护;支持;提倡;n.支持者;提倡者;辩护律师;出庭辩护人; dignity:n.尊严;高贵; justice:n.公平;公正;司法制度;审判;
Thanks so much. 非常感谢。
(Applause) （掌声）