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PeterTyack_2010Z-_海洋哺乳动物的奇妙声音_
Thank you so much. I'm going to try to take you on a journey of the underwater acoustic world of whales and dolphins. 非常感谢。我将要带大家领略 一下鲸和海豚的 水下声音世界。
journey:n.旅行;行程;vi.旅行; underwater:adj.在水中的;水面下的;adv.在水下;n.水下; acoustic:adj.声学的;音响的;听觉的;n.原声乐器;不用电传音的乐器;
Since we are such a visual species , it's hard for us to really understand this, so I'll use a mixture of figures and sounds and hope this can communicate it. 由于我们拥有视觉, 所以要真正理解这些有点难度。 因此我会用图表与声音结合起来说明 希望这样能把我想要表达的传达给大家。
visual:adj.视觉的,视力的;栩栩如生的; species:n.[生物]物种;种类; mixture:n.混合;结合体;混合物;集合体;
But let's also think, as a visual species, what it's like when we go snorkeling or diving and try to look underwater. 但让我们也思考一下,作为拥有视觉的物种, 当我们浮潜或潜水时, 看看水下的世界,它是什么样的？
snorkeling:v.用水下通气管潜航;用通气管潜泳;(snorkel的现在分词) diving:n.潜水;跳水;跳水运动;v.下潜;跳水;潜水;(dive的现在分词)
We really can't see very far. 实际上我们看不了多远。
Our vision , which works so well in air, all of a sudden is very restricted and claustrophobic . 我们在空气中工作良好的视觉, 突然受到严重的限制、陷入幽闭中。
vision:n.视力;美景;幻象;想象力;v.想象;显现;梦见; all of a sudden:突然地,出乎意料地; restricted:adj.受限制的;保密的;v.限制(restrict的过去式和过去分词); claustrophobic:adj.患幽闭恐怖症的;导致幽闭恐怖症的;n.幽闭恐怖症患者;
And what marine mammals have evolved over the last tens of millions of years is ways to depend on sound to both explore their world and also to stay in touch with one another. 海洋哺乳动物 在近数千万年来进化后, 它们依赖于声音 探索周围的世界 并与其他同类保持联系。
marine:adj.海的;海产的;海生的;海船的;n.(尤指美国或英国皇家)海军陆战队士兵; mammals:n.哺乳动物;(mammal的复数) evolved:v.(使)逐渐形成;进化;进化形成;(evolve的过去分词和过去式) explore:v.探索:探测:探险: stay in touch:保持联系;
Dolphins and toothed whales use echolocation . 海豚和齿鲸使用回声定位。
echolocation:n.回波定位;回声测距;回声定位能力(鲸和蝙蝠等所具备得一种机能);
They can produce loud clicks and listen for echoes from the sea floor in order to orient . 他们能产生响亮的喀喇声 并倾听海底反射的回声来定位。
listen for:倾听; echoes:n.回声; v.发出回声; orient:vt.使适应;确定方向;使朝东;n.东方;东方诸国;adj.东方的;vi.向东;
They can listen for echoes from prey in order to decide where food is and to decide which one they want to eat. 他们能通过猎物所反射的回声 来确定它们的食物在哪里, 并决定要吃哪一个。
prey:n.猎物;受害者;受骗者;v.折磨;掠夺;捕食(on,upon);损害(on,upon);
All marine mammals use sound for communication to stay in touch. 所有海洋哺乳动物用声音来保持相互联系。
So the large baleen whales will produce long, beautiful songs, which are used in reproductive advertisement for male and females, both to find one another and to select a mate . 大型须鲸 能发出长且美丽的歌声, 这种歌声被雌鲸和雄鲸用于寻求配偶, 帮助它们找到同类, 并且选择配偶。
baleen:n.鲸须; reproductive:adj.生殖的;再生的;复制的; mate:n.助手,大副; v.使配对;
And mother and young and closely bonded animals use calls to stay in touch with one another, so sound is really critical for their lives. 呼叫的声音也被用于母子之间的联系, 或者在联系紧密的动物之间保持联系。 因此声音在他们的生活中确实很重要。
in touch with:同…有联系,和…有接触; critical:adj.鉴定的;[核]临界的;批评的,爱挑剔的;危险的;决定性的;评论的;
The first thing that got me interested in the sounds of these underwater animals, whose world was so foreign to me, was evidence from captive dolphins that captive dolphins could imitate human sounds. 第一件让我对这些海底动物的 声音产生兴趣的事是, --这对我来说是个陌生的世界-- 从捕获的海豚中发现的证据证明: 它们能模仿人类的声音。
evidence:n.证据,证明;迹象;明显;v.证明; captive:adj.被俘虏的;被迷住的;n.俘虏;迷恋者; imitate:v.模仿;仿效;模仿(某人的讲话、举止);作滑稽模仿;
And I mentioned I'll use some visual representations of sounds. 我说过我会用到 一些声音的可视图像。
representations:代表;表现(representation的复数);
Here's the first example. 这是第一个例子。
This is a plot of frequency against time -- sort of like musical notation , where the higher notes are up higher and the lower notes are lower, and time goes this way. 这是幅频率对时间的图表-- 有点像音符, 高处的标记表示频率较高,低处的标记表示频率较低, 时间朝这个方向流逝。
plot:n.情节;阴谋;布局;小块土地;v.密谋;暗中策划;(在地图上)标出;绘制(图表); frequency:n.频率;发生率;重复率;频繁; notation:n.符号;乐谱;注释;记号法;
This is a picture of a trainer's whistle , a whistle a trainer will blow to tell a dolphin it's done the right thing an d can c ome get a fish. 这张图表示的是教练的哨声, 这哨声是教练用来告诉海豚 做对了并能得到一条鱼。
whistle:n.哨子;口哨;汽笛;汽笛声;v.吹口哨;吹哨子;打呼哨;鸣叫;
It sounds sort of like "tweeeeeet." Like that. 它听起来有点像“tweeeeeet”。有点像这样。
This is a calf in captivity making an imitation of that trainer's whistle. 这是一只人工饲养的小海豚 模仿的 教练的哨声。
calf:n.小牛;牛犊;腓肠;小腿肚; captivity:n.囚禁;被关; imitation:n.模仿;仿制品;赝品;效仿;
If you hummed this tune to your dog or cat and it hummed it back to you, you ought to be pretty surprised. 现在如果你对这你的猫猫或狗狗哼这个曲子, 而它也对着你哼这曲子, 你应该会大吃一惊。
hummed:vi.发低哼声;vt.用哼声表示;n.嗡嗡声;哼声;杂声;int.哼;嗯; tune:n.曲调;和谐;心情;v.调整;使一致;为…调音;调谐;
Very few nonhuman mammals can imitate sounds. 很少有除人类之外的哺乳动物 能模仿声音。
nonhuman:adj.非人类的;
It's really important for our music and our language. 这种能力对我们学习音乐和语言十分重要。
So it's a puzzle : The few other mammal groups that do this, why do they do it? 因此这让人迷惑:少有其他哺乳动物能做到这点, 为什么它们能做到这点？
puzzle:n.谜;疑问;智力游戏;不解之谜;v.迷惑;使困惑;
A lot of my career has been devoted to trying to understand how these animals use their learning, use the ability to change what you say based on what you hear in their own communication systems. 我职业生涯中花了很多时间 试图弄明白 这些哺乳动物如何运用它们的学识, 运用这一能力: 基于所听到的改变所说的。 这些都在它们自己的沟通系统中。
career:n.职业;事业;生涯;经历; devoted:adj.专心致志; v.献身; (devote的过去分词和过去式)
So let's start with calls of a nonhuman primate . 那么让我们从非人灵长类的叫声开始。
primate:n.大主教;灵长类的动物;首领;adj.灵长目动物的;首要的;
Many mammals have to produce contact calls when, say, a mother and calf are apart. 比方说,当母亲和幼仔分开时, 许多哺乳动物会发出呼唤声。
contact:n.接触,联系;v.使接触,联系;
This is an example of a call produced by squirrel monkeys when they're isolated from another one. 这是个例子:当松鼠猴 与其它同类分开时发出的叫声。
squirrel:n.松鼠; isolated:adj.偏远的; v.隔离,孤立,脱离;
And you can see, there's not much variability in these calls. 你能看到,这些叫声中 没有多少变化。
variability:n.可变性,变化性;[生物][数]变异性;
By contrast , the signature whistle which dolphins use to stay in touch, each individual here has a radically different call. 作为对照,海豚们用于 保持联系的哨声, 每只海豚都有完全不同的叫声。
contrast:n.对比;对照;反差;明显的差异;v.对比;对照;形成对比; signature:n.署名;签名;信号; individual:n.个人;有个性的人;adj.单独的;个别的; radically:adv.根本上;彻底地;以激进的方式;
They can use this ability to learn calls in order to develop more complicated and more distinctive calls to identify individuals . 它们能用这种能力来学习叫声, 以便能发展出更复杂、更独特的叫声 来识别出不同的个体。
complicated:adj.复杂的;难懂的;v.使复杂化;(complicate的过去分词和过去式) distinctive:adj.独特的;特别的;有特色的; identify:v.识别:鉴定:确认:发现: individuals:n.[经]个人;[生物]个体(individual的复数);
How about the setting in which animals need to use this call? 在怎样的环境下动物需要用到这种叫声？
Well let's look at mothers and calves . 好的,让我们看看母亲和幼仔。
calves:n.小牛; v.生小牛;
In normal life for mother and calf dolphin, they'll often drift apart or swim apart if Mom is chasing a fish, and when they separate they have to get back together again. 在海豚妈妈和海豚幼仔平常的生活中, 如果海豚妈妈去抓鱼,他们常由于漂移或是游泳而分开。 而当它们分开时 它们不得不重新聚在一起。
drift:v.漂移;漂流;飘;缓缓移动;n.趋势;大意;要点;流动;
What this figure shows is the percentage of the separations in which dolphins whistle, against the maximum distance. 这张图显示,它们分开时 海豚发出哨声的百分率, 与此相对的是最远距离。
percentage:n.百分比;百分率;利润的分成;提成; separations:n.分色(separation的复数形式); maximum:n.最大限度;最大量;最高限度;adj.最高的;最多的;最大极限的;
So when dolphins are separating by less than 20 meters, less than half the time they need to use whistles . 因此,当海豚们分开少于20米时, 少于半数的情况下他们需要用到哨声。
whistles:n.哨子; v.吹口哨; (whistle的第三人称单数和复数)
Most of the time they can just find each other just by swimming around. 多数情况下他们四处游动 就能找到对方。
But all of the time when they separate by more than 100 meters, they need to use these individually distinctive whistles to come back together again. 但只要它们分开超过100米, 它们就需要用这些各自独特的哨声 来再次聚在一起。
individually:adv.个别地,单独地;
Most of these distinctive signature whistles are quite stereotyped and stable through the life of a dolphin. 多数这类有独特签名的哨声 在海豚的一生中 都是定型且非常稳定的。
stereotyped:adj.用铅版印刷的; v.把…浇铸成铅版; stable:n.马厩;牛棚;adj.稳定的;牢固的;坚定的;vi.被关在马厩;赶入马房;
But there are some exceptions. 但也有些例外。
When a male dolphin leaves Mom, it will often join up with another male and form an alliance , which may last for decades. 当雄海豚离开海豚妈妈时, 它通常会联合另一只雄海豚 并形成一个联盟,这一联盟可能会持续几十年之久。
alliance:n.联盟,联合;联姻;
As these two animals form a social bond, their distinctive whistles actually converge and become very similar. 由于这两只动物形成了一条社会纽带, 他们独特的哨声实际上会进行融合 并变得非常相似。
converge:vt.使汇聚;vi.聚集;靠拢;收敛;
This plot shows two members of a pair. 这张图显示了这样的组合中的两个成员。
As you can see at the top here, they share an up-sweep, like "woop, woop, woop." 正如你在顶部看到的, 它们有着同样的升调,像“woop,woop,woop。“
As you can see:正如你所看到的;你是知道的;
They both have that kind of up-sweep. 它们都有这样的升调。
Whereas these members of a pair go "wo-ot, wo-ot, wo-ot." 然而另一对的两个成员拥有的升调是”wo-ot, wo-ot, wo-ot“
Whereas:conj.然而;鉴于;反之;
And what's happened is they've used this learning process to develop a new sign that identifies this new social group. 这是由于: 他们运用这一学习过程 发展出了用于识别这一新社会群体的新信号。
process:v.处理;加工;列队行进;n.过程,进行;方法,adj.经过特殊加工(或处理)的; identifies:vt.[计]识别,认明;视为相同,鉴定;v.[计]识别,确定(identify的单三形式);
It's a very interesting way that they can form a new identifier for the new social group that they've had. 这是个非常有趣的方式,它们能 为新的社会群体 形成一个新的识别标志。
identifier:n.标识符,认同者;检验人,鉴定人;
Let's now take a step back and see what this message can tell us about protecting dolphins from human disturbance . 现在让我们后退一步 看看这一讯息能告诉我们些什么 关于保护海豚 远离人类干扰的信息。
disturbance:n.干扰;骚乱;忧虑;
Anybody looking at this picture will know this dolphin is surrounded, and clearly his behavior is being disrupted . 任何看到这张图片的人都 会认识到这只海豚被包围了, 显然它的行为被打乱了。
disrupted:破坏;使瓦解;使分裂;使中断;使陷于混乱(disrupt的过去分词形式);
This is a bad situation. 这是个糟糕的情况。
But it turns out that when just a single boat is approaching a group of dolphins at a couple hundred meters away, the dolphins will start whistling , they'll change what they're doing, they'll have a more cohesive group, wait for the boat to go by, and then they'll get back to normal business. 但事实表明, 当今仅有一艘船在数百米开外 靠近一群海豚时, 这些海豚会开始发出哨声, 它们会放弃正在做的事,聚集成更大的群体, 等待这艘船驶过, 然后它们会回复正常。
approaching:v.靠近,接近;接洽;建议;要求;(approach的现在分词) whistling:n.口哨声;笛音;v.吹口哨;打呼哨;吹哨子;(whistle的现在分词) cohesive:adj.有结合力的;紧密结合的;有粘着力的;
Well, in a place like Sarasota , Florida, the average interval between times that a boat is passing within a hundred meters of a dolphin group is six minutes. 好了,在一个类似佛罗里达州萨拉索塔的地方, 一艘船在百米之内 驶过一群海豚的平均间隔时间 是六分钟。
Sarasota:n.萨拉索塔(美国西部城市); interval:n.间歇;音程;休息时间;(其他事情)穿插出现的间隙;
So even in the situation that doesn't look as bad as this, it's still affecting the amount of time these animals have to do their normal work. 因此即使在看起来不像这么糟糕的情形下, 仍然会在许多时间里对这些动物的 正常生活造成影响。
And if we look at a very pristine environment like western Australia, 让我们看看像澳大利亚西部这样一个非常原始的环境,
pristine:adj.原始的,古时的;纯朴的;
Lars Bider has done work comparing dolphin behavior and distribution before there were dolphin-watching boats. 拉尔斯.比泰尔曾 比较了观海豚的游船产生之前和之后, 当地海豚的行为和分布。
comparing:v.比较;对比;(compare的现在分词) distribution:n.分布;分配;分发;分销;
When there was one boat, not much of an impact . 当只有一艘船时,对它们没多少影响。
not much of:不太好的; impact:n.影响;效果;碰撞;冲击力;v.挤入,压紧;撞击;对…产生影响;
And two boats: When the second boat was added, what happened was that some of the dolphins left the area completely. 两艘船时,当第二艘船驶来时, 有些海豚 义无反顾的离开了这一区域。
Of the ones that stayed, their reproductive rate declined . 而留下的那些海豚的繁殖率下降了。
declined:v.减少;下降;衰弱;婉言拒绝;(decline的过去分词和过去式)
So it could have a negative impact on the whole population. 因此,这可能对整个种群产生负面影响。
negative:adj.[数]负的;消极的;否定的;阴性的;n.否定;负数;[摄]底片;v.否定;拒绝; on the whole:基本上,大体上;就全体而论;
When we think of marine-protected areas for animals like dolphins, this means that we have to be quite conscious about activities that we thought were benign . 当我们考虑动物比如海豚建立海洋保护区时, 这意味着我们也要 非常慎重的考虑那些我们认为无碍的活动。
conscious:adj.意识到的;故意的;神志清醒的; benign:adj.良性的;和蔼的,亲切的;吉利的;
We may need to regulate the intensity of recreational boating and actual whale watching in order to prevent these kinds of problems. 我们也许需要控制 休闲航行的密度,甚至观鲸船的密度, 以防类似问题发生。
regulate:v.调节;控制; intensity:n.强度;强烈;[电子]亮度;紧张; recreational:adj.娱乐的,消遣的;休养的;
I'd also like to point out that sound doesn't obey boundaries . 同样,我想指出那些 没有办法设置防线的因素:声音。
obey:v.遵守;服从;顺从; boundaries:n.边界;分界线;(boundary的复数)
So you can draw a line to try to protect an area, but chemical pollution and noise pollution will continue to move through the area. 你可以画一条线,试图保护一个区域, 但是化学污染和噪音污染, 将不断进入这一区域。
chemical:n.化学制品,化学药品;adj.化学的;
And I'd like to switch now from this local, familiar , coastal environment to a much broader world of the baleen whales and the open ocean. 现在,我想从这种地方性的、 为人熟知的沿海环境转换至 须鲸的更广阔的世界和公海。
familiar:adj.熟悉的;常见的;亲近的;n.常客;密友; coastal:adj.沿海的;海岸的;
This is a kind of map we've all been looking at. 我们经常看到这类地图。
The world is mostly blue. 世界大部分是蓝色的。
But I'd also like to point out that the oceans are much more connected than we think. 但我还想指出的是,海洋之间的 联系我们所想象的更加紧密。
Notice how few barriers there are to movement across all of the oceans compared to land. 请注意,相比陆地而言,对海洋间的 运动的阻碍非常的少。
barriers:n.障碍;栅栏;篱笆墙(barrier的复数形式); compared:adj.比较的,对照的; v.相比; (compare的过去式和过去分词)
To me, the most mind-bending example of the interconnectedness of the ocean comes from an acoustic experiment where oceanographers took a ship to the southern Indian Ocean, deployed an underwater loudspeaker and played back a sound. 对我来说,最令人惊讶的海洋间 的相互联系的例子 来自一个海洋学家所做的 声音实验, 实验中,海洋学家行驶至南印度洋, 放置一个水下扬声器 并不断播放一个声音。
mind-bending:adj.离奇古怪令人费解的;强烈影响心绪的; interconnectedness:n.互联性; oceanographers:n.海洋学家;海洋研究者; deployed:v.部署(deploy的过去式);展开; loudspeaker:n.喇叭,扬声器;扩音器;
That same sound traveled to the west, and could be heard in Bermuda , and traveled to the east, and could be heard in Monterey -- the same sound. 同一段声音 向西能传播至百慕大群岛, 向东能传播至蒙特雷-- 同一段声音。
Bermuda:n.百慕大群岛(北大西洋西部群岛); Monterey:n.蒙特利(美国一座城市);
So we live in a world of satellite communication, are used to global communication, but it's still amazing to me. 虽然我们生活在一个卫星通信的世界里, 已经习惯了全球间的沟通, 但我仍为这感到惊奇。
global:adj.全球的;总体的;球形的;
The ocean has properties that allow low-frequency sound to basically move globally. 海洋拥有 让低频的声音 基本上传遍全球的特性。
low-frequency:adj.低频的;低周波的; basically:adv.主要地,基本上;
The acoustic transit time for each of these paths is about three hours. 声音通过这些途径中的每一条进行传播所需的时间大约是三小时。
transit:n.运输;经过;v.运送;经过;
It's nearly halfway around the globe. 这几乎穿越了半个地球。
In the early '70s, 嗨,在70年代早期,
Roger Payne and an ocean acoustician published a theoretical paper pointing out that it was possible that sound could transmit over these large areas, but very few biologists believed it. 一名海洋声学家,罗杰.佩恩 曾发表过一篇学术论文, 论文中指出声音 能够在大范围内传播, 但很少有生物学家相信这点。
Roger:n.罗杰;[男名]男子名;int.明白;v.与某人性交; theoretical:adj.理论的;理论上的;假设的;推理的; transmit:v.传送;发射;播送;传播;传染; biologists:n.生物学家(biologist的复数);
It actually turns out, though, even though we've only known of long-range propagation for a few decades, the whales clearly have evolved, over tens of millions of years, a way to exploit this amazing property of the ocean. 而实际上,尽管, 虽然我们近几十年来才对这种远距离传播有所了解, 而鲸显然在数千万年之前就已经 进行了进化, 进化出了一种方法来运用海洋的这一令人惊奇的特性。
long-range:adj.(飞机,火箭等)远程的;长期的;远大的; propagation:n.传播;繁殖;增殖; exploit:v.利用…为自己谋利;剥削;压榨;运用;发挥;
So blue whales and fin whales produce very low-frequency sounds that can travel over very long ranges. 蓝鲸和长须鲸 产生一种频率非常低的声音, 这种声音能传播很长的距离。
The top plot here shows a complicated series of calls that are repeated by males. 上面这幅图显示 雄鲸所重复的 一系列复杂的叫声。
series:n.系列,连续;[电]串联;级数;丛书;
They form songs, and they appear to play a role in reproduction , sort of like that of song birds. 这些叫声形成歌声,并且似乎能在繁殖中发挥作用, 有点类似鸟类的啼声。
reproduction:n.繁殖,生殖;复制;复制品;
Down below here, we see calls made by both males and females that also carry over very long ranges. 下面这幅图,我们看到无论是雄性还是雌性发出的叫声 都能传播很远的距离。
carry over:..留到以后处理;继续存在;
The biologists continued to be skeptical of the long-range communication issue well past the '70s, until the end of the Cold War. 生物学家在70年代内 持续对远距离沟通的问题 保持怀疑, 直到冷战结束。
skeptical:adj.怀疑的;怀疑论的,不可知论的; issue:n.重要议题;争论的问题;v.宣布;公布;发出;发行;
What happened was, during the Cold War, the U.S. Navy had a system that was secret at the time, that they used to track Russian submarines . 在冷战期间,美国海军 开发出一套当时处于保密的系统, 这套系统能用于探测俄国潜艇。
Navy:n.海军;深蓝色的; track:n.小道;足迹;车辙;轨道;v.追踪;跟踪; submarines:n.潜艇;(submarine的第三人称单数和复数)
It had deep underwater microphones , or hydrophones , cabled to shore, all wired back to a central place that could listen to sounds over the whole North Atlantic . 它有一个深水麦克风或者说一个水下测音器, 这一水下测音器用线连接至海岸, 所有线缆连接至一个中心,在那儿能监听 所有穿过整个北大西洋的声音。
microphones:n.[电子]麦克风(microphone的复数); hydrophones:n.水诊器;检漏器;水中听音器; cabled:n.电缆;海底电报;vt.打电报;vi.打海底电报; Atlantic:adj.大西洋的;巨人阿特拉斯的;n.大西洋;
And after the Berlin Wall fell, the Navy made these systems available to whale bio-acousticians to see what they could hear. 在柏林墙倒塌之后,海军允许鲸生物声学家 使用这些系统 来看看他们能听到些什么。
This is a plot from Christopher Clark who tracked one individual blue whale as it passed by Bermuda, went down to the latitude of Miami and came back again. 这幅图来自克里斯托弗.克拉克, 他在一条蓝鲸 经过百慕大时对它进行跟踪, 它游至迈阿密同一纬度时,开始往回游。
tracked:v.跟踪;追踪;(track的过去分词和过去式) blue whale:n.[动]蓝鲸; latitude:n.纬度;界限;活动范围;
It was tracked for 43 days, swimming 1,700 kilometers, or more than 1,000 miles. 它被跟踪了43天, 游了1,700公里, 或者说超过1,000英里。
This shows us both that the calls are detectable over hundreds of miles and that whales routinely swim hundreds of miles. 这告诉我们,这些叫声 能在数百英里外被探测出来, 这些鲸经常游出数百英里远。
detectable:adj.可检测的;可发觉的; routinely:adv.例行公事地;老一套地;
They're ocean-based and scale animals who are communicating over much longer ranges than we had anticipated . 它们是海洋大型动物, 它们能够以远超人们预期 的距离进行沟通。
scale:n.规模;比例;鳞;刻度;天平;数值范围;v.衡量;攀登;剥落;生水垢; anticipated:adj.预期的; v.预期; (anticipate的过去式和过去分词)
Unlike fins and blues, which disperse into the temperate and tropical oceans, the humpbacked whales congregate in local traditional breeding grounds, so they can make a sound that's a little higher in frequency, broader-band and more complicated. 与分布在温带和热带的 须鲸和蓝鲸不同, 驼背鲸聚集在 传统繁殖地。 因此它们能发出频率更高些的声音, 音域更宽且更复杂。
disperse:v.分散;驱散;疏散;散布;adj.分散的;弥散的 temperate:adj.温和的;适度的;有节制的; tropical:adj.热带的;热情的;酷热的; humpbacked:adj.驼背的; congregate:vt.聚集;vi.聚集;adj.集合在一起的; traditional:传统的,惯例的, breeding:n.繁殖;饲养;教养;再生;v.生产;培育;使…繁殖;(breed的现在分词)
So you're listening to the complicated song produced by humpbacks here. 你们现在听到的是座头鲸 发出的复杂的歌声。
humpbacks:n.驼背;座头鲸;
Humpbacks, when they develop the ability to sing this song, they're listening to other whales and modifying what they sing based on what they're hearing, just like song birds or the dolphin whistles I described . 当座头鲸发展出 能发出这样的歌声的能力时, 它们就能听到来自其他鲸的声音, 并且基于它们所听到的来改变音调, 就像鸟的啼声或是我描述的海豚的哨声。
modifying:修饰; described:v.描述;形容;把…称为;做…运动;(describe的过去分词和过去式)
This means that humpback song is a form of animal culture, just like music for humans would be. 这表示座头鲸的歌声 是动物文化的一种形式, 就像音乐对于人类。
I think one of the most interesting examples of this comes from Australia. 我认为关于这些最有趣的例子 来自澳大利亚。
Biologists on the east coast of Australia were recording the songs of humpbacks in that area. 生物学家在澳大利亚东海岸 录下了那一区域的座头鲸的歌声。
And this orange line here marks the typical songs of east coast humpbacks. 这条橘色的线标出了东海岸座头鲸 的典型的歌声。
typical:adj.典型的;特有的;象征性的;
In '95 they all sang the normal song. 在95年它们都唱出正常的歌声。
But in '96 they heard a few weird songs, and it turned out that these strange songs were typical of west coast whales. 但在96年,生物学家听到了少数奇怪的歌声。 后来发现这些奇怪的歌声 是典型的西海岸鲸的歌声。
weird:adj.奇怪的;奇异的;离奇的;n.命运;宿命;命运女神; west coast:n.美国西海岸(尤指加利福尼亚州);
The west coast calls became more and more popular, until by 1998, none of the whales sang the east coast song; it was completely gone. 西海岸的叫声变得越来越常见, 直到1998年, 再没有鲸发出东海岸的歌声;它完全消失了。
They just sang the cool new west coast song. 它们都在唱着新的西海岸的酷歌。
It's as if some new hit style had completely wiped out the old-fashioned style before, and with no golden oldies stations. 这仿佛是一种新的风格 完全取代了 之前旧的时尚风格, 而且没有金曲再现这一环节。
old-fashioned:adj.老式的;过时的;守旧的; oldies:n.老歌(oldie的复数);老人;
Nobody sang the old ones. 没人再唱这些老歌。
I'd like to briefly just show what the ocean does to these calls. 我想简要的展示一下海洋中的这些叫声。
briefly:adv.简要地;简短地;暂时地;
Now you are listening to a recording made by Chris Clark, 0.2 miles away from a humpback. 现在大家听到的是由克里斯.克拉克, 在距离座头鲸0.2英里远处录制的声音。
You can hear the full frequency range. It's quite loud. 你能听到整个频率范围内的声音。非常响亮。
You sound very nearby . 听起来就像在附近。
nearby:adj.附近的,邻近的;adv.在附近;prep.在…附近;
The next recording you're going to hear was made of the same humpback song 50 miles away. 下一段大家将听到的录音 是由同一头座头鲸 在50英里外发出的。
That's shown down here. 下面显示的这个。
You only hear the low frequencies . 只能听到低频的声音。
frequencies:n.频率;发生率;重复率;频繁;(frequency的复数)
You hear the reverberation as the sound travels over long-range in the ocean and is not quite as loud. 能听到声音 在海洋中长距离传播产生的回声 它听起来并不响亮。
reverberation:n.[声]混响;反射;反响;回响;
Now after I play back these humpback calls, 在我播放了这些座头鲸的叫声之后,
I'll play blue whale calls, but they have to be sped up because they're so low in frequency that you wouldn't be able to hear it otherwise. 我要播放一些蓝鲸的叫声,但我不得不加快这些声音, 因为它们的频率太低了, 否则大家就听不到它们了。
Here's a blue whale call at 50 miles, which was distant for the humpback. 这是50英里外一头蓝鲸的叫声, 比那头座头鲸更远。
distant:adj.遥远的;远处的;久远的;
It's loud, clear -- you can hear it very clearly. 它响亮且清晰--你能非常清楚的听到它。
Here's the same call recorded from a hydrophone 500 miles away. 这是由水下测音器在500英里外录制的 同一叫声。
There's a lot of noise, which is mostly other whales. 因为有许多其他鲸,听起来有许多噪音。
But you can still hear that faint call. 但你仍能听到这微弱的叫声。
faint:n.昏厥;v.昏厥;adj.昏眩;(光,声,味)微弱的;微小的;可能性不大的;
Let's now switch and think about a potential for human impacts . 现在让我们切换下思路,考虑一下 潜在的人类影响。
potential:n.潜能;可能性;[电]电势;adj.潜在的;可能的;势的; impacts:n.影响; v.有影响,有作用;
The most dominant sound that humans put into the ocean comes from shipping. 多数人类在海洋中产生的声音 来自船只。
dominant:adj.显性的;占优势的;支配的,统治的;n.显性;
This is the sound of a ship, and I'm having to talk a little louder to talk over it. 这是一艘船的声音, 为了盖过它我不得不更大声的说话。
Imagine that whale listening from 500 miles. 想象一下鲸在500英里远处倾听。
There's a potential problem that maybe this kind of shipping noise would prevent whales from being able to hear each other. 可能由这类船只造成的这一 潜在问题将会阻止鲸们 听到彼此。
Now this is something that's been known for quite a while. 这是已经了解了相当长一段时间的事情。
This is a figure from a textbook on underwater sound. 这是张来自课本的关于水下声音的图。
And on the y-axis is the loudness of average ambient noise in the deep ocean by frequency. Y轴是 深海中以频率表示的环境噪音 的平均音量。
y-axis:n.Y轴;纵坐标轴; loudness:n.[声]响度;吵闹; ambient:adj.周围的;外界的;环绕的;n.周围环境;
In the low frequencies, this line indicates sound that comes from seismic activity of the earth. 在低频时,这条线表明 来自地球地震活动的声音。
indicates:v.表明指示,显示;(indicate的第三人称单数) seismic:adj.地震的;因地震而引起的;
Up high, these variable lines indicate increasing noise in this frequency range from higher wind and wave. 上面这些线 表明在这一频率范围内由 风浪增加的噪音。
variable:n.变量;可变因素;可变情况;adj.多变的;易变的;变化无常的;可更改的;
But right in the middle here where there's a sweet spot , the noise is dominated by human ships. 但在正中间有一个平衡点, 噪音主要来自人类的船只。
sweet spot:n.(球拍或球棒的)最佳击球点;最有效点;所有特点的完美组合; dominated:v.支配;控制;左右;影响;(dominate的过去式和过去分词)
Now think about it. This is an amazing thing: 现在考虑一下。这是个奇妙的事情。
That in this frequency range where whales communicate, the main source globally, on our planet, for the noise comes from human ships, thousands of human ships, distant, far away, just all aggregating . 就在鲸们用来交流的这个频率范围内, 在我们的星球上,全球主要的噪音来自 人类的船只, 数以千计的远处的人类船只产生的噪音 汇聚起来。
source:n.来源;水源;原始资料; aggregating:v.总计;合计;(aggregate的现在分词)
The next slide will show what the impact this may have on the range at which whales can communicate. 下一张幻灯片显示这可能对 鲸用于沟通的频率范围的影响。
So here we have the loudness of a call at the whale. 这儿是鲸的叫声的音量。
And as we get farther away, the sound gets fainter and fainter. 当我们里的更远时 声音越来越微弱。
fainter:微弱的;无力的;模糊的(faint的比较级);
Now in the pre-industrial ocean, as we were mentioning, this whale call could be easily detected . 在工业化前的海洋中,正如我们提到的, 鲸的叫声很容易被监听到。
pre-industrial:adj.工业化以前的; detected:v.发现;查明;侦察出;(detect的过去分词和过去式)
It's louder than noise at a range of a thousand kilometers. 在一千公里范围内 叫声比噪音要大。
Let's now take that additional increase in noise that we saw comes from shipping. 现在,考虑到来自船只的 不断增加的噪音。
additional:adj.附加的,额外的;
All of a sudden, the effective range of communication goes from a thousand kilometers to 10 kilometers. 沟通的有效距离突然 从一千公里降至十公里。
effective:adj.有效的,起作用的;实际的,实在的;给人深刻印象;
Now if this signal is used for males and females to find each other for mating and they're dispersed , imagine the impact this could have on the recovery of endangered populations. 如果这些信号是用于雌性和雄性 为交配而相互寻找的话,他们被分割开了, 想象一下这可能对濒危种群的恢复 造成的影响。
mating:n.交尾;交配;v.交配;交尾;使交配;(mate的现在分词) dispersed:adj.散布的;被分散的;被驱散的;v.分散;传播(disperse的过去分词); recovery:n.恢复,复原;痊愈;重获; endangered:v.使遭危险;危及;危害;(endanger的过去分词和过去式)
Whales also have contact calls like I described for the dolphins. 我们也有我所描述过的 海豚用于相互联系叫声。
I'll play the sound of a contact call used by right whales to stay in touch. 我将播放一段露脊鲸 用于保持联系的叫声。
And this is the kind of call that is used by, say, right whale mothers and calves as they separate to come back again. 这是当露脊鲸母鲸与幼仔分离后, 当它们想再次重聚时 用于相互呼唤的叫声。
Now imagine -- let's put the ship noise in the picture. 现在想象一下,如果在其中加入船只的噪音。
What's a mother to do if the ship comes by and her calf isn't there? 如果船只从旁经过, 而它的幼仔并不在身旁,母鲸应该做什么的？
I'll describe a couple strategies . 我将描述几种对策。
strategies:n.策略;行动计划;部署;战略;(strategy的复数)
One strategy is if your call's down here, and the noise is in this band , you could shift the frequency of your call out of the noise band and communicate better. 一个对策是,如果你的叫声在下面这个位置, 而噪音在这个波段内, 你可以改变叫声的频率,摆脱噪音的波段, 以更好的沟通。
strategy:n.策略;行动计划;部署;战略; band:n.带;波段;频带;箍;v.加彩条(或嵌条等);(将价格、收入等)划分档次; shift:n.移动;变化;手段;轮班;v.移动;转变;转换;
Susan Parks of Penn State has actually studied this. 宾夕法尼亚州立大学的苏珊.帕克斯做了相关研究。
She's looked in the Atlantic. Here's data from the South Atlantic. 她把注意力集中在大西洋。这儿是来自南大西洋的数据。
Here's a typical South Atlantic contact call from the '70s. 这是自70年以来典型的南大西洋联系叫声。
Look what happened by 2000 to the average call. 看看到2000年时平均叫声发生了什么变化。
Same thing in the North Atlantic, in the '50s versus 2000. 北大西洋中,对比50年代至2000年数据, 也发生了同样的变化。
versus:prep.对;与...相对;对抗;
Over the last 50 years, as we've put more noise into the oceans, these whales have had to shift. 在过去50年中, 随着我们带入海洋的噪音越来越多, 这些鲸不得不进行变化。
It's as if the whole population had to shift from being basses to singing as a tenor . 这就好像,整个种群不得不 从弹奏贝司变成像男高音那样唱歌。
basses:n.低音提琴(bass复数); tenor:n.男高音;要旨,大意;票据的限期;稳定的进程;adj.男高音的;
It's an amazing shift, induced by humans over this large scale, in both time and space. 这是个令人惊奇的、由人类导致的变化, 这一变化无论在时间上还是空间上 都有很大的跨度。
induced:adj.感应的;诱发型;v.引诱;说服(induce的过去分词);
And we now know that whales can compensate for noise by calling louder, like I did when that ship was playing, by waiting for silence and by shifting their call out of the noise band. 现在我们知道,鲸能够弥补噪音的影响, 通过发出更大的叫声,如我刚才在播放船只的声音时所做的, 通过等待寂静的到来, 和通过改变他们的叫声来摆脱噪音干扰。
compensate:v.补偿,赔偿;抵消; shifting:adj.不断移动的;流动的;v.转移;赶快;快速移动;变换;(shift的现在分词)
Now there's probably costs to calling louder or shifting the frequency away from where you want to be, and there's probably lost opportunities. 对于发出更大的叫声 或者是改变原有叫声的频率可能需要付出些代价。 它们可能会错失良机。
If we also have to wait for silence, they may miss a critical opportunity to communicate. 如果不得不等待寂静到来, 它们也许会错过交流的重要机会。
So we have to be very concerned about when the noise in habitats degrades the habitat enough that the animals either have to pay too much to be able to communicate, or are not able to perform critical functions. 因此我们要非常关注, 当栖息地内的噪音 对栖息地的分隔足以 让动物们不得不付出更多才能沟通 或是它们无法进行某些关键功能。
concerned:adj.有关的;关心的;v.关心;与…有关;(concern的过去时和过去分词) habitats:n.[生态]栖息地;(动植物的)[经]产地(habitat的复数形式); degrades:v.降低…身份;侮使受屈辱;(使)退化;分解;降低;(degrade的第三人称单数) perform:v.表演;执行;履行;演出;工作,运转(好/不好);
It's a really important problem. 这是个非常重要的问题。
And I'm happy to say that there are several very promising developments in this area, looking at the impact of shipping on whales. 我可以很高兴的说,在这一领域中有些 非常有希望的进展, 看看船只对鲸的影响。
In terms of the shipping noise, the International Maritime Organization of the United Nations has formed a group whose job is to establish guidelines for quieting ships, to tell the industry how you could quiet ships. 就船只噪音而言, 联合国国际海事组织 成立了一个组织来建立 船只静音指南, 以此告诉工业界如何让船只静音。
Maritime:adj.海的;海事的;沿海的;海员的; Organization:n.组织;机构;体制;团体; United Nations:n.联合国; establish:v.创立;设立;建立;确立;使立足;查实; guidelines:n.指导方针;参考;
And they've already found that by being more intelligent about better propeller design, you can reduce that noise by 90 percent. 并且他们已经发现, 通过更智能的、更好的螺旋桨设计 就能减少百分之九十的噪音。
intelligent:adj.有才智的;悟性强的;聪明的;有智力的 propeller:n.[航][船]螺旋桨;推进器;
If you actually insulate and isolate the machinery of the ship from the hull , you can reduce that noise by 99 percent. 如果确实地把船壳和船只的机械装置 隔离和分割开, 就能够减少百分之九十九的噪音。
insulate:vt.隔离,使孤立;使绝缘,使隔热; machinery:n.机械;机器;机构;机械装置; hull:n.船体;船身;v.剥去(豌豆、大豆等的)外壳;摘掉(草莓的)花萼;
So at this point, it's primarily an issue of cost and standards . 因此,在这一点上,这是主要是一个成本和标准的问题。
primarily:adv.首先;主要地,根本上; standards:n.标准,水平,规格(standard的复数)
If this group can establish standards, and if the shipbuilding industry adopts them for building new ships, we can now see a gradual decline in this potential problem. 如果这一组织能建立标准, 并且造船业采用这些标准来建造船只, 现在,我们能看到这一潜在的问题 会逐步的下降。
shipbuilding:n.造船;造船业;造船术; adopts:收养;采用; gradual:adj.逐渐的;平缓的;n.弥撒升阶圣歌集;
But there's also another problem from ships that I'm illustrating here, and that's the problem of collision . 但船只还会造成另一个问题,看看这幅图, 碰撞的问题。
illustrating:图解; collision:n.抵触;碰撞(或相撞)事故;
This is a whale that just squeaked by a rapidly moving container ship and avoided collision. 这只鲸勉强躲过了 一艘快速通过的集装箱船,避免了碰撞。
squeaked:v.吱吱叫;尖声说话;勉强通过;侥幸成功;(squeak的过去分词和过去式)
But collision is a serious problem. 但碰撞是个严重的问题。
Endangered whales are killed every year by ship collision, and it's very important to try to reduce this. 每年都有濒危的鲸由于船只的碰撞而死亡。 尝试减少这种情况发生非常重要。
I'll discuss two very promising approaches . 我将讨论一下两个非常有希望的方法。
approaches:v.靠近,接近; n.方式,方法,态度;
The first case comes from the Bay of Fundy. 第一个方法来自芬迪湾。
These black lines mark shipping lanes in and out of the Bay of Fundy. 这些黑线标明了船只 进出芬迪湾的航线。
lanes:n.线路,跑道(lane复数形式);
The colorized area shows the risk of collision for endangered right whales because of the ships moving in this lane. 彩色的区域 表示由于船只在这航道上航行 产生的与濒危露脊鲸发生碰撞的风险。
colorized:adj.彩色的;v.使…变成彩色;给…着色(colorize的过去式);
It turns out that this lane here goes right through a major feeding area of right whales in the summer time , and it makes an area of a significant risk of collision. 原来这条航线 正好穿过夏天露脊鲸的一个主要繁殖区域。 这就使得这区域有很大的碰撞风险。
summer time:na.夏令时(有些国家实行夏时制,将时钟拨快一小时,以节约照明能源); significant:adj.重大的;有效的;有意义的;值得注意的;意味深长的;n.象征;有意义的事物;
Well, biologists who couldn't take no for an answer went to the International Maritime Organization and petitioned them to say, "Can't you move that lane? Those are just lines on the ground. 好的,从不说不的 生物学家们 到国际海事组织 请愿道, “能移动一下那条航线么？这只是些地面上的线条而已。
petitioned:n.请愿;请愿书;祈求;[法]诉状;vi.请愿;请求;vt.请愿;请求;恳求;
Can't you move them over to a place where there's less of a risk?" 能把它们移到 其他风险更小的地方去么？“
And the International Maritime Organization responded very strongly, "These are the new lanes." 而国际海事组织的反应非常有力, ”这些是新航线。“
responded:v.回答,回应;作出反应;响应;反应灵敏;(respond的过去式和过去分词)
The shipping lanes have been moved. 航线已经移动过了。
And as you can see, the risk of collision is much lower. 如你所见,碰撞的风险小了很多。
So it's very promising, actually. 因而这一方法实际上非常有希望。
We can be very creative about thinking of different ways to reduce these risks. 我们能非常有创造性的考虑 减少这些风险的不同方式。
creative:adj.创造性的;
Another action which was just taken independently by a shipping company itself was initiated because of concerns the shipping company had about greenhouse gas emissions with global warming . 另一个方法已经由一家 船运公司独自执行了, 这一方法的启动涉及船运公司 导致全球变暖的温室气体的排放。
independently:adv.独立地;自立地; initiated:v.开始;发起;创始;使了解;传授;吸收;(initiate的过去式和过去分词) concerns:n.关注; v.使关心(concern的三单形式); greenhouse gas:n.温室气体(尤指二氧化碳); emissions:n.(光、热、气等的)发出,排放;排放物;散发物;(emission的复数) global warming:n.全球(气候)变暖;地球大气层变暖;
The Maersk Line looked at their competition and saw that everybody who is in shipping thinks time is money. 马士基航运公司审视他们的竞争者, 看到船运业中所有人都认为:时间就是金钱。
competition:n.竞争;比赛,竞赛;
They rush as fast as they can to get to their port. 他们尽其可能的快速到达港口。
But then they often wait there. 而接着常常在港口等着。
What Maersk did is they worked ways to slow down. 马士基航运公司所做的是:放慢速度。
They could slow down by about 50 percent. 他们会把速度下降一半。
This reduced their fuel consumption by about 30 percent, which saved them money, and at the same time , it had a significant benefit for whales. 这降低了百分之三十的燃油消耗, 节省了费用, 而同时,这对鲸也有很大的好处。
consumption:n.消费;消耗;肺痨; at the same time:同时;另一方面;与此同时;
It you slow down, you reduce the amount of noise you make and you reduce the risk of collision. 如果放慢速度,会减少所产生的噪音 并降低发生碰撞的风险。
So to conclude , I'd just like to point out, you know, the whales live in an amazing acoustic environment. 因此,总结一下,我想指出, 你知道,鲸生活在 令人惊异的声音环境中。
conclude:v.断定:得出结论:终止:达成:缔结(协定)
They've evolved over tens of millions of years to take advantage of this. 它们进化了超过数千万年 来利用环境。
take advantage of:利用;
And we need to be very attentive and vigilant to thinking about where things that we do may unintentionally prevent them from being able to achieve their important activities. 我们要非常小心谨慎的 考虑我们所做的 可能无意中对 它们的重要活动造成阻碍的事。
attentive:adj.留意的,注意的; vigilant:adj.警惕的;警醒的;注意的;警戒的; unintentionally:adv.无意地;非故意地;非存心地;
At the same time, we need to be really creative in thinking of solutions to be able to help reduce these problems. 同时,我们需要真正的创新思考, 关于如何才能帮助减少这些问题的解决方案的创新思考。
I hope these examples have shown some of the different directions we can take in addition to protected areas to be able to keep the ocean safe for whales to be able to continue to communicate. 我希望这些例子展示了 除了设立保护区外 还有一些不同的方向。 通过运用这些办法能够维护一个让鲸能继续沟通的安全的海洋。
in addition to:除…之外;
Thank you very much. 非常感谢。
(Applause) （掌声）