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PekkaHamalainen_LakotaEmpire_2020E-_拉科塔帝国的兴衰_-
In 1776, a powerful empire was born in North America . 1776年,一个强大的帝国 在北美洲诞生。
The Lakotas had reached the Black Hills, the most sacred place and most coveted buffalo hunting grounds in the western plains. 拉科塔人已经到达了布拉克山, 这是西部平原上最神圣的地方, 也是令人垂涎的水牛猎场。
Located in what is now South Dakota , control of the Black Hills, or Paha Sapa, marked the Lakotas as the dominant power in the American West. 坐落在如今的南达科他州, 控制着布拉克山,即帕哈萨帕, 标志着拉科塔人成为 美国西部的主导力量。
North America:n.北美洲; coveted:adj.人人向往的;v.渴望;贪求(covet的过去分词和过去式) buffalo:n.[畜牧][脊椎]水牛;[脊椎]野牛(产于北美);水陆两用坦克; Located:adj.位于; v.确定…的准确地点; (locate的过去分词和过去式) Dakota:n.达科他(美国过去一地区名,现分为南,北达科他州);adj.达科他人的; dominant:adj.显性的;占优势的;支配的,统治的;n.显性;
Just a few decades before, they were vying for power in the eastern woodlands— and losing. 就在几十年前, 他们还在东部林地争夺权力-- 而且正在输着。
One of seven nations, or seven council fires, that made up the Sioux Alliance , the Lakotas had lived in the forests and wetlands between the Great Lakes and the Missouri Valley for centuries. 作为组成苏族联盟的七个民族之一, 拉科塔人几个世纪以来一直生活在 五大湖和密苏里河谷之间的森林和湿地中。
vying:adj.竞争的;v.争夺(vie的现在分词); eastern:adj.东方的;向东的;东部的;东方国家的;n.东方人;东正教信徒; council:n.(市、郡等的)政务委员会;市政(或地方管理)服务机构; Sioux:adj.苏人的;苏语的;n.苏族(印第安人的一族,自称达科他Dakota族); Alliance:n.联盟,联合;联姻; wetlands:n.湿地(wetland的复数形式);沼泽地;塘地; Missouri:n.密苏里(美国州名);
In the 1600s, European colonizers destabilized this region . 在17世纪中,来自欧洲的殖民者 打破了这个地区的稳定
While some tribes profited by trading furs with new France, the Lakotas lived just out of range of the best trade opportunities. 当一些部落从与新法国的 毛皮贸易中获利时, 拉科塔人生活在最佳贸易范围之外。
So in the early 1700s, they turned their attention west. 所以在18世纪早期, 他们将注意力转向了西边。
colonizers:n.殖民者;殖民地开拓者;移入选民;移民; destabilized:v.使(制度、国家、政府等)动摇; (destabilize的过去式和过去分词) region:n.地区;范围;部位; profited:n.利润;利益;vi.获利;有益;vt.有益于;
The western plains were much less fertile and abundant than the Lakotas’ homelands. 西部平原远不及拉科塔人的家乡 来得肥沃和富饶。
The only easy access to food and water was immediately alongside the rivers— land Arikaras had already claimed . 唯一容易获得食物 和水的地方就是河岸-- 一片已经被阿里卡拉人占领的土地。
To compete , the Lakotas became skilled buffalo hunters and warriors on horseback . 为了竞争,拉科塔人 成为了技巧纯熟的水牛猎手 和马背上的战士。
fertile:adj.富饶的,肥沃的;能生育的; abundant:adj.丰富的;充裕的;盛产; claimed:v.宣称;声称;断言;索取;认领;索要(claim的过去分词和过去式) compete:v.竞争;对抗;参加比赛(或竞赛); skilled:adj.熟练的;有技能的;需要技能的; warriors:n.(尤指旧时的)武士,勇士,斗士(warrior的复数) horseback:n.马背;峻峭的山脊;adv.在马背上;adj.性急的;草率的;未经充分考虑的;
They conquered the farming Arikaras, forcing them to pay tributes of maize and squash . 他们打败了农耕的阿里卡拉人, 强迫他们进贡玉米和南瓜。
When the Spanish arrived expecting to find lucrative trading grounds, they had to pay tolls to the Lakotas instead. 当西班牙人来到这里, 期望着找到有利可图的贸易场所时, 他们不得不向拉科塔人支付过路费。
In 1804, a new spectacle came floating up the Missouri River: 在1804年,密苏里河上游 出现了一个新的奇观:
conquered:v.攻克;征服;击败,战胜;控制;(conquer的过去分词和过去式) tributes:n.献礼篇;供品;礼物(tribute的复数); maize:adj.黄色的,玉米色的;n.玉米;黄色,玉米色; squash:v.镇压;使沉默;受挤压;挤入;n.壁球;挤压;咯吱声;南瓜属植物;(英)果汁饮料; lucrative:adj.有利可图的,赚钱的;合算的; tolls:n.通行费; vt.征收通行税; spectacle:n.景象;场面;奇观;壮观;公开展示;表相,假相n.(复)眼镜;
Merriwether Lewis and William Clark. 梅里韦瑟·刘易斯和威廉·克拉克。
Lakota chief Black Buffalo refused to let them pass until they paid a hefty tribute. 拉科塔酋长黑水牛拒绝让他们通过, 除非缴纳大量的贡品。
In spite of this rocky start, the expedition marked the beginning of a close trade alliance between the Lakotas and the United States. 尽管这是一个坎坷的开始, 但这次远征标志着 拉科塔人与美国之间 紧密贸易联盟关系的开始。
Lakota men hunted buffalo, while women processed the hides into robes for trade. 拉科塔男人捕猎水牛,而妇女则将水牛皮 加工成长袍用于交易。
hefty:adj.重的;肌肉发达的;异常大的;adv.强有力地;非常;n.体格健壮的人; In spite of:尽管;不管,不顾; rocky:adj.岩石的;多岩石的;困难的;难以维持的; expedition:n.远征;探险队;迅速; United:adj.联合的; v.联合,团结; (unite的过去分词和过去式) processed:v.加工,处理;审核;列队行进;(process的过去式和过去分词) robes:n.长袍;礼服;v.(使)穿上长袍,礼服等(robe的第三人称单数);
The US government supplied guns, ammunition , and other goods, even providing Lakotas with smallpox vaccines that protected them from the deadly epidemics that ravaged other Native American nations. 美国政府提供枪支、弹药和其他物品。 甚至为拉科塔人提供了天花疫苗, 保护他们不受肆虐其他 美洲原住民民族的致命流行病的影响。
On paper, the United States had acquired the Lakotas’ lands from France in the Louisiana Purchase . 理论上,美国通过 购买路易斯安那州从法国 获得了拉科塔族人的土地。
But the Lakotas would not cede their lands because of an agreement between two foreign powers. 但是拉科塔人不会因为 两个外国势力之间的协议 而放弃他们的土地。
ammunition:n.弹药;军火;v.装弹药于;装弹药; smallpox:n.[内科]天花; vaccines:n.[药][计]疫苗; deadly:adj.致命的;非常的;死一般的;adv.非常;如死一般地; epidemics:n.流行病;蔓延(epidemic的复数);时疫; ravaged:v.毁坏;损坏;严重损害;(ravage的过去分词和过去式) Native American:n.美洲土著居民; acquired:adj.习得的; v.获得; (acquire的过去分词和过去式) Louisiana:n.美国路易斯安那州; Purchase:n.购买;采购;购买的东西;购买项目;v.购买;采购; cede:v.割让;让给;转让;
Though there were 15,000 Lakotas and 23 million Americans, the bulk of US population and military might was concentrated on the east coast. 虽然有1.5万拉科塔人 和2300万美国人, 但美国的大部分人口和军事力量 都集中在东海岸。
Just getting an army to Lakota territory presented a huge expense , and once there they would face formidable warriors with deep local knowledge and alliances . 仅仅是把军队派到拉科塔的领地 就需要巨大的花费, 而且一旦到达那里,他们将面对对当地有深刻了解 并有联盟的可怕战士。
bulk:n.大部分;主体;(大)体积;大(量);v.扩展;增大;堆积起来;形成大块; military:adj.军事的;军人的;适于战争的;n.军队;军人; concentrated:adj.决心要做的; v.集中(注意力); (concentrate的过去式和过去分词) territory:n.领土,领域;范围;地域;版图; expense:n.费用;开支;花费;开销; formidable:adj.强大的;可怕的;令人敬畏的;艰难的; alliances:n.联盟,同盟;盟国(alliance的复数形式);联姻;
To avoid a war it couldn’t afford and wouldn’t win, the US government attempted to appease the Lakotas, paying steep tributes of ammunition and rations demanded by Lakota leaders. 为了避免一场它负担不起 也赢不了的战争, 美国政府试图安抚拉科塔人, 按照拉科塔人领导人的要求, 向他们提供了大量的弹药和口粮。
So while almost all the Native Americans in North America were being forced off their lands and onto reservations , the Lakota Empire was still expanding . 因此,当几乎所有北美印第安人 被迫离开自己的土地,搬到保留地时, 拉科塔帝国仍在扩张。
By 1850, they controlled some 500,000 square kilometers. 到1850年,他们控制了 大约50万平方公里。
afford:v.给予,提供;买得起; attempted:adj.未遂的;v.努力;尝试;试图;(attempt的过去分词和过去式) appease:vt.使平息;使满足;使和缓;对…让步; steep:adj.陡峭的;不合理的;夸大的;急剧升降的;v.泡;浸;使…充满;n.峭壁;浸渍; rations:n.给养(ration的复数); v.[经管]定量供应; reservations:n.保留;预定(reservation的复数形式); expanding:v.扩大,增加,增强细谈;详述;(expand的现在分词)
They were spread thinly across this vast area, moving their villages in pursuit of Buffalo. 他们分散在这片广阔的土地上, 为了追赶水牛而迁移他们的村庄。
Though there was no central authority , the leaders of bands , or oyates, came together at annual Sun Dances to strategize and coordinate complex diplomatic operations. 尽管他们没有中央权威机构, 但部落的领导们,或称为奥亚茨, 在每年的太阳舞会上聚集在一起, 制定战略并协调复杂的外交行动。
thinly:adv.薄;稀疏地;细;瘦; in pursuit of:寻求,追求; authority:n.权威;权力;当局; bands:n.乐队;法官; annual:n.年报;年鉴;年刊;adj.每年的;年度的;一年的; strategize:v.战略化;战略构想; coordinate:n.坐标; v.协调; adj.同等的; complex:adj.复杂的;合成的;n.复合体;综合设施; diplomatic:adj.外交的;从事外交的;有手腕的;灵活变通的;
Lasting a few weeks each summer, 每年夏天都要持续几周的太阳舞会
Sun Dances were spiritual ceremonies that reaffirmed communal ties, appeased Wakan Tanka, the Great Spirit, and kept the world in balance. 是一种精神仪式,它重申了社区关系, 安抚了瓦坎坦卡,也就是伟大的灵魂, 并使世界保持和平。
Starting in 1849, the California gold rush brought hordes of white settlers west, encroaching on Lakota territory and disturbing the buffalo herds . 从1849年开始,加州的淘金热潮 将大批白人移民带到西部, 侵占了拉科塔的领土, 扰乱了野牛群。
Lakota leaders correctly interpreted this migration as a signal that the US no longer intended to respect their claim to the land. 拉科塔领导人正确地将这次迁移理解为 美国不再打算尊重他们 对土地的要求的信号。
spiritual:n.圣歌(尤指美国南部黑人的);adj.精神的,心灵的; reaffirmed:vt.再肯定,重申;再断言; communal:adj.公共的;公社的; appeased:vt.使平息;使满足;使和缓;对…让步; gold rush:n.淘金热; hordes:n.游牧部落;一大群(horde的复数);v.成群结队(horde的第三人称单数); settlers:n.移民;殖民者;(settler的复数) encroaching:adj.渐渐渗入的; disturbing:adj.引起烦恼的;令人不安的;v.打扰;干扰;搅乱;使不安;(disturb的现在分词) herds:n.畜群;大量(herd的复数);人群;v.聚在一起;结交(herd的三单形式); interpreted:v.诠释;说明;把…理解为;领会;口译;(interpret的过去式和过去分词) migration:n.迁移;迁徙;转移;移居; intended:adj.预定的;计划的;v.打算;计划;想要;(intend的过去分词和过去式)
In retaliation , they attacked wagon trains and government offices. 为了报复,他们袭击了马车队 和政府办公室。
As the conflict grew, Chief Red Cloud negotiated in Washington DC. 随着冲突的加剧, 红云酋长在华盛顿进行了谈判。
While back in Lakota territory, chiefs Sitting Bull , Crazy Horse, and others prepared for battle. 与此同时,在拉科塔地区里, 坐牛酋长、疯马酋长和其他人 准备战斗。
retaliation:n.报复;反击;回敬; wagon:n.(铁路)货车车厢; v.用运货马车[货车,手推车等]运送; conflict:n.冲突;矛盾;争执;抵触;v.抵触; negotiated:adj.商谈的;v.谈判,协商(negotiate过去式和过去分词形式); Bull:n.废话;公牛;彪形大汉;v.大量买进以期抬高价格;吓唬;
They mobilized their Cheyenne and Arapaho allies and almost all the other Sioux nations against the US. 他们动员夏安族和阿拉帕霍族盟友 以及几乎所有苏族联盟对抗美国。
In 1876, exactly 100 years after the Lakotas’ arrival, gold prospectors occupied the sacred Black Hills. 1876年,也就是拉科塔人到来 整整100年后, 淘金者占领了神圣的布拉克山。
For many Lakotas, this was the final straw . 对许多拉科塔人来说, 这是压垮他们的最后一根稻草。
mobilized:v.组织;动员;调动;调用;(mobilize的过去式和过去分词) Cheyenne:n.(地名)(美国,怀俄明州)夏延; allies:n.盟友,支持者:v.与…结盟(ally的第三人称单数和复数) prospectors:n.[地质]勘探者;探矿者(prospector的复数形式); occupied:adj.被占领的; v.占用; (occupy的过去分词和过去式) straw:n.稻草; adj.稻草的;
Following a vision by Sitting Bull, Crazy Horse led Lakota forces to decisively defeat the Americans in the Battle of the Little Bighorn . 在坐牛酋长的愿景下, 疯马酋长带领拉科塔部队 在小大角战役中果断击败了美国人。
After this victory, the Lakotas faced an even graver threat: wagon travel and railroad construction had decimated buffalo populations, and they faced starvation . 这场胜利之后,拉科塔人 面临着更严重的威胁: 货车行驶和铁路建设 使水牛的数量减少, 他们面临着饥饿。
vision:n.视力;美景;幻象;想象力;v.想象;显现;梦见; decisively:adv.果断地;决然地; Bighorn:n.大角羊; graver:n.雕刻刀,雕刻师; construction:n.建设;建筑物;解释;造句; decimated:v.摧毁;大幅度下降(decimate的过去式及过去分词); starvation:n.饿死;挨饿;绝食;
To survive, they moved on to reservations, where US officials murdered Sitting Bull and Crazy Horse and attempted to dismantle their culture, prohibiting the Sun Dance on reservations. 为了生存,他们搬到了保留地, 在那里,美国官员谋杀了坐牛和疯马, 并试图摧毁他们的文化, 禁止太阳舞会在保留地举行。
The Lakotas started a protest movement called the Ghost Dance. 拉科塔人发起了一场名为 “幽灵之舞”的抗议运动。
Alarmed by this resistance , in 1890, the US Army massacred hundreds of Lakotas, many of them women and children, at Wounded Knee Creek . 这次抵抗引起了美国军队的警觉,于1890年, 美军在伤膝河屠杀了数百名拉科塔人, 其中很多是妇女和儿童。
dismantle:v.拆开,拆卸;(逐渐)废除,取消; prohibiting:v.禁止(prohibit的ing形式); protest:n.抗议;抗议书(或行动);反对;v.(公开)反对;抗议;申辩; Ghost:n.鬼,幽灵;v.作祟于;替…捉刀;为人代笔; resistance:n.电阻;抵抗;阻力;抗力; massacred:vt.残杀;彻底击败;n.大屠杀;惨败; Wounded:adj.受伤的; n.伤员; v.使受伤; (wound的过去分词和过去式) Creek:n.小溪;小湾;
Today, Lakotas continue to fight for their culture and their land. 今天,拉科塔人继续为 他们的文化和土地而战。
In 2016, they drew supporters worldwide to protest construction of the Dakota Access Pipeline through their reservation, continuing a long history of resistance to a government known for breaking its promises. 2016年,他们吸引了 世界各地的支持者, 抗议修建会穿过他们保留地的 达科他输油管道, 延续了他们对一个 以违背承诺而闻名的政府 长期以来的抵抗历史。
supporters:n.拥护者;(运动队的)支持者;(supporter的复数) worldwide:adj.全世界的;adv.在世界各地;