返回首页

PaulZak_2011G-_信任，道德_和_催产素_
Is there anything unique about human beings? 人类有没有什么独特之处？
unique:adj.独特的,稀罕的;[数]唯一的;n.独一无二的人或物;
There is. 有。
We're the only creatures with fully developed moral sentiments . 我们是唯一 具备完善的道德情感的生物。
creatures:n.生物;动物;(具有某种特征的)人(creature的复数) moral:n.寓意;品行;教益;adj.道德的;道义上的;道德上的;品行端正的; sentiments:n.观点,看法;情绪;伤感,柔情,哀伤;(sentiment的复数)
We're obsessed with morality as social creatures. 作为一种社会种群,我们浑身上下都充斥着道德的影子。
obsessed:v.使痴迷;使迷恋;使着迷;(obsess的过去式和过去分词) morality:n.道德;品行,美德;
We need to know why people are doing what they're doing. 我们需要知道为什么人们做一件事,还有他们正在做什么。
And I personally am obsessed with morality. 我个人对道德很感兴趣。
personally:adv.个人;亲自;本人;就本人而言;
It was all due to this woman, 一切都是因为这个女人,
Sister Mary Marastela, also known as my mom. 修女Mary Marastela, 同时也是我的母亲。
As an altar boy , I breathed in a lot of incense , and I learned to say phrases in Latin , but I also had time to think about whether my mother's top-down morality applied to everybody. 我是一个在香火缭绕的神台旁长大的男孩, 我会用拉丁文说一些短语, 但我有时会想 我妈妈的那套自上而下的道德标准 是不是适用于所有人。
altar boy:n.辅祭(宗教礼仪中的辅助男童,尤见于天主教); incense:vt.向…焚香;使…发怒;n.香;奉承;vi.焚香; Latin:adj.拉丁语的;用拉丁语写成的;n.拉丁语; top-down:adj.[计]自顶向下;组织管理严密的; applied:adj.应用的;实用的;v.应用;使用;申请,请求;(apply的过去分词和过去式)
I saw that people who were religious and non-religious were equally obsessed with morality. 我发现无论是信神的或者不信的人, 都对道德很感兴趣。
religious:adj.宗教的;虔诚的;严谨的;修道的;n.修道士;尼姑;
I thought, maybe there's some earthly basis for moral decisions. 我觉得有关道德的决定 可能是建立在某些更本质的基础上。
earthly:adj.地球的;尘世的;可能的;
But I wanted to go further than to say our brains make us moral. 但是我想做更深一步了解 而不仅仅满足于“大脑让我们有道德”这种说法。
I want to know if there's a chemistry of morality. 我想知道是不是存在一种道德的化学物质。
I want to know if there was a moral molecule . 我想知道 是不是有道德分子。
molecule:n.[化学]分子;微小颗粒,微粒;
After 10 years of experiments, 经历了10年的实验,
I found it. 我找到了道德分子。
Would you like to see it? I brought some with me. 你们想看么？我带了一些过来。
This little syringe contains the moral molecule. 这个小的针筒 里面有道德分子。
syringe:n.(皮下)注射器;吸管;v.用注射器清洗(耳朵);
(Laughter) 笑声
It's called oxytocin . 它叫做催产素。
oxytocin:n.[药]催产素;缩宫素;脑下垂体后叶荷尔蒙之一种;
So oxytocin is a simple and ancient molecule found only in mammals . 催产素是一种简单并且古老的分子, 只有在哺乳动物中才能发现。
mammals:n.哺乳动物;(mammal的复数)
In rodents , it was known to make mothers care for their offspring , and in some creatures, allowed for toleration of burrowmates. 在啮齿动物中, 催产素促使妈妈照顾它们的幼崽, 在一些动物中, 催产素让它们彼此之间称兄道弟。
rodents:n.啮齿动物,啮齿类; offspring:n.后代,子孙;产物; toleration:n.宽容,忍受,默认;耐受性;
But in humans, it was only known to facilitate birth and breastfeeding in women, and is released by both sexes during sex. 但是在人类体内, 催产素已知的作用仅局限于促进女性生育和哺乳的能力, 以及在性交过程中,双方都释放催产素。
facilitate:vt.促进;帮助;使容易; breastfeeding:n.母乳哺育;v.用母乳喂养(breastfeed的现在分词); released:v.释放;使免除;已发布;(release的过去分词和过去式)
So I had this idea that oxytocin might be the moral molecule. 所以我有这个想法:催产素可能是道德分子。
I did what most of us do -- I tried it on some colleagues . 我做了很多人都会做的事情:我用一些我的同事做试验。
colleagues:n.同事;同行(colleague的复数);
One of them told me, "Paul, that is the world's stupidist idea. 其中一个告诉我, “Paul, 这是世界上最愚蠢的想法,”
It is," he said, "only a female molecule. 他说,“催产素只是一种女性分子,
female:adj.女性的;雌性的;柔弱的,柔和的;n.女人;[动]雌性动物;
It can't be that important." 它不重要。”
But I countered, "Well men's brains make this too. 但是我反驳说,男性的脑子里同样产生这个。
There must be a reason why." 这其中肯定有原因。”
But he was right, it was a stupid idea. 但是他是正确的,这确实是个愚蠢的想法。
But it was testably stupid. 但是只是在经过试验后。
In other words, I thought I could design an experiment to see if oxytocin made people moral. 换句话说,我觉得我可以设计一个试验, 关于催产素是否可以让人们变得更道德。
Turns out it wasn't so easy. 结果发现这个试验不是很简单。
First of all , oxytocin is a shy molecule. 首先,催产素很害羞。
First of all:adv.首先;
Baseline levels are near zero, without some stimulus to cause its release. 分泌量接近0, 如果没有任何刺激促进它分泌的话。
Baseline:n.基线;底线; stimulus:n.刺激;激励;刺激物;
And when it's produced, it has a three-minute half-life , and degrades rapidly at room temperature . 一旦产生,它只有3分钟的半衰期, 在室温下,它衰减很快。
half-life:n.[核]半衰期; degrades:v.降低…身份;侮使受屈辱;(使)退化;分解;降低;(degrade的第三人称单数) room temperature:室温;
So this experiment would have to cause a surge of oxytocin, have to grab it fast and keep it cold. 所以这个试验必须产生大量催产素。 同时迅速探测到它,并且用低温冷藏它。
surge:n.汹涌;大浪,波涛;汹涌澎湃;巨涌;v.汹涌;起大浪,蜂拥而来; grab:v.攫取;霸占;将…深深吸引;n.攫取;霸占;夺取之物;
I think I can do that. 我觉得我可以做到。
Now luckily, oxytocin is produced both in the brain and in the blood, so I could do this experiment without learning neurosurgery . 幸运的是, 催产素在脑子和血液里都会被产生。 所以我可以不用学习神经外科就可以做这个试验。
neurosurgery:n.[外科]神经外科;
Then I had to measure morality. 接下来我必须测量道德。
So taking on Morality with a capital M is a huge project. 把整个道德转变为一个M变量,是个很艰巨的工作。
So I started smaller. 所以我从小处开始。
I studied one single virtue : trustworthiness . 我仅研究一种美德: 信任感。
virtue:n.美德;优点;贞操;功效; trustworthiness:n.可信赖;确实性;
Why? I had shown in the early 2000s that countries with a higher proportion of trustworthy people are more prosperous . 为什么呢？我在2000年发现, 一个国家,信赖度高的民众的比例越高, 就更繁荣。
proportion:n.比例;部分;份额;均衡;v.摊派;使相称; trustworthy:adj.可靠的;可信赖的; prosperous:adj.繁荣的;兴旺的;
So in these countries, more economic transactions occur and more wealth is created, alleviating poverty . 在这些国家,进行着更多的贸易, 因而产生更多的财富, 减轻贫困。
economic:adj.经济的,经济上的;经济学的; transactions:n.处理,[图情]会报;汇报(transaction复数); occur:v.发生;出现;存在于;出现在; wealth:n.财富;大量;富有; alleviating:缓解; poverty:n.贫困;困难;缺少;低劣;
So poor countries are by and large low trust countries. 所以贫困的国家通常是低信任度的国家。
by and large:大体上,总的来说;
So if I understood the chemistry of trustworthiness, 如果我能理解信任度的秘密,
I might help alleviate poverty. 我也许能帮助消除贫困。
alleviate:v.减轻,缓和;
But I'm also a skeptic . 但我同时持怀疑态度。
skeptic:n.怀疑论者;怀疑者;无神论者;sceptic(英);
I don't want to just ask people, "Are you trustworthy?" 我不想仅仅问人,“你值得信赖么？”
So instead I use the Jerry McGuire approach to research. 所以我改用 Jerry Maguire的研究方法。
approach:n.方法;路径;v.接近;建议;着手处理;
If you're so virtuous , show me the money. 如果你太高尚了, 那就给我钱吧！
virtuous:adj.善良的;有道德的;贞洁的;正直的;有效力的;
So what we do in my lab is we tempt people with virtue and vice by using money. 所以在我的实验室里, 我们用道德和金钱引诱人们。
tempt:vt.诱惑;引起;冒…的风险;使感兴趣; vice:n.恶习;缺点;[机]老虎钳;卖淫;prep.代替;v.钳住;adj.副的;代替的;
Let me show you how we do that. 让我来解释一下我们是如何做的。
So we recruit some people for an experiment. 我们召集一些人来做实验。
recruit:n.新兵; v.吸收(新成员); (通过招募)组成;
They all get $10 if they agree to show up. 他们只要来,就能得到10块钱。
We give them lots of instruction, and we never ever deceive them. 我们给他们很多很多指示,我们从未误导他们。
deceive:v.欺骗;蒙骗;诓骗;欺骗(自己);
Then we match them in pairs by computer. 然后我们用电脑对他们进行配对。
And in that pair, one person gets a message saying, "Do you want to give up some of your $10 you earned for being here and ship it to someone else in the lab?" 每一对中,有一个人会收到一条信息说, “你是否愿意放弃 你所得的10块钱的一部分, 把它送给这个实验室里的另一个人？”
The trick is you can't see them, you can't talk to them. 有趣的是,你不能看到任何人, 也不能和任何人说话。
You only do it one time. 你只需要做一次选择。
Now whatever you give up gets tripled in the other person's account. 你所放弃的这部分, 会翻3倍出现在另一个人的账户里。
tripled:adj.三倍的;三方的;n.三倍数;三个一组;vi.增至三倍;vt.使成三倍;
You're going to make them a lot wealthier. 你将使他们一下子富裕很多。
And they get a message by computer saying person one sent you this amount of money. 他们将会收到另一条消息说, 有一个人愿意分给你这么多钱,
Do you want to keep it all, or do you want to send some amount back? 你是否愿意全部留着, 或者你愿意归还一部分？
So think about this experiment for minute. 所以我们来回想一下整个实验。
You're going to sit on these hard chairs for an hour and a half. 你坐在硬板凳上足足1个半小时。
Some mad scientist is going to jab your arm with a needle and take four tubes of blood. 一些疯狂的科学家想把针管捅进你的胳膊, 抽出四大管儿血样。
needle:n.针;针头;指针;缝针;v.穿过;刺激;拿针缝;拿针穿;
And now you want me to give up this money and ship it to a stranger? 你竟然希望我放弃一部分钱,并且送给一个陌生人？
So this was the birth of vampire economics. 由此诞生了吸血鬼经济学。
vampire:n.吸血鬼;[脊椎]吸血蝙蝠;
Make a decision and give me some blood. 做一个决定,给我一点血。
So in fact, experimental economists had run this test around the world, and for much higher stakes , and the consensus view was that the measure from the first person to the second was a measure of trust, 所以实际上,实验经济学家 在世界各地进行这样的实验, 不惜牺牲大量的资金, 并且一致的观点是, 第一个人转给待第二个人的资金数额测量了信任,
experimental:adj.实验的;根据实验的;试验性的; stakes:n.桩; v.以…打赌,拿…冒险; consensus:n.一致;舆论;合意;
and the transfer from the second person back to the first measured trustworthiness. 而第二个人转给第一个人的资金数额 则测量了可信赖度。
transfer:n.转移;调任;调离;[体]转会球员;v.调任;调走;转学;转移; second person:n.第二人称; measured:adj.缓慢谨慎的; v.测量; (measure的过去分词和过去式)
But in fact, economists were flummoxed on why the second person would ever return any money. 事实上,让经济学家十分困惑的是, 第二个人怎么会选择归还一个子儿？
flummoxed:adj.困惑的;v.使混乱(flummox的过去式);
They assumed money is good, why not keep it all? 他们假设钱是一种好的商品, 那又为什么不留着呢？
assumed:adj.假定的;假设的;v.假定;假设;认为;承担;(assume的过去分词和过去式)
That's not what we found. 我们的实验结果表明,
We found 90 percent of the first decision-makers sent money, and of those who received money, 95 percent returned some of it. 90%的人选择分享所得的报酬, 那些接纳者中, 95%的人选择归还一部分。
But why? 但这又是为什么？
Well by measuring oxytocin we found that the more money the second person received, the more their brain produced oxytocin, and the more oxytocin on board, the more money they returned. 通过测量催产素水平, 我们发现,第二个人收到的钱越多, 他们的大脑生产催产素就越卖力, 而催产素水平越高, 他们归还的钱就越多。
So we have a biology of trustworthiness. 因此我们获得了可信赖度的生理机制。
biology:n.(一个地区全部的)生物;生物学;
But wait. What's wrong with this experiment? 但是等等。这个实验有什么不对的地方吗？
Two things. 有两点。
One is that nothing in the body happens in isolation. 第一,人体中没有一个现象是独立发生的。
So we measured nine other molecules that interact with oxytocin, but they didn't have any effect. 为此我们测量了另外九种与催产素存在相互作用的分子, 这些分子被证实,对实验没有任何影响。
molecules:n.[化学]分子,微粒;[化学]摩尔(molecule的复数); interact:v.互相影响;互相作用;n.幕间剧;幕间休息;
But the second is that I still only had this indirect relationship between oxytocin and trustworthiness. 然而第二点, 即,我目前只掌握了 催产素与可信赖度的间接关系。
indirect:adj.间接的;迂回的;非直截了当的;
I didn't know for sure oxytocin caused trustworthiness. 我并不能百分百地确定 是催产素直接导致可信赖度的产生。
So to make the experiment, 因此为了完善这个实验,
I knew I'd have to go into the brain and manipulate oxytocin directly . 我明白我必须进入大脑, 并且直接操纵催产素。
manipulate:vt.操纵;操作;巧妙地处理;篡改; directly:adv.直接地;立即;马上;正好地;坦率地;conj.一…就;
I used everything short of a drill to get oxytocin into my own brain. 我绞尽脑汁, 尝试把催产素搞进了我自己的脑袋。
And I found I could do it with a nasal inhaler . 我发现, 我可以通过鼻腔吸入催产素。
nasal:adj.鼻的;鼻音的;n.鼻骨;鼻音;鼻音字; inhaler:n.[临床]吸入器;空气过滤器;吸入者;
So along with colleagues in Zurich, we put 200 men on oxytocin or placebo , had that same trust test with money, and we found that those on oxytocin not only showed more trust, we can more than double the number of people who sent all their money to a stranger -- all without altering mood or cognition . 于是我和苏黎世的同事们一起, 我们对200位实验者使用催产素,或安慰剂, 进行与之前完全相同的金钱及信任度测试, 我们发现,被使用催产素的测试者,不仅表现出更强的信任度, 我们更是让愿意把钱给陌生人的人数 翻了一倍 -- 所有人的情绪及认知,都没有任何变动。
placebo:n.安慰剂;为死者所诵的晚祷词; altering:n.变更;v.变更(alter的现在分词); mood:n.情绪,语气;心境;气氛; cognition:n.认识;知识;认识能力;
So oxytocin is the trust molecule, but is it the moral molecule? 由此我们确认,催产素就是信任分子。 但它是否是道德分子？
Using the oxytocin inhaler, we ran more studies. 我们使用催产素吸入装置, 进行了更多的实验。
We showed that oxytocin infusion increases generosity in unilateral monetary transfers by 80 percent. 我们发现吸入催产素 会增加人的慷慨程度, 在单向的金钱往来中, 人们的慷慨程度增加了80%。
infusion:n.灌输;浸泡;注入物;激励; generosity:n.慷慨,大方;宽宏大量; unilateral:adj.单边的;[植]单侧的;单方面的;单边音;(父母)单系的; monetary:adj.货币的;财政的; transfers:n.[电子][计]传输(tansfer的复数); v.[计]转移;
We showed it increases donations to charity by 50 percent. 我们发现它同时也使 慈善捐赠增加了50%。
donations:n.捐赠物;捐赠;赠送;(donation的复数) charity:n.慈善;施舍;慈善团体;宽容;施舍物;
We've also investigated non-pharmacologic ways to raise oxytocin. 我们也对 非药理方式提高催产素水平进行了探索。
investigated:v.侦查;调查;研究;(investigate的过去分词和过去式)
These include massage , dancing and praying. 包括按摩, 跳舞以及祈祷。
massage:v.按摩;推拿;用…揉擦(皮肤,头发等);美化(事实);n.按摩;
Yes, my mom was happy about that last one. 没错,我妈妈对最后一项特别满意。
And whenever we raise oxytocin, people willingly open up their wallets and share money with strangers. 而且,无论何时我们提高了催产素的水平, 人们都变得更乐意打开他们的钱包, 与陌生人分享他们的钞票。
willingly:adv.欣然地;愿意地,乐意地;
But why do they do this? 但是为什么他们会这样呢？
What does it feel like when your brain is flooded with oxytocin? 当你的大脑荡漾着满满的了催产素的时候, 到底是什么感觉呢？
To investigate this question, we ran an experiment where we had people watch a video of a father and his four year-old son, and his son has terminal brain cancer . 为了探索这个问题,我们又进行了一个实验。 在这个试验中,我们让参与者看一个短片, 有关一位父亲和他四岁的儿子, 儿子身患致命的脑癌。
terminal:n.终端;航站楼;终端机;航空终点站;adj.晚期的;不治的;致命的;患绝症的; cancer:n.癌症;恶性肿瘤;
After they watched the video, we had them rate their feelings and took blood before and after to measure oxytocin. 在看完短片后,我们让参与者评估了他们的感受, 并在看短片前后分别采血检测了催产素水平。
The change in oxytocin predicted their feelings of empathy . 催产素水平的变化, 完美地预示了参与者同情感的变化。
predicted:v.预言;预告;预报;(predict的过去分词和过去式) empathy:n.神入;移情作用;执着;
So it's empathy that makes us connect to other people. 正是这种同情, 让我们与其他人紧密相连。
It's empathy that makes us help other people. 是同情让我们去帮助他人。
It's empathy that makes us moral. 是同情让我们变得有道德感。
Now this idea is not new. 这个想法并非最近才提出来的。
A then unknown philosopher named Adam Smith wrote a book in 1759 called "The Theory of Moral Sentiments." 哲学家Adam Smith在1759年, 写了一本书,当时他还未声名大噪。 书名为《道德情操论》。
philosopher:n.哲学家;深思的人;善于思考的人;
In this book, Smith argued that we are moral creatures, not because of a top-down reason, but for a bottom-up reason. 在这本书中,史密斯谈到, 我们之所以成为有道德感的生物,并非因为某些自上而下的原因, 而恰恰是因为一个自下而上的原因。
bottom-up:adj.[计]自底向上的;从细节到总体的;
He said we're social creatures, so we share the emotions of others. 他认为我们都是社会性的生物, 因此我们分享他人的情感。
emotions:n.强烈的感情;激情;情感;(emotion的复数)
So if I do something that hurts you, I feel that pain. 所以如果我做了一些伤害你的事,我会感到痛苦。
So I tend to avoid that. 所以我才会希望能避免这类事的发生。
If I do something that makes you happy, I get to share your joy. 如果我做了一些让你快乐的事,我也会分享你的快乐。
So I tend to do those things. 所以我会更愿意去做这类事。
Now this is the same Adam Smith who, 17 years later, would write a little book called "The Wealth of Nations" -- the founding document of economics. 就是这位Adam, Smith,17年后 写了一本小书,叫《国富论》- 堪称经济学的奠基之作。
But he was, in fact, a moral philosopher, and he was right on why we're moral. 但是实际上,他是一位道德哲学家, 他关于我们为何有道德的论点,是正确的。
I just found the molecule behind it. 而我发现的正是这个理论背后的分子。
But knowing that molecule is valuable , because it tells us how to turn up this behavior and what turns it off. 现在我们了解了这种分子的价值, 其价值在于它告诉我们如何激发这类行为, 以及如何关闭。
valuable:adj.有价值的;贵重的;可估价的;n.贵重物品;
In particular , it tells us why we see immorality . 尤其是,它告诉我们 为什么我们会看到不道德的存在。
In particular:尤其,特别; immorality:n.不道德;无道义;伤风败俗的行为;
So to investigate immorality, let me bring you back now to 1980. 因此为了探索不道德, 让我带你们回到1980年。
I'm working at a gas station on the outskirts of Santa Barbara, California. 我当时在一间加油站工作, 在加州Santa Barbara的郊区。
gas station:n.(汽车)加油站; outskirts:n.郊区;市郊;(市镇的)边缘地带;(outskirt的复数)
You sit in a gas station all day, you see lots of morality and immorality, let me tell you. 你一整天都坐在加油站里, 我告诉你们,你将看到大量道德的、以及不道德的存在。
So one Sunday afternoon, a man walks into my cashier's booth with this beautiful jewelry box. 一个周日的下午,一个男人走进我的收费亭, 他手上拿着一个精美的珠宝盒。
Opens it up and there's a pearl necklace inside. 打开盒子,里面是一串珍珠项链。
pearl:n.珍珠; v.使成小圆粒; adj.珍珠(制)的; necklace:n.项链;
And he said, "Hey, I was in the men's room. 他说,“嗨,我刚在男洗手间,
I just found this. What do you think we should do with it?" 发现了这个。你觉得我们该怎么处理它？”
'"I don't know, put it in the lost and found ." “我不知道,交到遗失物品柜台去吧。”
lost and found:n.失物招领处;
'"Well this is very valuable. “这玩意儿一定很值钱。
We have to find the owner for this." I said, "Yea." 我们必须找到失主,”我说,“是吧。”
So we're trying to decide what to do with this, and the phone rings. 于是我们一起商量该怎么处理它, 就在这时,电话响了。
And a man says very excitedly , "I was in your gas station a while ago, and I bought this jewelry for my wife, and I can't find it." 一个男人很激动地说, 我刚才在你们的加油站, 我刚给我的妻子买了一个首饰,可是我现在找不到了。”
excitedly:adv.兴奋地;激动地;
I said, "Pearl necklace?" "Yeah." 我说,“是珍珠项链吗？”“没错。”
'"Hey, a guy just found it." “刚才一位先生找到了它。”
'"Oh, you're saving my life. Here's my phone number. “噢,你真是救了我的命！这是我的电话号码。
Tell that guy to wait half an hour. 请告诉那位先生,等我半个小时。
I'll be there and I'll give him a $200 reward ." 我会赶回去给他200美金的报酬。”
reward:n.[劳经]报酬;报答;酬谢;v.[劳经]奖励;奖赏;
Great, so I tell the guy, "Look, relax . 棒极了,于是我告诉那位先生,“看吧,放松。
relax:v.放松,休息;松懈,松弛;变从容;休养;
Get yourself a fat reward. Life's good." 你刚赢得了一份大奖。生活多美好。”
He said, "I can't do it. 他说,“我恐怕没办法做到了。
I have this job interview in Galena in 15 minutes, and I need this job, I've got to go." 我15分钟后在Galena有一个面试, 我真的需要这份工作,我得走了。”
interview:n.接见,采访;面试,面谈;v.采访;接见;对…进行面谈; Galena:n.[矿物]方铅矿;硫化铅;
Again he asked me, "What do you think we should do?" 他再一次问我,“你觉得我们该怎么做？”
I'm in high school. I have no idea . 我当时还在高中。我一头雾水。
I have no idea:我没有头绪…;
So I said, "I'll hold it for you." 我说,“我帮你拿着吧。”
He said, "You know, you've been so nice, let's split the reward." 他说,“你知道吗,你这么好,我们平分那份奖励吧。”
split:v.分离;使分离;劈开;离开;分解;n.劈开;裂缝;adj.劈开的;
I'll give you the jewelry, you give me a hundred dollars, and when the guy comes ... " 我把项链给你,你给我100美金, 那个人来的时候……”
You see it. I was conned . 你看到了。我被陷害了。
conned:v.欺骗,哄骗,诈骗(con的过去分词和过去式)
So this is a classic con called the pigeon drop, and I was the pigeon. 这就是所谓的经典的“鸽子洞”（pigeon drop）, 我就是那只可怜的鸽子。
classic:n.名著;优秀的典范;adj.最优秀的;第一流的;有代表性的;典型的; pigeon:n.[鸟]鸽子;(非正式)易受骗的人;(非正式)责任;
So the way many cons work is not that the conman gets the victim to trust him, it's that he shows he trusts the victim. 大部分类似的陷阱, 都并非设陷阱的人试图获得受害者的信任, 而是设陷阱的人首先对受害者表示信任。
conman:n.骗子; victim:n.受害人;牺牲品;牺牲者;
Now we know what happens. 现在我们了解了事实真相。
The victim's brain releases oxytocin, and you're opening up your wallet or purse , giving away the money. 受害者的大脑释放催产素, 于是你打开你的钱包,乱送你的钞票。
releases:n.释放; vt.释放; opening up:n.解禁;开放;供开发;启用; purse:n.钱包;资金;财源;备用款;v.噘嘴;
So who are these people who manipulate our oxytocin systems? 那到底是什么人, 在控制我们的催产素生产系统？
We found, testing thousands of individuals , that five percent of the population don't release oxytocin on stimulus. 在对数千位受试者做检验后,我们发现, 5%的人 受到应激后不会释放催产素。
individuals:n.[经]个人;[生物]个体(individual的复数);
So if you trust them, their brains don't release oxytocin. 也就是说,就算你对他们表示信任,他们的大脑也不会生产催产素。
If there's money on the table, they keep it all. 如果桌子上有一叠钱,他们会全部占为己有。
So there's a technical word for these people in my lab. 在我的实验室里,这类人群有一个专属名字。
technical:adj.工艺的,科技的;技术上的;专门的;
We call them bastards . 我们称之为混蛋。
bastards:n.[动,植]杂种;假冒品;劣货;粗劣的糖;(bastard的复数)
(Laughter) （笑声）
These are not people you want to have a beer with. 这些人,绝对不是你愿意与之一起喝一杯的那一类。
They have many of the attributes of psychopaths . 他们身上存在许多由心理异常而带来的问题。
attributes:v.把…归因于; n.属性; (attribute的第三人称单数和复数) psychopaths:n.心理病态性格;精神病者(psychopath的复数);
Now there are other ways the system can be inhibited . 另外,还有一些方式会关闭催产素的生产系统。
inhibited:adj.抑制的;禁止的;羞怯的;v.抑制;控制(inhibit的过去分词);
One is through improper nurturing . 其中之一就是不健康的成长过程。
improper:adj.不正确的,错误的;不适当的;不合礼仪的; nurturing:v.养育;培养;扶持;支持;助长;(nurture的现在分词)
So we've studied sexually abused women, and about half those don't release oxytocin on stimulus. 我们对曾遭受性虐的女性进行了调查, 其中约一半的人受到应激时不会分泌催产素。
sexually:adv.性,性欲 abused:v.滥用(以致危害健康); (abuse的过去分词和过去式)
You need enough nurturing for this system to develop properly. 为了让整个分泌系统发育完善, 你的整个成长过程都需要健全的悉心照顾。
Also, high stress inhibits oxytocin. 另外,高压会抑制催产素的分泌。
inhibits:抑制;阻止;
So we all know this, when we're really stressed out, we're not acting our best. 我们都知道,当我们真的鸭梨山大时, 我们都无法表现出自己最好的一面。
There's another way oxytocin is inhibited, which is interesting -- through the action of testosterone . 还有一种有趣的方式,会抑制催产素分泌 --- 雄性激素的变化。
testosterone:n.[生化]睾酮,睾丸素(男性荷尔蒙的一种);
So we, in experiments, have administered testosterone to men. 我们在试验中对男性施用雄性激素。
administered:v.管理;治理(国家);执行;给予;提供;(administer的过去分词和过去式)
And instead of sharing money, they become selfish. 与分享金钱截然相反, 他们变得很自私。
But interestingly , high testosterone males are also more likely to use their own money to punish others for being selfish. 但有趣的是, 拥有高水平雄性激素的男人们,通常 喜欢用他们自己的钱去惩罚其他自私的人。
interestingly:adv.有趣地;
(Laughter) （笑声）
Now think about this. It means, within our own biology, we have the yin and yang of morality. 现在让我们来想一想。在我们自己的身体内, 我们拥有道德阴阳两面。
We have oxytocin that connects us to others, makes us feel what they feel. 我们拥有促使我们与他人连结的催产素, 设身处地为他人着想。
And we have testosterone. 我们也有雄性激素。
And men have 10 times the testosterone as women, so men do this more than women -- we have testosterone that makes us want to punish people who behave immorally . 男人们体内的雄性激素,是女人们的十倍之多。 所以男人们比女人们 更频繁地想要去 惩罚那些行为高尚的人。
behave:v.表现;(机器等)运转;举止端正;(事物)起某种作用; immorally:adv.不道德地;品行不良地;
We don't need God or government telling us what to do. 我们不需要上帝或政府来告诉我们怎么做。
It's all inside of us. 一切都早已根植在我们体内。
So you may be wondering: these are beautiful laboratory experiments, do they really apply to real life? 你可能会好奇: 这些只是看上去很美的实验, 他们真的能被应用在日常生活中吗？
laboratory:n.实验室,研究室; apply:v.申请;涂,敷;应用;适用;请求;
Yeah, I've been worrying about that too. 是的,我也曾为此而忧虑过。
So I've gone out of the lab to see if this really holds in our daily lives. 于是我走出实验室, 想看看到底是什么构成了我们的每一天。
So last summer, I attended a wedding in Southern England. 去年夏天,我在英国南部参加了一场婚礼。
200 people in this beautiful Victorian mansion . 200多号人,聚集在这座美丽的维多利亚式小房子。
mansion:n.大厦;宅邸;
I didn't know a single person. 我完全不认识这些人。
And I drove up in my rented Vauxhall. 我租了一辆Vauxhall,开车前往。
And I took out a centrifuge and dry ice and needles and tubes. 我拿出离心机和干冰, 还有针筒和试管。
centrifuge:vt.用离心机分离;使…受离心作用;n.离心机;[机][化工]离心分离机; needles:n.针数,千针本;[印刷]折页顶针(needle复数形式);
And I took blood from the bride and the groom and the wedding party and the family and the friends before and immediately after the vows . 我采集了新娘和新郎的血样, 以及伴娘伴郎、家人朋友的血样, 分别在宣誓之前和之后。
bride:n.新娘; groom:n.新郎;马夫;马倌;马匹饲养员;v.培养;擦洗;理毛;使作好准备;训练;引诱; vows:n.婚誓;誓约(vow的复数);v.发誓;郑重声明(vow的三单形式);
(Laughter) （笑声）
And guess what? 你们猜猜怎样？
Weddings cause a release of oxytocin, but they do so in a very particular way. 婚礼提高了催产素的释放水平, 其效果符合特定的分布。
Who is the center of the wedding solar system ? 谁是这个婚礼太阳系的中心？
solar system:[天]太阳系;
The bride. 新娘。
She had the biggest increase in oxytocin. 她的催产素增长水平是更高的。
Who loves the wedding almost as much as the bride? 谁和新娘一样,爱死了这个婚礼呢？
Her mother, that's right. 她的妈妈,没错。
Her mother was number two. 她的妈妈名列第二位。
Then the groom's father, then the groom, then the family, then the friends -- arrayed around the bride like planets around the Sun. 其次是新郎的父亲,再次是新郎, 然后是家人,然后是朋友们-- 围绕新娘呈放射状分布, 正如行星环绕太阳。
So I think it tells us that we've designed this ritual to connect us to this new couple, connect us emotionally . 由此我在想,它告诉我们, 我们设计了这样一种仪式将大家与新婚夫妇连结在一起, 尤其是在情感上。
ritual:n.仪式;惯例;礼制;adj.仪式的;例行的;礼节性的; emotionally:adv.感情上;情绪上;令人激动地;情绪冲动地;
Why? Because we need them to be successful at reproducing to perpetuate the species . 为什么？因为我们需要他们 成功地孕育后代,并且壮大我们的种群。
reproducing:v.复制;繁殖(reproduce的ing形式);重述; perpetuate:vt.使不朽;保持;adj.长存的; species:n.[生物]物种;种类;
I also worried that my trust experiments with small amounts of money didn't really capture how often we actually trust our lives to strangers. 我同样担心,我那些使用少量金钱的实验 无法完全检验我们有多容易把自己的命交给陌生人。
capture:v.俘虏;捕获;攻占;夺得;刻画,描述;n.(被)捕获;(被)俘获
So even though I have a fear of heights, 尽管我有恐高症,
I recently strapped myself to another human being and stepped out of an airplane at 12,000 ft. 我最近还是把我自己交给了另一个人类, 在12000英尺的高空,跨出了飞机。
recently:adv.最近;新近; strapped:adj.缺钱的; v.用带子系; (strap的过去分词和过去式) airplane:n.飞机;
I took my blood before and after, and I had a huge spike of oxytocin. 我在跳伞前后采集了自己的血样, 我的催产素水平骤升。
spike:n.长钉,道钉;钉鞋;细高跟;vt.阻止;以大钉钉牢;用尖物刺穿;
And there are so many ways we can connect to people. 有太多方式可以将我们与他人连结在一起了。
For example, through social media . 比如说,通过社交媒体。
media:n.媒体;媒质(medium的复数);血管中层;浊塞音;中脉;
Many people are Tweeting right now. 现在这么多人都在发微薄。
Tweeting:吱吱地叫(小鸟鸣叫);在社交网站Twitter上发微博(tweet的现在分词);
So we investigated the role of social media and found the using social media produced a solid double-digit increase in oxytocin. 我们研究了社交媒体的角色, 发现使用社交媒体 会使得催产素水平获得两位数的增长。
double-digit:adj.两位数的;
So I ran this experiment recently for the Korean Broadcasting System. 我最近为韩国传媒系统做了这样一个实验。
Korean:n.朝鲜族;韩国人;朝鲜话;adj.朝鲜的;朝鲜族的;朝鲜话的;
And they had the reporters and their producers participate . 他们让记者和编辑参与这个实验。
participate:v.参加;参与;
And one of these guys, he must have been 22, he had 150 percent spike in oxytocin. 其中一个男孩,应该是22岁, 他的催产素水平,飙升了150%。
I mean, astounding; no one has this. 我想说,太令人惊讶了;无人能敌。
So he was using social media in private . 他当时正私下使用某种社交媒体。
in private:私下地;秘密地;
When I wrote my report to the Koreans, 当我给韩国人写报告的时候,
I said, "Look, I don't know what this guy was doing," 我说,“看看,我不知道这家伙到底在干嘛,
but my guess was interacting with his mother or his girlfriend. 不过我猜他应该在和他妈妈或者女朋友聊天。”
interacting:v.交流;沟通;合作;相互影响;(interact的现在分词)
They checked. 他们去核实了。
He was interacting on his girlfriend's Facebook page. 果不其然,他当时正在他女朋友facebook页面上聊得热火朝天。
There you go. That's connection. 看,这就是一种连接。
So there's tons of ways that we can connect to other people, and it seems to be universal . 有太多太多方式,可以让我们与他人连结了, 而且这些方式全世界都通用。
universal:adj.普遍的;全体的;全世界的;共同的;
Two weeks ago, 两周前,
I just got back from Papua New Guinea where I went up to the highlands -- very isolated tribes of subsistence farmers living as they have lived for millenia. 我刚从新几内亚的Papua省回来, 我去了那儿的高地 -- 与世隔绝的村庄,勉强谋生的农户, 他们一千多年来的生活方式从未改变。
Papua:n.巴布亚岛(新几内亚岛NewGuinea的旧名); Guinea:n.几内亚;基尼(英国旧时金币名); highlands:n.高原地区;山岳地带;(highland的复数) isolated:adj.偏远的; v.隔离,孤立,脱离; subsistence:n.生活;生存;存在;
There are 800 different languages in the highlands. 这片高地上有800种语言。
These are the most primitive people in the world. 这里生活着世界上最原始的人类。
primitive:adj.原始的,远古的;简单的,粗糙的;n.原始人;
And they indeed also release oxytocin. 他们也不断地分泌着催产素。
So oxytocin connects us to other people. 催产素将我们与他人连结。
Oxytocin makes us feel what other people feel. 催产素让我们对他人感同身受。
And it's so easy to cause people's brains to release oxytocin. 让人类的大脑产生催产素, 真是再简单不过了。
I know how to do it, and my favorite way to do it is, in fact, the easiest. 我知道怎么做, 这种做法也是我的最爱,其实很简单。
Let me show it to you. 让我来为你们展示一下。
Come here. Give me a hug. 过来。给我一个拥抱。
(Laughter) （笑声）
There you go. 就是这样。
(Applause) （掌声）
So my penchant for hugging other people has earned me the nickname Dr. Love. 我因为过分热衷于与人拥抱, 获得了一个昵称,叫“有爱博士”。
penchant:n.嗜好;倾向; nickname:n.绰号;昵称;v.给…取绰号;叫错名字;
I'm happy to share a little more love in the world, it's great, but here's your prescription from Dr. Love: eight hugs a day. 我非常高兴,能在这个地球上,分享这一点小小的爱。 这感觉真棒, “有爱博士”给你的处方是: 每天8个拥抱。
prescription:n.处方;药方;医生开的药;开处方;
We have found that people who release more oxytocin are happier. 我们发现,分泌催产素多的人, 会更快乐。
And they're happier because they have better relationships of all types. 他们之所以更快乐, 是因为他们全方位的人际关系都更健康。
Dr. Love says eight hugs a day. 现在有爱博士告诉大家,一天8个拥抱。
Eight hugs a day -- you'll be happier and the world will be a better place. 一日8拥抱 - 快乐何其多！ 这个世界也将变得更美好。
Of course, if you don't like to touch people, I can always shove this up your nose. 当然了,如果你不喜欢和他人肢体接触,我也可以把这玩意儿搞到你的脸上。
shove:v.猛推;乱挤;推撞;乱放;n.猛推;
(Laughter) （笑声）
Thank you. 谢谢大家。
(Applause) （掌声）