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PaulRomer_2011U-_世界第一个宪章城市_
In 2007, 2007年
I decided that we needed to reconceptualize how we thought about economic development. 我觉得我们需要重新定义 我们意识中的经济发展的概念。
economic:adj.经济的,经济上的;经济学的;
Our new goal should be that when every family thinks about where they want to live and work, they should be able to choose between at least a handful of different cities that were all competing to attract new residents . 我们新目标应该致力于 当每个家庭考虑他们想住和工作的地方的时候 他们能有至少5个 不同的 可以选择 有竞争力吸引新住户的城市。
competing:adj.相互冲突的;相互矛盾的;v.竞争;对抗;参加比赛;(compete的现在分词) residents:n.居民;住院医生;房客;(resident的复数)
Now we're a long way away from that goal right now. 对于这个目标我们还有很长的路要走。
There are billions of people in developing countries who don't have even a single city that would be willing to welcome them. 在发展中国家有几十亿的人 处于没有一个城市愿意接纳他们的阶段。
But the amazing thing about cities is they're worth so much more than it costs to build them. 但是城市的惊人之处在于 它的利用价值 要比建造消耗价值要多的多。
So we could easily supply the world with dozens, maybe hundreds, of new cities. 所以我们能很轻松的为世界 建造几十,或者上百的 新城。
Now this might sound preposterous to you if you've never thought about new cities. 你可能觉得这听起来很荒谬 如果你从来没有考虑过新城。
preposterous:adj.荒谬的;可笑的;
But just substitute apartment building for cities. 但是这只是替代城市的住宅建筑而已。
substitute:v.取代;(以…)代替;n.代用品;代替物;代替者;替补(运动员);
Imagine half the people who wanted to be in apartments already had them; the other half aren't there yet. 想象下半数的想住在公寓的人已经入住了; 另外半数还没有入住。
other half:n.另一半(指配偶或男友,女友);
You could try and expand the capacity by doing additions on all the existing apartments. 你可以加盖已有的住宅 来试着扩大面积。
expand:v.扩张;使膨胀;详述;发展;张开,展开; capacity:n.能力;容量;资格,地位;生产力; additions:n.附加物(addition的复数);附件;增加固定资产;
But you know what you'd run into is those apartments and the surround areas have rules to avoid discomfort and the distractions of construction . 但是你知道你经手的 住宅和周边地块 是受法律保护保证其舒适性的 和娱乐性的建筑。
discomfort:n.不适,不安;不便之处;vt.使…不舒服;使…不安; distractions:n.分心,干扰;分散注意力的事;娱乐;消遣;(distraction的复数) construction:n.建设;建筑物;解释;造句;
So it's extremely hard to do all of those additions. 做这些加盖是十分的困难的。
extremely:adv.非常,极其;极端地;
But you could go out someplace brand new , build a brand new apartment building, as long as the rules there were ones that facilitated construction rather than getting ont color="Black"> in the way . 但是你能在未开发的地区 建设一幢新的大楼, 就像俗话说的 重新开始强过 停滞不前。
brand new:adj.崭新的;最近获得的; as long as:conj.只要;长达;如果;既然; in the way:妨碍;挡道;
So I proposed that governments create new reform zones big enough to hold cities and gave them a name: charter cities. 所以我提议 政府划定新的足够容纳 城市的地域 并起名为:宪章城市。
proposed:adj.建议的;推荐的;v.提议;建议;计划;求婚;(propose的过去分词和过去式) reform:v.改革;改进;改良;(使)悔改;n.改革;改良;改善; charter:n.章程; v.包租(飞机、船等);
Later I learned that at about this same time, 大约我了解这些的同时,
Javier and Octavio were thinking about the challenge of reform in Honduras. 哈维尔和奥克塔维奥 正在思考在洪都拉斯重新规划的 问题。
They new that about 75,000 Hondurans every year would leave to go to the United States, and they wanted to ask, what could they do to make sure that those people could stay and do the same things in Honduras. 据说大约每年7万5千洪都拉斯人 移民到美国 他们想问,他们能做什么 来确保能让这些人留下来 在洪都拉斯做同样的工作,生活下来。
United:adj.联合的; v.联合,团结; (unite的过去分词和过去式)
At one point, Javier said to Octavio, " What if we took some of our empty land -- what if we just gave it to an embassy -- give some to the U.S. emb assy; g ive some to the Canadian embassy -- and then if people want to go work 有一次,哈维尔对奥克塔维奥说 “如果我们把我们闲置的土地-- 如果我们把它送给大使馆会怎么样-- 一些给美国大使馆;一些给加拿大大使馆-- 届时如果想在
What if:如果…怎么办?
under the rules of Canada or under the rules of the United States, they can go get jobs, do everything they do on those embassy grounds that they would otherwise have to go to Canada or the U.S. to do?" 加拿大或者美国规则下本土找工作的话 他们就能找到工作, 在这些大使馆本土地区做工作 否则就得去加拿大或美国找工作？”
In the summer of 2009, 2009年夏天
Honduras went through a wrenching constitutional crisis . 洪都拉斯经历了一次铁血的军事政变。
wrenching:n.苗木铲根;修截苗根;v.猛扭;歪曲;抢取(wrench的ing形式); constitutional:adj.宪法的;本质的;体质上的;保健的;n.保健散步;保健运动; crisis:n.危机;危险期;决定性时刻;adj.危机的;用于处理危机的;
At the next regularly scheduled election, 在下一届例行选举中
regularly:adv.经常地;有规律地;定期的
Pepe Lobo won in a landslide on a platform that promised reform, but reconciliation as well. 佩佩·洛沃凭借选举演讲 上许诺改革以及和谈 赢得了压倒性的优势。
Lobo:n.北美北部产的灰色大狼(复数lobos); landslide:n.[地质]山崩;大胜利;vi.发生山崩;以压倒优势获胜; platform:n.平台; v.把…放在台上[放在高处; reconciliation:n.和解;调和;和谐;甘愿;
He asked Octavio to be his chief of staff . 他邀请奥克塔维奥作为他的参谋长。
chief of staff:n.总参谋长;参谋总长;
Meanwhile , I was getting ready to give a talk at TEDGlobal. 同时,我在准备一个 TEDGlobal上的演讲。
Meanwhile:adv.同时,其间;n.其间,其时;
Through a process of refinement , trial and error, a lot of user testing, 通过一系列的改良 试错,大量用户的测试
process:v.处理;加工;列队行进;n.过程,进行;方法,adj.经过特殊加工(或处理)的; refinement:n.精制;文雅;[化工][油气][冶]提纯;
I tried to boil this complicated concept of charter city down to the bare essentials . 我试着把这宪章城市复杂的概念 压缩成最基本的精华。
complicated:adj.复杂的;难懂的;v.使复杂化;(complicate的过去分词和过去式) bare:adj.空的;赤裸的,无遮蔽的;v.露出,使赤裸; essentials:n.要素;要点;必需品;(essential的复数)
The first point was the importance of rules, like those rules that say you can't come in and disturb all the existing apartment holders . 第一点是法令的重要性, 就像法令所说的 你不能骚扰已经入住的住户一样。
disturb:v.打扰;干扰;使不安;使烦恼; holders:n.[专利]持有人(holder的复数);
We pay a lot of attention to new technologies , but it takes technologies and rules to get progress. 我们关注新的科技 但是新科技需要技术和要求来执行。
technologies:n.技术;科技(technology的复数);
And it's usually the rules that hold us back. 通常是这些要求拖我们的后腿。
In the fall of 2010, a friend from Guatemala sent Octavio a link to the TEDTalk. 在2010年秋,一个危地马拉的朋友 发给奥克塔维奥这个TEDTalk的链接。
Guatemala:n.危地马拉(拉丁美洲国家);危地马拉人;
He showed it to Javier. 他把它展示给哈维尔
They called me. 他们打给我电话
They said, "Let's present this to the leaders of our country." 说,“让我们把这个展示给我们总统吧。”
So in December we met in Miami, in a hotel conference room. 12月我们就在迈阿密 在一个宾馆的会议室碰了面。
conference:n.会议;研讨会;商讨会;体育协会(或联合会)
I tried to explain this point about how valuable cities are, how much more valuable they are than they cost. 我试着解释这些城市 的价值所在 以及相比它的消耗它的价值会有多少。
valuable:adj.有价值的;贵重的;可估价的;n.贵重物品;
And I used this slide showing how valuable the raw land is in a place like New York City. 我用这张幻灯片 展示了像纽约这块地区 一块未开发地块的价值。
Notice, land that's worth thousands of dollars, in some cases, per square meter. 注意,在某些点,地价要 每平方米几千美金。
But it was a fairly abstract discussion, and at some point when there was a pause, 但是这是一个大致的抽象的讨论 当某些间隙的时候
fairly:adv.相当地;公平地;简直; abstract:n.摘要; adj.抽象的; vt.摘要; vi.做摘要;
Octavio said, "Paul, maybe we could watch the TEDTalk." 奥克塔维奥说, “保罗,也许我们可以观看TEDTalk。”
(Laughing) （掌声）
So the TEDTalk laid out in very simple terms, a charter city is a place where you start with uninhabited land, a charter that specifies the rules that will apply there and then a chance for people to opt in, to go live under those rules or not. TEDTalk用简单的方式就讲明了 宪章城市是一个 起始于无人居住的地域, 宪章细化了执行的条例 也是人们选择是否入住 是否生活在这些条例下的一个机会。
uninhabited:adj.无人居住的,杳无人迹的; specifies:v.具体说明;明确规定;详述;详列;(specify的第三人称单数) apply:v.申请;涂,敷;应用;适用;请求; opt:vi.选择;
So I was asked by the president of Honduras who said that we need to do this project, this is important, this could be the way forward for our country. 洪都拉斯总统向我提问 那个表态说我们需要这个项目的人 这是关键 这会是引领我们国家前进的道路。
I was asked to come to Tegucigalpa and talk again on January fourth and fifth. 我被邀请造访特古西加尔巴 在1月4日,5日重述此项目。
So I presented another fact-filled lecture that included a slide like this, which tried to make the point that, if you want to create a lot of value in a city, it has to be very big. 我展示了 另外一个包括了这张幻灯片 的案例课 试着讲述这个观点,如果你想在城市创造巨大价值的话 它必须也是很巨大的。
lecture:n.演讲;讲座;讲课;谴责;v.开讲座;讲授;讲课;指责;告诫
This is a picture of Denver , and the outline is the new airport that was built in Denver. 这是丹佛市的照片 高亮出的是丹佛新建的机场。
Denver:n.丹佛(地名,美国城市); outline:n.概述;轮廓线;梗概;略图;v.概述;略述;显示…的轮廓:勾勒…的外形; airport:n.机场;航空港;
This airport alone covers more than 100 sq. km. 单这机场 就占地超过100平方千米。
So I was trying to persuade the Hondurans, if you build a new city, you've got to start with a site that's at least 1,000 sq. km. 我试着说服洪都拉斯总统 如果你要建一座新城 你就要在至少1000平方千米的区域入手。
persuade:v.说服;劝说;使信服;使相信; site:n.地点;位置;场所;v.设置;为…选址;
That's more than 250 hundred-thousand acres. 这要比2500万英亩还大。
Everybody applauded politely. 每个人都很有礼貌地鼓着掌。
applauded:v.鼓掌;称赞;赞许;赞赏(applaud的过去分词和过去式)
The faces in the audience were very serious and attentive . 观众的表情 都是严肃而警惕的。
attentive:adj.留意的,注意的;
The leader of the congress came up on stage and said, "Professor Romer , thank you very much for your lecture, but maybe we could watch the TEDTalk. 大会主席走到台前说 “罗摩教授,很感谢你的讲课 但也许我们能看看TEDTalk。
congress:n.国会;代表大会;会议;社交; Romer:n.纲格测定器;坐标格网尺;
I've got it here on my laptop ." 我笔记本上现在就有。”
laptop:n.便携式电脑;笔记本电脑;
So I sat down, and they played the TEDTalk. 于是我坐下,他们则看起了TEDTalk。
And it got to the essence , which is that a new city could offer new choices for people. 它同时也抓住了精髓 就是新的城市带给了人们新的选择。
essence:n.本质;实质;精髓;香精;
There would be a choice of a city which you could go to which could be in Honduras, instead of hundreds of miles away in the North. 这是一个你会前往城市的选择 也许在洪都拉斯 而不是几百公里远的北方。
And it also involved new choices for leaders. 它也给了领导者新的选择。
involved:adj.有关的; v.涉及; (involve的过去式和过去分词)
Because the leaders in the government there in Honduras would need help from partner countries, who could benefit from partner countries who help them set up the rules in this charter and the enforcement , so everybody can trust that the charter really will be enforced . 因为洪都拉斯政府的领导 需要友国的帮助 那些从友国中获得利益 那些帮助他们设定并实行宪章中的条例 来让每个人都会相信 宪章实际上会得到实行。
enforcement:n.执行,实施;强制; enforced:adj.强迫的;强制性的;v.强制执行;迫使;(enforce的过去分词和过去式)
And the insight of President Lobo was that that assurance of enforcement that I was thinking about as a way to get the foreign investors to come in and build the city 总统洛沃的领悟 就是对实行能力的保证 我认为 作为一个吸引外商投资建造的城市的方法
insight:n.洞察力;洞悉; assurance:n.保证,担保;(人寿)保险;确信;断言;厚脸皮,无耻;
could be equally important for all the different parties in Honduras who had suffered for so many years from fear and distrust . 应该和洪都拉斯经历了多年 恐惧和怀疑的不同党派 一样的重要。
distrust:vt.不信任;n.不信任;怀疑;
We went and looked at a site. 我们实地考察了那块地区。
This picture's from there. 这是那里的一张照片。
It easily could hold a thousand square kilometers. 这能轻易容纳一千平方千米。
And shortly thereafter , on January 19th, they voted in the congress to amend their constitution to have a constitutional provision that allows for special development regions . 之后不久,1月19日 他们在国会中投票修改了宪法 来提供一个法律的支持 来许可特定的发展地区。
thereafter:adv.其后;从那时以后; amend:v.修正;修订(法律文件、声明等); provision:n.规定;条款;准备;[经]供应品;vt.供给…食物及必需品; regions:n.地区;地域;行政区;左近;(region的复数)
In a country which had just gone through this wrenching crisis, the vote in the congress in favor of this constitutional amendment was 124 to one. 在刚经历过政变的这个国家 国会上赞成宪法修正案的票数 是124比1。
amendment:n.修正案;改善;改正;
All parties, all factions in society, backed this. 社会上派系,所有党派都支持这修正案。
factions:n.派系(faction的复数);内讧;
To be part of the constitution, you actually have to pass it twice in the congress. 作为宪法的一部分,你实际需要在国会上通过两次。
On February 17th they passed it again with another vote of 114 to one. 在2月17日他们以114比1 再次通过了法案。
Immediately after that vote, on February 21st to the 24th, a delegation of about 30 Hondurans went to the two places in the world that are most interested in getting into the city building business. 立刻在投票之后 2月21到24日 大约30个人的洪都拉斯代表团 来到了世上 两个建筑业最感兴趣的两个地方。
delegation:n.代表团;授权;委托;
One is South Korea. 一个是韩国。
This is a picture of a big, new city center that's being built in South Korea -- bigger than downtown Boston . 这是一张韩国将建成的 大型的,新市中心-- 比波士顿商业区还大。
downtown:n.市区;闹市区;adv.在市区;在热闹街上;到闹市区;adj.闹市区的; Boston:n.波士顿(美国城市);
Everything you see there was built in four years, after they spent four years getting the permits. 所有你看到的刚建设了4年 但他们得到许可来建设就花费了4年。
The other place that's very interested in city building is Singapore. 另外一个吸引建筑业的是新加坡。
They've actually built two cities already in China and are preparing the third. 他们实际上已经在中国建设了两个新城 并准备建第三个。
So if you think about this practically , here's where we are. 如果你理性地考虑这个的话 这就是我们当下处境。
practically:adv.实际地;几乎;事实上;
They've got a site; they're already thinking about this site for the second city. 他们有了地块,并已经考虑把它建设成第二城市。
They're putting in place a legal system that could allow for managers to come in, and also an external legal system. 他们正步入一个法定的程序 来允许管理人员介入 同时也有个外加的法律系统。
legal:adj.法律的;合法的;法定的; external:n.外部;外观;形式;外部情况;adj.外部的;外面的;外界的;外来的;
One country has already volunteered to let its supreme court be the court of final appeal for the new judicial system there. 一个国家已经自愿让最高法院 为了这新的司法体系而成为最终上诉申请的法院。
volunteered:v.自愿做;义务做;自愿参军;(volunteer的过去分词和过去式) supreme court:最高法院; appeal:n.上诉;吸引力;申诉;魅力;v.上诉;呼吁;申诉;恳求; judicial:adj.公正的,明断的;法庭的;审判上的;
There's designers and builders of cities who are very interested. 这是对其感兴趣的 城市设计师和建筑师而言。
builders:n.[建]施工人员(builder的复数);生成器;
They even can bring with them some financing. 这些甚至能带给他们一些经济支持。
But the one thing you know they've already solved is that there's lots of tenants . 但是有一件你了解的早被解决的事 是有很多的佃户。
tenants:n.房客;居住者(tenant的复数形式);v.租借(tenant的第三人称单数);
There's lots of businesses that would like to locate in the Americas, especially in a place with a free trade zone, and there's lots of people who'd like to go there. 有很多商家意向进驻美国 特别进驻到自由交易区 也有很多人想去那里。
locate:v.确定…的准确地点;把…安置在(或建造于);创办于(某地); especially:adv.尤其;特别;格外;十分; free trade:n.自由贸易(制度);
Around the world, there's 700 million people who say they'd like to move permanently someplace else right now. 全世界,有7亿人 想立刻永久的移民到某些其他地方。
permanently:adv.永久地,长期不变地;
There's a million a year who leave Latin America to go to the United States. 每年100万人 从拉丁美洲前往美国。
Latin America:n.拉丁美洲(以西班牙语或葡萄牙语为主要语言的美洲地区);
Many of these are a father who has to leave his family behind to go get a job -- sometimes a single mother who has to get enough money to even pay for food or clothing. 其中很多是远离 家庭的来寻找工作的父亲-- 有时是单亲妈妈 来赚钱为了衣食生计。
Sadly, sometimes there are even children who are trying to get reunited with their parents that they haven't seen, in some cases, for a decade. 可悲的是,有时甚至是孩子 尝试着为了和很久未见的父母 有些时候,数十年,他们才团聚。
reunited:v.重聚;使再结合(reunite的过去式和过去分词);
So what kind of an idea is it to think about building a brand new city in Honduras? 这是个怎么样的愿景 来考虑在洪都拉斯建立一个新城？
Or to build a dozen of these, or a hundred of these around the world? 或者建立十几个新城 或者全世界建立几百个新城？
What kind of an idea is it to think about insisting that every family have a choice of several cities that are competing to attract new residents? 这又是个怎么样的愿景 来考虑坚持 每个家庭都有数个具有竞争力吸引新住户 的城市的选择？
This is an idea worth spreading. 这是一个值得传播的观点。
And my friends from Honduras asked me to say thank you, TED. 我的洪都拉斯的朋友 让我来说声感谢,TED。
(Applause) （掌声）