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PaulGreenberg_2015Z-_我们吃得过多的四种鱼_—_应该改成吃什么_
So when I was a kid ... 在我小时候,
this was my team. 金枪鱼是顶级的全球性鱼类。
(Laughter) 所以你可以看到捕捞量的惊人增长,
I stunk at sports. 一次又一次--
stunk:n.恶臭,异味; v.发出恶臭;
I didn't like to play them, I didn't like to watch them. 下一个选择很可能是罗非鱼。
So this is what I did. I went fishing. 所以我玩的就是这个,钓鱼。
And for all of my growing up I fished on the shores of Connecticut, and these are the creatures that I saw on a regular basis. 从小到大,我在康涅狄格州的水边钓鱼, 这些生物都是我经常见到的。
creatures:n.生物;动物;(具有某种特征的)人(creature的复数)
But after I grew up and went to college, and I came home in the early 90's, this is what I found. 但我长大后,上了大学, 后来在1990年代初回到家乡时, 我看到的只剩这些。
My team had shrunk . 我的玩伴变少了,
shrunk:v.收缩(shrink的过去分词);
It was like literally having your roster devastated . 这种感觉真就像自己的最佳阵容全部报销了。
literally:adv.按字面:字面上:确实地: roster:n.花名册;执勤人员表;逐项登记表; devastated:adj.不安的,混乱的,震惊的; v.彻底破坏; (devastate的过去分词和过去式)
And as I sort of looked into that, from a very personal point of view as a fisherman, 当我开始思考这件事, 完全从一个钓鱼者的个人角度来看,
personal:adj.个人的;身体的;亲自的;n.人事消息栏;人称代名词; point of view:观点;见地;立场;
I started to kind of figure out, well, what was the rest of the world thinking about it? 我开始想弄明白, 好吧,世界上其他人是怎么想的？
First place I started to look was fish markets. 首先我去看的地方是鱼市。
And when I went to fish markets, in spite of where I was -- whether I was in North Carolina , or Paris, or London, or wherever -- 当我前往鱼市, 不管是在哪里-- 无论是在北卡罗来纳州、还是巴黎、还是伦敦或者别的地方--
in spite of:尽管;不管,不顾; Carolina:n.卡罗莱纳州(在美国东南部);
I kept seeing this weirdly repeating trope of four creatures, again and again -- on the menus, on ice -- shrimp , tuna, salmon and cod. 我不断看到四种生物组成的奇怪景像, 一次又一次-- 在菜单上,在冰上-- 虾、鲔鱼、鲑鱼和鳕鱼。
weirdly:adv.古怪地; trope:n.比喻;修辞;转义; again and again:adv.再三地,反复地; shrimp:n.虾;小虾;矮小的人;vi.捕虾;adj.有虾的;虾制的; salmon:n.鲑鱼;大马哈鱼;鲑肉色;鲑鱼肉;橙红色,粉橙色;adj.浅澄色的;
And I thought this was pretty strange, and as I looked at it, I was wondering, did anyone else notice this sort of shrinking of the market? 我觉得这样相当奇怪, 看着它们,我就在想, 难道没有别人注意到市面上的品种在减少吗？
shrinking:v.(使)缩水,收缩,缩小,退缩;(shrink的现在分词)
Well, when I looked into it, 嗯,随着我更深入的了解,
I realized that people didn't look at it as their team. 我发现到人们并没有把它们看作活生生的伙伴,
Ordinary people, the way they looked at seafood was like this. 下一种生物--
seafood:n.海鲜;海味;海产食品;
It's not an unusual human characteristic to reduce the natural world down to very few elements . 把自然世界缩减到极少的几种要素, 倒也没有违反人类本性。
characteristic:n.特征;特点;品质;adj.典型的;独特的;特有的; elements:n.要素;基本部分;少量;一群;(element的复数)
We did it before, 10,000 years ago, when we came out of our caves. 我们以前就干过,一万年前,我们走出洞穴时。
If you look at fire pits from 10,000 years ago, you'll see raccoons , you'll see, you know, wolves, you'll see all kinds of different creatures. 如果看一下一万年前的篝火遗迹, 可以看到浣熊,可以看到狼, 可以看到各种不同的生物。
pits:n.维修区(pit的复数); v.除去…的核; raccoons:n.浣熊(raccoon的复数形式);
But if you telescope to the age of -- you know, 2,000 years ago, you'll see these four mammals : pigs, cows, sheep and goats. 但当你把目光转向两千年前, 你会看到这四种哺乳动物: 猪、牛、绵羊和山羊。
telescope:n.望远镜;v.(使)叠套缩短;精简; mammals:n.哺乳动物;(mammal的复数)
It's true of birds, too. 鸟类也一样。
You look at the menus in New York City restaurants 150 years ago, 200 years ago, you'll see snipe , woodcock , grouse , dozens of ducks, dozens of geese. 如果看看纽约餐馆的菜单, 在150年前、200年前, 可以看到鹬、山鹬、松鸡、几十种鸭和几十种鹅。
snipe:n.狙击;[鸟]鹬;香烟屁股;被开玩笑的人物;v.狙击;[军]伏击;抨击;猎鸟;诽谤; woodcock:n.丘鹬; grouse:n.松鸡;雷鸟科的猎鸟;怨言;vi.埋怨;
But telescope ahead to the age of modern animal husbandry , and you'll see four: turkeys, ducks, chicken and geese. 而继续把目光转向现代畜牧业的时代, 则会看到四种: 火鸡、鸭、鸡和鹅。
animal husbandry:n.畜牧业;
So it makes sense that we've headed in this direction. 所以才说,我们朝着减少市面品种的方向发展。
But how have we headed in this direction? 但我们是怎么朝这个方向走的？
Well ... 嗯……
first it's a very, very new problem. 首先这是个非常非常新的问题。
This is the way we've been fishing the oceans over the last 50 years. 这是过去50年间,我们在海洋里捕鱼的方式。
World War II was a tremendous incentive to arm ourselves in a war against fish. 二战极大地刺激了我们升级装备来向鱼类开战。
tremendous:adj.极大的,巨大的;惊人的;极好的; incentive:n.动机;刺激;adj.激励的;刺激的;
All of the technology that we perfected during World War II -- sonar , lightweight polymers -- all these things were redirected towards fish. 我们在二战期间完善的所有技术-- 声纳、轻巧的聚合物-- 所有这些都转而用来对付鱼类。
technology:n.技术;工艺;术语; sonar:n.声纳;声波定位仪(等于asdic); lightweight:n.轻量级选手;无足轻重的人;adj.重量轻的;平均重量以下的; polymers:n.[高分子]聚合物;[高分子]高分子(polymer的复数); redirected:v.重新使用;改寄;改变投递方向;(redirect的过去分词和过去式)
And so you see this tremendous buildup in fishing capacity , quadrupling in the course of time , from the end of World War II to the present time. 所以你可以看到捕捞量的惊人增长, 从二战结束至今 ,足足翻了两番。 那么现在,这就意味着
buildup:n.增强;发展;形成;组合;树立名誉; capacity:n.能力;容量;资格,地位;生产力; in the course of time:最后;经过一定的时间;
And right now that means we're taking between 80 and 90 million metric tons out of the sea every year. 那么现在,这就意味着 我们每年从海洋里捞出八、九千万吨鱼类,
metric:adj.米制的;公制的;按公制制作的;用公制测量的;
That's the equivalent of the human weight of China taken out of the sea every year. 这相当于每年从海里捞出, 全体中国人的重量。
equivalent:adj.等价的,相等的;同意义的;n.等价物,相等物;
And it's no coincidence that I use China as the example because China is now the largest fishing nation in the world. 我用中国作例子并非巧合, 因为中国现在是世界最大的渔业国。
coincidence:n.巧合,巧事;同时存在;并存;相同;
Well, that's only half the story. 嗯,这才是故事的一半,
The other half of the story is this incredible boom in fish farming and aquaculture , which is now, only in the last year or two, starting to exceed the amount of wild fish that we produce. 故事的另一半, 是水产养殖业的惊人发展, 现在,也就是在过去一两年, 已经超过了野生鱼类的捕捞量。
other half:n.另一半(指配偶或男友,女友); incredible:adj.难以置信的,惊人的; boom:n.繁荣;吊杆;v.激增;繁荣昌盛;轰鸣;轰响;adj.(美)猛涨起来的; aquaculture:n.[水产]水产养殖;水产业; exceed:v.超过(数量);超越(法律、命令等)的限制;
So that if you add wild fish and farmed fish together, you get the equivalent of two Chinas created from the ocean each and every year. 所以如果把捕捞和养殖的鱼类加在一起, 每年海洋里产出全体中国人总重量的两倍。
And again, it's not a coincidence that I use China as the example, because China, in addition to being the biggest catcher of fish, is also the biggest farmer of fish. 再说一次,我用中国作例子并非巧合, 因为中国不光是最大的捕鱼国, 也是最大的水产养殖国。
in addition to:除…之外; catcher:n.捕手,捕捉者;接球手;
So let's look though at the four choices we are making right now. 让我们看看我们制造出来的四个选项。
The first one -- by far the most consumed seafood in America and in much of the West, is shrimp. 第一个-- 目前在美国和西方大部分国家里消费最广泛的海产品是 虾。
consumed:adj.沉迷…的; v.消耗,耗费; (consume的过去分词和过去式)
Shrimp in the wild -- as a wild product -- is a terrible product. 野生的虾--需要捕捞-- 作为渔业产品非常糟糕。
5, 10, 15 pounds of wild fish are regularly killed to bring one pound of shrimp to the market. 要向市场提供一磅虾,通常会杀死5、10、 甚至15磅的野生鱼类。
regularly:adv.经常地;有规律地;定期的
They're also incredibly fuel inefficient to bring to the market. 而且捕虾业的燃油经济性也极差。
incredibly:adv.难以置信地;非常地; inefficient:adj.无效率的,效率低的;无能的;
In a recent study that was produced out of Dalhousie University, it was found that dragging for shrimp is one of the most carbon-intensive ways of fishing that you can find. 达尔豪西大学最近进行的一项研究显示, 拖网捕虾是二氧化碳 排放最高的捕鱼方式之一。
So you can farm them, and people do farm them, and they farm them a lot in this very area. 当然虾也可以养殖, 也的确有人养殖, 他们通常在这类区域大量养殖。
Problem is ... 问题是--
the place where you farm shrimp is in these wild habitats -- in mangrove forests. 养虾的地方在这些野生栖息地里-- 在红树林里。
habitats:n.[生态]栖息地;(动植物的)[经]产地(habitat的复数形式); mangrove:n.红树林;
Now look at those lovely roots coming down. 看看这些往下生长的树根,
Those are the things that hold soil together, protect coasts, create habitats for all sorts of young fish, young shrimp, all sorts of things that are important to this environment. 是它们在固定土壤, 保护海滩,为所有小鱼小虾创造了栖息地, 保护了所有这些对环境非常重要的事物。
Well, this is what happens to a lot of coastal mangrove forests. 这个,就是许多沿海红树林所面临的问题。
coastal:adj.沿海的;海岸的;
We've lost millions of acres of coastal mangroves over the last 30 or 40 years. 过去30、40年间,我们损失了数百万英亩的沿海红树林。
mangroves:n.[林]红树林(mangrove的复数);红树属植物;
That rate of destruction has slowed, but we're still in a major mangrove deficit . 破坏速度虽然已经下降, 但红树林的总量仍然严重不足。
destruction:n.破坏,毁灭;摧毁; deficit:n.赤字;逆差;亏损;不足额;
The other thing that's going on here is a phenomenon that the filmmaker Mark Benjamin called " Grinding Nemo ." 这里还有另一个问题, 就是电影制片人马克·本杰明所说的 碾碎海洋生物 现象。
phenomenon:n.现象;杰出的人;非凡的人(或事物); filmmaker:n.电影制作人;电影摄制者; Grinding:adj.没完没了的; v.磨碎; (grind的现在分词) Nemo:n.现场转播节目;
This phenomenon is very, very relevant to anything that you've ever seen on a tropical reef . 你在热带珊瑚礁所看到的一切都和这个现象高度相关。
relevant:adj.相关的;切题的;中肯的;有重大关系的;有意义的,目的明确的; tropical:adj.热带的;热情的;酷热的; reef:礁,礁脉
Because what's going on right now, we have shrimp draggers dragging for shrimp, catching a huge amount of bycatch, that bycatch in turn gets ground up and turned into shrimp food. 因为现在正在发生的是, 捕虾船开过来捕虾, 会捕到大量的副产品, 这些副产品会被磨碎,变成虾的饲料。
And sometimes, many of these vessels -- manned by slaves -- are catching these so-called " trash fish," 有的时候,许多这种船-- 都是奴工在工作-- 来捕捞这些所谓的“垃圾鱼类”,
vessels:n.血管(vessel的复数);船舶;容器; so-called:adj.所谓的;号称的; trash:n.垃圾;废物;v.丢弃;修剪树枝;
fish that we would love to see on a reef, grinding them up and turning them into shrimp feed -- an ecosystem literally eating itself and spitting out shrimp. 这些我们其实很乐于在珊瑚礁上见到的鱼类, 把它们磨碎, 然后变成虾的饲料-- 还真是一个自己吃自己然后吐出虾来的生态系统。
ecosystem:n.生态系统;
The next most consumed seafood in America, and also throughout the West, is tuna. 下一个美国消费最广泛的海产品, 在整个西方也是, 金枪鱼（也叫鲔鱼,吞拿鱼）。
throughout:adv.自始至终,到处;全部;prep.贯穿,遍及;
So tuna is this ultimate global fish. 金枪鱼是顶级的全球性鱼类。
ultimate:adj.最终的;极限的;根本的;n.终极;根本;基本原则; global:adj.全球的;总体的;球形的;
These huge management areas have to be observed in order for tuna to be well managed. 这些巨大的管理区域都必须受到监控, 以保证对金枪鱼捕捞进行良好管理。
management:n.管理;管理人员;管理部门;操纵;经营手段; observed:adj.观察的;观测的;v.观察;遵守;注意到(observe的过去分词形式);
Our own management area, called a Regional Fisheries Management Organization , is called ICCAT, the International Commission for the Conservation of Atlantic Tunas . 我们自己的管理区域, 称为地区性渔业管理组织, 简称 ICCAT, 大西洋鲔类保育委员会。
Regional:adj.地区的;局部的;整个地区的; Fisheries:n.渔业;渔场(fishery的复数);捕鱼术;渔业公司; Organization:n.组织;机构;体制;团体; Commission:n.委员会;佣金;犯;委任;委任状;vt.委任;使服役;委托制作; Conservation:n.保存,保持;保护; Atlantic:adj.大西洋的;巨人阿特拉斯的;n.大西洋; Tunas:n.金枪鱼(tuna的复数);
The great naturalist Carl Safina once called it, "The International Conspiracy to Catch all the Tunas." 杰出的自然主义者卡尔·赛菲纳曾经称之为: “捞光所有金枪鱼国际阴谋会”。
naturalist:n.自然主义者; adj.自然的(等于naturalistic); Conspiracy:n.阴谋;共谋;阴谋集团;
Of course we've seen incredible improvement in ICCAT in the last few years, there is total room for improvement, but it remains to be said that tuna is a global fish, and to manage it, we have to manage the globe. 当然,我们看到ICCAT在过去两年的巨大进步, 而且完全还有改进空间的, 但仍然要强调的是,金枪鱼是一种全球性鱼类, 要管理它,就必须全球管理。
improvement:n.改进,改善;
Well, we could also try to grow tuna but tuna is a spectacularly bad animal for aquaculture. 那好,我们也可以试试养殖, 可对于水产养殖来说,金枪鱼极为糟糕。
spectacularly:adv.壮观地;引人注目地;
Many people don't know this but tuna are warm-blooded . 许多人不知道,金枪鱼其实是温血动物,
warm-blooded:adj.(动物)温血的;热血的;恒温的;热情的;易兴奋的;
They can heat their bodies 20 degrees above ambient temperature, they can swim at over 40 miles an hour. 它们可以使自己身体的温度比环境温度高20度, 它们游泳的速度超过65公里每小时。
ambient:adj.周围的;外界的;环绕的;n.周围环境;
So that pretty much eliminates all the advantages of farming a fish, right? 所以这条基本把养殖鱼类的优点完全消灭了,对吧？
eliminates:消除;排除; advantages:n.有利条件; v.有利于;
A farmed fish is -- or a fish is cold-blooded , it doesn't move too much. 一种养殖鱼类-- 最好是冷血鱼类,不怎么爱动,
cold-blooded:adj.[生理]冷血的;残酷的,无情的;怕冷的;
That's a great thing for growing protein . 这样才有利于蛋白质生长。
protein:n.蛋白质;
But if you've got this crazy, wild creature that swims at 40 miles an hour and heats its blood -- not a great candidate for aquaculture. 但如果养的是这样疯狂而野性的生物, 游速65公里每小时,还能加热自己的血液-- 对水产养殖来说不是个好选择。
The next creature -- most consumed seafood in America and throughout the West -- is salmon. 下一种生物-- 美国和整个西方最广泛消费的海产品-- 鲑鱼（也称三文鱼）
Now salmon got its plundering , too, but it didn't really necessarily happen through fishing. 现在鲑鱼也被扫荡一空了, 但原因其实不是因为捕捞。
plundering:n.抢夺;战利品;掠夺品;vt.掠夺;抢劫;侵吞;vi.掠夺;盗窃; necessarily:adv.必要地;必定地,必然地;
This is my home state of Connecticut. 这里是我的家乡康涅狄格州,
Connecticut used to be home to a lot of wild salmon. 康涅狄格州曾是许多野生鲑鱼的家乡。
But if you look at this map of Connecticut, every dot on that map is a dam. 可如果看一看这张康涅狄格州地图, 图上的每个点代表一个水坝,
There are over 3,000 dams in the state of Connecticut. 整个康涅狄格州有超过3,000座水坝。
I often say this is why people in Connecticut are so uptight -- 我常说这就是为什么康涅狄格人这么急脾气呢--
uptight:adj.紧张的;拮据的;心情焦躁的;易怒的;
(Laughter) （笑声）
If somebody could just unblock Connecticut's chi, 要是有人能让康涅狄格通通气,
unblock:vt.除去…的障碍;开启;接通;
I feel that we could have an infinitely better world. 我觉得世界会变得很美好。
infinitely:adv.无限地;极其;
But I made this particular comment at a convention once of national parks officers, and this guy from North Carolina sidled up to me, he says, "You know, you oughtn't be so hard on your Connecticut, cause we here in North Carolina, we got 35,000 dams." 我在一次国家公园官员会议上特意提起过, 有这么一位北卡罗来纳州的悄悄靠过来,说: “兄弟,你们康涅狄格这种算个啥啊, 因为咱北卡罗来纳州,咱有35,000座坝嘞。”
convention:n.习俗;惯例;协定;常规; sidled:v.犹犹豫豫地走;羞怯地走;悄悄地走;(sidle的过去分词和过去式)
So it's a national epidemic , it's an international epidemic. 所以说全国都有这个问题,全世界都有这个问题,
epidemic:n.流行病;蔓延;adj.传染病;流行性的;
And there are dams everywhere, and these are precisely the things that stop wild salmon from reaching their spawning grounds. 到处都有水坝, 刚好就是这些水坝,
spawning:v.播种,产卵;大量生成(spawn的现在分词);n.产卵;增殖;
So as a result , we've turned to aquaculture, and salmon is one the most successful, at least from a numbers point of view. 因此呢,我们就转为养殖, 挡住了鲑鱼的去路,让它们无法到达产卵处。
as a result:结果;
When they first started farming salmon, it could take as many as six pounds of wild fish to make a single pound of salmon. 当人们刚开始养殖鲑鱼时, 要消耗六磅的野生鱼类才能产出一磅鲑鱼,
The industry has, to its credit, greatly improved . 这一产业已经大大进步了,的确有功劳,
greatly:adv.很,大大地;非常; improved:adj.改良的:v.改进:改善(improve的过去分词和过去式)
They've gotten it below two to one, although it's a little bit of a cheat because if you look at the way aquaculture feed is produced, they're measuring pellets -- pounds of pellets per pound of salmon. 现在已经低于二比一了, 虽然其中有一点欺骗性。 因为如果看看养殖鱼饲料是如何生产的, 是以这种一粒粒的饲料来计算的-- 饲料的磅数比鲑鱼的磅数,
a little bit of a:一点点了; pellets:n.芯块,小球(pellet的复数);靶丸;v.使形成小球(pellet的第三人称单数);
Those pellets are in turn reduced fish. 而饲料也是用鱼制造的。
So the actual -- what's called the FIFO, the fish in and the fish out -- kind of hard to say. 所以实际的鱼的投入和产出比--称为 FIFO-- 就不太好确定。
But in any case , credit to the industry, it has lowered the amount of fish per pound of salmon. 但无论如何, 鲑鱼养殖业有功劳, 生产每磅鲑鱼所消耗的鱼类确实下降了。
in any case:无论如何;
Problem is we've also gone crazy with the amount of salmon that we're producing. 问题是我们对鲑鱼产量太狂热了。
Aquaculture is the fastest growing food system on the planet. 水产养殖是这个星球上增长最快的食品体系,
It's growing at something like seven percent per year. 它大约每年增长7%。
And so even though we're doing less per fish to bring it to the market, we're still killing a lot of these little fish. 而虽然单位产量的鱼对应的代价变少了, 我们仍然在杀死许多这样的小鱼。
And it's not just fish that we're feeding fish to, we're also feeding fish to chickens and pigs. 而且我们不光用鱼来喂鱼, 我们还用鱼来喂鸡和猪。
So we've got chickens and they're eating fish, but weirdly, we also have fish that are eating chickens. 所以我们养的鸡吃鱼, 但奇怪的是,我们养的鱼也有吃鸡的。
Because the byproducts of chickens -- feathers, blood, bone -- get ground up and fed to fish. 因为鸡的副产品--羽毛、血、骨头-- 被磨碎然后喂鱼。
byproducts:n.副产品;
So I often wonder, is there a fish that ate a chicken that ate a fish? 所以我经常会想, 会不会有鱼吃了鸡,那鸡又吃了鱼？
It's sort of a reworking of the chicken and egg thing. Anyway -- 这有点像是先有鸡还是先有蛋的变体。无论如何--
reworking:n.再造作用;修订;重写;v.重做;改进(rework的ing形式);
(Laughter) （笑声）
All together, though, it results in a terrible mess . 总的来说,结果是非常糟糕。
mess:n.混乱;餐厅;杂乱;肮脏;v.使不整洁;弄脏;弄乱;随地便溺;
What you're talking about is something between 20 and 30 million metric tons of wild creatures that are taken from the ocean and used and ground up. 我们看到的是, 大约有二、三千万吨的野生生物 从海洋里打捞出来,然后磨碎。
That's the equivalent of a third of a China, or of an entire United States of humans that's taken out of the sea each and every year. 这相当于三分之一中国人的重量, 或全体美国人的重量, 每年要从海里捞出来。
United:adj.联合的; v.联合,团结; (unite的过去分词和过去式)
The last of the four is a kind of amorphous thing. 四种鱼里的最后一种,含义有点模糊。
amorphous:adj.无定形的;无组织的;[物]非晶形的;
It's what the industry calls " whitefish ." 行业内称之为“白鱼”,
whitefish:n.白鲑鱼属;白鲑鱼肉;
There are many fish that get cycled into this whitefish thing but the way to kind of tell the story, I think, is through that classic piece of American culinary innovation , the Filet-O-Fish sandwich . “白鱼”这个叫法实际包含了许多种鱼, 但我想解释一下由来, 要先提一下美国饮食革命中的经典桥段, 麦香鱼堡。
classic:n.名著;优秀的典范;adj.最优秀的;第一流的;有代表性的;典型的; culinary:adj.厨房的;烹调用的; innovation:n.创新,革新;新方法; sandwich:n.三明治;夹心面包片;
So the Filet-O-Fish sandwich actually started as halibut . 麦香鱼堡其实最先用的是比目鱼。
halibut:n.[鱼]大比目鱼(复数halibut);
And it started because a local franchise owner found that when he served his McDonald's on Friday, nobody came. 事情的起因是:一家麦当劳加盟店的店主 发现他在周五卖汉堡时,没有人来买。
franchise:n.特权;公民权;经销权;v.给…以特许(或特权);赋予公民权;
Because it was a Catholic community , they needed fish. 因为他是在一个天主教社区里,人们要吃鱼。
Catholic:adj.天主教的;宽宏大量的;n.天主教徒;罗马天主教; community:n.社区;[生态]群落;共同体;团体;
So he went to Ray Kroc and he said, "I'm going to bring you a fish sandwich, going to be made out of halibut." 所以他去找雷·克罗克,说: “我要做一种鱼肉汉堡,要用比目鱼做。”
Ray Kroc said, "I don't think it's going to work. 雷·克罗克说:“我不看好。
I want to do a Hula Burger, and there's going to be a slice of pineapple on a bun. 我想做一种呼拉汉堡, 在面包上放一片菠萝。
Hula:n.草裙舞(夏威夷的);呼拉圈舞(夏威夷的); slice:n.片; v.切成片; (很容易地)切开;
But let's do this, let's have a bet . 不过这么着吧,我们打个赌,
bet:n.打赌;赌注;预计;估计;v.下赌注(于);用…打赌;敢说;八成儿;
Whosever sandwich sells more, that will be the winning sandwich." 谁的汉堡更好卖,谁的汉堡就算胜出。”
Whosever:adj.无论是谁的;pron.无论是谁的东西;
Well, it's kind of sad for the ocean that the Hula Burger didn't win. 好吧,呼拉汉堡最后没有赢,对大海真是件悲伤的事,
So he made his halibut sandwich. 所以他就做了比目鱼堡。
Unfortunately though, the sandwich came in at 30 cents. 不过不妙的是,鱼堡卖30美分一个,
Unfortunately:adv.不幸地;
Ray wanted the sandwich to come in at 25 cents, so he turned to Atlantic cod. 雷希望降到25美分, 所以他改用了大西洋鳕鱼。
We all know what happened to Atlantic cod in New England. 我们都知道新英格兰地区大西洋鳕鱼的遭遇（几乎灭绝）。
So now the Filet-O-Fish sandwich is made out of Alaska pollock , it's the largest fin fish fishery in the United States, 2 to 3 billion pounds of fish taken out of the sea every single year. 所以如今的麦香鱼堡用的是阿拉斯加黄线狭鳕, 它是美国捕捞量最大的鱼类, 每年捕捞20到30亿磅。
pollock:n.鳕鱼类; fishery:n.渔业;渔场;水产业;
If we go through the pollock, the next choice is probably going to be tilapia . 如果黄线狭鳕捞完了, 下一个选择很可能是罗非鱼。
tilapia:n.罗非鱼;
Tilapia is one of those fish nobody ever heard of 20 years ago. 罗非鱼这种鱼,二十年前根本没人听说过。
It's actually a very efficient converter of plant protein into animal protein, and it's been a godsend to the third world . 实际上它可以非常高效地将植物蛋白转化为动物蛋白, 对于第三世界,它是天赐之物。
converter:n.[电]变流器,整流器;转化器; godsend:n.天赐之物;意外获得的幸运; third world:n.第三世界;
It's actually a tremendously sustainable solution , it goes from an egg to an adult in nine months. 它其实是一种极好的可持续发展解决方案, 它从卵成长为成鱼只需九个月。
tremendously:adv.非常地;可怕地;惊人地; sustainable:adj.可以忍受的;足可支撑的;养得起的;可持续的; solution:n.解决方案;溶液;溶解;解答;
The problem is that when you look about the West, it doesn't do what the West wants it to do. 问题是,如果对照西方世界的口味, 西方所要的它没有。
It really doesn't have what's called an oily fish profile . 它没有这种所谓的“鱼油”卖点。
oily:adj.油的;油质的;油滑的;油腔滑调的; profile:n.轮廓;简介;形象;外形;v.扼要介绍;概述;写简介;
It doesn't have the EPA and DHA omega-3s that we all think are going to make us live forever. 它没有 EPA,DHA这些ω-3不饱和脂肪酸, 这些我们觉得吃了可以长生不老的东西。
So what do we do? 那我们该怎么办？
I mean, first of all , what about this poor fish, the clupeids? 首先来说,这种小鱼怎么样,鲱鱼？
first of all:adv.首先;
The fish that represent a huge part of that 20 to 30 million metric tons. 在上面提到的二、三千万吨里,这种鱼占了很大一部分。
represent:v.代表;表现;描绘;回忆;再赠送;
Well, one possibility that a lot of conservationists have raised is could we eat them? 其实,许多保护主义者都提到这种可能性, 它可不可以吃？
conservationists:n.自然资源保护论者;
Could we eat them directly instead of feeding them to salmon? 我们可不可以直接吃它,而不是用来喂鲑鱼？
directly:adv.直接地;立即;马上;正好地;坦率地;conj.一…就;
There are arguments for it. 对此还有些争论。
They are tremendously fuel efficient to bring to market, a fraction of the fuel cost of say, shrimp, and at the very top of the carbon efficiency scale . 让这种鱼上市的燃油经济性极高, 比如和虾比,燃油消耗只是个零头, 而且它在碳效率上也是在最前列。
fraction:n.分数;小部分;小数;少量; carbon:n.[化学]碳;碳棒;复写纸;adj.碳的;碳处理的; efficiency:n.效率;效能;功效; scale:n.规模;比例;鳞;刻度;天平;数值范围;v.衡量;攀登;剥落;生水垢;
They also are omega-3 rich, a great source for EPA and DHA. 它也富含ω-3不饱和脂肪酸,是EPA和DHA的良好来源,
source:n.来源;水源;原始资料;
So that is a potential . 所以这是个优点。
potential:n.潜能;可能性;[电]电势;adj.潜在的;可能的;势的;
And if we were to go down that route what I would say is, instead of paying a few bucks a pound -- or a few bucks a ton, really -- and making it into aquafeed, 如果我们从这点说开来,我想说的是, 与其在每磅上支出几美元--实际是每吨几美元-- 用来把它变成鱼饲料,
route:n.路线;路途;固定线路;途径;v.按某路线发送; bucks:n.元;雄鹿;(buck的复数)
could we halve the catch and double the price for the fishermen and make that our way of treating these particular fish? 我们是不是可以将捕捞量减半,让价格提升一倍, 以此作为我们对待这些鱼类的做法吗？
halve:vt.二等分;把…减半; treating:v.以…态度对待;把…看作;处理;讨论;(treat的现在分词)
Other possibility though, which is much more interesting, is looking at bivalves , particularly mussels . 而另一种可能选择就更有意思了, 就是双壳贝类,尤其是贻贝。
bivalves:n.[无脊椎]双壳类(bivalve的复数); particularly:adv.特别地,独特地;详细地,具体地;明确地,细致地; mussels:n.[无脊椎]贻贝(mussel的复数);[水产]淡菜;双壳类;
Now, mussels are very high in EPA and DHA, they're similar to canned tuna. 贻贝的EPA和DHA含量非常高,和鲔鱼罐头相似。
They're also extremely fuel efficient. 同样燃油经济性极高。
extremely:adv.非常,极其;极端地;
To bring a pound of mussels to market is about a thirtieth of the carbon as required to bring beef to market. 上市一磅贻贝的碳排放, 只有上市一磅牛肉的十三分之一。
thirtieth:num.第三十;(月的)三十日;
They require no forage fish, they actually get their omega-3s by filtering the water of microalgae . 它们也不用吃鱼, 它们实际上可以过滤水中的藻类得到自己的ω-3不饱和脂肪酸。
forage:n.饲料;草料;搜索;vi.搜寻粮草;搜寻; filtering:v.[化工]过滤,滤除(filter的ing形式); microalgae:n.微藻类;
In fact, that's where omega-3s come from, they don't come from fish. 实际上这也是ω-3不饱和脂肪酸的来源,并不是来自鱼。
Microalgae make the omega-3s, they're only bioconcentrated in fish. ω-3不饱和脂肪酸是藻类制造的,只是在鱼类体内进行生物富集。
Mussels and other bivalves do tremendous amounts of water filtration . 贻贝和其它双壳贝类 能过滤大量的水。
filtration:n.过滤;筛选;
A single mussel can filter dozens of gallons every single day. 每只贻贝每天能过滤几十加仑的水,
gallons:n.加仑;大量(gallon的复数);一加仑的容器;
And this is incredibly important when we look at the world. 这点对于世界来说非常重要。
Right now, nitrification, overuse of phosphates in our waterways are causing tremendous algal blooms . 如今,水体中过量的氮和磷 导致藻类疯长。
overuse:n.过度使用;vt.把…使用过度; phosphates:n.光气,[无化]磷酸盐(phosphate的复数形式); waterways:n.水路;水道(waterway的复数);排水沟; algal:adj.海藻的; blooms:n.花朵(bloom的复数);[生态]水华;v.开花(bloom的三单形式);
Over 400 new dead zones have been created in the last 20 years, tremendous sources of marine life death. 在过去20年里已经出现了超过400个死亡地带, 大量的海洋生物死亡。
sources:n.来源;出处;起源;根源;原因;v.(从…)获得(source的第三人称单数和复数) marine:adj.海的;海产的;海生的;海船的;n.(尤指美国或英国皇家)海军陆战队士兵;
We also could look at not a fish at all. 我们还完全可以考虑不是鱼的,
We could look at a vegetable. 比如蔬菜,
We could look at seaweed , the kelps , all these different varieties of things that can be high in omega-3s, can be high in proteins , tremendously good things. 比如海带,褐藻, 它们有许多不同品种,均富含ω-3不饱和脂肪酸, 富含蛋白质, 非常好的东西。
seaweed:n.海藻,海草; kelps:n.海带;海草;巨藻;(kelp的复数) proteins:n.[生化]蛋白质(protein复数);
They filter the water just like mussels do. 它们也和贻贝一样能过滤水,
And weirdly enough, it turns out that you can actually feed this to cows. 而且奇特之处在于, 它还真的可以用来喂牛。
Now, I'm not a big fan of cattle. 我不太支持养牛业,
But if you wanted to keep growing cattle in a time and place where water resources are limited , you're growing seaweed in the water, you don't have to water it -- major consideration . 但如果你希望能继续养牛, 而所处的时令和地区水资源又有限, 就可以在水里种海带,还不用浇水-- 很值得考虑。
resources:n.[计][环境]资源; v.向…提供资金(resource的第三人称单数); limited:adj.有限的; n.高级快车; v.限制; (limit的过去分词和过去式) consideration:n.顾及;报酬;斟酌;仔细考虑;
And the last fish is a question mark . 最后一种鱼是一个问号。
question mark:abbr.(=questionstop)疑问号;n.问号;
We have the ability to create aquacultured fish that creates a net gain of marine protein for us. 我们有能力创造出一种养殖鱼类, 它能提供净增量的海洋蛋白质,
This creature would have to be vegetarian , it would have to be fast growing, it would have to be adaptable to a changing climate and it would have to have that oily fish profile, that EPA, DHA, omega-3 fatty acid profile that we're looking for. 它应当是吃素的, 它应当生长迅速, 它应当能适应气候变化, 而且要有“鱼油”卖点, EPA 和 DHA 这些我们希望有的ω-3不饱和脂肪酸。
vegetarian:n.素食者;食草动物;adj.素食的; adaptable:adj.适合的;能适应的;可修改的; fatty acid:n.脂肪酸;
This exists kind of on paper. 这似乎只存在于纸面上。
I have been reporting on these subjects for 15 years. 15年来我一直在报导这方面的话题,
Every time I do a new story, somebody tells me, "We can do all that. We can do it. We've figured it all out. 每次我写一个新故事,都会有人告诉我, “我们都能做到,我们都能解决,
We can produce a fish that's a net gain of marine protein and has omega-3s." 我们能创造出这样的一种鱼, 能提供净增量的海洋蛋白质和ω-3不饱和脂肪酸。”
Great. 很好。
It doesn't seem to be getting scaled up. 但这件事看来发展得不够快,
scaled:adj.有鳞的; v.刮去鳞片;
It is time to scale this up. 是时候加快迅速了。
If we do, 30 million metric tons of seafood, a third of the world catch, stays in the water. 如果我们做得到, 那么就有三千万吨的海产品,世界捕捞量的三分之一, 能留在海里。
So I guess what I'm saying is this is what we've been going with. 所以我想说的就是,这就是我们走过的路。
We tend to go with our appetites rather than our minds. 我们总是喜欢口味决定脑袋,而不是相反。
appetites:n.食欲;胃口;强烈欲望;(appetite的复数)
But if we went with this, or some configuration of it, we might have a little more of this. 但如果我们改成这样,或者组合上有些改变, 那这些就可能会多一些。
configuration:n.配置;结构;外形;
Thank you. 谢谢大家。
(Applause) （掌声）