返回首页

PaulBloom_2014S-_偏见可能是件好事_
When we think about prejudice and bias , we tend to think about stupid and evil people doing stupid and evil things. 当我们想到偏见和偏爱, 我们总会联想到愚蠢又邪恶的人 做着愚蠢且邪恶的事。
prejudice:n.偏见;侵害;vt.损害;使有偏见; bias:adv.使有偏见;n.偏见;偏心;偏爱;v.使有偏见;使偏向;adj.斜的;[电]偏动的; evil:adj.邪恶的;不幸的;有害的;讨厌的;n.罪恶,邪恶;不幸;
And this idea is nicely summarized by the British critic William Hazlitt, who wrote, Prejudice is the child of ignorance . 英国评论家威廉?哈兹里特 非常好地总结了这个想法, 他写道,“偏见是无知的幼子”
nicely:adv.细致地;有吸引力;令人满意;令人愉快;adj.强健的; summarized:v.总结,概括;概述(summarize的过去式及过去分词形式); critic:n.评论家;反对者;批评者; ignorance:n.无知,愚昧;不知,不懂;
I want to try to convince you here that this is mistaken . 我想要试图游说你 这是错误的。
convince:v.使确信;使相信;说服,劝说; mistaken:adj.错误;不正确;被误解的;v.弄错;误解;误会;(mistake的过去分词)
I want to try to convince you that prejudice and bias are natural, they're often rational , and they're often even moral , and I think that once we understand this, we're in a better position to make sense of them when they go wrong, when they have horrible consequences , and we're in a better position to know what to do when this happens. 我想要向你证明 偏见和偏爱 是自然而然的,它们时常是理性的, 时常甚至是道德的, 我想当我们理解这, 当它出现问题的时候 当它可能造成严重后果的时候, 我们会有更好的应对方式, 当这一切发生的时候, 我们会知道要如何处理。
rational:n.理性;人类;合理的事物;[数]有理数;adj.合理的;理性的;明智的;理智的; moral:n.寓意;品行;教益;adj.道德的;道义上的;道德上的;品行端正的; make sense of:搞清…的意思; horrible:可怕的,极讨厌的, consequences:n.后果,结果;影响(consequence的复数);
So, start with stereotypes . You look at me, you know my name, you know certain facts about me, and you could make certain judgments . 好,让我们从“成见”开始聊起。你看着我, 你知道我的名字,以及一些关于我的事情, 你可以做出一定的判断。
stereotypes:n.模式化观念(或形象); v.对…形成模式化(或类型化)的看法; (stereotype的第三人称单数和复数) make certain:弄清楚;弄确实; judgments:判断;
You could make guesses about my ethnicity , my political affiliation , my religious beliefs. 你可以猜测我的种族, 我的政治倾向,我的宗教信仰
ethnicity:n.种族划分; affiliation:n.友好关系;加入;联盟;从属关系; religious:adj.宗教的;虔诚的;严谨的;修道的;n.修道士;尼姑;
And the thing is, these judgments tend to be accurate . 这些判断似乎可以是准确的。
accurate:adj.精确的;
We're very good at this sort of thing. 我们对这些事非常擅长。
And we're very good at this sort of thing because our ability to stereotype people is not some sort of arbitrary quirk of the mind, but rather it's a specific instance of a more general process , which is that we have experience with things and people in the world that fall into categories , 我们非常善于这些事的原因是 我们“定义”他人的能力 不是非常武断的意识行为, 而是一个综合过程 的特定反应, 这意谓着,当我们对所经历过的 世界上发生的人与事 做出分类,
arbitrary:adj.[数]任意的;武断的;专制的; quirk:n.怪癖;急转;借口; specific:adj.特殊的,特定的;明确的;详细的;[药]具有特效的;n.特性;细节;特效药; instance:n.实例;情况;建议;v.举...为例; process:v.处理;加工;列队行进;n.过程,进行;方法,adj.经过特殊加工(或处理)的; categories:n.(人或事物的)类别,种类(category的复数)
and we can use our experience to make generalizations about novel instances of these categories. 我们可以用经验来 做出反应,
generalizations:n.概括;一般化(generalization的复数); novel:adj.新奇的;异常的;n.小说; instances:n.相依物体,例子; v.举例说明(instance的第三人称单数形式);
So everybody here has a lot of experience with chairs and apples and dogs, and based on this, you could see unfamiliar examples and you could guess, you could sit on the chair, you could eat the apple, the dog will bark . 这里的每个人都有很多经验 椅子,苹果,狗 根据这些物件,你可以看到 不熟悉的例子,并且你可以猜测, 你可以坐在这张椅子上, 你可以吃这个苹果,狗会对着你叫。
unfamiliar:adj.不熟悉的;不常见的;没有经验的; bark:n.树皮; v.(狗)吠叫;
Now we might be wrong. 我们可能是错的。
The chair could collapse if you sit on it, the apple might be poison, the dog might not bark, and in fact, this is my dog Tessie, who doesn't bark. 当你坐在椅子上的时候,椅子可能会塌, 苹果可能是有毒的,狗未必会叫, 事实上,这是我的狗泰西,它不叫。
collapse:vi.倒塌;瓦解;暴跌;vt.使倒塌,使崩溃;使萎陷;折叠;n.倒塌;失败;衰竭;
But for the most part , we're good at this. 但在大多数情况下,我们对此很擅长。
for the most part:adv.在极大程度上,多半;
For the most part, we make good guesses both in the social domain and the non-social domain, and if we weren't able to do so, if we weren't able to make guesses about new instances that we encounter , we wouldn't survive. 在大多数情况下,我们的猜测是合理的 在社会领域或其他领域, 如果我们不具有这样的能力, 如果我们没有办法对出现的新鲜事物做出正确的猜测, 我们将无法生存。
domain:n.领域;域名;产业;地产; encounter:v.遭遇,邂逅;遇到;n.遭遇,偶然碰见;
And in fact, Hazlitt later on in his wonderful essay concedes this. 事实上,哈兹里特后来在他的佳作中 对此评论做出了让步。
concedes:vt.承认;退让;给予,容许;vi.让步;
He writes, Without the aid of prejudice and custom, 他写道,“如果没有偏见和风俗习惯的帮助,
I should not be able to find my way my across the room; nor know how to conduct myself in any circumstances , nor what to feel in any relation of life. 我将无法找到穿越房间的路; 也无法知晓自己在不同条件下要做出怎样的行为反应, 也无法体会人生关系中的任何感觉。”
conduct:v.实施;执行;表现;引导;n.举止;管理方法;经营方式;实施办法; circumstances:n.情况;环境;情形;(circumstance的复数)
Or take bias. 现在来讨论偏爱。
Now sometimes, we break the world up into us versus them, into in-group versus out-group, and sometimes when we do this, we know we're doing something wrong, and we're kind of ashamed of it. 有时候,我们将世界划分为 我们对抗他们,内群体对抗外群体, 有时当我们这么做的时候, 我们知道我们正在犯错误, 我们甚至会有些惭愧。
versus:prep.对;与...相对;对抗; in-group:n.内集团; ashamed:adj.惭愧;尴尬;因惭愧而不情愿;
But other times we're proud of it. 但其他时间,我们对此很自豪。
We openly acknowledge it. 我们公开承认。
And my favorite example of this is a question that came from the audience in a Republican debate prior to the last election. 我最喜欢的例子 是一个来自观众的问题 在一个选前的共和党辩论。
Republican:adj.共和国的;共和政体的;共和主义的;拥护共和政体的;n.共和主义者; debate:n.辩论;争论;考虑;v.辩论;争论;考虑; prior:adj.先前的; n.(小隐修院)院长; v.居先;
(Video) Anderson Cooper: Gets to your question, the question in the hall, on foreign aid? Yes, ma'am. （视频）安德森·库柏:问答时间, 观众提问,有关对外援助？有请这位女士。
Woman: The American people are suffering in our country right now. 女士:在美国国内,有很多 美国人民正在经受苦难。
Why do we continue to send foreign aid to other countries when we need all the help we can get for ourselves? 为什么我们要持续为其他国家 提供援助呢？ 此时我们需要这些援助使用在本国人身上。
AC: Governor Perry , what about that? 安德森·库柏:州长佩里,请您解答？
Perry:n.梨酒;
(Applause) （鼓掌）
Rick Perry: Absolutely , I think it's— 里克·佩里:绝对的,我认为--
Absolutely:adv.绝对地;完全地;
Paul Bloom : Each of the people onstage agreed with the premise of her question, which is as Americans, we should care more about Americans than about other people. 保罗·布鲁姆:这个台上的每个人 同意她问题的前提, 这个前提就是作为美国人,我们应该将 更多的关注给予本国人民而不是其他人民。
Bloom:v.盛开;开花;繁殖;繁盛;n.水华;风华正茂;霜;青春; onstage:adj.台上的;台上演出的;adv.上台;上场; premise:n.前提;假定;v.假定;预述(条件等);引导(论述等);;
And in fact, in general , people are often swayed by feelings of solidarity , loyalty , pride, patriotism , towards their country or towards their ethnic group. 事实上,总的来说,人们时常容易受到影响 对他们国家以及种族诸如团结,忠诚, 自豪以及爱国主义。
in general:总之,通常;一般而言; swayed:v.(使)摇摆,摇动;说服;使相信;使动摇;(sway的过去分词和过去式) solidarity:n.团结,团结一致; loyalty:n.忠诚;忠心;忠实;忠于…感情; patriotism:n.爱国主义;爱国心,爱国精神;
Regardless of your politics , many people feel proud to be American, and they favor Americans over other countries. 不谈政治倾向,很多人对他们美国人的身份感到自豪, 他们偏爱美国多于其他国家。
Regardless:adj.不管的; v.不顾后果地; politics:n.政治;钩心斗角;政治观点;v.(贬)从事政治活动;(politic的第三人称单数)
Residents of other countries feel the same about their nation, and we feel the same about our ethnicities . 其他国家的人们也持有这样的态度, 人们对自己的种族也是如此。
Residents:n.居民;住院医生;房客;(resident的复数) ethnicities:n.种族划分;
Now some of you may reject this. 一些人会反对这种说法。
reject:v.排斥;拒收;拒绝接受;不予考虑;n.废品;次品;不合格者;被剔除者;
Some of you may be so cosmopolitan that you think that ethnicity and nationality should hold no moral sway. 你们中的某些人可能是世界主义者, 会认为种族和国籍 不该影响到人们。
cosmopolitan:adj.世界性的;四海一家的;n.四海为家者;世界主义者;
But even you sophisticates accept that there should be some pull towards the in-group in the domain of friends and family, of people you're close to, and so even you make a distinction between us versus them. 但是,即便如此, 你仍然会接受 群体可以以朋友和家人来做划分, 那些与你更亲近的人们 甚至你也会做一个划分 区别我们和他们,
sophisticates:n.老于世故的人;复杂购买者(sophisticate的复数); distinction:n.区别;区分;差别;卓越;
Now, this distinction is natural enough and often moral enough, but it can go awry , and this was part of the research of the great social psychologist Henri Tajfel. 这些区别是自然而然的 时常也是道德的,但有时也会出错, 这是伟大的社会心理学家 亨利·泰吉弗尔研究的一个部分。
awry:adj.错误的;扭曲的;adv.歪曲地;歪斜地;错误地; psychologist:n.心理学家,心理学者;
Tajfel was born in Poland in 1919. 泰吉弗尔生于1919年的波兰。
Poland:n.波兰(欧洲国家);
He left to go to university in France, because as a Jew , he couldn't go to university in Poland, and then he enlisted in the French military in World War II. 他离开家乡去法国上大学, 因为他是犹太人,无法在波兰接受大学教育, 随后在第二次世界大战 他应募入伍加入法军。
Jew:v.(集合词)犹太人;犹太人的世界;犹太教;-dom;n.犹太人;犹太教徒; enlisted:adj.士兵的;v.争取;(使)入伍;征募;从军;(enlist的过去分词和过去式) military:adj.军事的;军人的;适于战争的;n.军队;军人;
He was captured and ended up in a prisoner of war camp, and it was a terrifying time for him, because if it was discovered that he was a Jew, he could have been moved to a concentration camp , where he most likely would not have survived. 他被捕了随后被送到 战俘营, 对他来说这是非常恐怖的经历, 因为如果一旦发现他是犹太人, 他便会被移送到集中营, 很难活下来。
captured:adj.捕获的;被俘的;v.捕获;占领;引起;(capture的过去式和过去分词) prisoner of war:n.战俘;俘虏; terrifying:adj.令人恐惧的;骇人的;极大的;v.使害怕,使恐怖;(terrify的现在分词) concentration camp:n.集中营;
And in fact, when the war ended and he was released , most of his friends and family were dead. 事实上,当战争结束的时候,他被释放了, 绝大多数他的亲友都死亡了。
released:v.释放;使免除;已发布;(release的过去分词和过去式)
He got involved in different pursuits . 他参与不同的活动。
involved:adj.有关的; v.涉及; (involve的过去式和过去分词) pursuits:n.追求;寻找;追捕;事业;爱好;(pursuit的复数)
He helped out the war orphans . 他帮助战争孤儿。
orphans:n.孤儿(orphan的复数);v.成为孤儿(orphan的三单形式);
But he had a long-lasting interest in the science of prejudice, and so when a prestigious British scholarship on stereotypes opened up, he applied for it, and he won it, and then he began this amazing career . 但他对偏见科学 有着极高的兴趣 因此当一个极有声望的,有关“刻板印象成见” 的英国奖学金机会释出的时候,他递交了申请, 并拿到了奖学金, 这使他开启了精彩的职业生涯。
long-lasting:adj.持续时间长的; prestigious:adj.有名望的;享有声望的; scholarship:n.奖学金;学问;学识;学术成就; applied:adj.应用的;实用的;v.应用;使用;申请,请求;(apply的过去分词和过去式) career:n.职业;事业;生涯;经历;
And what started his career is an insight that the way most people were thinking about the Holocaust was wrong. 他的职业开始于发觉 当绝大多数人思考大屠杀是错误的 采取了怎样的方法。
insight:n.洞察力;洞悉; Holocaust:n.大屠杀;毁灭;
Many people, most people at the time, viewed the Holocaust as sort of representing some tragic flaw on the part of the Germans, some genetic taint , some authoritarian personality . 很多人,那时候的绝大多数人, 将大屠杀视为 代表某种德国人的悲剧错误, 像是基因污点,威权性格。
representing:v.代表;维护…的利益;等于;相当于;(represent的现在分词) tragic:adj.悲剧的;悲痛的,不幸的; flaw:n.瑕疵,缺点; v.使生裂缝,使有裂纹; vi.生裂缝; on the part of:就...而言;由...所作出的;在...一边;由...所表现出的; genetic:adj.基因的;遗传学的; taint:vt.污染;腐蚀;使感染;n.污点;感染;vi.败坏;被污染; authoritarian:adj.独裁主义的;权力主义的;n.权力主义者;独裁主义者; personality:n.性格;个性;人格;魅力;气质;名人;特色;
And Tajfel rejected this. 泰吉弗尔拒绝这样的解释。
rejected:adj.被拒的;不合格的;v.拒绝,驳回;(reject的过去式和过去分词)
Tajfel said what we see in the Holocaust is just an exaggeration of normal psychological processes that exist in every one of us. 他说道,大屠杀 只是夸大了 正常的心理状态 这样的心理状态存在于我们中的每一个人。
exaggeration:n.夸张;夸大之词;夸张的手法; psychological:adj.心理的;心理学的;精神上的; processes:n.过程; v.处理(process的第三人称单数形式);
And to explore this, he did a series of classic studies with British adolescents . 为了继续研究,他做了一系列的经典研究 有关英国青少年。
explore:v.探索:探测:探险: series:n.系列,连续;[电]串联;级数;丛书; classic:n.名著;优秀的典范;adj.最优秀的;第一流的;有代表性的;典型的; adolescents:n.[人类]青少年(adolescent复数);
And in one of his studies, what he did was he asked the British adolescents all sorts of questions, and then based on their answers, he said, 在他的其中一项研究中,他去询问 英国青少年各种不同的问题, 基于他们的回答,他说,
I've looked at your answers, and based on the answers, “我看过你的答案,基于你的回答,
I have determined that you are either — he told half of them — a Kandinsky lover , you love the work of Kandinsky, or a Klee lover , you love the work of Klee. 我决定你是”-- 他告诉青少年中一半的人-- “康定斯基迷,你喜爱康定斯基的作品, 你是克利迷,你喜爱克利的画作。”
determined:adj.决定了的:v.决定;(determine的过去分词和过去式) lover:n.爱好者;情侣;热爱者;
It was entirely bogus . 这完全是胡编的。
bogus:adj.假的;伪造的;n.伪币;
Their answers had nothing to do with Kandinsky or Klee. 这些青少年的答案和康定斯基或者克利一点关系也没有。
had nothing to do with:与…无关;
They probably hadn't heard of the artists. 他们甚至还未听说过这两位艺术家的大名。
He just arbitrarily divided them up. 泰吉弗尔只是武断地把青少年们划分开来。
arbitrarily:adv.武断地;反复无常地;专横地;
But what he found was, these categories mattered, so when he later gave the subjects money, they would prefer to give the money to members of their own group than members of the other group. 但他发现,这样的类别划分是有作用的, 随后,他让这些青少年分配钱, 他们更愿意将金钱给予 他们本组的其他人 而不是另一个组别的人。
prefer:v.更喜欢;宁愿;提出;提升;
Worse, they were actually most interested in establishing a difference between their group and other groups, so they would give up money for their own group if by doing so they could give the other group even less. 更糟的是,他们真的很乐于 建立一个不同来将 自己的组和他组区分开来, 为了令别组少拿到些钱 他们甚至愿意放弃自己的钱。
establishing:v.建立;创立;设立;使稳固;(establish的现在分词)
This bias seems to show up very early. 偏爱很快就展现出来。
So my colleague and wife, Karen Wynn , at Yale has done a series of studies with babies where she exposes babies to puppets , and the puppets have certain food preferences . 我的妻子也是我的同事,凯伦·维恩,在耶鲁大学 做了一系列有关婴儿的研究 她将幼儿放在玩偶旁边, 玩偶有它们各自喜爱的食物。
colleague:n.同事,同僚; Wynn:n.永利(酒店名); exposes:v.暴露;;揭露;揭穿;使面临(expose的第三人称单数) puppets:n.木偶;傀儡(puppet的复数); preferences:n.偏爱;爱好;喜爱;偏爱的事物;(preference的复数)
So one of the puppets might like green beans. 某个玩偶可能喜爱青豆。
The other puppet might like graham crackers . 另个玩偶更爱全麦饼干。
crackers:adj.疯狂;发狂;n.薄脆饼干;彩包爆竹;十分愉快的事;(cracker的复数)
They test the babies own food preferences, and babies typically prefer the graham crackers. 研究人员测试了幼儿们自身的食物偏好 幼儿们代表性地更爱全麦饼干。
typically:adv.代表性地;作为特色地;
But the question is, does this matter to babies in how they treat the puppets? And it matters a lot. 问题是,这样的喜好差别 会影响到幼儿们对待玩偶的态度吗？确实有很大影响。
treat:v.治疗;处理;招待;款待;n.款待;乐事;乐趣;
They tend to prefer the puppet who has the same food tastes that they have, and worse, they actually prefer puppets who punish the puppet with the different food taste. 幼儿们更喜欢 和他们有相同口味偏好的玩具, 更糟的是,幼儿们喜欢那些惩罚 拥有不同口味同伴的玩偶。
(Laughter) （笑声）
We see this sort of in-group, out-group psychology all the time. 这样群体内外分别非常常见。
psychology:n.心理学;心理状态;
We see it in political clashes within groups with different ideologies . 政治冲突中也会展现 在持有不同意识形态的群体。
clashes:n.打架,冲突; v.打斗; ideologies:意识形态;
We see it in its extreme in cases of war, where the out-group isn't merely given less, but dehumanized , as in the Nazi perspective of Jews as vermin or lice , or the American perspective of Japanese as rats. 极端的例子通过战争展现, 外群体不是被轻视 而是被不当作人类对待, 如同纳粹视犹太人为 害虫或是虱子, 美国人视日本人为老鼠。
extreme:adj.极端的;极度的;偏激的;尽头的;n.极端;末端;最大程度;极端的事物; merely:adv.仅仅,只不过;只是; dehumanized:v.使丧失人性;使无人性;(dehumanize的过去分词和过去式) perspective:n.观点;远景;透视图;adj.透视的; vermin:n.害虫;寄生虫;歹徒; lice:n.虱子(louse的复数);
Stereotypes can also go awry. 刻板印象是会歪曲现实的。
So often they're rational and useful, but sometimes they're irrational , they give the wrong answers, and other times they lead to plainly immoral consequences. 因此时常他们是理性的,有帮助的, 但时常也会是非理性的, 会给出错误的答案, 有时 会导致不道德的后果。
irrational:adj.不合理的;无理性的;荒谬的;n.[数]无理数; plainly:adv.明白地;坦率地;平坦地;朴素地; immoral:adj.不道德的;邪恶的;淫荡的;
And the case that's been most studied is the case of race. 最常被研究的案例 是种族。
There was a fascinating study prior to the 2008 election where social psychologists looked at the extent to which the candidates were associated with America, as in an unconscious association with the American flag. 在 2008 年美国大选前 有个极好的研究, 社会心理学家研究 被测者们是如何通过对美国国旗不知不觉的联系 和美国联系在一起的。
fascinating:adj.极有吸引力的;迷人的;v.深深吸引;迷住;(fascinate的现在分词) psychologists:n.[心理]心理学家(psychologist的复数形式); extent:n.程度;范围;长度; associated:adj.有关联的; v.联想; (associate的过去分词和过去式) unconscious:adj.无意识的;失去知觉的;未发觉的; association:n.协会;关联;联想;交往;
And in one of their studies they compared 在其中一个研究中,他们比较了
compared:adj.比较的,对照的; v.相比; (compare的过去式和过去分词)
Obama and McCain, and they found McCain is thought of as more American than Obama, and to some extent, people aren't that surprised by hearing that. 奥巴马和麦凯恩,他们发现麦凯恩 比奥巴马更加“美国”, 某种程度上,人们甚至并未表示惊讶。
McCain is a celebrated war hero, and many people would explicitly say he has more of an American story than Obama. 麦凯恩是一个着名的战争英雄, 很多人明确地说道 比起奥巴马,麦凯恩有更多的美国故事。
explicitly:adv.明确地;明白地;
But they also compared Obama to British Prime Minister Tony Blair, and they found that Blair was also thought of as more American than Obama, even though subjects explicitly understood that he's not American at all. 研究人员也比对了 奥巴马和英国首相布莱尔, 他们发现比起奥巴马 人们认为布莱尔更加“美国”, 即使他们完全知晓 布莱尔根本不是美国人。
Prime Minister:n.首相;总理;
But they were responding , of course, to the color of his skin. 但人们回应,当然, 因为肤色的原因。
responding:v.响应;作出反应;反应灵敏;(respond的现在分词)
These stereotypes and biases have real-world consequences, both subtle and very important. 这样的成见和偏好 有着现世的影响, 这有些微妙,也非常重要。
biases:n.偏差,偏见(bias的复数形式);v.偏见(bias的三单形式); real-world:adj.现实生活的;工作的; subtle:adj.微妙的;精细的;敏感的;狡猾的;稀薄的;
In one recent study, researchers put ads on eBay for the sale of baseball cards. 在最近的一个研究中,研究人员 在易趣（eBay）网站上投放广告销售篮球卡。
Some of them were held by white hands, others by black hands. 有些卖家是白人, 另一些则是黑人。
They were the same baseball cards. 同样的实验也包括销售棒球卡。
The ones held by black hands got substantially smaller bids than the ones held by white hands. 黑人卖家 得到的来自买家的出价价位略小于 白人卖家。
substantially:adv.实质上;大体上;充分地;
In research done at Stanford, psychologists explored the case of people sentenced for the murder of a white person. 在斯坦福的一个研究项目也表明, 心理学家研究了 因谋杀白人而被判刑的罪犯。
explored:v.探索;勘探;考察;探险;(explore的过去式和过去分词)
It turns out, holding everything else constant, you are considerably more likely to be executed if you look like the man on the right than the man on the left, and this is in large part because 结果表明,除去其他因素, 比起图片左边的人（白人） 图片右边的人（黑人） 更可能被判死刑, 这很大程度归结于
considerably:adv.相当地;非常地; executed:v.(尤指依法)处决,处死;实行;执行;实施;(execute的过去分词和过去式)
the man on the right looks more prototypically black, more prototypically African-American , and this apparently influences people's decisions over what to do about him. 图片右边的人是黑人, 美国黑人, 很明显这影响到了人们 对他所做出的决定。
prototypically:原型地;典型地; African-American:非洲裔美国人(指美国黑人); apparently:adv.显然地;似乎,表面上; influences:n.影响; v.影响;
So now that we know about this, how do we combat it? 现在我们知道了成见和偏爱的存在, 我们要怎样对抗这样的想法呢？
combat:v.战斗;防止;减轻;与…搏斗;n.战斗;搏斗;打仗;
And there are different avenues . 有很多不同的方法。
avenues:n.[建]林荫道,[公路]大街;
One avenue is to appeal to people's emotional responses , to appeal to people's empathy , and we often do that through stories. 一个方法是去感化 人们的情感, 去令人们感同身受, 通常我们会用故事来达到这样的效果。
appeal:n.上诉;吸引力;申诉;魅力;v.上诉;呼吁;申诉;恳求; emotional:adj.情绪的;易激动的;感动人的; responses:n.回答,答复;反应;响应;(response的复数) empathy:n.神入;移情作用;执着;
So if you are a liberal parent and you want to encourage your children to believe in the merits of nontraditional families, you might give them a book like this. [Heather Has Two Mommies] 如果你是自由的父母 你想要鼓励你的孩子 来相信非传统家庭的价值优点, 你会给他们看这样的书。[海瑟有两个妈妈]
liberal:adj.宽宏大度的; n.理解且尊重他人意见的人; merits:n.优点(merit的复数);功绩;是非曲直; nontraditional:adj.不符合传统的,非传统的;
If you are conservative and have a different attitude , you might give them a book like this. 如果你比较传统对此持有不同的态度, 你会给他们看这本书
conservative:adj.保守的;n.保守派,守旧者; attitude:n.态度;看法;意见;姿势;
(Laughter) [Help! Mom! There Are Liberals under My Bed!] （笑声）[“救命呀！妈妈！自由党人藏在我的床下！”]
Liberals:n.自由主义者(liberal的复数);
But in general, stories can turn anonymous strangers into people who matter, and the idea that we care about people when we focus on them as individuals is an idea which has shown up across history. 总的来说,故事能够 让路人从陌生到关注, 我们在乎人们 当我们将他们是做个体 这样的思想贯穿人类历史。
anonymous:adj.匿名的,无名的;无个性特征的; individuals:n.[经]个人;[生物]个体(individual的复数);
So Stalin apocryphally said, 因此,斯大林虚情假意地说,
Stalin:n.斯大林(前苏联领导人); apocryphally:伪造地;
A single death is a tragedy , a million deaths is a statistic , and Mother Teresa said, “一个人死亡是悲剧, 一百万人的死亡则是统计数据,” 特蕾莎修女说道,
tragedy:n.悲惨的事;不幸;灾难;悲剧作品; statistic:n.统计学;统计数字;统计资料;(一项)统计数据;adj.统计(上)的;
If I look at the mass , I will never act. 假如我看到一群人,我不会有所行动。
mass:n.块,团; adj.群众的,民众的; v.聚集起来,聚集;
If I look at the one, I will. 假如我看到一个人,我会。
Psychologists have explored this. 心理学家对此作出研究。
For instance, in one study, people were given a list of facts about a crisis , and it was seen how much they would donate to solve this crisis , and another group was given no facts at all but they were told of an individual and given a name and given a face, and it turns out that they gave far more. 比方说,在一个研究中, 研究人员交给人们一张清单,上面列举了一些危急的例子, 看人们愿意为了化解危机 捐赠多少, 另一个组则未被告知这些事情 但研究人员告诉他们 个体故事,包括名字,相片, 结果是,他们比上一组捐赠更多善款。
crisis:n.危机;危险期;决定性时刻;adj.危机的;用于处理危机的; donate:v.赠送;献(血);捐献(器官);
None of this I think is a secret to the people who are engaged in charity work. 上述故事对于从事 慈善工作的人来说都不是秘密。
engaged in:从事于;忙于; charity:n.慈善;施舍;慈善团体;宽容;施舍物;
People don't tend to deluge people with facts and statistics . 慈善工作者不会向人们 展示大量的事实和数据。
deluge:n.洪水;泛滥;暴雨;vt.使泛滥;压倒; statistics:n.统计数字;统计资料;统计学;(statistic的复数)
Rather, you show them faces, you show them people. 而是,给人们看相片, 展示灾民的样子。
It's possible that by extending our sympathies to an individual, they can spread to the group that the individual belongs to. 很有可能的是,通过展现我们 对于个体的同情, 他们可以进而展示个体从属的群体。
extending:v.使伸长;扩大;扩展;延长;(extend的现在分词) sympathies:n.同情;支持;志同道合;(sympathy的复数)
This is Harriet Beecher Stowe. 这是哈里耶持·比彻·斯托。
The story, perhaps apocryphal, is that President Lincoln invited her to the White House in the middle of the Civil War and said to her, 故事,可能是假的, 林肯总统邀请她 在美国内战期间到白宫 对她说,
White House:n.白宫(美国总统官邸,位于首都华盛顿); Civil:adj.公民的;民间的;文职的;有礼貌的;根据民法的;
So you're the little lady who started this great war . “你是开始这场战争的女子。”
great war:na.第一次世界大战;
And he was talking about Uncle Tom's Cabin . 他谈到“汤姆叔叔的小屋。”
Cabin:v.把…关在小屋内; n.(轮船上生活或睡觉的)隔间; (通常为木制的)小屋;
Uncle Tom's Cabin is not a great book of philosophy or of theology or perhaps not even literature , but it does a great job of getting people to put themselves in the shoes “汤姆叔叔的小屋”不是伟大的哲学或宗教故事 甚至可能都不是文学, 但它起了很大的作用 在人们能够将自己置身于某个故事
philosophy:n.哲学;哲理;人生观; theology:n.神学;宗教体系; literature:n.文学;文献;文艺;著作;
of people they wouldn't otherwise be in the shoes of, put themselves in the shoes of slaves. 那些本不可能属于他们的故事中, 以奴隶的角度来看世界。
And that could well have been a catalyst for great social change. 这些是催化剂, 催生巨大的社会变革。
catalyst:n.[物化]催化剂;刺激因素;
More recently , looking at America in the last several decades, there's some reason to believe that shows like The Cosby Show radically changed American attitudes towards African-Americans, while shows like Will and Grace and Modern Family changed American attitudes towards gay men and women. 近年来,看看美国 在过去几十年的表现, 太多的原因让我们相信像是“考斯比一家” 从更本上改变了美国人对美国黑人的看法, “威尔与格蕾丝”,“摩登家庭” 改变了很多美国人 对同性恋男女的态度。
recently:adv.最近;新近; radically:adv.根本上;彻底地;以激进的方式; attitudes:n.态度,看法(attitude复数); Grace:n.优雅;恩惠;魅力;慈悲;v.使优美;
I don't think it's an exaggeration to say that the major catalyst in America for moral change has been a situation comedy . 不夸张地说, 对美国道德价值改变做出最大贡献的 是情景喜剧。
situation comedy:n.[影视]情景喜剧;
But it's not all emotions , and I want to end by appealing to the power of reason. 但这并不全是情感上的, 最后我想要谈到 理性的力量。
emotions:n.强烈的感情;激情;情感;(emotion的复数) appealing:adj.吸引人的; v.呼吁; (appeal的现在分词)
At some point in his wonderful book 在他佳作的某些部分
The Better Angels of Our Nature, “唤醒人性中的天使”
Steven Pinker says, the Old Testament says love thy neighbor, and the New Testament says love thy enemy, but I don't love either one of them, not really, but I don't want to kill them. 史蒂文·平克说道, 旧约说到要爱我们的邻居, 新约说到要爱我们的敌人, 但我不爱他们中的任何一个,不尽然, 但我不想杀了他们。
Old Testament:n.(圣经)《旧约》; New Testament:n.(圣经)《新约》;
I know I have obligations to them, but my moral feelings to them, my moral beliefs about how I should behave towards them, aren't grounded in love. 我知道我有义务对他们, 但我对他们的道德感受, 我要如何对待他们的道德信念, 不会是基于爱。
obligations:n.[法]义务;债务;承付款项(obligation的复数); behave:v.表现;(机器等)运转;举止端正;(事物)起某种作用;
What they're grounded in is the understanding of human rights, a belief that their life is as valuable to them as my life is to me, and to support this, he tells a story by the great philosopher Adam Smith, and I want to tell this story too, though I'm going to modify it a little bit for modern times. 是基于对人权的理解, 他们的生命对他们的价值 正如我的生命对我的价值, 为了支持这个观点,他讲了一个故事, 关于伟大的哲人亚当·斯密, 我现在讲这个故事, 我为了使其适应现代 略微做了改动。
valuable:adj.有价值的;贵重的;可估价的;n.贵重物品; philosopher:n.哲学家;深思的人;善于思考的人; modify:vt.修改,修饰;更改;vi.修改;
So Adam Smith starts by asking you to imagine the death of thousands of people, and imagine that the thousands of people are in a country you are not familiar with. 亚当斯密让你来想象 数千人死亡的场景, 想象这数千人 是在你不熟悉的国家。
It could be China or India or a country in Africa. 可能是中国,或者是印度,或者是某个非洲国家。
And Smith says, how would you respond? 斯密说到,你会怎样回应？
And you would say, well that's too bad, and you'd go on to the rest of your life. 你可能会说,这太糟了, 然后继续你的生活。
If you were to open up The New York Times online or something, and discover this, and in fact this happens to us all the time, we go about our lives. 如果你打开纽约时报的网站或什么, 看到这些消息,事实上这常发生, 我们继续我们的生活。
But imagine instead, Smith says, you were to learn that tomorrow you were to have your little finger chopped off. 斯密说,想象另一个画面: 你发现明天 你的小手指会被砍掉。
little finger:n.小指; chopped:v.切碎;剁碎;砍;劈;降低;取消;(chop的过去分词和过去式)
Smith says, that would matter a lot. 斯密说,这太重要了。
You would not sleep that night wondering about that. 你整晚会睡不着觉 辗转反侧。
So this raises the question: 这就提出了问题:
Would you sacrifice thousands of lives to save your little finger? 你会牺牲数千人的生命 以求得保全自己小手指吗？
sacrifice:n.牺牲;舍弃;祭献;祭祀;祭品;v.牺牲;献出;作祭献
Now answer this in the privacy of your own head, but Smith says, absolutely not , what a horrid thought. 现在在自己的脑袋里回答这个问题, 但是斯密说,绝对不, 这是多么邪恶的想法。
privacy:n.隐私;秘密;隐居;隐居处; absolutely not:绝对不会;绝对不是;绝对不行; horrid:adj.可怕的;恐怖的;极讨厌的;
And so this raises the question, and so, as Smith puts it, 这就提出了问题, 随后,斯密提出这样的疑问,
When our passive feelings are almost always so sordid and so selfish, how comes it that our active principles should often be so generous and so noble ? “我们的消极情绪总是 如此利欲熏心,自私卑鄙, 我们的行为又怎么可能 时常很无私和高尚呢？”
passive:adj.被动的,消极的;被动语态的;n.被动语态; sordid:adj.肮脏的;卑鄙的;利欲熏心的;色彩暗淡的; principles:n.原则;主义;本质;政策;(principle的复数) generous:adj.慷慨的,大方的;宽宏大量的;有雅量的; noble:adj.高尚的;贵族的;惰性的;宏伟的;n.贵族;
And Smith's answer is, It is reason, principle, conscience . 斯密回答道,“因为理性, 道德,良知。”
conscience:n.道德心,良心;
[This] calls to us, with a voice capable of astonishing the most presumptuous of our passions , that we are but one of the multitude , in no respect better than any other in it. [这] 告诉我们 能够惊人地绝大部分爆发我们的激情, 但众多思考中, 没有比尊重更重要。“
capable:adj.能干的,能胜任的;有才华的; astonishing:adj.令人十分惊讶的;v.使十分惊讶;使吃惊;(astonish的现在分词) presumptuous:adj.专横的;放肆的;冒昧的; passions:n.强烈情感;激情;盛怒;(passion的复数) multitude:n.众多;大量;群众;民众;人群;
And this last part is what is often described as the principle of impartiality . 最后的这个部分是有关 公正的原则。
described:v.描述;形容;把…称为;做…运动;(describe的过去分词和过去式) impartiality:n.公正,公平;不偏不倚;
And this principle of impartiality manifests itself in all of the world's religions, in all of the different versions of the golden rule , and in all of the world's moral philosophies , which differ in many ways 这样公正的原则 在全世界宗教中都有所证明, 在各种不同版本的黄金法则, 世界上所有的道德哲学, 即使有所不同
manifests:vt.证明,表明; vi.显示,出现; n.载货单,货单; adj.显然的,明显的; golden rule:n.成功之重要原则;指导原则; philosophies:n.哲学;思想体系;人生哲学;(philosophy的复数)
but share the presupposition that we should judge morality from sort of an impartial point of view . 但共有的假设是我们应该从 公正的角度来评判道德。
presupposition:n.假定;预想;臆测; morality:n.道德;品行,美德; point of view:观点;见地;立场;
The best articulation of this view is actually, for me, it's not from a theologian or from a philosopher, but from Humphrey Bogart at the end of Casablanca . 这观点最重要的是 事实上,对我来说,这不是从宗教学家或哲学家听来, 而是从亨弗莱·鲍嘉 在电影“卡萨布兰卡”片尾的表现。
articulation:n.关节;接合;清晰发音; theologian:n.神学者;空头理论家; Bogart:n.博加特(姓氏);弓的力量(星座名的含义); Casablanca:n.卡萨布兰卡市(摩洛哥西北部港市);
So, spoiler alert , he's telling his lover that they have to separate for the more general good, and he says to her, and I won't do the accent , but he says to her, It doesn't take much to see that the problems of three little people don't amount to a hill of beans in this crazy world. 警告有剧透,他告诉他的爱人 为了更伟大的善, 他们必须要分开, 他对她说,我不会模仿这口音, 他对她说“不用多久就可以看到 这三个小人的问题 不会使世界疯狂。”
spoiler:n.剧透(透露与电影,书籍或者游戏内容有关的信息。); alert:n.警报; adj.警觉的; v.向…报警; accent:n.口音;重音;强调;特点;重音符号;v.强调;重读;带…口音讲话; little people:n.小老百姓;异常矮小的人;侏儒;"袖珍"人;
Our reason could cause us to override our passions. 我们的理性可以驾驭我们的热情。
override:v.凌驾;(以权力)否决;比…更重要;超驰控制;
Our reason could motivate us to extend our empathy, could motivate us to write a book like Uncle Tom's Cabin, or read a book like Uncle Tom's Cabin, and our reason can motivate us to create customs and taboos and laws that will constrain us from acting upon our impulses when, as rational beings, we feel we should be constrained . 我们的理性可以激励我们 扩展我们的同理心, 可以激励我们写“汤姆叔叔的小屋”这样的书 或者看“汤姆叔叔的小屋”, 我们的理性可以促使我们 创造海关,烟草和法律 这会限制我们 冲动的行为, 当理性存在,我们感到 我们要被限制。
motivate:v.激励;激发;成为…的动机;是…的原因; taboos:n.禁忌(taboo的复数形式);v.禁忌(taboo的第三人称单数形式); impulses:n.[心理]冲动; v.推动(impulse的第三人称单数); constrained:adj.不自然的; v.约束; (constrain的过去分词和过去式)
This is what a constitution is. 这是宪法。
constitution:n.宪法;构成;体质;组成;
A constitution is something which was set up in the past that applies now in the present, and what it says is, no matter how much we might to reelect a popular president for a third term, no matter how much white Americans might choose to feel that they want to reinstate the institution of slavery , we can't. 宪法是过去撰写的 适用于现在以及未来, 宪法提到的, 无论我们多想 选举受欢迎的总统开始第三任期, 无论美国白人多么想 重新回到奴隶制度,我们不能。
applies:v.适用;申请;运用;专心;(apply的第三人称单数) reelect:v.[政]重选;改造; reinstate:v.使恢复原职;把…放回原处;使恢复原状; institution:n.制度;建立;(社会或宗教等)公共机构;习俗; slavery:n.奴隶制;奴隶身份;蓄奴;adj.流口水的;被口水弄脏的;
We have bound ourselves. 我们限制自己。
bound:n.跳跃:v.跳跃着跑:形成…的边界(或界限)adj.一定会:很可能会:
And we bind ourselves in other ways as well. 我们也从别的方式约束自己。
bind:v.结合;装订;有约束力;过紧;n.捆绑;困境;讨厌的事情;植物的藤蔓;
We know that when it comes to choosing somebody for a job, for an award, we are strongly biased by their race, we are biased by their gender , we are biased by how attractive they are, and sometimes we might say, Well fine, that's the way it should be. 当我们想要选择某人 来从事一项工作,获得一个奖项, 我们很容易受到种族因素的影响, 我们会因他们的性别产生偏见, 我们会因为他们的样貌产生偏爱, 有时我们会说,“是的,就是这样。”
biased:adj.有偏见的;结果偏倚的,有偏的; gender:n.性别; attractive:adj.吸引人的;有魅力的;引人注目的;
But other times we say, This is wrong. 有时我们会说,“这是错的。”
And so to combat this, we don't just try harder, but rather what we do is we set up situations where these other sources of information can't bias us, which is why many orchestras audition musicians behind screens, so the only information they have is the information they believe should matter. 为了对抗这些, 我们不仅更加努力, 我们建立机构 这些信息资源不会有成见, 这就是为什么很多交响乐团 面试音乐家时,让他们站在幕后, 这样评委唯一的信息来源 就是他们认为最重要的。
sources:n.来源;出处;起源;根源;原因;v.(从…)获得(source的第三人称单数和复数) orchestras:n.管弦乐队;乐队演奏处; audition:n.试演,试唱,试音;v.试演;试唱;试音;面试;
I think prejudice and bias illustrate a fundamental duality of human nature . 我认为偏见和偏爱 展示了人性最基础的二元性。
illustrate:v.解释;加插图于;给(书等)做图表;表明…真实; fundamental:n.基础; adj.十分重大的; duality:n.二元性;[物]二象性; human nature:n.人性;
We have gut feelings, instincts , emotions, and they affect our judgments and our actions for good and for evil, but we are also capable of rational deliberation and intelligent planning, and we can use these to, in some cases, accelerate and nourish our emotions, and in other cases staunch them. 我们有胆识,本能,情感, 这会影响我们 但我们同样有能力做出理性思考 和智能规划, 我们可以运用这些,在某些情况下, 加速和丰富我们的情绪, 某些情况下止住它们。
gut:n.勇气;肠道;内脏;v.损毁内部;取出…的内脏;adj.非理性的;本能的 instincts:n.本能;天性;直觉;(instinct的复数) deliberation:n.审议;考虑;从容;熟思; intelligent:adj.有才智的;悟性强的;聪明的;有智力的 accelerate:v.加快;加速;n.接受速成教育的学生; nourish:vt.滋养;怀有;使健壮; staunch:adj.坚定的;忠诚的;坚固的;vt.止住;止血;
And it's in this way that reason helps us create a better world. 这样成见和偏爱 就能帮助我们创建更美好的世界。
Thank you. 谢谢。
(Applause) （鼓掌）