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PaulBloom_2011G-_快乐的源泉_
I'm going to talk today about the pleasures of everyday life. 我今天来说说 日常快乐
But I want to begin with a story of an unusual and terrible man. 但是我们的故事会从 一个不同寻常的可怕的人讲起
This is Hermann Goering. 他是赫曼·戈林(Hermann Goering)
Goering was Hitler's second in command in World War II, his designated successor . 戈林在二战时期是希特勒的副司令 他指定的接班人
second in command:n.副主管;副指挥官; designated:adj.派定的;v.命名;指定;标明;指明;(designate的过去式和过去分词) successor:n.继承者;后续的事物;
And like Hitler, 和希特勒一样
Goering fancied himself a collector of art. 戈林也自认为是一个艺术品收藏家
fancied:adj.空想的;虚构的;受喜爱的;被特别爱好的;
He went through Europe, through World War II, stealing, extorting and occasionally buying various paintings for his collection. 他在整个二战时期足迹遍布欧洲 盗取,豪夺也偶尔购买 各种绘画作为他的收藏
extorting:v.敲诈;勒索;强夺;(extort的现在分词) occasionally:adv.偶尔;有时候;偶然;
And what he really wanted was something by Vermeer. 但是他真的最想要的是扬·弗美尔的作品
Hitler had two of them, and he didn't have any. 希特勒有两幅,而他一幅也没有
So he finally found an art dealer , a Dutch art dealer named Han van Meegeren, who sold him a wonderf ul Vermeer for the cost of what would now be 10 million dollars. 所以他最终找到一个画商 一个叫作凡·米格伦的荷兰艺术品经销商 卖给他一幅很精致的弗美尔的作品 价值相当于现在的一千万美元
finally:adv.终于;最终;(用于列举)最后;彻底地; dealer:n.交易商;贸易商;贩毒者;毒品贩子; Dutch:adj.荷兰的; n.荷兰人; v.费用平摊地;
And it was his favorite artwork ever. 这成了他最钟爱的艺术品
World War II came to an end, and Goering was captured , tried at Nuremberg and ultimately sentenced to death. 二次世界大结束后 戈林被捕,在纽伦堡受审 最后被判处死刑
captured:adj.捕获的;被俘的;v.捕获;占领;引起;(capture的过去式和过去分词) ultimately:adv.最终;最后;归根结底;终究;
Then the allied forces went through his collections and found the paintings and went after the people who sold it to him. 然后二战同盟部队在查找他的收藏时 找到了这些画 然后去追查那些卖画给他的人
allied:adj.联合的;同盟的;与…同属一系;v.联合(ally的过去分词);
And at some point the Dutch police came into Amsterdam and arrested Van Meegeren. 与此同时,荷兰警察也来到阿姆斯特丹 逮捕了凡?米格伦
Amsterdam:n.阿姆斯特丹(荷兰首都);阿姆斯特丹(美国纽约东部城市);
Van Meegeren was charged with the crime of treason , which is itself punishable by death. 凡?米格伦被控叛国罪 叛国罪是要判死刑的
treason:n.[法]叛国罪;不忠; punishable:adj.可罚的;该罚的;
Six weeks into his prison sentence, 他判刑后的六周后
Van Meegeren confessed . 凡?米格伦认罪了
confessed:adj.公开认错的;v.供认,坦白,承认;悔过;(confess的过去分词和过去式)
But he didn't confess to treason. 但是他否认叛国罪
He said, "I did not sell a great masterpiece to that Nazi. 他说:“我没有出售一幅伟大的杰作 给纳粹
masterpiece:n.杰作;名著;代表作
I painted it myself; I'm a forger ." 因为我自己画的,我是个仿画家。”
forger:n.铁匠;伪造者;
Now nobody believed him. 没有人相信他
And he said, "I'll prove it. 他说:“我能证明的
Bring me a canvas and some paint, and I will paint a Vermeer much better than I sold that disgusting Nazi. 给我画布和颜料 我可以画一幅比卖给那个 可恶的纳粹好得多的弗美尔作品
canvas:n.帆布;(帆布)画布;油画;vt.用帆布覆盖; disgusting:adj.令人不快的;令人厌恶的;v.使作呕;使厌恶;使反感;(disgust的现在分词)
I also need alcohol and morphine , because it's the only way I can work." 我还要酒和吗啡,因为有了这些我才能工作。”
alcohol:n.酒精;乙醇;含酒精饮料; morphine:n.[毒物][药]吗啡;
(Laughter) （笑声）
So they brought him in. 所以他们给了他这些东西
He painted a beautiful Vermeer. 他画了一幅美丽的弗美尔作品
And then the charges of treason were dropped. 叛国罪也随之撤销
He had a lesser charge of forgery , got a year sentence and died a hero to the Dutch people. 他被判了个较轻的伪造罪 被判刑一年 他死后成为荷兰人民的英雄
lesser:adj.较少的;次要的;更小的;adv.较少地;更小地;不及; forgery:n.伪造;伪造罪;伪造物;
There's a lot more to be said about Van Meegeren, but I want to turn now to Goering, who's pictured here being interrogated at Nuremberg. 关于凡?米格伦还有很多故事可以说 但我现在回来说戈林 在这张照片里他在纽伦堡受审
interrogated:v.审问;盘问;查询,询问;(interrogate的过去分词和过去式)
Now Goering was, by all accounts, a terrible man. 那时的戈林,据所有的罪状,是一个可怕的人
Even for a Nazi, he was a terrible man. 甚至对纳粹分子来说,他也是个可怕的人
His American interrogators described him as an amicable psychopath . 美籍审讯管形容他 是一个和睦的精神变态的人
interrogators:n.质问者;询问机; described:v.描述;形容;把…称为;做…运动;(describe的过去分词和过去式) amicable:adj.友好的;友善的; psychopath:n.精神病患者;
But you could feel sympathy for the reaction he had when he was told that his favorite painting was actually a forgery. 但是你可能会同情他 当他在 被告知他所钟爱的绘画 其实是赝品时的反应
sympathy:n.同情;慰问;赞同; reaction:n.反应,感应;反动,复古;反作用;
According to his biographer , "He looked as if for the first time he had discovered there was evil in the world." 根据他的传记作者说 “他看上去好像第一次 发现这个世界上存在着邪恶。”
According to:根据,据说; biographer:n.传记作者; evil:adj.邪恶的;不幸的;有害的;讨厌的;n.罪恶,邪恶;不幸;
(Laughter) （笑声）
And he killed himself soon afterwards. 之后他很快就自杀了
He had discovered after all that the painting he thought was this was actually that. 他最终发现 他认为的这幅画 其实是那幅赝品
It looked the same, but it had a different origin , it was a different artwork. 它看上去一模一样 但是它们的来源不同,这是不同的艺术品
origin:n.起源;起因;源头;出身;
It wasn't just him who was in for a shock. 不只是他感到震惊
Once Van Meegeren was on trial, he couldn't stop talking. 有一次凡·米格伦受审讯时,他不停地唠叨。
And he boasted about all the great masterpieces that he himself had painted that were attributed to other artists. 他吹嘘说所有其他画家 画的伟大作品都是 他画的
boasted:v.v.有(引以为荣的事物)(boast的过去式和过去分词);扬言; masterpieces:n.杰作;绝无仅有的人; attributed:v.归于(attribute的过去式,过去分词);属性化;
In particular , "The Supper at Emmaus" 其中特别是《伊默斯的晚餐》
In particular:尤其,特别;
which was viewed as Vermeer's finest masterpiece, his best work -- people would come from all over the world to see it -- was actually a forgery. 这幅被视为弗美尔最优秀的杰作,他的极品-- 全世界的人都会前来参观-- 其实是一幅赝品
It was not that painting, but that painting. 不是这幅画,而是那幅画
And when that was discovered, it lost all its value and was taken away from the museum. 而这一被发现 它立刻被博物馆撤下,失去了一切价值
Why does this matter? 为什么这个很重要呢
You psychologists , why do origins matter so much? 你们这些心理学家,为什么来源那么重要？
psychologists:n.[心理]心理学家(psychologist的复数形式); origins:n.起源; (origin的复数)
Why do we respond so much to our knowledge of where something comes from? 为什么我们对知道东西 从哪里来的反应那么强烈？
respond:vi.回答;作出反应;承担责任;n.应答;唱和;
Well there's an answer to that many people would give. 很多人都会回答说:
Many sociologists like Veblen and Wolfe would argue that the reason why we take origins so seriously is because we're snobs , because we're focused on status . 很多社会学家,比如Veblen维布伦和Wolfe沃尔夫 会说我们之所以会那么重视东西的来源 是因为我们很势利,因为我们重视身份地位
sociologists:n.社会学家; snobs:n.势利小人;谄上欺下的人;自命高雅的人;(snob的复数) status:n.地位;状态;情形;重要身份;
Among other things, if you want to show off how rich you are, how powerful you are, it's always better to own an original than a forgery because there's always going to be fewer originals than forgeries . 连同其他一些东西, 如果你想显示你富有,有权势 拥有一幅真迹总是比仿画要好得多 因为真迹总是比仿制的少
originals:n.原件(original的复数);[图情]原稿; forgeries:n.伪造;伪造罪;伪造物;
I don't doubt that that plays some role, but what I want to convince you of today is that there's something else going on. 我也不怀疑这也起了点作用 但是我今天想说服你们 这其中还有别的原因
convince:v.使确信;使相信;说服,劝说;
I want to convince you that humans are, to some extent , natural born essentialists. 我想说服你们 从某种程度上来说,人类是天生的本质主义者
extent:n.程度;范围;长度;
What I mean by this is we don't just respond to things as we see them, or feel them, or hear them. 我说这句话的意思是 我们对事物的反应不只是根据我们看到的 感受到的和听到的做出的
Rather, our response is conditioned on our beliefs, but what they really are, what they came from, what they're made of, what their hidden nature is. 相反,我们的反应是以我们的信奉为条件的 他们到底是什么,从哪里来 用什么做的, 他们潜藏的内质是什么
response:n.响应;反应;回答;
I want to suggest that this is true, not just for how we think about things, but how we react to things. 我想说这种特性 不但表现在我们怎样看待事物 而且表现在我们对事情做出反应
So I want to suggest that pleasure is deep -- and that this isn't true just for higher level pleasures like art, but even the most seemingly simple pleasures are affected by our beliefs about hidden essences . 所以我想说快乐其实是很深层的 不光是比较高层次的快乐, 比如艺术带给人的快乐是这样 而且大多数看似简单的快乐也是这样 都是受我们对事物潜在本质认识的影响
seemingly:adv.看来似乎;表面上看来; essences:n.本质;[化工]香精(essence的复数);精髓;
So take food. 比如食品
Would you eat this? 你会吃这块肉吗
Well, a good answer is, "It depends. What is it?" 好的答案是,“要看这是什么了？”
Some of you would eat it if it's pork , but not beef. 如果是猪肉不是牛肉你们中的有些人就吃了
pork:n.猪肉;
Some of you would eat it if it's beef, but not pork. 而有些人则吃牛肉而不吃猪肉
Few of you would eat it if it's a rat or a human. 如果是老鼠肉,或是人肉 大概很少有人会吃
Some of you would eat it only if it's a strangely colored piece of tofu. 如果这是一块颜色奇怪的豆腐,你们中的一些人就吃了
strangely:adv.奇怪地;奇妙地;不可思议地;
That's not so surprising. 这并不奇怪
But what's more interesting is how it tastes to you will depend critically on what you think you're eating. 但是更有趣的是 你觉得味道如何 会取决于你认为你在吃什么
critically:adv.精密地;危急地;批评性地;用钻研眼光地;
So one demonstration of this was done with young children. 我们拿小孩做示范
demonstration:n.示范;演示;论证;证明;
How do you make children not just be more likely to eat carrots and drink milk, but to get more pleasure from eating carrots and drinking milk -- to think they taste better? 你怎样才能让小孩 更可能去吃胡萝卜和喝牛奶 而且更喜欢吃胡萝卜和喝牛奶 觉得它们味道很好呢?
It's simple, you tell them they're from McDonald's. 很简单,你告诉他们这是从麦当劳买来的
They believe McDonald's food is tastier , and it leads them to experience it as tastier. 他们相信麦当劳的食品味道更好 这会引导他们感受更好的味道
tastier:较美味的(tasty的比较级);
How do you get adults to really enjoy wine? 你怎样让成年人更喜欢葡萄酒？
It's very simple: pour it from an expensive bottle. 很简单 把酒从一个贵的瓶子里倒出来
pour:v.倒; n.流出; (已熔金属的)一次浇注量;
There are now dozens, perhaps hundreds of studies showing that if you believe you're drinking the expensive stuff , it tastes better to you. 现在有几十个,可能是上百个研究显示 如果你相信你在喝昂贵的东西 你会觉得它更好喝
stuff:n.东西:物品:基本特征:v.填满:装满:标本:
This was recently done with a neuroscientific twist . 最近有个用神经科学方式的实验
recently:adv.最近;新近; neuroscientific:adj.神经系统科学的; twist:v.捻;扭转;曲折;扭动;n.捻;拧;扭动;搓;
They get people into a fMRI scanner , and while they're lying there, through a tube, they get to sip wine. 他们让人躺进dMRI核磁共振成像扫描仪 躺在那里的人一边用一根管子 吸葡萄酒
scanner:n.[计]扫描仪;扫描器;光电子扫描装置; sip:v.小口喝;n.一小口(饮料);
In front of them on a screen is information about the wine. 他们面前是展示酒的信息的屏幕
Everybody, of course, drinks exactly the same wine. 当然,每个人 其实喝的都是一模一样的酒
But if you believe you're drinking expensive stuff, parts of the brain associated with pleasure and reward light up like a Christmas tree. 但是如果你相信你在喝昂贵酒时, 大脑掌管快乐和奖赏的那个区域 就像圣诞树一样照亮了起来
associated:adj.有关联的; v.联想; (associate的过去分词和过去式) reward:n.[劳经]报酬;报答;酬谢;v.[劳经]奖励;奖赏;
It's not just that you say it's more pleasurable , you say you like it more, you really experience it in a different way. 你不只是说你感到更快乐,或是你更喜欢这个贵酒 你真的是用不同的方式在感受这件事
pleasurable:adj.快乐的;心情舒畅的;令人愉快的;
Or take sex. 就性感来说
These are stimuli I've used in some of my studies. 这是我曾用在某些研究里的刺激方式
stimuli:n.刺激;刺激物;促进因素(stimulus的复数);
And if you simply show people these pictures, they'll say these are fairly attractive people. 如果只是让人们看这些照片 他们会说这些人挺有魅力
fairly:adv.相当地;公平地;简直; attractive:adj.吸引人的;有魅力的;引人注目的;
But how attractive you find them, how sexually or romantically moved you are by them, rests critically on who you think you're looking at. 但你认为他们多有魅力 多性感,能让你产生浪漫的感觉 关键在于你觉得你在看谁
sexually:adv.性,性欲 romantically:adv.浪漫地;不切实际地;
You probably think the picture on the left is male, the one on the right is female . 你也许认为左边这张图是男性 右边这张图是女性
female:adj.女性的;雌性的;柔弱的,柔和的;n.女人;[动]雌性动物;
If that belief turns out to be mistaken , it will make a difference . 但如果这样的认知是错误的,那感觉就大不一样了
mistaken:adj.错误;不正确;被误解的;v.弄错;误解;误会;(mistake的过去分词) make a difference:有影响,有关系;
(Laughter) （笑声）
It will make a difference if they turn out to be much younger or much older than you think they are. 如果他们比你们想象得要年轻或年长得多 那也会有不同的结果
It will make a difference if you were to discover that the person you're looking at with lust is actually a disguised version of your son or daughter, your mother or father. 当你发现你带着性欲 看着的人 其实是你的儿子或女儿 是你的母亲或父亲
lust:n.性欲;强烈的欲望;vi.贪求,渴望; disguised:v.假扮;装扮;伪装;掩蔽;掩饰(disguise的过去分词和过去式)
Knowing somebody's your kin typically kills the libido . 得知那人是你的亲人通常会扼杀掉欲望
kin:n.亲戚;家族;同族;adj.同类的;有亲属关系的;性质类似的; typically:adv.代表性地;作为特色地; libido:n.性欲;生命力;
Maybe one of the most heartening findings from the psychology of pleasure is there's more to looking good than your physical appearance . 也许快乐心理学上 最让人振奋的发现是 还有比外表好看更多的东西存在
heartening:v.激励;鼓励;(hearten的现在分词) findings:n.调查发现;判决;裁决;(finding的复数) psychology:n.心理学;心理状态; physical:adj.[物]物理的;身体的;物质的;符合自然法则的;n.体格检查; appearance:n.外貌;外观;外表;
If you like somebody, they look better to you. 如果你喜欢某人, 你觉得他们更顺眼
This is why spouses in happy marriages tend to think that their husband or wife looks much better than anyone else thinks that they do. 这就是为什么幸福婚姻中的夫妇 会觉得他们的另一半 远比其他人认为的那样要好看得多
spouses:配偶;
(Laughter) （笑声）
A particularly dramatic example of this comes from a neurological disorder known as Capgras syndrome . 一个特别典型的例子 是一种称做替身综合症的疾病
particularly:adv.特别地,独特地;详细地,具体地;明确地,细致地; dramatic:adj.突然的;巨大的;令人吃惊的;激动人心的; neurological:adj.神经病学的,神经学上的; disorder:n.混乱;骚乱;vt.使失调;扰乱; syndrome:n.[临床]综合征;综合症状;并发症状;校验子;并发位;
So Capgras syndrome is a disorder where you get a specific delusion . 替身综合症是一种精神疾病 会让人产生一种特别的幻觉
specific:adj.特殊的,特定的;明确的;详细的;[药]具有特效的;n.特性;细节;特效药; delusion:n.迷惑,欺骗;错觉;幻想;
Sufferers of Capgras syndrome believe that the people they love most in the world have been replaced by perfect duplicates . 替身综合症患者 相信这世界上他们最爱的人 被完美的替身给替换了
Sufferers:n.患者;受害者; duplicates:n.完全一样的东西; v.复制; (duplicate的第三人称单数和复数)
Now often, a result of Capgras syndrome is tragic . 替身综合症常常造成悲剧
tragic:adj.悲剧的;悲痛的,不幸的;
People have murdered those that they loved, believing they were murdering an imposter . 患者杀害他们最爱的人 相信他们杀的是一个冒名顶替者
imposter:n.骗子;冒名顶替者;
But there's at least one case where Capgras syndrome had a happy ending. 但是至少有一个案例表明 替身综合症患者得到了美满的结局
This was recorded in 1931. 这是1931年的一个纪录
'"Research described a woman with Capgras syndrome who complained about her poorly endowed and sexually inadequate lover ." “研究记录一位患有替身综合症的女性 曾抱怨她那位天资不足且缺乏魅力的情人”
complained:v.抱怨;埋怨;发牢骚;(complain的过去分词和过去式) endowed:v.赋予;捐赠; inadequate:adj.不充分的,不适当的; lover:n.爱好者;情侣;热爱者;
But that was before she got Capgras syndrome. 但这是在她患替身综合症之前
After she got it, "She was happy to report that she has discovered that he possessed a double who was rich, virile , handsome and aristocratic ." 她得了病以后,“她高兴地汇报说 她说她发现了他有两重性 他富有,强健,英俊,有贵族气质。”
possessed:adj.着了魔;v.有;拥有;具有(特质);控制;(possess的过去分词和过去式) virile:adj.男性的;有男子气概的;刚健的; aristocratic:adj.贵族的;贵族政治的;有贵族气派的;
Of course, it was the same man, but she was seeing him in different ways. 当然,这是同样一个人 但是她看他的方式不一样了
As a third example, consider consumer products. 第三个例子是 关于日常用品
consumer:n.[经]消费者;[生,生态]消费者;
So one reason why you might like something is its utility . 你喜欢一样东西可以是因为它的用处
utility:n.公用事业;实用;实用程序;adj.多用途的;多效用的;
You can put shoes on your feet; you can play golf with golf clubs; and chewed up bubble gum doesn't do anything at all for you. 你可以把鞋穿脚上, 你可以用高尔夫球棒打球 而嚼口香糖没带给你任何东西
bubble:n.泡;气泡;肥皂泡;一点感情;v.起泡;冒泡;洋溢着(某种感情); gum:n.牙龈;树胶;齿龈;树脂;v.在…上涂胶;用黏胶粘;
But each of these three objects has value above and beyond what it can do for you based on its history. 但是这三样东西都有价值 比它们能为你做的更多的价值 基于它们的历史
The golf clubs were owned by John F. Kennedy and sold for three-quarters of a million dollars at auction . 这个高尔夫球杆原来的主人是肯尼迪 在一个拍卖会上卖了七十五万美元
three-quarters:adj.四分之三的;n.四分之三; auction:v.拍卖;竞卖;n.拍卖;
The bubble gum was chewed up by pop star Britney Spears and sold for several hundreds of dollars. 这泡泡糖是流行明星小甜甜布兰妮嚼过的 后来卖了几百块美元
And in fact, there's a thriving market in the partially eaten food of beloved people. 事实上,心爱的人吃剩下的食品 也是很有市场的
thriving:v.兴旺发达;繁荣;旺盛;茁壮成长;(thrive的现在分词) partially:adv.部分地;偏袒地; beloved:adj.心爱的;挚爱的;n.心爱的人;亲爱的教友;
(Laughter) （笑声）
The shoes are perhaps the most valuable of all. 这双鞋可能是三样里最有价值的
valuable:adj.有价值的;贵重的;可估价的;n.贵重物品;
According to an unconfirmed report, a Saudi millionaire offered 10 million dollars for this pair of shoes. 根据未经证实的报导 一位沙特阿拉伯的富翁花了一千万美元 买了这双鞋
unconfirmed:adj.未证实的;未最后认可的;未受坚信礼的; Saudi:adj.沙乌地阿拉伯(人或语)的;n.沙乌地阿拉伯人;
They were the ones thrown at George Bush at an Iraqi press conference several years ago. 这就是那双几年前 在一个伊拉克记者会上丢向小布什的鞋子
Bush:n.灌木; v.以灌木装饰; adj.如灌木般长得低矮的; press conference:记者招待会,新闻发布会;
(Applause) （掌声）
Now this attraction to objects doesn't just work for celebrity objects. 而这种物品产生的吸引力 并不是只发生在名人物品上
celebrity:n.名人;名声;
Each one of us, most people, have something in our life that's literally irreplaceable , in that it has value because of its history -- maybe your wedding ring , maybe your child's baby shoes -- so that if it was lost, you couldn't get it back. 我们每一个人,大部分人的生活中 有某些东西是无法被取代的 它的价值来自于物品的历史 也许是你的结婚戒指,也许是你孩子的婴儿鞋子 如果它丢了,你就无法再找回来
literally:adv.按字面:字面上:确实地: irreplaceable:adj.不能替代的,不能调换的; wedding ring:n.结婚戒指;
You could get something that looked like it or felt like it, but you couldn't get the same object back. 你可以得到看上去或感觉上相似的东西 但你无法找回一模一样的东西
With my colleagues George Newman and Gil Diesendruck, we've looked to see what sort of factors , what sort of history, matters for the objects that people like. 与我的同事乔治·纽曼George Newman和吉尔·迪森德鲁克Gil Diesendruck一起 我们观察是什么样的因素,什么样的背景, 会让人们喜欢物品
colleagues:n.同事;同行(colleague的复数); factors:n.因素(factor的复数); v.做代理商;
So in one of our experiments, we asked people to name a famous person who they adored, a living person they adored. 所以在我们某一个实验里 我们请人们说出他们喜欢的名人 一位他们崇拜的还在世的人
So one answer was George Clooney. 其中有人回答乔治·克鲁尼
Then we asked them, "How much would you pay for George Clooney's sweater?" 然后我们问他们 “你愿意花多少钱买乔治·克鲁尼的毛衣？”
And the answer is a fair amount -- more than you would pay for a brand new sweater or a sweater owned by somebody who you didn't adore. 答案是一个不小的数字 比买一件全新的毛衣要价多 也比你不崇拜的人所拥有的毛衣要价多
brand new:adj.崭新的;最近获得的;
Then we asked other groups of subjects -- we gave them different restrictions and different conditions. 然后我们问了其他的话题-- 我们给他们设定了不同的限制 和不同的条件
restrictions:n.限制规定;限制;约束;制约因素;(restriction的复数)
So for instance , we told some people, "Look, you can buy the sweater, but you can't tell anybody you own it, and you can't resell it." 例如,我们告诉某些人 “听好,你能买那件毛衣 但你不能告诉任何人你拥有那件毛衣 而且你也不能转卖它。”
instance:n.实例;情况;建议;v.举...为例; resell:v.转售;转卖;再卖;
That drops the value of it, suggesting that that's one reason why we like it. 它的价值就跌了 这说明了我们喜欢这件毛衣的其中一个原因
But what really causes an effect is you tell people, "Look, you could resell it, you could boast about it, but before it gets to you, it's thoroughly washed." 而真正造成影响的是 你告诉人们:“看,你可以再把毛衣卖出去,你可以吹捧毛衣的价值 但在你得到毛衣之前 这毛衣已经完全洗干净了。”
thoroughly:adv.彻底地,完全地;
That causes a huge drop in the value. 这点造成毛衣的价值大跌
As my wife put it, "You've washed away the Clooney cooties ." 像我太太说的:“你已经把克鲁尼的味道洗掉了”
cooties:n.虱子(cooty的复数);
(Laughter) （笑声）
So let's go back to art. 所以让我们回来谈艺术
I would love a Chagall. I love the work of Chagall. 我喜欢夏卡尔,我喜欢夏卡尔的作品
If people want to get me something at the end of the conference, you could buy me a Chagall. 如果在座有人想在演讲结束后送我礼物 你可以送我夏卡尔的作品
But I don't want a duplicate, even if I can't tell the difference. 但是我不要复制品 尽管我也不能分辨其中的差别
That's not because, or it's not simply because, 这不是因为,不是单纯因为,
I'm a snob and want to boast about having an original. 我是一个势力的人,想吹嘘自己拥有一幅真迹
Rather, it's because I want something that has a specific history. 而是因为我想要拥有一样具有特殊历史的东西
In the case of artwork, the history is special indeed. 对艺术品来说 历史意义是特别重要的
The philosopher Denis Dutton in his wonderful book "The Art Instinct " 哲学家丹尼斯·达顿 在他精彩的著作《艺术直觉》
philosopher:n.哲学家;深思的人;善于思考的人; Instinct:n.本能;天性;直觉;adj.充满的;
makes the case that, "The value of an artwork is rooted in assumptions about the human performance underlying its creation ." 说明了“艺术作品的价值 存在于对人类表现出来的创造力的假设”
assumptions:n.假定;假设;承担;获得;(assumption的复数) performance:n.性能;表现;业绩;表演; underlying:adj.根本的; v.构成…的基础; (underlie的现在分词) creation:n.创造,创作;创作物,产物;
And that could explain the difference between an original and a forgery. 这点足以解释 真迹和仿画的不同
They may look alike, but they have a different history. 真品和复制品看起来相同,但他们拥有不同的历史背景
The original is typically the product of a creative act, the forgery isn't. 真品是典型的艺术创造的产物 而仿画不是
creative:adj.创造性的;
I think this approach can explain differences in people's taste in art. 这个理论可以解释 人们在艺术品味上的差别
approach:n.方法;路径;v.接近;建议;着手处理;
This is a work by Jackson Pollock . 这是杰克逊·波洛克的作品
Pollock:n.鳕鱼类;
Who here likes the work of Jackson Pollock? 在座有谁对杰克逊·波洛克的作品感兴趣？
Okay. Who here, it does nothing for them? 好,那在座的谁对这幅作品毫无兴趣？
They just don't like it. 他们就是不喜欢它
I'm not going to make a claim about who's right, but I will make an empirical claim about people's intuitions , which is that, if you like the work of Jackson Pollock, 我不在这里宣布谁是对的 但我来做一次 人类直觉的实证 也就是说,如果你喜欢杰克逊·波洛克的作品
claim:v.要求;声称;需要;认领;n.要求;声称;索赔;断言;值得; empirical:adj.经验主义的,完全根据经验的;实证的; intuitions:n.直觉;直觉力;直觉的知识;
you'll tend more so than the people who don't like it to believe that these works are difficult to create, that they require a lot of time and energy and creative energy. 你会比那些不喜欢他作品的人 更愿意去相信这些创造作品是很不容易的 这需要花上很多的时间和精力 还有创造力
I use Jackson Pollock on purpose as an example because there's a young American artist who paints very much in the style of Jackson Pollock, and her work was worth many tens of thousands of dollars -- in large part because she's a very young artist. 我故意用杰克逊·波洛克当作例子 是因为有一位年轻的美国艺术家 她用跟杰克逊·波洛克相同的手法绘画 她的作品 价值成千上万美金-- 大部分的原因是因为她是一位非常年轻的艺术家
on purpose:有目的地,故意地;
This is Marla Olmstead who did most of her work when she was three years old. 这位是马拉·奥姆斯特德 三岁时就完成了她大部分的作品
The interesting thing about Marla Olmstead is her family made the mistake of inviting the television program 60 Minutes II into their house to film her painting. 而关于玛拉·奥姆斯特德,有意思的是 她的家人犯了一个错误 他们邀请电视节目“60分钟二“ 到他们家中 拍摄她作画
And they then reported that her father was coaching her. 然后他们报导出她父亲在教导她作画
When this came out on television, the value of her art dropped to nothing. 当这个节目在电视上播出后 她的画突然就没有了价值
It was the same art, physically, but the history had changed. 从实际上来说, 这是一样的画 但是作品的历史背景改变了
I've been focusing now on the visual arts, but I want to give two examples from music. 我一直在讲视觉艺术 但我还要讲两个音乐的例子
visual:adj.视觉的,视力的;栩栩如生的;
This is Joshua Bell, a very famous violinist. 这位是约书亚·贝尔Joshua Bell,一个非常著名的小提琴家
Joshua:n.约书亚;约书亚书;
And the Washington Post reporter Gene Weingarten decided to enlist him for an audacious experiment. 华盛顿邮报的记者基恩·魏因加滕Gene Weingarten 决定招他参与做一项大胆的实验
Gene:n.基因;遗传基因;遗传因子; enlist:vi.支持;从军;应募;赞助;vt.使入伍;征募;谋取…的赞助或帮助; audacious:adj.无畏的;鲁莽的;
The question is: How much would people like Joshua Bell, the music of Joshua Bell, if they didn't know they were listening to Joshua Bell? 问题是:大家愿意花多少钱在约书亚·贝尔的身上 和约书亚·贝尔的音乐 如果他们不知道他们是在听约书亚·贝尔的情况下呢？
So he got Joshua Bell to take his million dollar violin down to a Washington D.C. subway station and stand in the corner and see how much money he would make. 因此他让约书亚·贝尔带着他价值百万的小提琴 站在华盛顿的地铁站 然后站在角落看看他能赚到多少钱
And here's a brief clip of this. 这是一小段影片记录
clip:v.剪辑;修剪;削减;固定;n.夹;夹子;速度;钳;
(Violin Music) （小提琴音乐）
After being there for three-quarters of an hour, he made $32. 在那里演奏了四十五分钟后 他赚了32美元
Not bad. It's also not good. 不差,但也不好
Apparently to really enjoy the music of Joshua Bell, you have to know you're listening to Joshua Bell. 显然要真正享受约书亚·贝尔的音乐 你必须得知道你在听的是约书亚·贝尔的演奏
Apparently:adv.显然地;似乎,表面上;
He actually made $20 more than that, but he didn't count it. 他实际上多赚了20块 但是他没有算进去
Because this woman comes up -- you see at the end of the video -- she comes up. 因为这位女士出现-- 各位看到在影片的最后 - 她出现了
She had heard him at the Library of Congress a few weeks before at this extravagant black-tie affair. 因为她在几周前曾在美国国会图书馆 听过他在一个衣冠楚楚的聚会上演出过
Library of Congress:n.(美国)国会图书馆; extravagant:adj.奢侈的;浪费的;过度的;放纵的; black-tie:adj.要求宾客穿半正式礼服的;n.黑色领结;
So she's stunned that he's standing in a subway station. 所以当看到他站在地铁站里,她惊呆了
stunned:adj.震惊的; v.使昏迷; (stun的过去分词和过去式)
So she's struck with pity. 她报以怜悯之情
She reaches into her purse and hands him a 20. 她从皮包里拿出二十块钱给他
purse:n.钱包;资金;财源;备用款;v.噘嘴;
(Laughter) （笑声）
(Applause) （掌声）
The second example from music is from John Cage's modernist composition , "4'33"." 第二个音乐的例子是 是约翰·凯奇John Cage的现代派作品 《四分三十三秒》
modernist:n.现代主义者;现代主义艺术家;adj.现代主义的; composition:n.成分;作文;构成;创作;
As many of you know, this is the composition where the pianist sits at a bench, opens up the piano and sits and does nothing for four minutes and 33 seconds -- that period of silence. 如在座各位所知 这首曲子,钢琴演奏者坐在椅子上时, 打开钢琴 就坐在那儿,整整四分三十三秒都不做任何事-- 这段时间是静默的
And people have different views on this. 人们对此有着不同的看法
But what I want to point out is you can buy this from iTunes . 但我想指出的是 这可以从iTunes上购买这首曲子
iTunes:n.苹果公司最热门音乐软件(苹果公司开发的与iPod搭配的在电脑上使用的音乐播放器和音乐管理器);
(Laughter) （笑声）
For a dollar ninety-nine, you can listen to that silence, which is different than other forms of silence. 花上1.99美元 你可以聆听那段静默的音乐 这和其他形式的静默是不同的
different than:不同于;
(Laughter) （笑声）
Now I've been talking so far about pleasure, but what I want to suggest is that everything I've said applies as well to pain. 到现在,我说的都是有关快乐的话题 但是我想说的是 我刚说的每一件事也能用在痛苦上
applies:v.适用;申请;运用;专心;(apply的第三人称单数)
And how you think about what you're experiencing, your beliefs about the essence of it, affect how it hurts. 以及如何认识我们的体验 你们对于事物本质的信念 会影响到如何受伤害
One lovely experiment was done by Kurt Gray and Dan Wegner. 一项很可爱的实验 是柯特·格雷Kurt Gray和丹· 韦格纳Dan Wegner做的
What they did was they hooked up Harvard undergraduates to an electric shock machine. 他们把哈佛的大学生连接到 电子刺激仪上
hooked:adj.弯曲的; v.(使)钩住,挂住; (hook的过去分词和过去式) Harvard:n.哈佛大学;哈佛大学学生; undergraduates:n.本科生,大学生; electric shock:n.触电;电击;电休克;
And they gave them a series of painful electric shocks. 然后给他们一系列的疼痛电子刺激
series:n.系列,连续;[电]串联;级数;丛书; painful:adj.痛苦的;疼痛的;令人不快的;
So it was a series of five painful shocks. 那是一系列五次的疼痛刺激
Half of them are told that they're being given the shocks by somebody in another room, but the person in the other room doesn't know they're giving them shocks. 有一半的人被告知这些电击 是有人在另外一个房间传递给他们的 但是在另一间房间的人并不知道他们在给别人刺激
There's no malevolence , they're just pressing a button. 他们没有恶意,只是按一个按钮
malevolence:n.恶意,怨恨;狠毒;
The first shock is recorded as very painful. 第一次的刺激记录是非常痛苦
The second shock feels less painful, because you get a bit used to it. 第二次刺激感到轻了一点,因为你感到有些习惯了
The third drops, the fourth, the fifth. 第三,四,五次
The pain gets less. 痛苦随次数递减
In the other condition, they're told that the person in the next room is shocking them on purpose -- knows they're shocking them. 而在另一个条件下 受试者被告知在隔壁房间的人 是故意在给他们电击 -- 知道要电击他们
The first shock hurts like hell. 第一次的刺激痛的像在地狱
The second shock hurts just as much, and the third and the fourth and the fifth. 第二次一样痛 而第三第四和第五次
It hurts more if you believe somebody is doing it to you on purpose. 如果你相信某人是故意要这么做 感受到的痛苦就更厉害
The most extreme example of this is that in some cases, pain under the right circumstances can transform into pleasure. 最极端的例子 是在某些情况下 痛苦在一定的情况下 可以转变为快乐
extreme:adj.极端的;极度的;偏激的;尽头的;n.极端;末端;最大程度;极端的事物; circumstances:n.情况;环境;情形;(circumstance的复数) transform:v.使改变;使改观;使转换;n.[数]变换式;[化]反式;
Humans have this extraordinarily interesting property that will often seek out low-level doses of pain in controlled circumstances and take pleasure from it -- as in the eating of hot chili peppers and roller coaster rides. 人类有这个特别有趣的特质 往往能在掌控的情况下 常常会去寻找低层次的痛苦 然后从中获得乐趣 就像在吃辣椒 和玩过山车一样
extraordinarily:adv.非常;格外地;非凡地; seek:v.寻求;寻找;谋求; low-level:adj.低水平的;低级别的; doses:v.服药(dose的三单形式);n.[药][核]剂量(dose的复数); chili:n.红辣椒,辣椒; peppers:n.[植]胡椒; v.加胡椒粉于…; (pepper的第三人称单数); roller coaster:过山车;
The point was nicely summarized by the poet John Milton who wrote, "The mind is its own place, and in itself can make a heaven of hell, a hell of heaven." 这观点其实早就被 诗人约翰·弥尔顿所总结过 他写到:“心是它自己的住家 在它里面能把天堂变地狱 地狱变天堂”
nicely:adv.细致地;有吸引力;令人满意;令人愉快;adj.强健的; summarized:v.总结,概括;概述(summarize的过去式及过去分词形式);
And I'll end with that. Thank you. 而我就以此作为结束,谢谢
(Applause) （掌声）