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PatienceMthunzi_2015U-_是否可以用激光治愈艾滋病？_
What do you do when you have a headache? 当你头疼时你会怎么办？
You swallow an aspirin . 你会吞下一片阿斯匹林。
swallow:v.吞下;咽下;吞没;相信;n.吞;咽;燕;一次吞咽的量; aspirin:n.阿司匹林(解热镇痛药);
But for this pill to get to your head, where the pain is, it goes through your stomach, intestines and various other organs first. 但你头疼,这片药药效要到达你的头部, 它先要经过胃、肠和许多其它器官。
pill:n.[医]药丸;药品; intestines:n.[解剖]肠(intestine的复数);内脏;下水; organs:n.[生物]器官;机构;风琴(organ的复数);
Swallowing pills is the most effective and painless way of delivering any medication in the body. 口服是最为有效且无痛的给药方式。 口服是最为有效且无痛的给药方式。
Swallowing:v.吞下;咽下;做吞咽动作;吞没;侵吞;(swallow的现在分词) pills:n.药丸; v.起球; (pill的第三人称单数和复数) effective:adj.有效的,起作用的;实际的,实在的;给人深刻印象; painless:adj.无痛的;不痛的; medication:n.药;药物;
The downside , though, is that swallowing any medication leads to its dilution . 但是不利之处在于,口服会导致药物稀释。
downside:n.下降趋势;底侧;adj.底侧的; dilution:n.稀释,冲淡;稀释法;冲淡物;
And this is a big problem, particularly in HIV patients . 这可是一个大问题,尤其是对于HIV患者。
particularly:adv.特别地,独特地;详细地,具体地;明确地,细致地; HIV:n.艾滋病病毒; patients:n.接受治疗者,病人;(patient的复数)
When they take their anti-HIV drugs, these drugs are good for lowering the virus in the blood, and increasing the CD4 cell counts. 当他们使用抗HIV药物时, 这些药物有助于降低血液中的病毒含量, 并提升CD4细胞(人体免疫系统中的一种重要免疫细胞)计数,
But they are also notorious for their adverse side effects, but mostly bad, because they get diluted by the time they get to the blood, and worse, by the time they get to the sites where it matters most: within the HIV viral reservoirs . 但其副作用也是非常严重的, 而最大的问题在于,因为药物进入血液时已经稀释, 到达目标位置时浓度更低。 这里才是最重要的地方:HIV病毒潜伏处(病毒的储存宿主)。
notorious:adj.声名狼藉的,臭名昭著的; adverse:adj.不利的;相反的;敌对的(名词adverseness,副词adversely); diluted:v.稀释;冲淡;削弱;降低;(dilute的过去分词和过去式) sites:n.网站(site的复数);遗址,举办地点;v.使...位于(site的单三形式); viral:adj.滤过性毒菌引起的;滤过性毒菌的; reservoirs:n.[水利]水库(reservoir的复数);
These areas in the body -- such as the lymph nodes , the nervous system , as well as the lungs -- where the virus is sleeping, and will not readily get delivered in the blood of patients that are under consistent anti-HIV drugs therapy . 这些地方在身体里面-- 诸如淋巴结、神经系统,以及肺部-- 这里的病毒在休眠, 不会迅速进入病人的血液中, 只要病人持续采用抗HIV药物治疗。
lymph:n.[解剖]淋巴,淋巴液;血清; nodes:n.茎节;(根或枝上的)瘤,节,结;节点;(node的复数) nervous system:n.神经系统; as well as:也;和…一样;不但…而且; readily:adv.容易地;乐意地;无困难地; consistent:adj.始终如一的,一致的;坚持的; therapy:n.治疗,疗法;
However, upon discontinuation of therapy, the virus can awake and infect new cells in the blood. 但是,当治疗中断时, 病毒就会苏醒并感染血液中的新细胞。
discontinuation:n.中止(等于discontinuance);停止;废止; infect:v.传染;使携带病菌;使感染(计算机病毒);
Now, all this is a big problem in treating HIV with the current drug treatment , which is a life-long treatment that must be swallowed by patients. 如今,对于目前的HIV药物治疗,所有上述缺点成了一个大问题, 而病人必须终生服药。
treating:v.以…态度对待;把…看作;处理;讨论;(treat的现在分词) treatment:n.治疗;疗法;对待;处理;讨论; swallowed:v.吞下;咽下;吞没;淹没;侵吞(swallow的过去分词和过去式)
One day, I sat and thought, "Can we deliver anti-HIV directly within its reservoir sites, without the risk of drug dilution?" 有一天,我坐着突然想到: “我们可不可以直接向病毒潜伏处中注入抗HIV药物, 这样药物不会稀释？”
directly:adv.直接地;立即;马上;正好地;坦率地;conj.一…就;
As a laser scientist, the answer was just before my eyes: 作为一名激光科学家,答案就在我眼前:
Lasers, of course. 激光,当然了。
If they can be used for dentistry , for diabetic wound-healing and surgery , they can be used for anything imaginable , including transporting drugs into cells. 如果激光可以应用于牙科, 糖尿病伤口修复与外科手术, 那可以想到的任何领域都可以使用, 包括直接向细胞注入药物。
dentistry:n.牙科学;牙医业; diabetic:adj.糖尿病的,患糖尿病的;n.糖尿病患者; surgery:n.外科;外科手术;手术室;诊疗室; imaginable:adj.可能的;可想像的; transporting:v.运输,运送,输送;传播;(transport的现在分词)
As a matter of fact , we are currently using laser pulses to poke or drill extremely tiny holes, which open and close almost immediately in HIV-infected cells, in order to deliver drugs within them. 实际上我们已经在用激光脉冲 在HIV感染的细胞上戳或钻出一个极小的孔, 这些孔钻开后会立即关闭。 我们用这个办法向细胞中注入药物。
As a matter of fact:事实上; currently:adv.当前;一般地; pulses:n.[电子]脉冲(pulse的复数); v.使跳动; poke:v.刺,捅;戳;伸出;刺探;闲荡;n.戳;刺;袋子;懒汉; extremely:adv.非常,极其;极端地;
'"How is that possible?" you may ask. “这怎么可能？”你可能会问。
Well, we shine a very powerful but super-tiny laser beam onto the membrane of HIV-infected cells while these cells are immersed in liquid containing the drug. 嗯,我们将一束能量极高但极细的激光 照射在HIV感染细胞的细胞膜上, 这些细胞浸泡在含有药物的液体里,
beam:n.光线; v.发射(电波); membrane:n.膜;薄膜;羊皮纸; immersed:adj.沉入的; v.浸没; (immerse的过去分词和过去式)
The laser pierces the cell, while the cell swallows the drug in a matter of microseconds . 激光将细胞刺穿, 毫秒之间,细胞就吞下了药物。
pierces:v.刺破;穿过;透入;突破;(pierce的第三人称单数) swallows:n.燕子;咽喉(swallow的复数);v.吞下;吞没;忍受(swallow的三单形式); microseconds:n.微秒(microsecond的复数);
Before you even know it, the induced hole becomes immediately repaired. 在你反应过来之前, 钻出的孔又立即修复。
induced:adj.感应的;诱发型;v.引诱;说服(induce的过去分词);
Now, we are currently testing this technology in test tubes or in Petri dishes, but the goal is to get this technology in the human body, apply it in the human body. 现在,我们正在试管或培养皿里, 测试这一技术, 而目标是将这一技术 应用于人体。
technology:n.技术;工艺;术语; apply:v.申请;涂,敷;应用;适用;请求;
'"How is that possible?" you may ask. “这怎么可能？”你可能会问。
Well, the answer is: through a three-headed device . 嗯,我们使用的是一个三头仪器,
device:n.装置;策略;图案;
Using the first head, which is our laser, we will make an incision in the site of infection . 第一个头是激光头, 用它在感染部位进行切割;
incision:n.切口;雕刻,切割;切开; infection:n.感染;传染;(身体某部位的)感染;传染病;
Using the second head, which is a camera, we meander to the site of infection. 第二个头是摄像头, 用来找到感染位置;
meander:n.漫步;曲流(常用复数);vt.漫步;蜿蜒缓慢流动;vi.漫步;漫谈;
Finally , using a third head, which is a drug-spreading sprinkler , we deliver the drugs directly at the site of infection, while the laser is again used to poke those cells open. 最后,第三个头是喷药头, 用来直接向感染部位注入药物, 同时用激光将细胞戳开一个孔。
Finally:adv.终于;最终;(用于列举)最后;彻底地; sprinkler:n.洒水车;洒水器;
Well, this might not seem like much right now. 现在这个看起来还不成熟,
But one day, if successful, this technology can lead to complete eradication of HIV in the body. 但如果能够成功, 终有一天,可以用这项技术来彻底根除人体中的HIV。
eradication:n.消灭,扑灭;根除;
Yes. A cure for HIV. 是的,治愈HIV。
This is every HIV researcher's dream -- in our case, a cure lead by lasers. 这是每个HIV研究者的梦想-- 对我们来说,就是用激光来治愈。
Thank you. 谢谢大家。
(Applause) （掌声）