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PardisSabeti_2015W-_我们将要如何与下一个致命病毒奋战？_
You may never have heard of Kenema, Sierra Leone or Arua, Nigeria. 你可能没听过位于狮子山共和国的凯内马 或是奈及利亚的阿鲁阿。
Sierra:n.(尤指西班牙和美洲的)锯齿状山脉; Leone:n.利昂(塞拉利昂货币单位);
But I know them as two of the most extraordinary places on earth. 但我知道它们是地球上两个最奇特的地方。
extraordinary:adj.非凡的;特别的;离奇的;临时的;特派的;
In hospitals there, there's a community of nurses, physicians and scientists that have been quietly battling one of the deadliest threats to humanity for years: 那里的医院,有一个护士、医生、科学家组成的社群, 他们正安静地对抗 一个危害人类多年致命威胁:
community:n.社区;[生态]群落;共同体;团体; physicians:n.[内科]内科医生(physician的复数); deadliest:adj.最致命的; humanity:n.人类;人道;仁慈;人文学科;
Lassa virus. 拉萨病毒。
Lassa:n.拉沙热(病毒名);
Lassa virus is a lot like Ebola . 拉萨病毒与伊波拉病毒非常像。
Ebola:n.埃博拉病毒;
It can cause a severe fever and can often be fatal . 它会引发严重的感冒,而且常常会致命。
severe:adj.极为恶劣的;十分严重的;严厉的;苛刻的; fatal:adj.致命的;灾难性的;毁灭性的;导致失败的;
But these individuals , they risk their lives every day to protect the individuals in their communities, and by doing so, protec t us all. 但这些人,他们每天冒着生命危险 来保护他们社群里的个体, 也因为如此,保护了我们全部人。
individuals:n.[经]个人;[生物]个体(individual的复数);
But one of the most extraordinary things I learned about them on one of my first visits out there many years ago was that they start each morning -- these challenging, extraordinary days on the front lines -- by singing. 但,我从他们身上学到最棒的一件事就是-- 好几年前,在我第一次拜访的时候发现, 在前线这充满挑战的特殊日子里, 他们的每个早晨是这样开始的--唱歌。
They gather together, and they show their joy. 他们聚集并展现他们的愉悦。
They show their spirit. 他们展现他们的活力。
And over the years, from year after year as I've visited them and they've visited me, 过了几年, 年复一年,我们互相拜访,
year after year:年复一年地;每年;
I get to gather with them and I sing and we write and we love it, because it reminds us that we're not just there to pursue science together; we're bonded through a shared humanity. 我与他们聚会,一同歌唱 一起写歌、我们超爱这样做, 因为这样可以提醒我们,我们不是只有在那里一起追求科学而已; 我们藉由共同的天性而紧紧地联系在一起。
reminds:v.提醒;使想起;(remind的第三人称单数) pursue:v.继续;从事;追赶;纠缠;
And that of course, as you can imagine, becomes extremely important, even essential , as things begin to change. 当然,你可以想像,这变得很重要, 甚至是必要的,因为事情开始有了变化。
extremely:adv.非常,极其;极端地; essential:n.要点;要素;实质;必需品;adj.完全必要的;必不可少的;极其重要的;本质的;
And that changed a great deal in March of 2014, when the Ebola outbreak was declared in Guinea . 而变化真的很大,2014 年的 3 月, 当伊波拉病毒在几内亚被宣布爆发时。
outbreak:n.(战争的)爆发;(疾病的)发作;vi.爆发; Guinea:n.几内亚;基尼(英国旧时金币名);
This is the first outbreak in West Africa, near the border of Sierra Leone and Liberia . 这是西非的第一次爆发, 位置接近狮子山共和国和利比里亚的边界。
Liberia:n.利比里亚(西非国家);
And it was frightening , frightening for us all. 而这非常可怕,我们都吓坏了,
frightening:adj.可怕的;骇人的;引起恐惧的;v.使惊吓;使惊恐(frighten的现在分词)
We had actually suspected for some time that Lassa and Ebola were more widespread than thought, and we thought it could one day come to Kenema. 实际上,我们已经怀疑了很久, 拉萨病毒与伊波拉病毒的散布情况比想像中的还要来的严重。 我们在想,有一天它会来到凯内马。
suspected:v.怀疑;不信任;(suspect的过去分词和过去式) widespread:adj.普遍的,广泛的;分布广的;
And so members of my team immediately went out and joined Dr. Humarr Khan and his team there, and we set up diagnostics to be able to have sensitive molecular tests to pick up Ebola if it came across the border and into Sierra Leone. 我团队里的一些成员立刻出发 加入Humarr Khan博士在那边的团队, 我们建立起能进行高敏分子测试的诊断机制, 来收集跨过边界进入到狮子山共和国的伊波拉病毒。
Khan:n.可汗(对最高统治者的尊称);商队客店; diagnostics:n.诊断学(用作单数); sensitive:adj.敏感的;感觉的;易受影响的;n.敏感的人;有灵异能力的人; molecular:adj.[化学]分子的;由分子组成的;
We'd already set up this kind of capacity for Lassa virus, we knew how to do it, the team is outstanding . 我们之前已经为拉萨病毒建立过类似的诊断设施。 我们知道如何做, 团队非常的杰出。
capacity:n.能力;容量;资格,地位;生产力; outstanding:adj.优秀的;杰出的;出色的;v.突出;离港;向海上;停留(outstand的现在分词)
We just had to give them the tools and place to survey for Ebola. 我们只要给他们工具和场所,他们就可以进行伊波拉病毒的调查。
survey:n.调查;测量;审视;纵览;vt.调查;勘测;俯瞰;vi.测量土地;
And unfortunately , that day came. 但不幸的是,那天真的到来了。
unfortunately:adv.不幸地;
On May 23, 2014, a woman checked into the maternity ward at the hospital, and the team ran those important molecular tests and they identified the first confirmed case of Ebola in Sierra Leone. 2014 年 5 月 23 日,一名妇女住进医院的产房, 我们的团队进行了一些重要的分子檢测测试, 然后确诊了第一起狮子山共和国的伊波拉病毒病例。
maternity:n.母性,母道;[妇产]妇产科医院;adj.产科的;产妇的,孕妇的; ward:n.病房; v.防止; identified:v.确认;认出;找到;发现;说明身份;(identify的过去式和过去分词)
This was an exceptional work that was done. 这件事已经完成的非常好了,
exceptional:adj.异常的,例外的;n.超常的学生;
They were able to diagnose the case immediately, to safely treat the patient and to begin to do contact tracing to follow what was going on. 他们可以立刻确诊病例, 来安全地治疗病患, 然后开始追踪接触者并观测后续发展。
diagnose:vt.诊断;断定;vi.诊断;判断; treat:v.治疗;处理;招待;款待;n.款待;乐事;乐趣; patient:adj.有耐心的,能容忍的;n.病人;患者; contact:n.接触,联系;v.使接触,联系; tracing:n.描图;v.查出;找到;追踪;追究;描绘;记述;(trace的现在分词)
It could've stopped something. 这本可以阻止一些事情。
But by the time that day came, the outbreak had already been breeding for months. 但那一天来之前, 病毒已经爆发并扩散繁殖了好几个月。
breeding:n.繁殖;饲养;教养;再生;v.生产;培育;使…繁殖;(breed的现在分词)
With hundreds of cases, it had already eclipsed all previous outbreaks . 这几百个案例,远远超过了以往所有爆发
eclipsed:v.引起日蚀;遮暗;使…失色(eclipse的过去分词); previous:adj.以前的;早先的;过早的;adv.在先;在…以前; outbreaks:n.(战争的)爆发;(疾病的)发作;vi.爆发;
And it came into Sierra Leone not as that singular case, but as a tidal wave. 它并不是以单一个案来侵入狮子山共和国, 而是席卷而来。
singular:adj.单数的;单一的;非凡的;异常的;n.单数; tidal:adj.潮汐的;潮的,有关潮水的;定时涨落的;
We had to work with the international community, with the Ministry of Health, with Kenema, to begin to deal with the cases, as the next week brought 31, then 92, then 147 cases -- all coming to Kenema, one of the only places in Sierra Leone that could deal with this. 我们必须跟国际组织合作、 跟卫生局、跟凯内马合作来开始解决这些问题, 一个星期后,在凯内马出现了31个、 接着是92个、147个病例, 出现在这个狮子山共和国内唯一能处理这种病的地方。
Ministry:n.(政府的)部门;
And we worked around the clock trying to do everything we could, trying to help the individuals, trying to get attention, but we also did one other simple thing. 我们日以继夜地工作,尝试尽我们所能得做每件事情、 尝试幫助每个人、尝试引起注意、 但我们也做了另一件简单的事。
From that specimen that we take from a patient's blood to detect Ebola, we can discard it, obviously. 从一个患者的血液拿出伊波拉病毒样本开始, 你知道,显然地,我们可以不管这件事的。
specimen:n.标本;样品;样本;(尤指动植物的)单一实例; detect:vt.察觉;发现;探测; discard:v.丢弃; n.被抛弃的人(或物); (尤指纸牌游戏中)垫出的牌;
The other thing we can do is, actually, put in a chemical and deactivate it, so just place it into a box and ship it across the ocean, and that's what we did. 但实际上,我们可以做的另一件事就是加入化学药剂并让它失去活性, 我们把它放进盒子,跨海运送出去, 而这就是我们做的。
chemical:n.化学制品,化学药品;adj.化学的; deactivate:vt.使无效;使不活动;遣散;复员;
We sent it to Boston , where my team works. 我们把它送到波士顿,我团队工作的地方。
Boston:n.波士顿(美国城市);
And we also worked around the clock doing shift work, day after day , and we quickly generated 99 genomes of the Ebola virus. 我们也是日以继夜、换班、不断的工作, 我们很快地做出 99 个伊波拉病毒的基因组。
shift:n.移动;变化;手段;轮班;v.移动;转变;转换; day after day:日复一日; generated:v.产生;引起;(generate的过去式和过去分词) genomes:n.[遗]基因组(genome复数);
This is the blueprint -- the genome of a virus is the blueprint. 这是蓝图--病毒的基因组。
blueprint:vt.计划;制成蓝图;n.蓝图,设计图;计划;
We all have one. 我们都有一个基因蓝图。
It says everything that makes up us, and it tells us so much information. 它展示了我们所有的组成成分, 也告诉了我们很多资讯。
The results of this kind of work are simple and they're powerful. 这类工作的成果相当简单且它们很有用处,
We could actually take these 99 different viruses, look at them and compare them, and we could see, actually, compared to three genomes that had been previously published from Guinea, 我们实际上可以拿这 99 个不同的病毒, 檢视它们并比对它们, 而我们可以看到,实际上,比对出来的 3 种基因组 之前已经在几内亚被公布过了,
compared:adj.比较的,对照的; v.相比; (compare的过去式和过去分词) previously:adv.先前;以前;
we could show that the outbreak emerged in Guinea months before, once into the human population, and from there had been transmitting from human to human. 我们可以证明,爆发是在几内亚好几个月前发生的, 一旦入侵人类, 病毒就开始人传人了。
emerged:v.(从隐蔽处或暗处)出现;暴露;露出真相;显现;(emerge的过去分词和过去式) transmitting:v.传送;输送;发射;传播;传染;(transmit的现在分词)
Now, that's incredibly important when you're trying to figure out how to intervene , but the important thing is contact tracing. 现在,这真的相当重要, 当你尝试要找出如何阻止的方法, 最重要的就是接触感染的追踪。
incredibly:adv.难以置信地;非常地; intervene:vi.干涉;调停;插入;
We also could see that as the virus was moving between humans, it was mutating . 我们也可以看到,当病毒在人类之间移动时, 它会突变。
mutating:vi.变化,产生突变;vt.改变,使突变;
And each of those mutations are so important, because the diagnostics, the vaccines , the therapies that we're using, are all based on that genome sequence , fundamentally -- that's what drives it. 而每个突变都相当重要, 因为我们使用的 诊断、疫苗、治疗方法 所有基础都是建立在这些基因组序列上的,基本上-- 就是这些在驱动整件事情的。
mutations:n.[遗]突变;变化;转变(mutation的复数形式); vaccines:n.[药][计]疫苗; therapies:n.治疗方法(therapy复数形式); sequence:n.顺序; v.按顺序排列; fundamentally:adv.从根本上;基础地;重要地
And so global health experts would need to respond , would have to develop, to recalibrate everything that they were doing. 所以全球的医疗保健专家 必须得回应和继续开发 以此重新调整他们着手的所有工作。
global:adj.全球的;总体的;球形的; respond:vi.回答;作出反应;承担责任;n.应答;唱和; recalibrate:vt.重新校准,再校准;重校准;
But the way that science works, the position I was in at that point is, I had the data, and I could have worked in a silo for many, many months, analyzed the data carefully, slowly, 但以科学工作的方法而言, 我当时的处境是这样:因为我有数据, 所以我本可以实验仓里工作好几个月, 仔细地、慢慢地分析资料,
silo:n.筒仓;青贮窖;飞弹发射井;vt.把…存入青贮窖;把…储存在筒仓内; analyzed:v.分析(analyze的过去式和过去分词);检讨;
submitted the paper for publication , gone through a few back-and-forths, and then finally when the paper came out, might release that data. 透过来回的文件往返,然后发表文章, 而最后当报告出来,也许要公开那些资料。
submitted:v.提交;顺从;投降;表示;认为;建议;(submit的过去分词和过去式) publication:n.出版物;发表;公布;发行; finally:adv.终于;最终;(用于列举)最后;彻底地; release:v.释放;发射;让与;允许发表;n.释放;发布;让与;
That's the way the status quo works. 这就是现状工作的方法。
status quo:n.现状;原来的状况;
Well, that was not going to work at this point, right? 但,在这个关键时刻,如果那样做根本行不通,对吧？
We had friends on the front lines and to us it was just obvious that what we needed is help, lots of help. 我们前线有朋友, 对我们而言,很明显的,我们需要的就是幫助, 很多的幫助,
obvious:adj.明显的;显著的;平淡无奇的;
So the first thing we did is, as soon as the sequences came off the machines, we published it to the web. 所以,我们做的第一件事就是, 尽可能地赶快把序列从机器里跑完, 然后把它公布到网站上,
as soon as:一…就; sequences:n.[数][计]序列,顺序;继起的事(sequence的复数形式);
We just released it to the whole world and said, "Help us." 我们只是把它公布到全世界,并到诉大家「幫助我们」
released:v.释放;使免除;已发布;(release的过去分词和过去式)
And help came. 然后,幫助来了,
Before we knew it, we were being contacted from people all over, surprised to see the data out there and released. 在我们知道这件事以前, 我们已经联系来自各地的人们, 他们很惊讶看到资料就在那裏被公布出来。
contacted:v.联系,联络(如用电话或信件)(contact的过去分词和过去式)
Some of the greatest viral trackers in the world were suddenly part of our community. 一些世界上最伟大的病毒追踪专家, 突然间变成我们社群的一部分。
viral:adj.滤过性毒菌引起的;滤过性毒菌的; trackers:n.追踪者(tracker的复数形式);
We were working together in this virtual way, sharing, regular calls, communications, trying to follow the virus minute by minute, to see ways that we could stop it. 我们用这种虚拟的方式一起工作、 分享、定时回报、沟通、 分分秒秒跟踪着病毒, 看看有甚么方法可以阻止它。
virtual:adj.[计]虚拟的;实质上的,事实上的(但未在名义上或正式获承认);
And there are so many ways that we can form communities like that. 我们有很多可以建立类似这种社群的方式。
Everybody, particularly when the outbreak started to expand globally, was reaching out to learn, to participate , to engage . 特别是当爆发开始扩散到全球时, 每个人都想伸出援手学习、参与、加入。
particularly:adv.特别地,独特地;详细地,具体地;明确地,细致地; expand:v.扩张;使膨胀;详述;发展;张开,展开; participate:v.参加;参与; engage:v.吸引,占用;使参加;雇佣;使订婚;预定;
Everybody wants to play a part. 每个人都想扮演一个角色。
The amount of human capacity out there is just amazing, and the Internet connects us all. 人类的能力综合,加起来相当惊人, 网路连结了我们。
And could you imagine that instead of being frightened of each other, that we all just said, "Let's do this. 你可以想像,我们不在彼此传播恐惧, 而是一起说,「让我们做这件事,
frightened:adj.害怕的;受惊的;惊吓的;v.使惊吓;使惊恐;(frighten的过去分词和过去式)
Let's work together, and let's make this happen." 让我们一起工作、让这件事成真」
But the problem is that the data that all of us are using, 但问题是,我们大家都在使用那些google上搜寻来的资料,
Googling on the web, is just too limited to do what we need to do. 对我们的工作实在太具有局限性了,
Googling:网上搜索,谷歌一下; limited:adj.有限的; n.高级快车; v.限制; (limit的过去分词和过去式)
And so many opportunities get missed when that happens. 所以当机会来临时我们会错过很多,
So in the early part of the epidemic from Kenema, we'd had 106 clinical records from patients , and we once again made that publicly available to the world. 因此,在凯内马疫情的初期, 我们有 106 位病人的临床纪录, 然后我们再次地向世界公布,
epidemic:n.流行病;蔓延;adj.传染病;流行性的; clinical:adj.临床的;诊所的; patients:n.接受治疗者,病人;(patient的复数)
And in our own lab, we could show that you could take those 106 records, we could train computers to predict the prognosis for Ebola patients to near 100 percent accuracy . 在我们自己的实验室,我们可以让你可以拿走这 106 个纪录, 我们可以训练电脑,去预判病人的伊波拉病毒, 准确率接近 100%。
predict:v.预报;预言;预告; prognosis:n.[医]预后;预知; accuracy:n.[数]精确度,准确性;
And we made an app that could release that, to make that available to health-care workers in the field. 我们做了一个app程式来发放这些资料, 供出外勤的医疗人员使用。
health-care:n.卫生保健;
But 106 is just not enough to make it powerful,to validate it. 但 106 个样本还是不够多也不够强来发挥效果
validate:v.证实;确认;使生效;批准;认可;
So we were waiting for more data to release that. 所以,我们还要等更多的资料来公布它,
and the data has still not come. 但,资料仍然还没来。
We are still waiting, tweaking away, in silos rather than working together. 我们仍在实验仓里等待、苦恼, 而不是一起工作。
tweaking:v.捏,扭,拧;对…稍作调整(tweak的现在分词); silos:n.筒仓;粮仓;贮仓(silo的复数);
And this just -- we can't accept that. 要是这样--我们根本无法接受,对吧？
Right? You, all of you, cannot accept that. 你们全部都无法接受。
It's our lives on the line . 我们的生命,箭在弦上。
on the line:处于危险中;模棱两可;在电话线上;
And in fact, actually, many lives were lost, many health-care workers, including beloved colleagues of mine, five colleagues: Mbalu Fonnie, Alex Moigboi, 而事实上, 已有很多生命离开、很多医疗照顾者、 包括我最爱的五个同事:
beloved:adj.心爱的;挚爱的;n.心爱的人;亲爱的教友; colleagues:n.同事;同行(colleague的复数);
Dr. Humarr Khan, Alice Kovoma and Mohamed Fullah.
These are just five of many health-care workers at Kenema and beyond that died while the world waited and while we all worked, quietly and separately . 这些仅是在凯内马多位在幕后默默奉献的其中五位医疗照顾者, 当全世界在等待、当我们全部在工作时, 他们已安静地离我们而去。
separately:adv.分别地;分离地;个别地;
See, Ebola, like all threats to humanity, it's fueled by mistrust and distraction and division . 你看！伊波拉病毒就像全体人类的威胁, 它是由不信任、分心、分裂所组成
mistrust:vt.猜疑;不信任;n.猜疑;疑虑;不信任 distraction:n.注意力分散;消遣;心烦意乱; division:n.师;分配;分开;分歧;
When we build barriers amongst ourselves and we fight amongst ourselves, the virus thrives . 在我们彼此阻隔并相互斗争时, 病毒就从中茂盛了起来。
barriers:n.障碍;栅栏;篱笆墙(barrier的复数形式); amongst:prep.在…之中;在…当中(等于among); thrives:vi.繁荣,兴旺;茁壮成长;
But unlike all threats to humanity, 但不像人类的其他威胁,
Ebola is one where we're actually all the same . 实际上,面对伊波拉病毒的威胁时,我们都是一样的。
all the same:仍然:依然:照样:
We're all in this fight together. 我们全部都在这一场战役里面。
Ebola on one person's doorstep could soon be on ours. 伊波拉在某人家的门口,很快的,就会来到我们家。
doorstep:n.门阶;
And so in this place with the same vulnerabilities , the same strengths, the same fears, the same hopes, 所以在这个地方,我们都一样脆弱, 一样的抵抗力、一样的恐惧、一样的希望,
vulnerabilities:n.缺陷(vulnerability的复数形式);脆弱点;
I hope that we work together with joy. 我希望我们可以一起开心工作。
A graduate student of mine was reading a book about Sierra Leone, and she discovered that the word "Kenema," 我的一位研究生,当时在读一本有关于狮子山共和国的书, 她发现,我们在狮子山共和国
the hospital that we work at and the city where we work in Sierra Leone, is named after the Mende word for "clear like a river, translucent and open to the public gaze ." 工作的医院所坐落的城市「凯内马」, 是以曼德语中的「清澈如溪, 公开透明给大众檢视」而命名的。
translucent:adj.透明的;半透明的; gaze:v.凝视;注视;盯着;n.凝视;注视;
That was really profound for us, because without knowing it, we'd always felt that in order to honor the individuals in Kenema where we worked, we had to work openly, we had to share and we had to work together. 这对我们影响相当深刻, 因为认识到这一点,我们才会觉得为了尊重凯内马的人民, 所以我们必须公开、分享、共同工作。 所以我们必须公开、分享、共同工作。
profound:adj.深厚的;意义深远的;渊博的;
And we have to do that. 而我们必须这么做。
We all have to demand that of ourselves and others -- to be open to each other when an outbreak happens, to fight in this fight together. 我们每个人都必须专心一致-- 彼此公开,当下次病毒爆发时, 我们一起并肩作战,
Because this is not the first outbreak of Ebola, it will not be the last, and there are many other microbes out there that are lying in wait, like Lassa virus and others. 因为这不是伊波拉病毒的第一次爆发, 它也不会是最后一次, 还有很多的细菌潜伏着, 像是拉萨病毒等。
microbes:n.细菌,[微]微生物;微生物类(microbe的复数形式);
And the next time this happens, it could happen in a city of millions, it could start there. 当下次再次发生时, 它可能会在一个百万人的城市开始爆发。
It could be something that's transmitted through the air. 它可能会是透过空气传染的某种东西。
transmitted:v.传送;输送;发射;播送;传播;传染;(transmit的过去分词和过去式)
It could even be disseminated intentionally . 它甚至有可能全球性地散播。
disseminated:adj.浸染的;散播性的;v.散布(disseminate的过去分词);撒播; intentionally:adv.故意地,有意地;
And I know that that is frightening, I understand that, but I know also, and this experience shows us, that we have the technology and we have the capacity to win this thing, to win this and have the upper hand over viruses. 我知道这很恐怖,我懂这个, 但我也知道,这个经验告诉我们, 我们拥有科技,我们也有能力 能赢得这场胜利, 战胜并克服病毒。
technology:n.技术;工艺;术语; have the upper hand:占上风;取得优势;
But we can only do it if we do it together and we do it with joy. 但我们要实现胜利,只能通过一起努力 并开心地做。
So for Dr. Khan and for all of those who sacrificed their lives on the front lines in this fight with us always, let us be in this fight with them always. 为了Khan博士、 为了那些在前线牺牲掉生命永远与我们同在的那些人, 让我们经常伴随他们一起奋战。
sacrificed:v.牺牲:献出:以(人或动物)作祭献:(sacrifice的过去分词和过去式)
And let us not let the world be defined by the destruction wrought by one virus, but illuminated by billions of hearts and minds working in unity. 让我们不要让这个世界, 被一个病毒的毁灭所定义, 而是被数十亿个团结在一起的心灵所照耀。
defined:adj.有定义的,确定的; v.使明确; destruction:n.破坏,毁灭;摧毁; wrought:adj.锻造的;加工的;精细的;v.工作(work的过去分词);wreak的过去分词; illuminated:adj.被照明的;v.照明;启发;兴奋(illuminate的过去分词);
Thank you. 谢谢！
(Applause) （掌声）