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ParagKhanna_2016-_大城市如何改变世界版图_
I want you to reimagine how life is organized on earth. 我想让各位重新想象地球生活的组织架构。
reimagine:重新想象;再回味 organized:adj.有组织的; v.组织; (organize的过去分词和过去式)
Think of the planet like a human body that we inhabit . 把整个星球当作我们生存的身体。
inhabit:v.居住在;栖居于;
The skeleton is the transportation system of roads and railways, bridges and tunnels , air and seaports that enable our mobility across the continents . 它的骨骼就是交通系统,有公路、铁路、 桥梁、隧道、航线、海港, 这些让我们得以在大陆间穿行。
skeleton:n.骨架,骨骼;纲要;骨瘦如柴的人;adj.骨骼的;骨瘦如柴的;概略的; transportation:n.运输;运输系统;运输工具;流放; tunnels:n.[交]隧道; v.凿隧道; seaports:n.海港;港口都市; enable:v.使能够;使有机会;使成为可能;使可行; mobility:n.移动性;机动性;[电子]迁移率; continents:n.[地理]大陆,大洲(continent复数);
The vascular system that powers the body are the oil and gas pipelines and electricity grids . 驱动人体的血液循环系统, 就是石油、天然气管道,还有电网,
vascular:adj.[生物]血管的; electricity:n.电力;电流;强烈的紧张情绪; grids:n.[数]网格(grid的复数形式);栅格;
that distribute energy. 它们分配能源。
distribute:v.分发;分配;分销;分散;
And the nervous system of communications is the Internet cables , satellites, cellular networks and data centers that allow us to share information. 主管通讯的神经系统, 就是网络电缆、卫星、蜂窝网络、数据中心, 它们让人类共享信息。
nervous system:n.神经系统; cables:n.缆绳;钢索;电缆;电报;v.发电报;(cable的第三人称单数和复数) cellular:adj.细胞的;多孔的;由细胞组成的;n.移动电话;单元;
This ever-expanding infrastructural matrix already consists of 64 million kilometers of roads, four million kilometers of railways, two million kilometers of pipelines and one million kilometers of Internet cables. 这个无限扩张的基础设施网络, 已经包含了6400万公里的公路, 400万公里的铁路, 200万公里的管道, 还有100万公里的网络电缆。
infrastructural:adj.基础结构的;构造基底的; matrix:n.[数]矩阵;模型;[生物][地质]基质;母体;子宫;[地质]脉石; consists:v.由…构成;由…组成(consist的三单形式);
What about international borders? 国界又如何呢？
We have less than 500,000 kilometers of borders. 国界的总长度不到50万公里。
Let's build a better map of the world. 让我们绘制一幅更好的世界地图。
And we can start by overcoming some ancient mythology . 我们可以从打破旧的流言开始。
overcoming:v.克服;解决;战胜;(overcome的现在分词) mythology:n.神话;神话学;神话集;
There's a saying with which all students of history are familiar : "Geography is destiny ." 有一个说法是历史系学生很熟悉的: “地理就是宿命。”
familiar:adj.熟悉的;常见的;亲近的;n.常客;密友; destiny:n.命运,定数,天命;
Sounds so grave , doesn't it? 听起来好沉重,对吧？
grave:adj.重大的;严肃的;黯淡的;n.墓穴,坟墓;死亡;v.雕刻;铭记;
It's such a fatalistic adage . 这就是句宿命论的格言。
fatalistic:adj.宿命论的; adage:n.格言,谚语;箴言;
It tells us that landlocked countries are condemned to be poor, that small countries cannot escape their larger neighbors, that vast distances are insurmountable . 它告诉我们,内陆的国家注定就是贫穷的, 小国家没法逃脱大邻居的控制, 漫长的距离是无法逾越的。
landlocked:adj.为陆地所包围的; condemned:adj.已被定罪的;被责难的; insurmountable:adj.不能克服的;不能超越的;难以对付的;
But every journey I take around the world, 但是在我的每次环球旅行中,
journey:n.旅行;行程;vi.旅行;
I see an even greater force sweeping the planet: connectivity . 我看到一个更伟大的力量席卷地球: 互联性。
sweeping:n.扫除; adj.影响广泛的; v.打扫; (sweep的现在分词) connectivity:n.[数]连通性;
The global connectivity revolution , in all of its forms -- transportation, energy and communications -- has enabled such a quantum leap in the mobility of people, of goods, of resources , of knowledge, such that we can no longer even think of geography as distinct from it. 这个全球的互联革命,它所有的形式—— 交通、能源、通信—— 让一切获得了质变,包括人类的流动性, 还有商品、资源、知识, 以至于我们无法将地理与这些因素分立开来。
global:adj.全球的;总体的;球形的; revolution:n.革命;旋转;运行;循环; enabled:v.使得;授予…权力;(enabled是enable的过去式) quantum leap:n.突变;巨变;飞跃; resources:n.[计][环境]资源; v.向…提供资金(resource的第三人称单数); distinct:adj.明显的;独特的;清楚的;有区别的;
In fact, I view the two forces as fusing together into what I call "connectography." 事实上,我认为这两股力量是融汇合一的, 我把它称为“互联地理”。
fusing:n.熔断,熔化; v.熔化;
Connectography represents a quantum leap in the mobility of people, resources and ideas, but it is an evolution, an evolution of the world from political geography , which is how we legally divide the world, to functional geography, which is how we actually use the world, from nations and borders, to infrastructure and supply chains. 互联地理代表了质的飞跃, 包括人类、资源和思路的流动性, 然而它是一次进化, 这种全球进化是从政治地理—— 我们依照法律分割世界的方式, 转变为功能地理—— 我们实际运用世界的方式, 从国家与边界的讨论,转为基础设施与供应链的讨论。
represents:v.代表;维护…的利益;相当于;(represent的第三人称单数) political geography:n.政治地理学; functional:adj.功能的; infrastructure:n.基础设施;公共建设;下部构造;
Our global system is evolving from the vertically integrated empires of the 19th century, through the horizontally interdependent nations of the 20th century, into a global network civilization in the 21st century. 我们的地球系统正在进化, 从19世纪垂直一体化的帝国, 变成20世纪横向相互依存的国家, 直到21世纪的国际网络化文明。
evolving:v.(使)逐渐形成,逐渐演变;进化形成;(evolve的现在分词) vertically:adv.垂直地; integrated:adj.综合的; v.整合; (integrate的过去式和过去分词) horizontally:adv.水平地;地平地; interdependent:adj.相互依赖的;互助的; civilization:n.文明;文明社会;文明世界;(特定时期和地区的)社会文明;
Connectivity, not sovereignty , has become the organizing principle of the human species . 互联,而非主权, 已经成为人类的组织原则。
sovereignty:n.主权;主权国家;君主;独立国; organizing:v.组织;安排;处理;分配;管理;(organize的现在分词) principle:n.原理,原则;主义,道义;本质,本义;根源,源泉; species:n.[生物]物种;种类;
(Applause) （掌声）
We are becoming this global network civilization because we are literally building it. 我们正在变成这种国际网络化文明, 因为我们就在建造它。
literally:adv.按字面:字面上:确实地:
All of the world's defense budgets and military spending taken together total just under two trillion dollars per year. 全世界的国防预算和军事开销总和, 每年接近两万亿美元。
budgets:n.[财政]预算(budget复数形式);v.为…做预算(budget的第三人称单数形式); military:adj.军事的;军人的;适于战争的;n.军队;军人; trillion:n.[数]万亿;adj.万亿的;num.[数]万亿;
Meanwhile , our global infrastructure spending is projected to rise to nine trillion dollars per year within the coming decade. 与此同时,国际的基础设施建设, 预计会突破每年九万亿美元, 就在接下来的十年时间。
Meanwhile:adv.同时,其间;n.其间,其时;
And, well, it should. 其实理应如此。
We have been living off an infrastructure stock meant for a world population of three billion, as our population has crossed seven billion to eight billion and eventually nine billion and more. 我们所利用的基础设施配置, 只够三十亿世界人口使用, 而我们的人口要超过七十亿,朝八十亿迈进, 最终会达到九十亿甚至更多。
stock:n.股票; v.库存; adj.老一套的; eventually:adv.最后,终于;
As a rule of thumb , we should spend about one trillion dollars on the basic infrastructure needs of every billion people in the world. 根据以往经验,我们应该花费大约一万亿美金, 为了满足每十亿人口的基本基础设施需求。
rule of thumb:手工业方式;靠经验估计;经验法则;拇指规则;单凭经验来做的方法;
Not surprisingly , Asia is in the lead. 不出奇的,亚洲领先全球。
surprisingly:adv.令人惊讶地;出乎意料地
In 2015, China announced the creation of the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank , which together with a network of other organizations aims to construct a network of iron and silk roads, stretching from Shanghai to Lisbon . 在2015年,中国宣布成立 亚洲基础设施投资银行, 它与一系列其它组织一道, 旨在建设一个钢铁与丝绸的商路网, 从上海延伸到里斯本。
creation:n.创造,创作;创作物,产物; Investment Bank:n.投资银行;商业银行; organizations:n.组织,构造,有机体(organization的复数);组织机构; construct:v.建造;创建;建筑;修建;n.概念;构筑物;结构体;建造物; stretching:v.拉长;撑大;有弹性;拉紧;拉直;(stretch的现在分词) Lisbon:n.里斯本(葡萄牙首都);
And as all of this topographical engineering unfolds , we will likely spend more on infrastructure in the next 40 years, we will build more infrastructure in the next 40 years, than we have in the past 4,000 years. 而随着这个地质学工程的展开, 我们可能会在未来40年花更多钱建设基础设施, 未来40年会比以往4000年 建造更多的基础设施。
topographical:adj.地志的;地形学的(等于topographic); engineering:n.工程;工程学;v.密谋策划;设计制造;改变…的基因;(engineer的现在分词) unfolds:vt.打开;呈现;vi.展开;显露;
Now let's stop and think about it for a minute . 现在让我们停下来思考思考。
for a minute:一会儿;
Spending so much more on building the foundations of global society rather than on the tools to destroy it can have profound consequences . 我们花了这么多钱来建造这些国际社会的基础, 而非发明拆毁这些的工具, 这可能有深远的后果。
foundations:n.基础;地基;基金会;粉底;(foundations是foundation的复数) profound:adj.深厚的;意义深远的;渊博的; consequences:n.后果,结果;影响(consequence的复数);
Connectivity is how we optimize the distribution of people and resources around the world. 互联性是我们优化 全球人口与资源分布的方法。
optimize:vt.使最优化,使完善;vi.优化;持乐观态度; distribution:n.分布;分配;分发;分销;
It is how mankind comes to be more than just the sum of its parts. 这是人类做到“1+1=2”的办法。
mankind:n.人类;男性;
I believe that is what is happening. 我相信这是正在发生的事。
Connectivity has a twin megatrend in the 21st century: planetary urbanization . 互联性在21世纪有另一个附属的超级浪潮: 全球范围的城市化。
megatrend:n.巨大潮流(指社会变化); planetary:adj.行星的; urbanization:n.都市化;文雅化;
Cities are the infrastructures that most define us. 城市是最能定义我们的基础设施。
infrastructures:n.[建]基础设施;下部构造;基本建设(infrastructure的复数); define:v.定义;使明确;规定;
By 2030, more than two thirds of the world's population will live in cities. 到2030年,世界人口超过三分之二 会住在城市里。
And these are not mere little dots on the map, but they are vast archipelagos stretching hundreds of kilometers. 这些可不只是地图上的小点点, 他们是延伸上百公里的群岛。
mere:adj.仅仅的;只不过的;n.小湖;池塘; archipelagos:群岛,列岛(archipelago的名词复数);
Here we are in Vancouver , at the head of the Cascadia Corridor that stretches south across the US border to Seattle . 我们现在在温哥华, 卡斯卡迪亚走廊的起点, 它一直往南延伸,通过美国边境直到西雅图。
Vancouver:n.温哥华(加拿大主要港市); Corridor:n.通道;过道;走廊(一国领土通过他国境内的狭长地带); stretches:v.拉长; n.一片; (stretch的第三人称单数和复数) Seattle:n.西雅图(美国一港市);
The technology powerhouse of Silicon Valley begins north of San Francisco down to San Jose and across the bay to Oakland . 超级科技中心——硅谷, 北起旧金山,南至圣何塞, 一路跨过海湾到奥克兰。
technology:n.技术;工艺;术语; powerhouse:n.精力旺盛的人;动力室;发电所; Silicon Valley:n.硅谷(美国加利福尼亚州一处计算机和电子公司聚集地,有时用以指任何计算机公司聚集地); Oakland:n.奥克兰(美国加州西部城市);
The sprawl of Los Angeles now passes San Diego across the Mexican border to Tijuana. 洛杉矶城现在已经扩张到了圣迭戈, 甚至跨过墨西哥边境到了蒂华纳。
sprawl:vi.蔓延; vt.懒散地伸开; n.蔓生;
San Diego and Tijuana now share an airport terminal where you can exit into either country. 圣迭戈和蒂华纳现在已经共享一个机场了, 你可以从机场直接到两个国家之一。
airport:n.机场;航空港; terminal:n.终端;航站楼;终端机;航空终点站;adj.晚期的;不治的;致命的;患绝症的;
Eventually, a high-speed rail network may connect the entire Pacific spine . 最终,一个高速铁路网可能连接整个太平洋脊柱:
spine:n.脊柱,脊椎;刺;书脊;
America's northeastern megalopolis begins in Boston through New York and Philadelphia to Washington. 美国东北部的人口稠密区,始于波士顿,跨过纽约, 直到费城还有华盛顿。
northeastern:adj.在东北的;东北方的;来自东北的; megalopolis:n.特大都市;人口稠密地带; Boston:n.波士顿(美国城市); Philadelphia:n.费城(美国宾夕法尼亚州东南部港市);
It contains more than 50 million people and also has plans for a high-speed rail network. 这里有超过五千万人口, 也有计划建设一个高铁网络。
But Asia is where we really see the megacities coming together. 但是只有在亚洲我们才真正看到大城市的互联。
megacities:n.大城市(megacity的复数);
This continuous strip of light from Tokyo through Nagoya to Osaka contains more than 80 million people and most of Japan's economy . 从东京,经过名古屋到大阪,这一条延绵的光带, 有着超过八千万的人口, 承载着大部分的日本经济。
continuous:adj.连续的,持续的;继续的;连绵不断的; strip:n.带; v.夺; adj.脱衣舞的; Osaka:n.大阪(日本本州岛西南岸港市); economy:n.经济;节约;理财;
It is the world's largest megacity . 这就是世界上最大的特大城市。
megacity:n.大城市(人口超过1000万的);
For now. 目前是的。
But in China, megacity clusters are coming together with populations reaching 100 million people. 然而在中国,特大城市群正在诞生, 人口数量可达到一亿。
clusters:n.[植]簇;丛(cluster的复数形式);[计]群集;
The Bohai Rim around Beijing, 北京附近的渤海湾,
Rim:n.边,边缘;轮辋;圆圈;vi.作…的边,装边于;vt.作…的边,装边于;
The Yangtze River Delta around Shanghai and the Pearl River Delta, stretching from Hong Kong north to Guangzhou. 上海附近的长江三角洲, 还有珠江三角洲, 从香港向北延伸至广州。
Delta:n.(河流的)三角洲;德耳塔(希腊字母的第四个字); Pearl:n.珍珠; v.使成小圆粒; adj.珍珠(制)的;
And in the middle, the Chongqing-Chengdu megacity cluster, whose geographic footprint is almost the same size as the country of Austria . 在中部地区, 重庆-成都特大城市群, 这里的地理足迹规模可以与奥地利相比。
geographic:adj.地理的;地理学的; footprint:n.足迹;脚印; Austria:n.奥地利;[国]奥地利;欧洲中南部内陆国家;
And any number of these megacity clusters has a GDP approaching two trillion dollars -- that's almost the same as all of India today. 而且这些特大城市群中的任一个, 都有将近两万亿美金的国内生产总值, 这几乎跟现在的印度一样了。
approaching:v.靠近,接近;接洽;建议;要求;(approach的现在分词)
So imagine if our global diplomatic institutions , such as the G20, were to base their membership on economic size rather than national representation . 所以想象一下,如果国际的外交组织,比如G20, 把会员资格按照经济规模来评定, 而非按照主权国家,
diplomatic:adj.外交的;从事外交的;有手腕的;灵活变通的; institutions:n.机构;慈善机构;风俗习惯,制度;(institution的复数) membership:n.成员资格;(统称)会员;会员人数; economic:adj.经济的,经济上的;经济学的; representation:n.表现;代表;描述;陈述
Some Chinese megacities may be in and have a seat at the table, while entire countries, like Argentina or Indonesia would be out. 有一些中国的特大城市就可以入选,并且有自己的席位, 然而另一些完整的国家,比如阿根廷或印度尼西亚就会落选。
Argentina:n.阿根廷(位于拉丁美洲); Indonesia:n.印尼,印度尼西亚(东南亚岛国);
Moving to India, whose population will soon exceed that of China, it too has a number of megacity clusters, such as the Delhi Capital Region and Mumbai. 再看看印度,它的人口数很快就要超过中国, 它同样有一些特大城市群, 比如说德里首都地区, 还有孟买地区。
exceed:v.超过(数量);超越(法律、命令等)的限制; Delhi:n.德里(印度城市名); Region:n.地区;范围;部位;
In the Middle East , 在中东地区,
Middle East:n.中东(包括亚洲西南部和非洲东北部);
Greater Tehran is absorbing one third of Iran's population. 大德黑兰地区正在吸收伊朗三分之一的人口。
Tehran:n.德黑兰; absorbing:adj.引人入胜的;精彩的;v.吸收;吞并;同化;理解;(absorb的现在分词)
Most of Egypt's 80 million people live in the corridor between Cairo and Alexandria . 埃及八千万人口中的大部分, 都住在开罗和亚历山大城之间的走廊地区。
Cairo:开罗(埃及首都) Alexandria:n.亚历山大港(位于埃及);亚历山大大帝;亚历山大市(美国弗吉尼亚一城市);
And in the gulf , a necklace of city-states is forming, from Bahrain and Qatar, through the United Arab Emirates to Muscat in Oman. 而在海湾地区,一连串的城邦在形成, 从巴林和卡塔尔, 穿过阿联酋,到阿曼首都马斯喀特。
gulf:n.海湾;深渊;分歧;漩涡;vt.吞没; necklace:n.项链; United:adj.联合的; v.联合,团结; (unite的过去分词和过去式) Emirates:n.阿联酋航空公司;
And then there's Lagos, 还有拉各斯,
Africa's largest city and Nigeria's commercial hub . 非洲最大的城市,也是尼日利亚的商业中心。
commercial:adj.贸易的;商业的;赢利的;以获利为目的的;n.(电台或电视播放的)广告; hub:n.中心;毂;木片;
It has plans for a rail network that will make it the anchor of a vast Atlantic coastal corridor, stretching across Benin, Togo and Ghana, to Abidjan, the capital of the Ivory Coast. 它计划建设铁路网, 这可以让它成为大西洋沿海走廊的支柱城市, 整条走廊经过贝宁、多哥、加纳, 一直到科特迪瓦的首都阿比让。
Atlantic:adj.大西洋的;巨人阿特拉斯的;n.大西洋; coastal:adj.沿海的;海岸的; Togo:n.多哥(西非国家);
But these countries are suburbs of Lagos. 但是这些国家都在拉各斯城郊。
suburbs:n.郊外(suburb的复数);
In a megacity world, countries can be suburbs of cities. 在特大城市构成的世界里, 国家可以是城市的郊区。
By 2030, we will have as many as 50 such megacity clusters in the world. 到2030年,世界上会有接近50个这样的特大城市群。
So which map tells you more? 所以哪幅地图信息更多呢？
Our traditional map of 200 discrete nations that hang on most of our walls, or this map of the 50 megacity clusters? 是我们传统的地图,标注着分散的200个国家, 挂在大部分的墙上, 还是这一幅,描绘着50个特大城市群的地图？
traditional:传统的,惯例的, discrete:adj.离散的,不连续的;n.分立元件;独立部件;
And yet, even this is incomplete because you cannot understand any individual megacity without understanding its connections to the others. 其实就算这幅都是不完整的, 因为你不可能彻底了解任一个独立的特大城市, 除非明白它与其他城市的关联。
incomplete:n.未完成;adj.不完整的;不完全的;不完善的; individual:n.个人;有个性的人;adj.单独的;个别的;
People move to cities to be connected, and connectivity is why these cities thrive . 人们搬迁到城市是为了互相联系, 而互联性正是城市发展繁荣的原因。
thrive:v.繁荣;茁壮成长;蓬勃发展;兴旺发达;
Any number of them, such as Sao Paulo or Istanbul or Moscow, has a GDP approaching or exceeding one third of one half of their entire national GDP. 不论是哪些城市,像圣保罗、伊斯坦布尔或者莫斯科, 它们的GDP都接近或超过 全国GDP的三分之一到一半。
exceeding:adj.超越的; v.超过(数量); (exceed的现在分词)
But equally importantly, you cannot calculate any of their individual value without understanding the role of the flows of people, of finance , of technology that enable them to thrive. 然而同等重要的是, 你不能单独计算它们独立的价值, 除非理解了人口流动的作用, 还有资金、科技的流动, 它们让特大城市得以繁荣。
finance:n.财政,财政学;金融;v.负担经费,供给…经费;
Take the Gauteng province of South Africa, which contains Johannesburg and the capital Pretoria. 以南非的豪登省为例, 它包含了约翰内斯堡和南非首都比勒陀利亚。
It too represents just over a third of South Africa's GDP. 它占了南非三分之一以上的GDP。
But equally importantly, it is home to the offices of almost every single multinational corporation that invests directly into South Africa and indeed, into the entire African continent. 但同等重要的是,几乎每一个跨国企业 都选择入驻此地, 它们直接为南非注资, 甚至,向整个非洲大陆注资。
multinational:adj.跨国公司的;多国的;n.跨国公司; corporation:n.法人;(大)公司;法人团体;市政委员会; invests:v.投资;花费(invest的三单形式); directly:adv.直接地;立即;马上;正好地;坦率地;conj.一…就;
Cities want to be part of global value chains. 城市渴望成为国际价值链中的一环。
They want to be part of this global division of labor. 它们渴望成为国际劳动分工的一环。
division:n.师;分配;分开;分歧;
That is how cities think. 这是城市的思考方式。
I've never met a mayor who said to me, "I want my city to be cut off." 我从没见过一个市长会这样说: “我想让我的城市与世隔绝。”
mayor:n.市长;镇长;
They know that their cities belong as much to the global network civilization as to their home countries. 他们很清楚,他们的城市属于国际网络化文明, 就像它属于自己国家一样。
Now, for many people, urbanization causes great dismay . 如今对于很多人来说,城市化造成了大众恐慌。
dismay:n.沮丧,灰心;惊慌;vt.使沮丧;使惊慌;
They think cities are wrecking the planet. 他们觉得城市正在毁坏地球。
wrecking:v.破坏; n.破坏; (wreck的现在分词)
But right now, there are more than 200 intercity learning networks thriving . 然而现在, 有超过200个跨城市学习网络正在发展繁荣。
intercity:adj.城市间的; thriving:v.兴旺发达;繁荣;旺盛;茁壮成长;(thrive的现在分词)
That is as many as the number of intergovernmental organizations that we have. 这数量几乎与所有的跨政府组织相当了。
intergovernmental:adj.政府间的;
And all of these intercity networks are devoted to one purpose, mankind's number one priority in the 21st century: sustainable urbanization. 所有的跨城市网络都有一个共同目标, 也是21世纪人类的首要目标: 可持续的城市化。
devoted:adj.专心致志; v.献身; (devote的过去分词和过去式) priority:n.优先;优先权;[数]优先次序;优先考虑的事; sustainable:adj.可以忍受的;足可支撑的;养得起的;可持续的;
Is it working? 它有效吗？
Let's take climate change. 让我们看看气候变化情况。
We know that summit after summit in New York and Paris is not going to reduce greenhouse gas emissions . 我们很清楚,纽约和巴黎的一次次峰会 并不会减少温室气体排放。
summit:n.峰会;山顶;顶点;最高点; greenhouse gas:n.温室气体(尤指二氧化碳); emissions:n.(光、热、气等的)发出,排放;排放物;散发物;(emission的复数)
But what we can see is that transferring technology and knowledge and policies between cities is how we've actually begun to reduce the carbon intensity of our economies . 但是我们可以看到,在城市之间传输科技, 还有知识、政策等等, 的确可以减少经济体的碳排放强度。
transferring:n.[计]转移,传递;v.移动,[计]转移(transfer的现在分词形式); policies:n.政策;方针;原则;为人之道;保险单(policy的复数) carbon:n.[化学]碳;碳棒;复写纸;adj.碳的;碳处理的; intensity:n.强度;强烈;[电子]亮度;紧张; economies:n.经济;经济结构;节约;(economy的复数)
Cities are learning from each other. 城市在互相取长补短。
How to install zero-emissions buildings, how to deploy electric car-sharing systems. 例如怎么建设零排放建筑, 怎么实施电动车分享计划。
install:v.安装;设置;安置;建立(程序); deploy:v.部署;利用;[军事]展开;(使)张开; car-sharing:汽车共享;拼车;汽车共用;
In major Chinese cities, they're imposing quotas on the number of cars on the streets. 在中国的大城市, 他们正在实施车辆限行政策。
imposing:adj.壮观的; v.推行,采用; (impose的现在分词) quotas:n.配额(quota的复数);[经管]定额,[经]限额;v.分配(quota的第三人称单数);
In many Western cities, young people don't even want to drive anymore. 在很多西方城市, 年轻人甚至都不想开车了。
Cities have been part of the problem, now they are part of the solution . 城市曾是问题的一部分, 但现在是解决方案的一部分。
solution:n.解决方案;溶液;溶解;解答;
Inequality is the other great challenge to achieving sustainable urbanization. 社会不平等是可持续城市化的另一个重大挑战。
When I travel through megacities from end to end -- it takes hours and days -- 当我跑遍全世界的特大城市, 花了许多个日夜,
I experience the tragedy of extreme disparity within the same geography. 我感受到了悬殊差距造成的悲剧, 就在同一片区域里。
tragedy:n.悲惨的事;不幸;灾难;悲剧作品; extreme:adj.极端的;极度的;偏激的;尽头的;n.极端;末端;最大程度;极端的事物; disparity:n.不同;不一致;不等;
And yet, our global stock of financial assets has never been larger, approaching 300 trillion dollars. 然而国际的金融资产 从来没有如此之多, 接近三百万亿美金。
financial:adj.金融的;财政的,财务的; assets:n.资产;宝贵的人材;(一项)财物;资产;(asset的名词复数)
That's almost four times the actual GDP of the world. 这几乎是全世界GDP总和的四倍。
We have taken on such enormous debts since the financial crisis , but have we invested them in inclusive growth? 我们在金融危机后背负了极多的债务, 但是我们把钱投资在了包容性增长吗？
enormous:adj.庞大的,巨大的;凶暴的,极恶的; debts:n.负债类,债务(debt的复数形式); crisis:n.危机;危险期;决定性时刻;adj.危机的;用于处理危机的; invested:v.投资;投入;(invest的过去分词和过去式) inclusive:adj.包括的,包含的;
No, not yet. 不,还没有。
Only when we build sufficient , affordable public housing , when we invest in robust transportation networks to allow people to connect to each other both physically and digitally , that's when our divided cities and societies will come to feel whole again. 只有我们建造了充足、价格实惠的公共住房, 只有我们投资建造了耐用的交通网络, 使得人们可以身体和信息上都实现互联互通, 我们分离的城市和社会 才能开始成为一个整体。
sufficient:adj.足够的;充分的; affordable:adj.负担得起的; public housing:n.(美国政府为低收入者修建的)公共住房; robust:adj.强健的;健康的;粗野的;粗鲁的; digitally:adv.数位;
(Applause) （掌声）
And that is why infrastructure has just been included in the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals, because it enables all the others. 这就是为什么基础建设项目 已经被包括在联合国可持续发展目标中, 因为它激活了大众生产力。
United Nations:n.联合国; Sustainable Development:可持续发展; enables:v.使得; (enable的第三人称单数)
Our political and economic leaders are learning that connectivity is not charity , it's opportunity. 我们的政治经济领袖 慢慢意识到互联性并不是搞慈善, 而是一个机会。
charity:n.慈善;施舍;慈善团体;宽容;施舍物;
And that's why our financial community needs to understand that connectivity is the most important asset class of the 21st century. 这就是为什么我们的经济社会必须明白, 互联性是21世纪最重要的一种资产。
community:n.社区;[生态]群落;共同体;团体;
Now, cities can make the world more sustainable, they can make the world more equitable , 如今,城市可以让世界更加可持续, 它们让世界更加公正,
equitable:adj.公平的,公正的;平衡法的;
I also believe that connectivity between cities can make the world more peaceful. 我也相信城市间的互联 可以让世界更和平。
If we look at regions of the world with dense relations across borders, we see more trade, more investment and more stability . 如果我们看看那些边境间联系紧密的地区, 我们看到更多的交易和投资, 地区也更稳定。
regions:n.地区;地域;行政区;左近;(region的复数) dense:adj.稠密的;浓厚的;愚钝的; stability:n.稳定性;坚定,恒心;
We all know the story of Europe after World War II, where industrial integration kicked off a process that gave rise to today's peaceful European Union . 我们都知道二战后欧洲的故事, 工业合作推进了发展过程, 最终构成了如今和平的欧盟。
industrial:adj.工业的,产业的; n.工业股票; integration:n.集成;综合; process:v.处理;加工;列队行进;n.过程,进行;方法,adj.经过特殊加工(或处理)的; European Union:n.欧洲联盟;
And you can see that Russia, by the way , is the least connected of major powers in the international system. 而且你们还能看到俄罗斯, 它是全世界的各强国中互联性最差的国家。
by the way:顺便说一下;
And that goes a long way towards explaining the tensions today. 这要追溯到很久以前才能解释当今的冲突问题。
tensions:张力;紧张;
Countries that have less stake in the system also have less to lose in disturbing it. 与别国利害关系不强的国家, 往往不愿冒风险打破这种状态。
stake:n.桩,棍子;赌注;火刑;奖金;v.资助,支持;系…于桩上;把…押下打赌; disturbing:adj.引起烦恼的;令人不安的;v.打扰;干扰;搅乱;使不安;(disturb的现在分词)
In North America , the lines that matter most on the map are not the US-Canada border or the US-Mexico border, but the dense network of roads and railways and pipelines and electricity grids and even water canals that are forming an integrated North American union. 在北美,地图上意义最重大的一条线 并不是美加边境或者美墨边境, 而是公路、铁路、管道的交织网络, 还有电力网络,甚至是运河系统, 一个和谐的北美联盟因这些而形成。
North America:n.北美洲;
North America does not need more walls, it needs more connections. 北美不需要更多的壁垒,它需要更多的连接。
(Applause) （掌声）
But the real promise of connectivity is in the postcolonial world. 但是互联性的真正前景会在殖民统治后的地区体现。
postcolonial:adj.殖民地时期之后的;
All of those regions where borders have historically been the most arbitrary and where generations of leaders have had hostile relations with each other. 这部分地区,它们的边境是历史上最多变的, 一代又一代领导者 相互的冲突非常激烈。
historically:adv.历史上地;从历史观点上说; arbitrary:adj.[数]任意的;武断的;专制的; hostile:adj.敌意的; n.敌对分子;
But now a new group of leaders has come into power and is burying the hatchet . 但是一群新的领导者逐渐上位, 把过往冲突逐渐抹去。
hatchet:n.短柄小斧;vt.用短柄小斧砍伐;扼杀;
Let's take Southeast Asia, where high-speed rail networks are planned to connect Bangkok to Singapore and trade corridors from Vietnam to Myanmar . 以东南亚为例,他们准备建设高铁网络, 还有越南到缅甸的商业走廊。
Southeast:adj.东南的;来自东南的;n.东南;东南地区;adv.来自东南; Bangkok:n.曼谷(泰国首都); corridors:n.廊道,[建]走廊(corridor的复数形式); Myanmar:n.缅甸(东南亚国家);
Now this region of 600 million people coordinates its agricultural resources and its industrial output . 如今这个6亿人口的地区调配了它的农业资源, 还有工业输出。
coordinates:n.[数]坐标;相配之衣物;v.使协调;使调和(coordinate的第三人称单数形式); agricultural:adj.农业的;农艺的; output:n.(人、机器、机构的)产量;输出;输出功率;输出量;v.输出;
It is evolving into what I call a Pax Asiana, a peace among Southeast Asian nations. 它逐渐进化为我称作的“泛亚洲大同”, 东南亚国家的和平地区。
A similar phenomenon is underway in East Africa, where a half dozen countries are investing in railways and multimodal corridors so that landlocked countries can get their goods to market. 类似的现象在东非也发生了, 那里的六个国家 投资建设铁路和多式联运通道, 于是内陆的国家可以将商品运输到市场上。
phenomenon:n.现象;杰出的人;非凡的人(或事物); underway:adj.进行中的;起步的;航行中的;n.[公路]水底通道; investing:v.投资;投入(时间、精力等);(invest的现在分词) multimodal:adj.[统计]多峰的;多模式的;n.多峰;
Now these countries coordinate their utilities and their investment policies. 如今这些国家在调控它们的资源, 调整它们的投资政策。
utilities:n.公用事业;实用工具,[计]实用程序;公用程式;(utility的复数)
They, too, are evolving into a Pax Africana . 他们同样进化成“泛非洲大同”。
Africana:非洲文献,非洲艺术品(与非洲各民族的历史或文化有关的书籍、文件、艺术品等材料);
One region we know could especially use this kind of thinking is the Middle East. 我们知道有一个地区可以利用这样的思维方式, 那就是中东地区。
especially:adv.尤其;特别;格外;十分;
As Arab states tragically collapse , what is left behind but the ancient cities, such as Cairo, Beirut and Baghdad ? 随着阿拉伯政权的悲剧倒台, 除了开罗、贝鲁特和巴格达等古城外, 还能留下什么呢？
tragically:adv.悲剧地;悲惨地; collapse:vi.倒塌;瓦解;暴跌;vt.使倒塌,使崩溃;使萎陷;折叠;n.倒塌;失败;衰竭; Beirut:n.贝鲁特(黎巴嫩一港口); Baghdad:n.巴格达(伊拉克首都);
In fact, the nearly 400 million people of the Arab world are almost entirely urbanized . 事实上,阿拉伯世界的将近4亿人 几乎全数城市化了。
urbanized:adj.城市化的;v.使城市化(urbanize的过去式);
As societies, as cities, they are either water rich or water poor, energy rich or energy poor. 作为完整的城市或社会, 它们的水资源可能丰富或是匮乏, 能源可能丰富或是匮乏。
And the only way to correct these mismatches is not through more wars and more borders, but through more connectivity of pipelines and water canals. 唯一能够解决这种失调的办法, 并不是通过战争和边境隔离, 而是通过更多的管道、运河连接。
mismatches:n.不匹配(mismatch的复数);v.使配合不当(mismatch的第三人称单数形式);
Sadly, this is not yet the map of the Middle East. 很可惜,这还不是中东地区的图景。
But it should be, a connected Pax Arabia , internally integrated and productively connected to its neighbors: Europe, Asia and Africa. 但理应如此, 一个互联的“泛阿拉伯大同”, 从内部互相整合, 并与它们的邻居在生产力方面联系:例如欧洲、亚洲和非洲。
Arabia:n.阿拉伯半岛(亚洲西南部,等于ArabianPeninsula); internally:adv.内部地;国内地;内在地; productively:adv.有结果地;有成果地;
Now, it may not seem like connectivity is what we want right now towards the world's most turbulent region. 如今,看上去互联性并不是我们立即想要的东西, 尤其对于世界上最动荡的区域。
turbulent:adj.骚乱的,混乱的;狂暴的;吵闹的;激流的,湍流的;
But we know from history that more connectivity is the only way to bring about stability in the long run . 但我们由历史规律得知,互联性是唯一的方法, 让一个地区获得长期的稳定。
in the long run:长远;终究;
Because we know that in region after region, connectivity is the new reality. 因为我们知道,在一个又一个地区, 互联性是新的现实。
Cities and countries are learning to aggregate into more peaceful and prosperous wholes. 城市和国家在逐渐整合, 成为更和平、更繁荣的整体。
aggregate:vi.集合; vt.集合; n.合计; adj.聚合的; prosperous:adj.繁荣的;兴旺的;
But the real test is going to be Asia. 但是亚洲才是真正的试金石。
Can connectivity overcome the patterns of rivalry among the great powers of the Far East? 互联性可否克服远东强国之间 种种竞争行为呢？
overcome:vt.克服;胜过;vi.克服;得胜; rivalry:n.竞争;对抗;竞赛;
After all, this is where World War III is supposed to break out. 毕竟这里是第三次世界大战理应爆发的地方。
supposed:adj.误信的;所谓的;v.认为;假设;设想;(suppose的过去分词和过去式)
Since the end of the Cold War, a quarter century ago, at least six major wars have been predicted for this region. 自从二十多年前冷战结束之后, 至少有六次大规模战争被预测会在这个地区发生。
predicted:v.预言;预告;预报;(predict的过去分词和过去式)
But none have broken out. 但没有一个真正爆发。
Take China and Taiwan. 以中国和台湾为例,
In the 1990s, this was everyone's leading World War III scenario . 在20世纪90年代,所有人都觉得这是三战的背景。
scenario:n.方案;情节;剧本;
But since that time, the trade and investment volumes across the straits have become so intense that last November, leaders from both sides held a historic summit to discuss eventual peaceful reunification . 但是自那时起, 海峡两岸之间的贸易和投资额变得非常高, 以至于去年十一月, 双方领导人举行了一次历史性峰会, 探讨未来如何实现和平统一。
volumes:n.卷;体积;容积;大量;(volumes是volume的复数) straits:n.[海洋]海峡;困难(strait的复数); intense:adj.强烈的;紧张的;非常的;热情的; reunification:n.重新统一;重新团结;
And even the election of a nationalist party in Taiwan that's pro-independence earlier this year does not undermine this fundamental dynamic . 即使是台湾的一个党派, 今年早些时候还主张台湾独立, 在进行选举时也没有否认这种基础的变革力量。
nationalist:n.民族主义者; adj.民族主义的(等于nationalistic); undermine:vt.破坏,渐渐破坏;挖掘地基; fundamental:n.基础; adj.十分重大的; dynamic:n.动力; adj.充满活力的;
China and Japan have an even longer history of rivalry and have been deploying their air forces and navies to show their strength in island disputes . 中日两国之间的敌对关系有更长的历史, 而且最近在部署海军和空军, 在岛屿争端中互相展示军力。
deploying:v.部署,调度(军队或武器);有效地利用;调动;(deploy的现在分词) navies:n.海军;深蓝色的; disputes:n.争论(dispute的复数);v.争论(dispute的单数第三人称);
But in recent years, 然而在最近几年,
Japan has been making its largest foreign investments in China. 日本在中国做了历史上最多的对外投资。
investments:n.[经]投资,投资的财产;投资学;(investment的复数)
Japanese cars are selling in record numbers there. 日本汽车在中国的销量屡创纪录。
And guess where the largest number of foreigners residing in Japan today comes from? 各位猜猜今天永久居住在日本的外国人 最多来自哪个国家呢？
residing:属于;
You guessed it: China. 你猜对了——就是中国。
China and India have fought a major war and have three outstanding border disputes, but today India is the second largest shareholder in the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank. 中国和印度打过一场大战, 还有三处突出的边界争端问题, 然而如今印度是 亚投行的第二持股国。
outstanding:adj.优秀的;杰出的;出色的;v.突出;离港;向海上;停留(outstand的现在分词) shareholder:n.股东;股票持有人;
They're building a trade corridor stretching from Northeast India through Myanmar and Bangladesh to Southern China. 他们正在建设一条贸易通路,起于印度东北部, 穿过缅甸和孟加拉国,终于中国华南地区。
Their trade volume has grown from 20 billion dollars a decade ago to 80 billion dollars today. 他们的贸易额已经从10年前的大约200亿美元, 发展到如今的800亿美元。
Nuclear-armed India and Pakistan have fought three wars and continue to dispute Kashmir, but they're also negotiating a most-favored-nation trade agreement and want to complete a pipeline stretching from Iran through Pakistan to India. 持有核武器的印度和巴基斯坦打了三场战争, 持续地争夺克什米尔地区, 但是他们同样在商讨一个最惠国贸易协定, 并且希望建设一条管道, 始于伊朗,穿过巴基斯坦,终于印度。
Nuclear-armed:adj.用核武器装备的; negotiating:v.谈判;磋商;协商;商定;达成协议;(negotiate的现在分词)
And let's talk about Iran. 让我们再谈谈伊朗。
Wasn't it just two years ago that war with Iran seemed inevitable ? 两年前的我们不是觉得对伊朗的战争根本不可避免吗？
inevitable:adj.必然的,不可避免的;
Then why is every single major power rushing to do business there today? 那么为什么现在每个大国都争着去伊朗做生意呢？
Ladies and gentlemen, 女士们、先生们,
I cannot guarantee that World War III will not break out. 我不能担保第三次世界大战永远不会爆发。
guarantee:n.保证;担保;保证人;保证书;抵押品;v.保证;担保;
But we can definitely see why it hasn't happened yet. 但是我们可以清楚的看到现在它为什么没有爆发。
definitely:adv.清楚地,当然;明确地,肯定地;
Even though Asia is home to the world's fastest growing militaries , these same countries are also investing billions of dollars in each other's infrastructure and supply chains. 即使亚洲一些国家军力发展速度世界领先, 同样的国家也互相投资数十亿美金, 来建设基础设施和供应链。
militaries:adj.军事的;军人的;适于战争的;n.军队;军人;
They are more interested in each other's functional geography than in their political geography. 他们更感兴趣的是各自的功能地理特征, 而非政治地理特征。
And that is why their leaders think twice , step back from the brink , and decide to focus on economic ties over territorial tensions. 这就是为什么领导人要三思,从战争边缘后退几步, 决定去关注经济的合作,而非领土的争端。
think twice:再三考虑;重新考虑; brink:n.(峭壁的)边缘; territorial:adj.领土的;区域的;土地的;地方的;n.地方自卫队士兵;
So often it seems like the world is falling apart, but building more connectivity is how we put Humpty Dumpty back together again, much better than before. 我们常常觉得世界就要崩溃了, 但是互联性的增强 就是我们把碎片复原的办法, 而且复原得比原来更好。
Humpty:n.软垫矮座椅; Dumpty:矮胖的人;
And by wrapping the world in such seamless physical and digital connectivity, we evolve towards a world in which people can rise above their geographic constraints . 当我们把全世界从物质和信息方面 我们的世界将会让人突破地理的限制。
wrapping:n.包装材料;包装纸;v.包,裹(礼物等);用…包裹;(wrap的现在分词) seamless:adj.无缝的;无缝合线的;无伤痕的; physical:adj.[物]物理的;身体的;物质的;符合自然法则的;n.体格检查; evolve:v.(使)逐渐形成;进化;进化形成; constraints:n.[数]约束;限制;约束条件(constraint的复数形式);
We are the cells and vessels pulsing through these global connectivity networks. 我们就是细胞和血管, 在这个国际网络中脉动。
vessels:n.血管(vessel的复数);船舶;容器; pulsing:adj.脉冲的;n.脉动;v.使跳动;搏动(pulse的ing形式);
Everyday, hundreds of millions of people go online and work with people they've never met. 每天,数以亿计的人登上互联网, 与从未谋面的人共同工作。
More than one billion people cross borders every year, and that's expected to rise to three billion in the coming decade. 每年超过十亿人要跨过国家边界, 而且将会在未来十年升至三十亿。
We don't just build connectivity, we embody it. 我们不只是互联性的建设者, 我们自身就体现了互联。
embody:v.具体表现,体现,代表(思想或品质);包括;
We are the global network civilization, and this is our map. 我们是国际网络化文明, 而这是我们的地图。
A map of the world in which geography is no longer destiny. 这幅地图里,地理不再是我们的宿命。
Instead, the future has a new and more hopeful motto : connectivity is destiny. 与之相对,我们的未来有一条更有希望的新准则: “互联就是命运。”
motto:n.座右铭,格言;箴言;
Thank you. 谢谢各位。
(Applause) （掌声）