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PankajGhemawat_2012G-_事实上，世界并不是平的。_
I'm here to talk to you about how globalized we are, how globalized we aren't, and why it's important to actually be accurate in making those kinds of assessments . 或者全球化有多么遥远, 以及,为什么全球化程度的精确评估
globalized:vt.使全球化; accurate:adj.精确的; assessments:评价;
And the leading point of view on this, whether measured by number of books sold, mentions in media , or surveys that I've run with groups ranging from my students to delegates to the World Trade Organization , is this view that national borders really don't matter very much anymore, cross-border integration is close to complete, and we live in one world. 或者来自我调查,调查对象包括下至我的学生 持这种观点的人认为国界的限制 已经不再是那么显著了, 跨国界的完全融合已指日可待, 所有人都会生活在地球村里。
point of view:观点;见地;立场; measured:adj.缓慢谨慎的; v.测量; (measure的过去分词和过去式) media:n.媒体;媒质(medium的复数);血管中层;浊塞音;中脉; surveys:n.调查(survey的复数); delegates:n.代表(delegate的复数);v.选举…为代表;委托职责(delegate的三单形式); Organization:n.组织;机构;体制;团体; cross-border:adj.跨越边界的;国境线交叉的; integration:n.集成;综合;
And what's interesting about this view is, again, it's a view that's held by pro-globalizers like Tom Friedman, from whose book this quote is obviously excerpted , 尤为有趣的是, “全球化已经趋于完成”这一观点不仅被支持全球化的人认同
quote:v.引用;报价;举例说明;开价;为(企业的股份)上市;n.引用; excerpted:n.摘录,引用;vt.引用,摘录;vi.摘录,引用;
but it's also held by anti-globalizers, who see this giant globalization tsunami that's about to wreck all our lives if it hasn't already done so. 同时也同样得到了反对全球化的人的认同,他们普遍认为 即便目前还没达到,但终将来临。
giant:n.巨人;伟人;巨兽;adj.巨大的;特大的 globalization:n.全球化; tsunami:n.海啸; wreck:n.严重损毁人或物;沉船;v.破坏;损坏;毁掉;使遇难;
The other thing I would add is that this is not a new view.
I'm a little bit of an amateur historian, so I've spent some time going back, trying to see the first mention of this kind of thing. And the best, earliest quote that I could find was one from David Livingstone, 我或多或少是个业余历史学家,所以花了些时间 提出这种论调。我所找到最早的完整表述
amateur:n.爱好者;业余爱好者;外行;adj.业余的;外行的;
writing in the 1850s about how the railroad, the steam ship, and the telegraph were integrating East Africa perfectly with the rest of the world. 写于1850年,谈论铁路、蒸汽船、
telegraph:n.[通信]电报机,电报;vt.电汇;流露出;打电报给…;vi.打电报; integrating:v.(使)合并,成为一体;(使)加入,融入群体;(integrate的现在分词)
Now clearly, David Livingstone was a little bit ahead of his time, but it does seem useful to ask ourselves, "Just how global are we?" 现在看来,大卫·利文斯顿 显然是略领先于他所处的时代, “我们究竟有多么全球化？”
before we think about where we go from here. 然后再去思考在此基础上我们未来要走向何方。
So the best way I've found of trying to get people to take seriously the idea that the world may not be flat, may not even be close to flat, is with some data.
So one of the things I've been doing over the last few years is really compiling data on things that could either happen within national borders or across national borders, and I've looked at the cross-border component as a percentage of the total. 实际上是收集那些相关数据, 再计算那些跨越国界的部分 占总量的百分比。
compiling:n.[计]编译;v.编辑;收集(compile的ing形式); component:n.成分;部件;组成部分;adj.构成的; percentage:n.百分比;百分率;利润的分成;提成;
I'm not going to present all the data that I have here today, but let me just give you a few data points. 我并没有打算在今天展示所有的数据,
I'm going to talk a little bit about one kind of information flow, one kind of flow of people, one kind of flow of capital, and, of course, trade in products and services.
So let's start off with plain old telephone service. 好,那么让我们以普通老式电话业务作为开始。
Of all the voice-calling minutes in the world last year, what percentage do you think were accounted for by cross-border phone calls? 去年全球的语音通话时间中, 你们认为有百分之多少
Pick a percentage in your own mind. 你们可以心中默想一个数据。
The answer turns out to be two percent.
If you include Internet telephony , you might be able to push this number up to six or seven percent, but it's nowhere near what people tend to estimate . 可能被推高到6%或7%, 但这显然远低于我们心中的预估值。
telephony:n.电话(学);电话制造; nowhere:v.无处; n.无处; adj.不存在的; estimate:v.估计;估算;估价;n.估价;(对大小、数量、成本等的)估计;估计的成本;
Or let's turn to people moving across borders. 好,我们再来看看跨国的人口流动。
One particular thing we might look at, in terms of long-term flows of people, is what percentage of the world's population is accounted for by first-generation immigrants ? 考虑长期的人口流动, 在全球所有人口中
long-term:adj.长期的;从长远来看; first-generation:adj.出生在美国的;原件第一代; immigrants:n.移民(immigrant的复数);
Again, please pick a percentage.
Turns out to be a little bit higher.
It's actually about three percent. 是大约3%。
Or think of investment . Take all the real investment that went on in the world in 2010. 产权投资计算在内。
investment:n.投资;投入;封锁;
What percentage of that was accounted for by foreign direct investment? 究竟有多少百分比, 是由外商直接投资的呢？
Not quite ten percent.
And then finally , the one statistic that I suspect many of the people in this room have seen: the export-to-GDP ratio. 相信在座的各位已经耳熟能详:
finally:adv.终于;最终;(用于列举)最后;彻底地; statistic:n.统计学;统计数字;统计资料;(一项)统计数据;adj.统计(上)的; suspect:n.犯罪嫌疑人;v.怀疑;不信任;adj.可疑的;
If you look at the official statistics , they typically indicate a little bit above 30 percent. 如果你去看看官方的统计,他们通常给出
official:adj.官方的;正式的;公务的;n.官员;公务员;高级职员; statistics:n.统计数字;统计资料;统计学;(statistic的复数) typically:adv.代表性地;作为特色地; indicate:v.表明;显示;象征;暗示;
However, there's a big problem with the official statistics, in that if, for instance , a Japanese component supplier ships something to China to be put into an iPod, and then the iPod gets shipped to the U.S., that component ends up getting counted multiple times.
instance:n.实例;情况;建议;v.举...为例; multiple:adj.数量多的;多种多样的;n.倍数;
So nobody knows how bad this bias with the official statistics actually is, so I thought I would ask the person who's spearheading the effort to generate data on this, Pascal Lamy, the Director of the World Trade Organization, what his best guess would be of exports as a percentage of GDP, without the double- and triple-counting, 所以没有人能够知道官方统计与实际情况 世界贸易组织的总干事 他认为最佳的估计 在去除双重或三重计算后,
bias:adv.使有偏见;n.偏见;偏心;偏爱;v.使有偏见;使偏向;adj.斜的;[电]偏动的; spearheading:v.做…的先锋;带头做;领先突击;(spearhead的现在分词) generate:v.产生;引起; Pascal:n.帕斯卡(压力的单位); exports:n.出口商品;输出额;
and it's actually probably a bit under 20 percent, rather than the 30 percent-plus numbers that we're talking about. 实际上可能略低于20%,而不是 我们日常谈论的超过30%。
So it's very clear that if you look at these numbers or all the other numbers that I talk about in my book, "World 3.0," that we're very, very far from the no-border effect benchmark , which would imply internationalization levels of the order of 85, 90, 95 percent. 或者通过我写的书,
benchmark:n.基准;标准检查程序;vt.用基准问题测试(计算机系统等); imply:v.意味;暗示;隐含; internationalization:n.国际化;
So clearly, apocalyptically-minded authors have overstated the case. 这样就很清楚了,那些怀着末日心态的作家 实际上是夸大其辞了。
overstated:v.夸大;夸张;言过其实;(overstate的过去分词和过去式)
But it's not just the apocalyptics, as I think of them, who are prone to this kind of overstatement .
prone:adj.俯卧的;有…倾向的,易于…的; overstatement:n.大话,夸大的叙述;
I've also spent some time surveying audiences in different parts of the world on what they actually guess these numbers to be. 我也花时间去做过问卷调查 在世界各地进行取样 让他们猜测这些数据可能会有多少。
surveying:n.(土地)测量;考察;
Let me share with you the results of a survey that Harvard Business Review was kind enough to run of its readership as to what people's guesses along these dimensions actually were. 让我在这与大家分享调查的结果。 利用期刊《哈佛商业评论》的 读者群做为样本, 进行这些方面数据的读者猜测。
Harvard:n.哈佛大学;哈佛大学学生; readership:n.读者人数;读者们;读者的身分; dimensions:n.规模,大小;
So a couple of observations stand out for me from this slide. 结果如图。（白色为真值,蓝色为猜测）
observations:n.观察,观察值;观察结果;(observation的复数形式);
First of all , there is a suggestion of some error.
First of all:adv.首先;
Okay. (Laughter)
Second, these are pretty large errors. For four quantities whose average value is less than 10 percent, you have people guessing three, four times that level. 其次,大家对这四个指标的猜测都错得很离谱。 真实值的平均数量在10%以下,
quantities:n.数量;数目;大量;大宗;(quantity的复数)
Even though I'm an economist, I find that a pretty large error. 即使我是一个经济学家,我也能看出 这是一个相当大的误差。
And third, this is not just confined to the readers of the Harvard Business Review.
confined:adj.狭窄的; v.限制(confine的过去式和过去分词);
I've run several dozen such surveys in different parts of the world, and in all cases except one, where a group actually underestimated the trade-to-GDP ratio, people have this tendency 我也在世界其他的地方进行多次
underestimated:v.低估;对…估计不足;轻视(underestimate的过去分词和过去式) tendency:n.倾向,趋势;癖好;
towards overestimation , and so I thought it important to give a name to this, and that's what I refer to as globaloney, the difference between the dark blue bars and the light gray bars. 人们倾向于过高估计,所以我认为很有必要 给这种群体性特征进行命名,
overestimation:n.过高的估计; refer:v.参考;涉及;提到;查阅;
Especially because, I suspect, some of you may still be a little bit skeptical of the claims , I think it's important to just spend a little bit of time thinking about why we might be prone to globaloney. 我想,你们中可能仍然有一些人 对我的说法持怀疑态度,我认为这非常重要 去花一点点时间来思考 为什么我们会倾向于迷信这种“全球胡话”。
Especially:adv.尤其;特别;格外;十分; skeptical:adj.怀疑的;怀疑论的,不可知论的; claims:v.宣称; n.声明; (claim的第三人称单数和复数)
A couple of different reasons come to mind. 一系列理由从我的脑海中浮现,
First of all, there's a real dearth of data in the debate .
dearth:n.缺乏;饥馑;粮食不足; debate:n.辩论;争论;考虑;v.辩论;争论;考虑;
Let me give you an example. When I first published some of these data a few years ago in a magazine called Foreign Policy , one of the people who wrote in, not entirely in agreement, was Tom Friedman. And since my article was titled 我来给大家一个例子。当我在几年前 在一个叫《外交政策》的杂志上 有一位人物来信,对此持不同意见, 他就是托马斯·弗里德曼。他的反对是必然的,
Policy:n.政策,方针;保险单;
'"Why the World Isn't Flat," that wasn't too surprising. (Laughter) 因为文章标题是《为何世界不是“平”的》。（笑声）
What was very surprising to me was Tom's critique , which was, "Ghemawat's data are narrow ." 他说,“沃特使用的数据面太窄。”
critique:n.评论文章;评论;v.写评论;对…发表评论;评判; narrow:adj.狭窄的; v.使窄小; n.峡谷; (场所,物品等的)狭窄部分;
And this caused me to scratch my head, because as I went back through his several-hundred-page book, 这使我疑惑不解,因为 我翻了他数百页的书,
scratch:n.擦伤; adj.打草稿用的; v.抓;
I couldn't find a single figure, chart, table, reference or footnote . 竟然找不到一张图表,
reference:n.参考,提及;参考书目;证明书;v.引用; footnote:n.脚注;补充说明;vt.给…作脚注;在脚注里评议;
So my point is, I haven't presented a lot of data here to convince you that I'm right, but I would urge you to go away and look for your own data to try and actually assess whether some of these 所以我的观点是,我引用的数据 试着用精确的评估方式来看看
convince:v.使确信;使相信;说服,劝说;
hand-me-down insights that we've been bombarded with actually are correct. 这些我们一直被灌输的观点 是否真的正确。
hand-me-down:adj.传下来的;现成而价廉质次的;n.传下来的东西;现成的廉价衣服; insights:n.洞察力;眼力;深刻见解(insight的复数); bombarded:v.轰炸(bombard的过去分词); adj.被轰击的;
So dearth of data in the debate is one reason. 好了,相关数据的匮乏是第一个原因。
A second reason has to do with peer pressure. 第二个原因是来自于同行的压力。
peer:n.同辈;同龄人;身份(或地位)相同的人;(英国)贵族成员;v.仔细看;端详;
I remember, I decided to write my "Why the World Isn't Flat" article, because 我记得,当我决定去写
I was being interviewed on TV in Mumbai, and the interviewer 's first question to me was, "Professor Ghemawat, why do you still believe that the world is round?" And I started laughing,
interviewed:v.对(某人)进行面试(或面谈); (媒体)采访(interview的过去分词和过去式) interviewer:采访者
because I hadn't come across that formulation before. (Laughter)
come across:偶然遇见;给人以…的印象; formulation:n.构想,规划;公式化;简洁陈述;
And as I was laughing, I was thinking, 我在笑的同时,也陷入了沉思,
I really need a more coherent response , especially on national TV. I'd better write something about this. (Laughter) 全国播放的电视媒体上。我最好为此写些回应文章。（笑声）
coherent:adj.连贯的,一致的;明了的;清晰的;凝聚性的;互相耦合的;粘在一起的; response:n.响应;反应;回答;
But what I can't quite capture for you was the pity and disbelief with which the interviewer asked her question. 但我无法让你们了解的 就是主持人提问时那怜悯和怀疑的态度。
capture:v.俘虏;捕获;攻占;夺得;刻画,描述;n.(被)捕获;(被)俘获 disbelief:n.怀疑,不信;
The perspective was, here is this poor professor. 好像在说,这儿站着一个可怜的教授。
perspective:n.观点;远景;透视图;adj.透视的;
He's clearly been in a cave for the last 20,000 years.
He really has no idea as to what's actually going on in the world. 当今世界正在发生着什么。
So try this out with your friends and acquaintances , if you like. You'll find that it's very cool to talk about the world being one, etc. 如果你们愿意,也可以尝试和亲朋好友做这样的交流, 你会发现当谈论的话题
acquaintances:n.认识的人;熟人;略有交情;(对某事物的)了解;(acquaintance的复数)
If you raise questions about that formulation, you really are considered a bit of an antique .
antique:adj.古老的; n.古董; vi.觅购古玩;
And then the final reason, which I mention, especially to a TED audience, with some trepidation , has to do with what I call "techno-trances." 接下来,我要提一下最后的原因, 尤其是面对TED的观众,我诚惶诚恐, 来介绍所谓的“电音入迷”
trepidation:n.恐惧;惊恐;忧虑;颤抖;
If you listen to techno music for long periods of time, it does things to your brainwave activity. (Laughter) 它就会干扰你的脑波活动。（笑声）
techno:n.高科技舞曲; brainwave:n.脑电波;灵感;
Something similar seems to happen with exaggerated conceptions of how technology is going to overpower in the very immediate run all cultural barriers , all political barriers , all geographic barriers , because at this point 以夸张的概念来描述科技是如何
exaggerated:adj.夸张的,言过其实的;v.夸张,夸大(exaggerate的过去分词和过去式) conceptions:[妇产]怀孕;概念;设想;开始(conception的复数形式); technology:n.技术;工艺;术语; overpower:vt.压倒;克服;使无法忍受; cultural:adj.与文化有关的;文化的;与艺术、文学、音乐等有关的; barriers:n.障碍;栅栏;篱笆墙(barrier的复数形式); geographic:adj.地理的;地理学的;
I know you aren't allowed to ask me questions, but when I get to this point in my lecture with my students, hands go up, and people ask me, "Yeah, but what about Facebook?" 但是我准备了一些来自课堂上学生的提问
lecture:n.演讲;讲座;讲课;谴责;v.开讲座;讲授;讲课;指责;告诫
And I got this question often enough that I thought 对于这个问题,我已经胸有成竹
I'd better do some research on Facebook.
Because, in some sense, it's the ideal kind of technology to think about. Theoretically , it makes it as easy to form friendships halfway around the world as opposed to right next door.
Theoretically:adv.理论地;理论上; opposed:adj.强烈反对; v.反对(计划、政策等); (oppose的过去分词和过去式)
What percentage of people's friends on Facebook are actually located in countries other than where people we're analyzing are based? 那么,究竟有多少百分比,在Facebook上的朋友 这些人在我分析了人群中占比多少呢？
located:adj.位于; v.确定…的准确地点; (locate的过去分词和过去式) analyzing:adj.分析的;v.分析(analyze的现在分词);
The answer is probably somewhere between 10 to 15 percent. 这个答案大概是在 10%到15%之间。
Non-negligible, so we don't live in an entirely local or national world, but very, very far from the 95 percent level that you would expect, and the reason's very simple. 不可否认,我们已经不再是生活于完全本地本国的
We don't, or I hope we don't, form friendships at random on Facebook. The technology is overlaid on a pre-existing matrix of relationships that we have, and those relationships are what the technology 随便乱交朋友。科技虽然覆盖了 我们早就形成的人际关系, 但这些人际关系恰恰是科技
random:adj.[数]随机的;任意的;胡乱的;n.随意;adv.胡乱地; overlaid:v.覆盖(overlay的过去分词); pre-existing:adj.先已存在的; matrix:n.[数]矩阵;模型;[生物][地质]基质;母体;子宫;[地质]脉石;
doesn't quite displace . Those relationships are why we get far fewer than 95 percent of our friends being located in countries other than where we are. 所无法替代的。正是这些既有的人际关系 我们才没有高达95%的朋友
displace:vt.取代;置换;转移;把…免职;排水;
So does all this matter? Or is globaloney just a harmless way of getting people to pay more attention to globalization-related issues ? 全球化相关的议题？
issues:n.重要议题;争论的问题;v.宣布;公布;发出;(issue的第三人称单数和复数)
I want to suggest that actually, globaloney can be very harmful to your health. 我不得不确切的指出, “全球胡话”的观点是非常有害的。
First of all, recognizing that the glass is only 10 to 20 percent full is critical to seeing that there might be potential for additional gains from additional integration, whereas if we thought we were already there, there would be no particular point to pushing harder. 那么它就可能有潜力额外装得更多的东西。 然而如果我们认为它已经被盛满,
recognizing:v.认识;认出;承认;接受,赞成(recognize的现在分词) critical:adj.鉴定的;[核]临界的;批评的,爱挑剔的;危险的;决定性的;评论的; potential:n.潜能;可能性;[电]电势;adj.潜在的;可能的;势的; additional:adj.附加的,额外的; whereas:conj.然而;鉴于;反之;
It's a little bit like, we wouldn't be having a conference on radical openness if we already thought we were totally open to all the kinds of influences that are being talked about at this conference. 我们已经很开放了 我们就不会有任何会议
conference:n.会议;研讨会;商讨会;体育协会(或联合会) radical:n.自由基;激进分子;游离基;adj.根本的;彻底的;完全的;全新的; openness:n.公开;宽阔;率真; influences:n.影响; v.影响;
So being accurate about how limited globalization levels are is critical to even being able to notice that there might be room for something more, something that would contribute further to global welfare . 所以正确看待全球化程度的有限性 可以让我们更深刻的认识到 仍然有大量进步的空间, 可以对全球福址有进一步的贡献。
limited:adj.有限的; n.高级快车; v.限制; (limit的过去分词和过去式) contribute:v.贡献,出力;投稿;捐献; welfare:n.福祉;(政府给予的)福利;
Which brings me to my second point. 这就牵连到我的第二个观点。
Avoiding overstatement is also very helpful because it reduces and in some cases even reverses some of the fears that people have about globalization. 因为它降低了,甚至扭转了那些 反对全球化的人心中怀有的恐惧。
reverses:n.相反的情况(或事物); v.颠倒; (reverse的第三人称单数和复数)
So I actually spend most of my "World 3.0" book working through a litany of market failures and fears that people have that they worry globalization is going to exacerbate . 所以我在《World 3.0》中花了大量篇幅 来处理一连串的市场失效和担忧
litany:n.冗长而枯燥的陈述;连祷; exacerbate:vt.使加剧;使恶化;激怒;
I'm obviously not going to be able to do that for you today, so let me just present to you two headlines as an illustration of what I have in mind. 我显然已经无法在今天向大家展示这些, 所以就让我以两个标题 来陈述我的论点。
illustration:n.插图;图解;示例;图示;
Think of France and the current debate about immigration .
immigration:n.外来移民;移居;
When you ask people in France what percentage of the French population is immigrants, the answer is about 24 percent. That's their guess. 将得到他们猜测的数字,大概是24%。
Maybe realizing that the number is just eight percent might help cool some of the superheated rhetoric that we see around the immigration issue. 如果意识到实际量只有8% 过激言论冷却。
superheated:adj.过热的,过热蒸汽;v.过热化(superheat的过去分词); rhetoric:n.修辞,修辞学;华丽的词藻;adj.花言巧语的;
Or to take an even more striking example, when the Chicago Council on Foreign Relations did a survey of Americans, asking them to guess what percentage of the federal budget went to foreign aid, the guess was 30 percent, which is 当芝加哥对外关系委员会 作了一份调查,让美国人猜猜
Council:n.(市、郡等的)政务委员会;市政(或地方管理)服务机构; federal:adj.联邦的;同盟的;联邦政府的;联邦制的;adv.联邦政府地; budget:n.预算,预算费;v.安排,预定;把…编入预算;adj.廉价的;
slightly in excess of the actual level — ("actually about ... 1%") (Laughter) — of U.S. governmental commitments to federal aid. （真实值只有1%）。（笑声）
slightly:adv.些微地,轻微地;纤细地; excess:n.超过,超额;过度,过量;无节制;adj.额外的,过量的;附加的; governmental:adj.政府的;政治的;统治上的; commitments:n.承诺,保证;委托;承担义务;献身;(commitment的复数)
The reassuring thing about this particular survey was, when it was pointed out to people how far their estimates were from the actual data, some of them — not all of them — seemed to become more willing to consider increases in foreign aid. 这一调查让我们可以宽心, 当我们向民众指出 估算值和实际数据相距甚远时,
reassuring:adj.安心的;可靠的;鼓气的;v.使放心(reassure的现在分词); estimates:n.估计;估价;估计的成本;v.估价;估算(estimate的第三人称单数和复数)
So foreign aid is actually a great way of sort of wrapping up here, because if you think about it, what I've been talking about today is this notion -- very uncontroversial amongst economists -- that most things are very home-biased. 用来做今天的收尾,因为 许多事情都是存在着本土偏重。
wrapping:n.包装材料;包装纸;v.包,裹(礼物等);用…包裹;(wrap的现在分词) notion:n.观念;信念;理解; uncontroversial:adj.非争论性的;不会引起争论的; amongst:prep.在…之中;在…当中(等于among);
'"Foreign aid is the most aid to poor people," “国际援助是对穷人的最大帮助”
is about the most home-biased thing you can find. 就是你能想到最本土偏重的事情。
If you look at the OECD countries and how much they spend per domestic poor person, and compare it with how much they spend per poor person in poor countries, 比上他们花费在 那些穷困国家的穷人身上的金额的比值,
domestic:n.佣人;家佣;家庭纠纷;家庭矛盾;adj.本国的;国内的;家用的;家庭的; compare:v.比较;对比;n.比较;
the ratio — Branko Milanovic at the World Bank did the calculations — turns out to be about 30,000 to one. 这一比率——世界银行的米兰诺维奇作了计算 是大约30000:1。
World Bank:n.世界银行(向处于困境需要资助的成员国贷款的国际机构);
Now of course, some of us, if we truly are cosmopolitan , would like to see that ratio being brought down to one-is-to-one. 我们希望看到那个比例会降到
cosmopolitan:adj.世界性的;四海一家的;n.四海为家者;世界主义者;
I'd like to make the suggestion that we don't need to aim for that to make substantial progress from where we are. 只需从目前所处的状态出发,去取得实质性进展。
substantial:adj.大量的;实质的;内容充实的;n.本质;重要材料;
If we simply brought that ratio down to 15,000 to one, we would be meeting those aid targets that were agreed at the Rio Summit 20 years ago that the summit that ended last week made no further progress on. 里约峰会上所制定的援助目标
Summit:n.峰会;山顶;顶点;最高点;
So in summary , while radical openness is great, given how closed we are, even incremental openness could make things dramatically better. Thank you very much. (Applause) 所以总而言之,激进的开放主义是非常好的, 它能让我们更加靠近彼此,
summary:adj.简易的;扼要的;n.概要,摘要,总结; incremental:adj.增加的,增值的; dramatically:adv.戏剧地;引人注目地;adv.显著地,剧烈地;
(Applause) （掌声）