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OliverSacks_2009-_幻觉背后的心智_
We see with the eyes. 我们用眼睛看世界
But we see with the brain as well. 但我们也用大脑看
And seeing with the brain is often called imagination . 用大脑来看,也就是我们常说的想象
imagination:n.想象;想象力;创造力;想象的事物;
And we are familiar with the landscapes of our own imagination, our inscapes. We've lived with them all our lives. 我们很熟悉自己想象的模式 也就是内心世界,它伴随我们一生
familiar:adj.熟悉的;常见的;亲近的;n.常客;密友; landscapes:n.风景; v.从事庭园设计;
But there are also hallucinations as well. 然而想象之外还有幻觉
hallucinations:n.幻视,幻听;幻觉;幻象;(hallucination的复数)
And hallucinations are completely different. 幻觉跟想象截然不同
They don't seem to be of our creation . 它似乎不是我们所创造的
creation:n.创造,创作;创作物,产物;
They don't seem to be under our control. 好像也不受我们的控制
They seem to come from the outside, and [seem] to mimic perception . 它似乎源自外界 又伪装成我们自己的感知
mimic:vt.模仿,摹拟;n.效颦者,模仿者;仿制品;小丑;adj.模仿的,模拟的;假装的; perception:n.感知;知觉;看法;洞察力;
So I am going to be talking about hallucinations. 所以我将就幻觉做一些解释
I am going to be:我将成为什么(样的人)
And a particular sort of visual hallucination which I see among my patients . 也会提到我在病人身上观察到的 一种特殊的视觉幻觉
visual:adj.视觉的,视力的;栩栩如生的; patients:n.接受治疗者,病人;(patient的复数)
A few months ago I got a phone call from a nursing home where I work. 几个月前我接到从我工作的养老院 打来的一个电话
nursing home:养老院;
They told me that one of the residents , an old lady in her 90s, was seeing things. 他们告诉我住客中有一位90多的老太太 “看到了一些东西”
residents:n.居民;住院医生;房客;(resident的复数)
And they wondered if she'd gone bonkers . 他们怀疑她是不是疯了
bonkers:adj.疯狂的;精神不正常的;
Or, because she was an old lady, whether she'd had a stroke , or whether she had Alzheimer's. 或者因为年纪大 得了中风,或是老年痴呆症
stroke:n.中风;笔画;钟声;抚摩;v.抚摩(动物的毛皮);轻抚;轻挪;轻触;
And so they asked me if I would come and see Rosalie, the old lady. 所以他们请我去看看罗萨莉 也就是那个老太太
I went in to see her. 我去了后
It was evident straight away that she was perfectly sane and lucid and of good intelligence . 马上就发现 她不仅完全神志正常 还非常清醒、明智
evident:adj.明显的;明白的; straight away:马上;即刻; sane:adj.健全的;理智的;[临床]神志正常的; lucid:adj.明晰的;透明的;易懂的;头脑清楚的; intelligence:n.智力;智慧;才智;(尤指关于敌国的)情报;
But she'd been very startled , and very bewildered because she'd been seeing things. 就是有点吓坏了,还有点奇怪 为什么她会出现幻视
startled:v.使惊吓;使大吃一惊(startle的过去分词和过去式) bewildered:adj.困惑的;眩;v.使困惑(bewilder的过去分词);
And she told me -- the nurses hadn't mentioned this -- that she was blind, that she had been completely blind, from macular degeneration , for five years. 她还说 护士忘了告诉我 她眼睛是看不见的 她五年前就因为视网膜黄斑退化而完全失明了
macular:adj.有斑点的;有污点的; degeneration:n.退化;[医]变性;堕落;恶化;
But now, for the last few days, she'd been seeing things. 近几天却看到了幻象
So I said, "What sort of things?" 我问:“什么样的幻象？”
And she said, "People in Eastern dress, in drapes , walking up and down stairs. 她说:“许多人穿着东方服饰 那种长袍式的,在楼梯上上下下
Eastern:adj.东方的;向东的;东部的;东方国家的;n.东方人;东正教信徒; drapes:n.窗帘;褶裥;洞巾(drape的复数);v.披在…上;使呈褶状(drape的三单形式);
A man who turns towards me and smiles. 一个男的转过来对我笑
But he has huge teeth on one side of his mouth. 但他的嘴巴只有一边长着牙,很大的牙
Animals too. 还有很多动物
I see a white building. It's snowing, a soft snow. 有一栋白色的楼,天在下雪,小雪
I see this horse, with a harness , dragging the snow away. 我还看到一匹戴着挽具的马不断把雪拖走
harness:vt.治理; n.马具;
Then, one night, the scene changes. 然后有一天晚上,幻象变了
I see cats and dogs walking towards me. 变成好多猫和狗朝我这边走
cats and dogs:价值低的股票;杂物;(下雨)猛烈地;大量地;
They come to a certain point and then stop. 走着走着就停了
Then it changes again. 然后又变了
I see a lot of children. They are walking up and down stairs. 这回我看到很多小朋友在楼梯上爬上爬下
They wear bright colors, rose and blue, like Eastern dress." 他们穿着颜色鲜艳的衣服,有玫瑰色,有蓝色 就像东方服饰。”
Sometimes, she said, before the people come on she may hallucinate pink and blue squares on the floor, which seem to go up to the ceiling. 她说,有时候在她看到人之前 她还能看到地板上粉色和蓝色的方块 跑到天花板上
hallucinate:v.(由于生病、吸毒)幻听,幻视,产生幻觉;
I said, "Is this like a dream?" 我问:“像不像做梦？”
And she said, "No, it's not like a dream. It's like a movie." 她说:“不,不像梦。像个电影。”
She said, "It's got color. It's got motion . “它是有颜色的,还有动作
motion:n.动作;移动;手势;请求;意向;议案;v.运动;打手势;
But it's completely silent, like a silent movie." 不过一点声音都没有,像默片。”
And she said that it's a rather boring movie. 她还说那电影相当无聊
boring:adj.无聊的;令人厌烦的;n.钻孔;v.使厌烦;钻孔;(bore的现在分词)
She said, "All these people with Eastern dress, walking up and down, very repetitive , very limited ." 她说:“所有人都穿着东方衣服 爬上爬下,不停地,一点别的花样都没有。”
repetitive:adj.重复的; limited:adj.有限的; n.高级快车; v.限制; (limit的过去分词和过去式)
(Laughter) (笑声)
And she has a sense of humor . 她很幽默
humor:n.幽默;心情;情绪;脾气;v.迎合;迁就;
She knew it was a hallucination. 而且知道那是个幻觉
But she was frightened . She'd lived 95 years and she'd never had a hallucination before. 但她有点害怕,因为她活了95年 从来没有出现过幻觉
frightened:adj.害怕的;受惊的;惊吓的;v.使惊吓;使惊恐;(frighten的过去分词和过去式)
She said that the hallucinations were unrelated to anything she was thinking or feeling or doing. 她说那些幻觉跟她的意识和行为 一点都不相干
unrelated:adj.无关的,不相干的;
That they seemed to come on by themselves, or disappear [by themselves]. 总是这么无缘无故地出现,又无缘无故地消失
disappear:v.消失;失踪;不复存在;
She had no control over them. 完全不受她控制
She said she didn't recognize any of the people or places in the hallucinations. 而幻觉中出现的 人和地点 她一个都不认识
recognize:v.认识;认出;辨别出;承认;意识到;
And none of the people or the animals, well, they all seemed oblivious of her. 里面的人和动物 也好像看不见她
oblivious:adj.遗忘的;健忘的;不注意的;不知道的;
And she didn't know what was going on. 她不知道这是这么了
She wondered if she was going mad, or losing her mind. 她想,她是疯了 还是在失去理智
Well, I examined her carefully. 于是我为这个活泼的老太太
She was a bright old lady. 做了详尽的检查
Perfectly sane. She had no medical problems. 结果发现她的神智完全正常,没有精神问题
She wasn't on any medications which could produce hallucinations. 她所吃的药也都没有致幻的副作用
medications:n.药;药物;(medication的复数)
But she was blind. 不过,她是盲的
And I then said to her, "I think I know what you have." 所以我说: “我想我知道你的问题是什么了。
I said, "There is a special form of visual hallucination which may go with deteriorating vision , or blindness." 有一种特殊的视觉幻觉 会发生在视力受损或完全失明的人身上
deteriorating:v.退化,恶化(deteriorate的ing形式); vision:n.视力;美景;幻象;想象力;v.想象;显现;梦见;
'"This was originally described ," I said, "back in the 18th century, by a man called Charles Bonnet . 这种现象 最早在18世纪 被一个叫查尔斯·邦纳的人描述过
originally:adv.原来;起初; described:v.描述;形容;把…称为;做…运动;(describe的过去分词和过去式) Bonnet:n.[机]阀盖;软帽;v.给…装上罩;给…戴上帽子;
And you have Charles Bonnet syndrome . 你得的就是邦纳症候群(Charles Bonnet syndrome)
syndrome:n.[临床]综合征;综合症状;并发症状;校验子;并发位;
There is nothing wrong with your brain. There is nothing wrong with your mind. 问题既不在你的大脑,也不在你的意识
You have Charles Bonnet syndrome." 你只是得了这种邦纳症候群。”
And she was very relieved at this, that there was nothing seriously the matter, and also rather curious . 她大松一口气 还好不是什么重病 完了还相当好奇
relieved:adj.释然的; v.缓解; curious:adj.好奇的,有求知欲的;古怪的;爱挑剔的;
She said, "Who is this Charles Bonnet?" 她问:“这个查尔斯
She said, "Did he have them himself?" 他也有这种幻觉吗？
And she said, "Tell all the nurses that I have Charles Bonnet syndrome." 还有,告诉那些护工, 我只不过是得了邦纳症候群。“
(Laughter) (笑声)
'"I'm not crazy. I'm not demented . I have Charles Bonnet syndrome." “我没疯,也没傻,我只是得了邦纳症候群。”
demented:adj.发狂的,疯狂的; v.精神错乱; (dement的过去分词和过去式)
Well, so I did tell the nurses. 于是我照她的意思告诉了护工们
Now this, for me, is a common situation. 其实这种现象对我来说并不稀奇
I work in old-age homes, largely . 我在养老院工作
old-age:adj.老年的; largely:adv.主要地;大部分;大量地;
I see a lot of elderly people who are hearing impaired or visually impaired. 认识很多老人 是听力或视力受损的
elderly:adj.上了年纪的;过了中年的;稍老的; impaired:adj.受损的;v.损害(impair的过去式和过去分词); visually:adv.形象化地;外表上;看得见地;
About 10 percent of the hearing impaired people get musical hallucinations. 10%的听力受损者 有听觉幻觉
And about 10 percent of the visually impaired people get visual hallucinations. 10%的视力受损者 有视觉幻觉
You don't have to be completely blind, only sufficiently impaired. 不一定要完全失明 或完全听不到,才会有这种幻觉
sufficiently:adv.充分地;足够地;
Now with the original description in the 18th century, 18世纪的查尔斯·邦纳
description:n.说明;形容;描写(文字);类型;
Charles Bonnet did not have them. 其实并没有这种症状
His grandfather had these hallucinations. 产生幻觉的是他的祖父
His grandfather was a magistrate , an elderly man. 一位年长的长官
magistrate:n.地方法官;文职官员;治安推事;
He'd had cataract surgery . 这个长官曾接受过白内障手术
cataract:n.[眼科]白内障;大瀑布;暴雨,洪水;奔流;vt.倾注; surgery:n.外科;外科手术;手术室;诊疗室;
His vision was pretty poor. 视力不大好
And in 1759 he described to his grandson various things he was seeing. 1759年,他向孙子描述了 他看到的各种各样的幻象
The first thing he said was he saw a handkerchief in midair . 第一个幻象 是一块悬浮在空中的手帕
handkerchief:n.手帕;头巾,围巾; midair:n.半空中;
It was large blue handkerchief with four orange circles. 大大的,蓝色的 还有四个橙色的圆圈
And he knew it was a hallucination. 他知道这是个幻觉
You don't have handkerchiefs in midair. 因为手帕不会浮在半空
handkerchiefs:n.手帕(handkerchief的复数);
And then he saw a big wheel in midair. 他还看到过一个大轮子浮在空中
wheel:车轮,转动
But sometimes he wasn't sure whether he was hallucinating or not. 不过有时候他也搞不清楚看到的到底是不是幻觉
hallucinating:v.(由于生病、吸毒)幻听,幻视,产生幻觉;(hallucinate的现在分词)
Because the hallucinations would fit in the context of the visions . 因为这些幻觉 会融合在现实的背景里
context:n.环境;上下文;来龙去脉; visions:n.愿景; v.想像;
So on one occasion, when his granddaughters were visiting them, he said, "And who are these handsome young men with you?" 有一次,当他的孙女们来探望他时,他又看到了幻觉 他问:“这几个跟你们在一起的帅小伙子是谁啊？”
And they said, " Alas , Grandpapa , there are no handsome young men." 孙女们却说:“诶,爷爷,没有你说的帅小伙啊。”
Alas:int.唉(表悲伤,遗憾,恐惧,关切等等); Grandpapa:n.爷爷;外公;
And then the handsome young men disappeared . 突然间帅小伙们就消失了
disappeared:adj.消失的;消失了的;v.消失,失踪;(disappear的过去式和过去分词)
It's typical of these hallucinations that they may come in a flash and disappear in a flash . 这是一种典型的幻觉 刷一下来,刷一下去
typical:adj.典型的;特有的;象征性的; come in a flash:在一瞬间; disappear in a flash:一瞬即逝;
They don't usually fade in and out. 没有渐变
fade:v.褪色; adj.平淡的; n.[电影][电视]淡出;
They are rather sudden. And they change suddenly. 相当突然,变得也快
Charles Lullin, the grandfather, saw hundreds of different figures, different landscapes of all sorts. 查尔斯·鲁林,也就是那个祖父 看到过几百个不同的人像 还有各种各样的景色
On one occasion he saw a man in a bathrobe smoking a pipe, and realized it was himself. 有一次,他看到一个穿浴袍的男人在抽烟斗 然后意识到,那就是他自己
bathrobe:n.浴衣;睡衣;
That was the only figure he recognized . 那是唯一一个他辨认出来的人像
recognized:v.认识;认出;辨别出;承认;意识到;(recognize的过去分词和过去式)
On one occasion when he was walking in the streets of Paris, he saw -- this was real -- a scaffolding . 还有一次,他在巴黎的街道上 当真看到了一个脚手架
scaffolding:n.脚手架;搭脚手架的材料;
But when he got back home he saw a miniature of the scaffolding six inches high, on his study table. 回到家后,却看到了那个脚手架的迷你版 六英尺高,就立在他的书桌上
miniature:adj.微型的,小规模的;n.缩图;微型画;微型图画绘画术;vt.是…的缩影;
This repetition of perception is sometimes called palinopsia. 这种感知的重复 有时会被称作视像保留
repetition:n.重复;重做;重说;重做的事;重说的话;
With him, and with Rosalie, what seems to be going on -- and Rosalie said, "What's going on?" -- and I said that as you lose vision, as the visual parts of the brain are no longer getting any input , they become hyperactive and excitable . 这种在查尔斯·鲁林和罗斯莉 身上发生的 让罗斯莉问道“我这是这么了？”的现象 我这么解释吧:随着视力的减退 大脑与视力相关的部分渐渐失去了信息输入 从而进入一种过度活跃的、待激活的状态
input:n.投入; v.把(数据等)输入计算机; hyperactive:adj.极度活跃的;活动过度的; excitable:adj.易激动的;易兴奋的;易怒的;
And they start to fire spontaneously . 于是它开始自发地活动
spontaneously:adv.自发地;自然地;不由自主地;
And you start to see things. 让人产生幻象
The things you see can be very complicated indeed. 产生的幻象可以相当复杂
complicated:adj.复杂的;难懂的;v.使复杂化;(complicate的过去分词和过去式)
With another patient of mine, who, [like Charles Lullin, still] had some vision, the vision she had could be disturbing . 我有一个病人 （像查尔斯·鲁林一样）视力没有完全减退 她看到的幻象比较恼人
disturbing:adj.引起烦恼的;令人不安的;v.打扰;干扰;搅乱;使不安;(disturb的现在分词)
On one occasion she said she saw a man in a striped shirt in a restaurant. 她说有一次她看到 餐馆里有一个穿条纹恤衫的男人
striped:adj.有条纹的;有斑纹的;v.被剥去(strip的过去分词);
And he turned around. And then he divided into six identical figures in striped shirts, who started walking towards her. 他转过身 然后就突然分裂成6个同样穿条纹恤衫的人像 开始朝她走来
identical:adj.同一的;完全相同的;n.完全相同的事物;
And then the six figures came together again, like a concertina . 然后六个人就合了起来,就像手风琴一样
concertina:n.类似风琴的六角形乐器;
Once, when she was driving, or rather, her husband was driving, the road divided into four. 有一次她正在开车 应该说,是他丈夫在开 路突然就分裂成了4条
And she felt herself going simultaneously up four roads. 她感觉就像同时在4条路上行驶
simultaneously:adv.同时地;
She had very mobile hallucinations as well. 她的幻觉充满动感
mobile:n.手机;汽车;移动电话;adj.活跃的;可动的;
A lot of them had to do with a car. 往往会牵涉到车
Sometimes she would see a teenage boy sitting on the hood of the car. 有时她会看到一个青年男孩 坐在引擎盖上
He was very tenacious and he moved rather gracefully when the car turned. 紧抓不放,车转弯时 他便随着车的动作缓缓倾斜
tenacious:adj.顽强的;坚韧的;固执的;紧握的;黏着力强的; gracefully:adv.优雅地;温文地;
And then when they came to a stop, the boy would do a sudden vertical take off, 100 foot in the air, and then disappear. 车停下后 男孩便会突然垂直飞到100尺的高空 然后消失
vertical:n.垂直线;垂直位置;adj.竖的;垂直的;直立的;纵向的;
Another patient of mine had a different sort of hallucination. 还有一个病人,有另外一种幻觉
This was a woman who didn't have trouble with her eyes, but the visual parts of her brain. 这位女病人视力并无问题 问题出在她脑部的视觉部分
A little tumor in the occipital cortex . 她的枕叶皮层有一个小肿瘤
tumor:n.肿瘤;肿块;赘生物; occipital:adj.枕骨的,枕部的;n.枕骨; cortex:n.[解剖]皮质;树皮;果皮;
And, above all, she would see cartoons. 尤其引人注意的是,她看到的幻象是卡通的
These cartoons would be transparent and would cover half the visual field , like a screen. 而且是半透明的 像屏幕一样盖住半个视野
transparent:adj.透明的;显然的;坦率的;易懂的; visual field:na.视野;
And especially she saw cartoons of Kermit the Frog. 特别的是,她看到的是青蛙柯密特（芝麻街人物）
especially:adv.尤其;特别;格外;十分;
(Laughter) （笑声）
Now, I don't watch Sesame Street. 我不看芝麻街的
Sesame:n.芝麻;
But she made a point of saying, "Why Kermit?" She said, "Kermit the Frog means nothing to me. 不过她坚持要问我: ”为什么是柯密特？“她说,”青蛙柯密特对我来说一点意义都没有啊。“
You know, I was wondering about Freudian determinants . 当时我正在研究弗洛伊德决定因素
Freudian:adj.佛洛伊德的;佛洛伊德学说的;n.相信佛洛伊德学说的人; determinants:n.决定因素(determinant的复数);[数]行列式;
Why Kermit? 为什么是柯密特？
Kermit the Frog means nothing to me." ”青蛙柯密特对我来说一点意义都没有啊。“
She didn't mind the cartoons too much. 她并不大关注那部卡通
But what did disturb her was she got very persistent images or hallucinations of faces and as with Rosalie, the faces were often deformed , with very large teeth, or very large eyes. 让她非常苦恼的是 这些幻觉持续地出现 而且跟罗斯莉的情况一样,幻觉中的脸往往是扭曲的 要么长着大牙,要么长着大眼
persistent:adj.固执的,坚持的;持久稳固的; images:n.印象;声誉;形象;画像;雕像;(image的第三人称单数和复数) deformed:adj.畸形的; v.使...残缺,使...变形(deform的过去式和过去分词形式);
And these frightened her. 这让她感到非常不安
Well, what is going on with these people? 那么,这些病人是怎么了？
As a physician , I have to try and define what's going on, and to reassure people. 作为一个医生,我必须尝试阐释这些现象 来安抚他们
physician:n.[医]医师;内科医师; define:v.定义;使明确;规定; reassure:vt.使…安心,使消除疑虑;
Especially to reassure them that they're not going insane . 尤其得告诉他们,他们没疯
insane:adj.疯狂的;精神病的;极愚蠢的;
Something like 10 percent, as I said , of visually impaired people get these. 我前面提到过,视力受损的人 有10%会产生幻觉
as I said:正如我所说的
But no more than one percent of the people acknowledge them. 但不超过1%会承认
no more than:adv.只是;仅仅;
Because they are afraid they will be seen as insane, or something. 因为他们担心会被当成疯子之类
And if they do mention them to their own doctors they may be misdiagnosed . 而如果他们向医生提起这种症状 医生可能会做出错误的诊断
misdiagnosed:v.错误地或判断,断定;(misdiagnose的过去式和过去分词)
In particular , the notion is that if you see things or hear things, you're going mad. 而且,大家往往认为 如果你看到或听到幻觉,你就是疯了
In particular:尤其,特别; notion:n.观念;信念;理解;
But the psychotic hallucinations are quite different. 其实我们提到的这种幻觉跟精神病幻觉是不一样的
psychotic:adj.精神病的;n.精神病患者;疯子;
Psychotic hallucinations, whether they are visual or vocal , they address you. They accuse you. 精神病的幻觉,不管是视觉的还是听觉的 都对付你,指控你
vocal:adj.嗓音的;发声的;大声表达的;直言不讳的;n.(乐曲中的)歌唱部分; accuse:v.控告;谴责;控诉;
They seduce you. They humiliate you. 诱惑你,羞辱你
seduce:v.引诱;诱惑;诱奸;怂恿; humiliate:v.羞辱;使丧失尊严;
They jeer at you. 嘲弄你
jeer:n.嘲笑;戏弄;揶揄的言语;vi.嘲笑;戏弄;vt.嘲笑;戏弄;
You interact with them. 跟你互动
interact:v.互相影响;互相作用;n.幕间剧;幕间休息;
There is none of this quality of being addressed with these Charles Bonnet hallucinations. 而这些 都没有出现在邦纳式的幻觉中
addressed:v.写(收信人)姓名地址:致函:演说:演讲:向…说话; (address的过去分词和过去式)
There is a film. You're seeing a film which has nothing to do with you. 邦纳式幻觉就像一部电影,尽管你在看,电影却没有牵涉到你
Or that's how people think about it. 反正患者们是这么认为的
There is also a rare thing called temporal lobe epilepsy . 还有一种少有的症状叫颞叶癫痫
temporal:adj.暂时的;当时的;现世的;n.世间万物;暂存的事物; lobe:n.(脑,肺等的)叶;裂片;耳垂;波瓣; epilepsy:n.[内科]癫痫,癫痫症;
And sometimes, if one has this, one may feel oneself transported back to a time and place in the past. 有时,如果一个人产生这种症状 他可能会感到自己被带回 到过去的一个时空
transported:v.(用交通工具)运输,运送,输送;(transport的过去分词和过去式)
You're at a particular road junction . 在某一个路口
junction:n.连接,接合;交叉点;接合点;
You smell chestnuts roasting . 闻到烤栗子的香味
chestnuts:n.栗树;栗子;板栗;深红棕色;(chestnut的复数) roasting:adj.用于烘焙的;燥热的;v.烘烤;烘焙;严厉批评;(roast的现在分词)
You hear the traffic. All the senses are involved . 听到车来车往,所有的感官都参与着
involved:adj.有关的; v.涉及; (involve的过去式和过去分词)
And you're waiting for your girl. 等待着心上人
And it's that Tuesday evening back in 1982. 那可能是1982年的某个周二夜晚
And the temporal lobe hallucinations are all multisensory hallucinations, full of feeling, full of familiarity , located in space and time, coherent , dramatic . 这种颞叶异常导致的幻觉 是多感官的 充满着情绪和熟悉感 发生在特定时空中 情节合乎逻辑而戏剧感十足
familiarity:n.熟悉,精通;亲密;随便; located:adj.位于; v.确定…的准确地点; (locate的过去分词和过去式) coherent:adj.连贯的,一致的;明了的;清晰的;凝聚性的;互相耦合的;粘在一起的; dramatic:adj.突然的;巨大的;令人吃惊的;激动人心的;
The Charles Bonnet ones are quite different. 邦纳式的不一样
So in the Charles Bonnet hallucinations, you have all sorts of levels, from the geometrical hallucinations, the pink and blue squares the woman had, up to quite elaborate hallucinations with figures and especially faces. 在邦纳式幻觉中 有好几种等级 从几何幻觉 比如老太太看到的粉色和蓝色的方块 到非常复杂的幻觉 比如各种人像,尤其是面容
geometrical:adj.几何的,几何学的; elaborate:adj.精心制作的;详尽的;煞费苦心的;v.精心制作;详细描述;变复杂;
Faces, and sometimes deformed faces, are the single commonest thing in these hallucinations. 这些面容,有时是扭曲的面容 是唯一一种在这些幻觉中 最常见的幻象
And one of the second commonest is cartoons. 一种第二常见的幻象是卡通
So, what is going on? 那么,究竟为什么会产生幻觉呢？
Fascinatingly , in the last few years, it's been possible to do functional brain imagery , to do fMRI on people as they are hallucinating. 很棒的是,近几年 我们能够做出脑功能成像 当我们给正产生幻觉的人做功能性磁共振成像(fMRI)时
Fascinatingly:adv.极有吸引力地;迷人地; functional:adj.功能的; imagery:n.像;意象;比喻;形象化;
And in fact, to find that different parts of the visual brain are activated as they are hallucinating. 我们的确发现大脑视觉部位 有不同区域被激活 这时被检测者正在经历幻觉
activated:v.使活动;激活;使活化;(activate的过去式和过去分词)
When people have these simple geometrical hallucinations, the primary visual cortex is activated. 如果被检测者有的是简单的几何幻觉 被激活的区域则是初级视觉皮质
This is the part of the brain which perceives edges and patterns. 这是大脑感知边缘和图案的部分
perceives:vt.察觉,感觉;理解;认知;vi.感到,感知;认识到;
You don't form images with your primary visual cortex. 而我们光靠这里是无法形成完整影像的
When images are formed, a higher part of the visual cortex is involved in the temporal lobe. 影像形成时 一个位于颞叶的较高级视觉皮质 会有一定活动
And in particular, one area of the temporal lobe is called the fusiform gyrus . 尤其是颞叶中 叫做梭状回的一个区域,显著地活跃
fusiform:adj.梭形的;纺锭状的;两端渐细的; gyrus:n.[解剖]脑回(形成大脑半球的组织);回转;
And it's known that if people have damage in the fusiform gyrus, they maybe lose the ability to recognize faces. 调查显示,如果梭状回损伤 患者可能因此无法辨认面容
But if there is an abnormal activity in the fusiform gyrus, they may hallucinate faces. 而当梭状回异常时 患者则可能看到面容的幻象
abnormal:adj.反常的,不规则的;变态的;
And this is exactly what you find in some of these people. 这正是我们前面提到的几位病人所出现的症状
There is an area in the anterior part of this gyrus where teeth and eyes are represented . 梭状回的前部有一个区域 负责处理有关牙齿和眼睛的影像
anterior:adj.前面的;先前的; represented:v.代表; (represent的过去式和过去分词)
And that part of the gyrus is activated when people get the deformed hallucinations. 而当病人出现扭曲的幻觉时 正是这一部位出现了活动
There is another part of the brain which is especially activated when one sees cartoons. 还有一个区域 会在病人看到卡通幻象时 出现活动
It's activated when one recognizes cartoons, when one draws cartoons, and when one hallucinates them. 人们观看卡通 画卡通,或看到卡通幻象时,都是这一部位被激活
recognizes:v.认识;认出;辨别出;承认;意识到;(recognize的第三人称单数)
It's very interesting that that should be specific . 这是一个特别有趣的现象
specific:adj.特殊的,特定的;明确的;详细的;[药]具有特效的;n.特性;细节;特效药;
There are other parts of the brain which are specifically involved with the recognition and hallucination of buildings and landscapes. 大脑还有几个别的部位 相应地跟其他视觉元素的辨别与幻觉有关 比如楼房和风景
specifically:adv.特别地;明确地; recognition:n.识别;认识;承认;认可;
Around 1970 it was found that there were not only particular parts of the brain [involved], but particular cells. 1970年左右,人们发现特化的不是一块区域 而是相应的脑细胞
'"Face cells" were discovered around 1970. “脸细胞”是1970年左右发现的
And now we know that there are hundreds of other sorts of cells, which can be very very specific. 至今,我们已经发现了 数百种与各类视觉元素对应的脑细胞 这种对应关系可以非常琐细、明确
So you may not only have "car" cells, you may have "Aston Martin" cells. 比如说 “车”细胞 可能还有“阿斯顿·马丁(一种车)”细胞
(Laughter) (笑声)
I saw an Aston Martin this morning. 今早我看到一部阿斯顿·马丁
I had to bring it in. 我一直想提提它
And now it's in there somewhere. 现在我的脑子里就有这种“阿斯顿·马丁”细胞
(Laughter) (笑声)
Now, at this level, in what's called the inferotemporal cortex, there are only visual images, or figments or fragments . 那么,这一程度的幻觉,只会由这一整块可以称作下颞叶皮质的区域 形成视觉影像、 幻象,或片段
figments:n.虚构的事;臆造的事物; fragments:n.碎片(fragment的复数);片断;[计]分段;v.破碎(fragment的三单形式);打碎;
It's only at higher levels that the other senses join in and there are connections with memory and emotion . 只有更高程度的幻觉 才会有视觉以外的感官参与 同时牵涉到记忆与情感
emotion:n.强烈的感情;激情;情感;
And in the Charles Bonnet syndrome you don't go to those higher levels. 在邦纳症候群中 更高程度的幻觉并不会出现
You're in these levels of inferior visual cortex where you have thousands and tens of thousands and millions of images, or figments, or fragmentary figments, all neurally encoded , in particular cells or small clusters of cells. 牵涉到初级视觉皮质的幻觉 有上百上千 甚至更多的图像、 幻象,或残缺幻象 这些都被编译 在特定的脑细胞或脑细胞簇中
inferior:adj.较差的; n.不如别人的人; fragmentary:adj.碎片的;不完全的;断断续续的; neurally:用法,发音,音标,搭配,同义词,反义词和例句等在线英语服务。; encoded:adj.[计]编码的;v.把…编码(encode的过去分词); clusters:n.[植]簇;丛(cluster的复数形式);[计]群集;
Normally these are all part of the integrated stream of perception, or imagination. 这些细胞通常 参与形成感知和想象
Normally:adv.正常地;通常地,一般地; integrated:adj.综合的; v.整合; (integrate的过去式和过去分词)
And one is not conscious of them. 人们通常是无法意识到这一过程的
conscious of:意识到;
It is only if one is visually impaired, or blind, that the process is interrupted . 只有当你的视力受损或丧失 这一过程才会被干扰
process:v.处理;加工;列队行进;n.过程,进行;方法,adj.经过特殊加工(或处理)的; interrupted:v.插嘴; adj.被阻止的,中断的; (interrupt的过去分词和过去式)
And instead of getting normal perception, you're getting an anarchic , convulsive stimulation , or release , of all of these visual cells, in the inferotemporal cortex. 在这种情况下,你的感知不再正常 一种不受控的、 痉挛的释放活动 发生在位于初级视觉皮质的 这些视觉脑细胞中
anarchic:adj.无政府的;无政府主义的;无法无天的; convulsive:adj.抽搐的;惊厥的;震动的;起痉挛的; stimulation:n.刺激;激励,鼓舞; release:v.释放;发射;让与;允许发表;n.释放;发布;让与;
So, suddenly you see a face. Suddenly you see a car. 这种活动的结果就是,你突然看到一张脸,转瞬看到一辆车
Suddenly this, and suddenly that. 突然这,突然那
The mind does its best to organize , and to give some sort of coherence to this. 大脑会尝试控制场面 尝试使这一切符合逻辑
organize:v.组织;安排;处理;分配;管理; coherence:n.一致;连贯性;凝聚;
But not terribly successfully. 但不会很成功
When these were first described it was thought that they could be interpreted like dreams. 这些现象最初被描述时 人们相信,跟梦一样,这种幻觉也能被强行中止
interpreted:v.诠释;说明;把…理解为;领会;口译;(interpret的过去式和过去分词)
But in fact people say, "I don't recognize the people. I can't form any associations ." 不过实际上患者表示 “我认不出来谁是谁。完全没办法想到任何信息。”
associations:n.协会,[遗]关联(association复数);关联分析,协会组织;
'"Kermit means nothing to me." ”青蛙柯密特对我来说一点意义都没有啊。“
You don't get anywhere thinking of them as dreams. 把这种现象视作梦的一种是行不通的
Well, I've more or less said what I wanted. 唔,我应该说得差不多了
more or less:或多或少;
I think I just want to recapitulate and say this is common. 我再概括一下 其实帮纳症候群是个常见现象
recapitulate:vi.概括;重述要点;摘要;vt.概括;重述要点;摘要;
Think of the number of blind people. 你们想,在盲人人群中
There must be hundreds of thousands of blind people who have these hallucinations, but are too scared to mention them. 肯定有上百上千 有这样的幻觉 然而却不敢提起
So this sort of thing needs to be brought into notice, for patients, for doctors, for the public. 所以不管是病人,医生还是公众 都有必要认识到这一现象的常见性
Finally , I think they are infinitely interesting, and valuable , for giving one some insight as to how the brain works. 最后 我发现帮助别人认识大脑作用的原理 是一件无比有趣而有意义的事情
Finally:adv.终于;最终;(用于列举)最后;彻底地; infinitely:adv.无限地;极其; valuable:adj.有价值的;贵重的;可估价的;n.贵重物品; insight:n.洞察力;洞悉;
Charles Bonnet said, 250 years ago -- he wondered how, thinking these hallucinations, how, as he put it, the theater of the mind could be generated by the machinery of the brain. 查尔斯·邦纳在250年前 在对这些幻觉现象的观察的促使下,思考了这个问题 心智的戏剧性 是如何产生于大脑运作的呢？
generated:v.产生;引起;(generate的过去式和过去分词) machinery:n.机械;机器;机构;机械装置;
Now, 250 years later, 250年后的今天
I think we're beginning to glimpse how this is done. 我想我们已经能够开始领悟这个精妙的过程
glimpse:v.瞥见;[诗]闪现;n.领悟;概况;见识;一睹;
Thanks very much. 非常感谢
(Applause) (掌声)
Chris Anderson: That was superb . Thank you so much. 克里斯·安德森:非常精彩,非常感谢你
superb:adj.极好的;华丽的;宏伟的;
You speak about these things with so much insight and empathy for your patients. 你说得非常精到 也很能理解你的病人
empathy:n.神入;移情作用;执着;
Have you yourself experienced any of the syndromes you write about? 你自己有没有过这些症状呢？
syndromes:n.综合症(syndrome的复数);
Oliver Sacks : I was afraid you'd ask that. 奥利弗·萨克斯:我挺怕你问这个的
Sacks:n.麻布袋; v.解雇; (sack的第三人称单数和复数)
(Laughter) (笑声)
Well, yeah, a lot of them. 嗯,有,很大一部分
And actually I'm a little visually impaired myself. 事实上我自己也有一定的视力受损
I'm blind in one eye, and not terribly good in the other. 我的一只眼睛是看不到的,另一只视力也不大好
And I see the geometrical hallucinations. 我看到过几何幻觉
But they stop there. 不过最多也就这个程度了
C.A.: And they don't disturb you? 安德森:它们会不会让你感到很不安？
Because you understand what's doing it. It doesn't make you worried? 或者说是不是因为你了解这一现象而没这么担心？
O.S.: Well they don't disturb me any more than my tinnitus . 萨克斯:耳鸣让我烦心得多
tinnitus:n.[耳鼻喉]耳鸣;
Which I ignore . 耳鸣我也是听而不闻
ignore:v.驳回诉讼;忽视;不理睬;
They occasionally interest me. 不过偶尔我会对自己的幻觉很感兴趣
occasionally:adv.偶尔;有时候;偶然;
And I have many pictures of them in my notebooks. 我还把它们画在了笔记本里
I've gone and had an FMRI myself to see how my visual cortex is taking over. 我自己就曾做过功能性磁共振成像 看看我的视觉皮层在造什么反
And when I see all these hexagons and complex things, which I also have, in visual migraine , 我看到六边形的幻觉 或更复杂的幻觉, 往往伴随着偏头痛
hexagons:n.[数]六边形;六角钢(hexagon的复数); complex:adj.复杂的;合成的;n.复合体;综合设施; migraine:n.[内科]偏头痛;
I wonder whether everyone sees things like this, and whether things like cave art, or ornamental art may have been derived from them a bit. 那是我就会想是不是别人也会有这样的幻觉 洞穴壁画和装饰艺术 是不是也取材于这种幻觉
ornamental:adj.装饰的,装饰性的;n.观赏植物;装饰品; derived:adj.导出的;衍生的,派生的;v.得到;推断(derive的过去分词);由…而来;
C.A.: That was an utterly utterly fascinating talk. 安德森:你今天的演讲非常非常精彩
utterly:adv.完全地;绝对地;全然地;彻底地,十足地;
Thank you so much for sharing. 感谢你的分享
O.S.: Thank you. Thank you. 萨克斯:谢谢,谢谢
(Applause) (掌声)