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OferLevy_2019X-_个性化疫苗的新科学_-
It is hard to overstate the beneficial effects of immunization . 免疫接种的益处 再怎么强调也不为过。
overstate:vt.夸张;夸大的叙述; beneficial:adj.有益的,有利的;可享利益的; immunization:n.免疫;
According to the US Centers for Disease Control, 根据美国疾病控制与预防中心的数据,
According to:根据,据说; Disease:n.病,[医]疾病;弊病;vt.传染;使…有病;
US children born over the last 20 years -- for those children, vaccines will prevent greater than 322 million illnesses, greater than 21 million hospitalizations and greater than 730,000 deaths, with the societal cost savings of nearly 1.4 trillion dollars. 过去 20 年内出生的美国小孩—— 对他们来说,疫苗能预防 超过 3.22 亿起病例、 超过 2100 万例住院, 以及超过 73 万例死亡, 并节省近 1 万 4 千亿美元的社会开支。
vaccines:n.[药][计]疫苗; hospitalizations:n.住院治疗;医院收容;住院保险(等于hospitalizationinsurance); societal:adj.社会的; savings:n.节省物;节省;节约;储蓄金;存款;(saving的复数) trillion:n.[数]万亿;adj.万亿的;num.[数]万亿;
Those are big numbers. 这些都是巨额数字。
But let's zoom in and look at a particular example. 但让我们来具体看看一个实例。
Vaccines have nearly eliminated a bacterial infection called Haemophilus influenzae. 疫苗已近乎根除了 一种叫做流感嗜血杆菌的细菌感染。
eliminated:v.排除;清除;消除;(比赛中)淘汰;消灭;(eliminate的过去式和过去分词) bacterial:adj.[微]细菌的; infection:n.感染;传染;(身体某部位的)感染;传染病;
This bacterium used to infect young infants causing bloodstream infections , pneumonia , meningitis , death or permanent disability . 在过去,这种细菌 会感染年幼的婴儿, 导致血流感染、 肺炎、脑膜炎、死亡 或者终身残疾。
bacterium:n.[微]细菌;杆菌属; infants:n.婴儿(infant的复数);婴幼儿; bloodstream:n.[生理]血流,血液的流动; infections:n.传染病;口腔病害(infection复数形式); pneumonia:n.肺炎; meningitis:n.脑膜炎; permanent:adj.永久的,永恒的;n.烫发; disability:n.残疾;无能;无资格;不利条件;
As a young pediatrician , I saw a few cases. 当我还是一名年轻的儿科医生时, 我曾见过几个案例。
pediatrician:n.儿科医师(等于pediatrist);
You folks probably have never heard of this disease, because vaccines have been so effective . 大家可能从未听过这种疾病, 因为疫苗的效果非常好。
effective:adj.有效的,起作用的;实际的,实在的;给人深刻印象;
You could see in the graph on the right that since the introduction of vaccines, the incidence of Haemophilus bacterial infections has plummeted like a rock, and it's nearly vanished . 从右边的图表里可以看出, 自从引入了疫苗, 流感嗜血杆菌感染的病例 呈断崖式骤降,并已几乎绝迹了。
incidence:n.发生率;影响;[光]入射;影响范围; plummeted:n.[测]铅锤,坠子;vi.垂直落下;(价格,水平等)骤然下跌; vanished:v.消失了;突然消失;消亡;绝迹;(vanish的过去分词和过去式)
So vaccines are generally a success story . 因此疫苗一般来说非常成功,
generally:adv.通常;普遍地,一般地; success story:n.获得巨大成功的人(或事物);
But we also face challenges. 但我们也面临着挑战。
For one, for most vaccines, we need to give multiple doses to achieve or maintain protection. 首先,大多数疫苗需要多次接种 才能获得或维持免疫。
multiple:adj.数量多的;多种多样的;n.倍数; doses:v.服药(dose的三单形式);n.[药][核]剂量(dose的复数); maintain:v.维持;保持;维修;保养;坚持(意见);
The scientific community is working on developing single-shot vaccines. 科学界正在努力开发 只需单次接种的疫苗。
scientific:adj.科学的,系统的; community:n.社区;[生态]群落;共同体;团体;
Imagine being able to get only one influenza shot your whole life and not having to get a seasonal flu vaccine. 试想一下,一辈子 只需要打一次流感疫苗, 再也不用去打季节性流感疫苗了。
influenza:n.[内科]流行性感冒(简写flu);家畜流行性感冒; seasonal:adj.季节的;周期性的;依照季节的;
Certain microbes are difficult to immunize against. 某些微生物导致的感染比较难预防。
microbes:n.细菌,[微]微生物;微生物类(microbe的复数形式); immunize:vt.使免疫;赋予免疫性;
A classic example is human immunodeficiency virus, or HIV . 一个经典例子就是人类免疫缺陷病毒, 即艾滋病毒（HIV）。
classic:n.名著;优秀的典范;adj.最优秀的;第一流的;有代表性的;典型的; immunodeficiency:n.[免疫]免疫缺陷; HIV:n.艾滋病病毒;
The need is urgent , progress is being made; we're not there yet. 该疾病对疫苗的需求十分紧迫, 在研发方面也有所进展; 但还没有成功。
urgent:adj.紧急的;急迫的;
Another critical element in vaccine research right now is optimizing vaccines for the most vulnerable among us, the very young and the elderly . 目前的疫苗研究中, 另一个至关重要的要素 是为易感人群优化疫苗, 也就是婴幼儿和老年人。
critical:adj.鉴定的;[核]临界的;批评的,爱挑剔的;危险的;决定性的;评论的; element:n.元素;要素;原理;成分;自然环境; optimizing:n.[数]优化,最佳化;adj.最佳的;v.最佳化(optimize的现在分词); vulnerable:adj.易受攻击的,易受…的攻击;易受伤害的;有弱点的; elderly:adj.上了年纪的;过了中年的;稍老的;
And this is an active area of research. 这是一个非常活跃的研究领域。
Finally , one of the biggest challenges we unfortunately face right now are anti-vax attitudes . 然而令人遗憾的是, 我们最终面临的最大挑战之一 是反对疫苗的态度。
Finally:adv.终于;最终;(用于列举)最后;彻底地; unfortunately:adv.不幸地; attitudes:n.态度,看法(attitude复数);
In fact, it's alarming that over 100,000 infants and children in the United States have not received any vaccines, and that number is growing. 事实上,非常令人担忧的是, 美国有超过 10 万名婴儿与儿童 从未接种过任何疫苗, 而这个数字还在增长。
United:adj.联合的; v.联合,团结; (unite的过去分词和过去式)
In fact, the World Health Organization , or WHO, has declared anti-vax attitudes as one of the 10 most important threats to human health in the world today. 事实上,世界卫生组织（WHO） 已经把反对疫苗的态度 列为了当今世界上 对人类健康最重要的 十大威胁之一。
Organization:n.组织;机构;体制;团体;
This graphic illustrates the spread of anti-vax sentiment in the state of California, from the year 2000 to 2013, by looking at the percentage of public kindergarten students who claim the personal exemption against immunization. 这张图诠释了 2000 年至 2013 年期间 在加利福尼亚州 扩散的反疫苗情绪, 显示的是公共幼儿园学生中 要求个人疫苗豁免的百分比。
graphic:adj.形象的;图表的;绘画似的; illustrates:v.阐明;举例说明(illustrate的三单形式);给…加插图; sentiment:n.感情,情绪;情操;观点;多愁善感; percentage:n.百分比;百分率;利润的分成;提成; kindergarten:n.幼儿园; claim:v.要求;声称;需要;认领;n.要求;声称;索赔;断言;值得; personal exemption:n.个人免税额;
Anti-vax sentiment is on the rise, and it has very real consequences . 反疫苗情绪正在上升, 这会带来非常现实的后果。
consequences:n.后果,结果;影响(consequence的复数);
Many of you may be aware of the fact that we're seeing infections that we thought we conquered long ago coming back. 你们很多人可能都知道, 一些我们觉得很久以前 就已经消灭的传染病 又开始死灰复燃了。
conquered:v.攻克;征服;击败,战胜;控制;(conquer的过去分词和过去式)
Measles outbreaks have been reported in multiple US states. 美国多个州都报道 出现了麻疹疫情。
Measles:n.[内科]麻疹;风疹; outbreaks:n.(战争的)爆发;(疾病的)发作;vi.爆发;
And many have forgotten, but measles is very infectious and dangerous. 很多人已经遗忘了 这个严酷的事实: 麻疹传染性极强,也很危险。
infectious:adj.传染的;传染性的;易传染的;
Just a few viral particles can infect an individual . 仅仅少量病毒颗粒 就能感染一个人。
viral:adj.滤过性毒菌引起的;滤过性毒菌的; particles:n.微粒,粒子;粒子系统;碎木料(particle的复数形式); individual:n.个人;有个性的人;adj.单独的;个别的;
And there have been even reports at sporting events and at an Olympic stadium where the virus, through the air, travels long distances and infects a vulnerable person in the crowd. 甚至曾有报道称, 在体育比赛现场、 在奥运会场馆内, 麻疹病毒在空气中 传播了很远的距离, 并感染了人群中 一位易感人员。
stadium:n.[体]露天大型体育场;[病]病期;[生]生长期;龄期; infects:vt.感染,传染;
In fact, if I had a measles cough right now, 事实上,如果我的咳嗽中 带有麻疹病毒,
(Coughs) （咳嗽）
somebody in the back of this auditorium could get infected . 这个演讲厅后排的某个人 就可能会被传染。
auditorium:n.礼堂,会堂;观众席; infected:adj.带菌的; v.传染; (infect的过去分词和过去式)
And this has had very real-world consequences. 这一现象有着非常现实的后果。
real-world:adj.现实生活的;工作的;
Just a few months ago, an airline stewardess contracted measles on a flight, the virus entered her brain and caused encephalitis , and she died. 仅仅几个月前, 一位空姐在航班上感染了麻疹, 病毒进入了她的脑部, 引起了脑炎, 导致她不幸去世。
airline:n.航空公司; stewardess:n.女管家;女干事;女服务员; contracted:adj.契约的; v.使收缩; encephalitis:n.[内科]脑炎;
So people are now dying due to this anti-vax sentiment. 现在人们正因为 这种反疫苗情绪而丧命。
I do want to take a few minutes to address those who don't believe in vaccines and who resist vaccines. 我想花几分钟时间, 跟那些不相信疫苗、 抵制疫苗的人 说几句话。
resist:v.抵制;阻挡;反抗;回击;抵抗;忍住;n.防染剂;防蚀用涂料;防腐剂;
As a pediatrician who receives my yearly flu vaccination , as a parent of three children who have been vaccinated according to the recommended schedule , and as a pediatric infectious disease consultant 作为一名每年都接种 流感疫苗的儿科医生, 作为根据推荐时间表 接种疫苗的三个孩子的家长, 作为一名照顾过脑膜炎患儿的
yearly:adj.每年的;adv.每年;一年一次;n.年刊;年鉴; vaccination:n.接种疫苗;种痘; vaccinated:v.给…接种疫苗;(vaccinate的过去分词和过去式) recommended:v.推荐;举荐;介绍;劝告;建议;(recommend的过去分词和过去式) schedule:工作计划,日程安排 consultant:n.顾问;高级顾问医师;会诊医师;
who has taken care of young children with meningitis that would have been preventable had their parents accepted immunization, this is a personal matter to me. 儿科传染病顾问—— 要是家长愿意为孩子接种疫苗, 他们完全可以不受病痛之苦—— 疫苗接种对于我个人 也有着非常重要的意义。
preventable:adj.可预防的;可阻止的;可防止的;
Let's take a look at who is going to pay the price if we start dialing back the amount of vaccination in our society. 让我们看看,要是把社会中 疫苗接种的数量往回拨, 谁会为此付出代价。
take a look at:看一看;检查;
This graph depicts , on the Y axis , the number of individuals dying of infection in the world. 这张图的纵轴显示的 是世界上因感染而死亡的人数。
depicts:vt.描述;描画; axis:n.轴;轴线;轴心国; individuals:n.[经]个人;[生物]个体(individual的复数);
And on the X axis, the age of the individuals who are dying. 横轴则代表了 死者的年龄。
And as you can see , it's very much a U-shaped distribution , and it's particularly stark in the very young ages. 可以看出,这是一个 明显的“U”型分布, 在婴幼儿年龄段, 感染风险非常高,
as you can see:正如你所看到的;你是知道的; distribution:n.分布;分配;分发;分销; particularly:adv.特别地,独特地;详细地,具体地;明确地,细致地;
So vaccines shield the very young from infection. 而疫苗能保护婴幼儿免受感染。
shield:n.盾;防护物;保护者;v.遮蔽;包庇;避开;保卫;
And if we want to talk, my friends, about what vaccines cause, because there's a lot of speculation , unfounded speculation on the internet, of what vaccines cause, vaccines cause adults, OK? 各位,如果我们想谈谈 疫苗会导致的后果, 因为有很多谣言—— 网上对疫苗导致的后果 有很多毫无根据的流言—— 疫苗只会“导致”你长大成人,好吧？
speculation:n.投机;推测;思索;投机买卖; unfounded:adj.未建立的;没有理由的;没有事实根据的;
That's what they cause. 这就是疫苗的后果。
And the other thing that they cause is for elderly individuals to live longer. 疫苗还能“导致”另一个后果, 那就是让老年人活得更长久。
Because they are shielded against influenza and other killers of the elderly. 因为它们能防护老年人 免受流感之恙, 还有其他对老年人来说 非常致命的疾病。
shielded:adj.隔离的;屏蔽了的;防护的;铠装的;
Now, let's talk a little bit about how we can improve vaccines even further. 那么,让我们再讲讲 如何进一步改良疫苗。
improve:v.改进;改善;
We can create vaccines that can immunize the most vulnerable among us and perhaps even vaccines that protect with single shots. 我们能研发出为最脆弱的人群 提供免疫保护的疫苗, 或许甚至还能研发出 只需单次注射就能提供防护的疫苗。
Let me go over a little bit of the immunology . 让我简单介绍一下免疫学的原理。
immunology:n.[免疫]免疫学;
In the top panel , what you see is a simple vaccine. 上面的图展示的 是一种简单的疫苗。
panel:n.镶板;仪表盘;钣金;(衣服上的)镶条;v.镶板(用木或玻璃板等镶嵌或装饰);
All vaccines contain something called an antigen . 所有疫苗都含有 一种叫做“抗原”的东西。
antigen:n.[免疫]抗原;
The antigen is like a piece of a germ , of a microbe, that your body remembers, right? 抗原就像是一小块细菌, 一小块微生物, 能让你的身体记住它。
germ:n.[植]胚芽,萌芽;细菌;vi.萌芽;
It forms antibodies and those antibodies can protect you. 你的身体会产生抗体, 而这些抗体能保护你。
antibodies:n.[免疫]抗体(antibody的复数);
So those kind of vaccines can induce an immune response , but as you see here, that immune response tends to go up and back down, and you need to get another dose and another dose to maintain protection. 这种疫苗能引起免疫反应。 但像这里显示的这样, 免疫反应一般会先上升,随后回跌, 于是你需要再接种一针又一针, 才能获得免疫保护。
induce:v.导致;引起;诱使;劝说; immune response:n.免疫应答(机体对抗原的应答);
What can we do? 我们能做些什么呢？
We and other scientists around the world are finding molecules that can boost a vaccine response. 我们和世界各地的科学家 都在寻找能增强疫苗反应的分子。
molecules:n.[化学]分子,微粒;[化学]摩尔(molecule的复数); boost:n.提高;增长;帮助;激励;v.使增长;使兴旺;偷窃;
Those are called adjuvants , from the Latin "adjuvare," to help or aid. 它们叫做 “佐剂（adjuvant）”, 来源于拉丁语的 “adjuvare”, 意为 “帮助”,或 “协助”。
adjuvants:n.佐剂学;辅助者(adjuvant的复数); Latin:adj.拉丁语的;用拉丁语写成的;n.拉丁语;
Adjuvants are molecules we might add to a vaccine to get a stronger response. 我们能把佐剂这种分子 添加到疫苗中, 以增强免疫应答。
And in the presence of the adjuvant, depicted here in red, you have a much more profound activation of the white blood cells of your immune system , and generate a much more profound immune response, with much higher antibody levels, more rapidly, and that lasts a long time for durable immunity . 在有佐剂,也就是图中的 红色星星的情况下, 你的免疫系统中的白细胞 会被更强烈地激活, 产生更加强烈的免疫反应, 更快地产生更高的抗体浓度, 并会持续更长时间, 提供持久的免疫保护。
in the presence of:在…面前;有某人在场; depicted:vt.描述;描画; profound:adj.深厚的;意义深远的;渊博的; activation:n.[电子][物]激活;活化作用; immune system:n.免疫系统; generate:v.产生;引起; antibody:n.[免疫]抗体; durable:adj.耐用的;耐久的;长期的;长久的;n.耐久品; immunity:n.免疫力;豁免权;免除;
Interestingly , these adjuvants have different effects depending on the age or other demographic factors of the individual. 有趣的是,这些佐剂 会根据个体的年龄 或者其他人口学因素 产生不同的效果。
Interestingly:adv.有趣地; demographic:adj.人口统计学的;人口学的; factors:n.因素(factor的复数); v.做代理商;
Which brings me to the notion of precision vaccines. 这也就引出了“精准疫苗”的概念。
notion:n.观念;信念;理解; precision:n.精度,[数]精密度;精确;adj.精密的,精确的;
This is the idea that we will take precision medicine -- you know what precision medicine is, right, that's the idea that populations may vary in their response to a particular medicine -- and apply that to vaccines. 这个概念是说, 我们能将精准医学—— 各位知道什么是精准医学吧, 就是指不同人群对某一特定药物 会产生不同反应—— 并将其应用到疫苗上。
vary:vi.变化;变异;违反;vt.改变;使多样化;变奏; apply:v.申请;涂,敷;应用;适用;请求;
Right? 对吧？
And here in Boston Children's Hospital at the Precision Vaccines Program I direct, we have five approaches , stepwise approaches we take, to build precision vaccines that are tailored to vulnerable populations. 在波士顿儿童医院这里, 在我负责的精准疫苗项目中, 我们会通过五种逐步式的方法 为易感人群定制 精准疫苗。
Boston:n.波士顿(美国城市); approaches:v.靠近,接近; n.方式,方法,态度; stepwise:adv.逐步地;阶梯式地;
Number one, we need to understand what the attitude of a given population is towards a vaccine. 第一, 我们需要理解某个特定群体 对待疫苗的态度。
You could build the most sophisticated vaccine in the world, but if nobody wants to take it, you're going nowhere . 你可以制作出世界上 最精良的疫苗, 但假如没有人愿意接种, 那还是徒劳。
sophisticated:adj.复杂的;老练的;见多识广的;水平高的; nowhere:v.无处; n.无处; adj.不存在的;
Number two, we have to think of the route of immunization. 第二, 我们必须考虑 免疫接种的途径。
route:n.路线;路途;固定线路;途径;v.按某路线发送;
Most vaccines are intramuscular , or IM, but there are others, intranasal , oral and others. 大多数疫苗都是 通过肌肉注射接种的, 不过也有鼻内、口服等其它途径。
intramuscular:adj.肌肉的;肌肉内的; intranasal:adj.鼻内的; oral:adj.口头的; n.(尤指外语考试中的)口试; (大学里的)口试;
Then, as I just described to you, vaccines have components . 另外,就像我刚刚描述的那样, 疫苗有不同的组成成分。
described:v.描述;形容;把…称为;做…运动;(describe的过去分词和过去式) components:n.部件;组件;成份(component复数);
All vaccines have an antigen, that's the part of the microbe that your body remembers, that you might make antibodies or cell-mediated immunity against. 所有疫苗都含有抗原, 也就是你的身体所记住的 微生物的一部分, 你能对它产生抗体 或者细胞介导免疫反应。
And we might add an adjuvant, as we talked about, to boost an immune response. 此外,我还提到过, 我们可以添加佐剂, 以增强免疫反应。
But guess what? 猜猜看怎么着？
There are many different antigens to choose from and many different adjuvants. 我们可以从很多不同抗原 和很多不同佐剂中进行选择。
antigens:n.[免疫]抗原(antigen的复数);
How are we going to make that decision? 我们该如何做出决定呢？
And the menu of these keeps growing. 而这些成分的种类 还在不断增长。
So on our team, we've developed ways to test vaccines outside the body -- in Latin, that's "in vitro " -- in a tissue culture dish. 于是我们的团队 开发了在组织培养皿中, 拉丁文叫做 “in vitro”。
vitro:n.在试管内; tissue:n.纸巾,手巾纸;(人、动植物细胞的)组织;
So we use tissue engineering with blood cells to immunize outside the body and study the effect of the vaccine against, for example, infants or elderly individuals or others. 我们对血细胞进行组织工程学处理, 在体外接种疫苗, 并研究疫苗对婴儿、 老年人或其他人群的效果。
engineering:n.工程;工程学;v.密谋策划;设计制造;改变…的基因;(engineer的现在分词)
And if you think about it, this is critical, because if you look at all the infections we want to build vaccines against, like Zika virus and Ebola virus and HIV and others, all the candidate antigens, all the candidate adjuvants, all the different populations, 仔细想想就会发现 这一步至关重要, 因为如果考虑到我们想要 通过疫苗预防的所有传染病, 比如寨卡病毒、埃博拉病毒、 艾滋病毒等等, 所有待选病原体、 所有待选佐剂、 所有不同人群,
Ebola:n.埃博拉病毒;
it's going to be impossible to do large, phase III clinical trials for every combination . 我们不可能对每一种组合都进行 大型 Ⅲ 期临床试验。
phase:n.阶段;时期;月相;(月亮的)盈亏;v.分阶段进行;逐步做; clinical:adj.临床的;诊所的; combination:n.结合;组合;联合;[化学]化合;
This is where we think being able to test vaccines outside the body can make a big difference to accelerate vaccine development. 因此我们认为, 在体外测试疫苗 能够大大加速疫苗的研发。
accelerate:v.加快;加速;n.接受速成教育的学生;
And finally, this whole effort is to drive an immune response that will protect against that particular pathogen , getting antibodies and other cells to defend the body. 最后,所有这些努力 都是为了激活免疫反应, 针对某种特定病原体构筑防线, 让抗体和其它细胞 为身体进行防御。
protect against:使免受; pathogen:n.病原体;病菌;
We are also using additional innovative approaches to bring the most cutting-edge science to vaccine development. 我们还在使用其它创新的方法, 将最前沿的科技 引入疫苗研发中。
additional:adj.附加的,额外的; innovative:adj.革新的,创新的; cutting-edge science:尖端科学;
We're taking a deeper dive as to how current vaccines protect. 我们还在深入研究 目前的疫苗究竟如何提供防护。
dive:n.潜水;跳水;俯冲;猛冲;v.猛冲;(头朝下)跳入水中;[体]跳水(运动);
We've formed an international consortium to study how hepatitis B vaccine protects newborns from hepatitis B infection. 我们形成了一个国际联合会, 研究乙肝疫苗如何保护新生儿 免遭乙肝病毒感染。
consortium:n.财团;联合;合伙; hepatitis:n.肝炎; newborns:新生儿;
And to do this, we've developed a technique called small sample, big data. 为了实现这一目标, 我们开发了一项称为 “小样本,大数据”的技术。
technique:n.技巧,技术;手法;
We can get a tiny little drop of baby blood before immunization, and take a tiny little drop after immunization, and we can measure the inventory of all the cells, 我们可以在接种疫苗之前以及之后 各采集一小滴婴儿的血液样本, 然后我们就能测量那一小滴血里
inventory:n.存货,存货清单;详细目录;财产清册;
and all the genes and all the molecules in that drop of blood, and we can compare after the vaccine to before the vaccine in that same baby and understand in a deep way exactly how that successful vaccine protects. 所有的细胞、基因和分子, 于是我们就能比较同一个婴儿 接种疫苗前后的数据, 从更深的层面理解 那个成功的疫苗 究竟是如何提供保护的。
genes:n.基因;(gene的复数) compare:v.比较;对比;n.比较;
And those lessons we can use to build the next vaccines in the future. 然后我们就能将这些知识 应用到未来的疫苗研发中去。
So this diagram is really illustrating a tiny drop of blood yielding huge amounts of information, tens of thousands of analytes , and that hairball is meant to depict the gene pathways that are turned on and the molecular pathways that are turned on. 这张图展示了一小滴血 蕴含了海量信息, 成千上万种分析物, 那边的“线团”描述的是 被启动的基因回路 和被激活的分子通路。
illustrating:图解; yielding:adj.顺从的; v.屈服; (yield的现在分词) analytes:n.分析物;分析元素;(analyte的复数) hairball:n.毛团;毛粪石; pathways:n.小路;小径(pathway的复数); molecular:adj.[化学]分子的;由分子组成的;
So much more to come on that, and very exciting science. 这是一项十分激动人心的科学, 我们将迎来很多重大进展。
So we are partnering with scientists around the world to bring all these new technologies to invigorate vaccine development in a Precision Vaccines network. 目前,我们在和 世界各地的科学家合作, 通过一个“精准疫苗网络”
technologies:n.技术;科技(technology的复数); invigorate:v.振作;使生气勃勃;使兴旺发达;
We are going to advance personalized vaccines for vulnerable populations around the world. 我们将为了世界各地的易感人群 推进个性化疫苗研究。
personalized:v.在…上标明主人姓名; (personalize的过去分词和过去式)
Our team includes scientists, technical experts and physicians . 我们的团队成员有科学家、 技术专家和医师。
technical:adj.工艺的,科技的;技术上的;专门的; physicians:n.[内科]内科医生(physician的复数);
And we're developing vaccines against infectious diseases like pertussis , which is whooping cough . 我们还在为百日咳 这样的传染病研发疫苗。
diseases:n.[医]病(disease的复数);[医]疾病;[植保]病害;疾病种类; pertussis:n.[内科]百日咳; whooping cough:n.百日咳;
We have a whooping cough vaccine, but it requires multiple doses, and the immunity keeps dropping. 我们已经有了百日咳疫苗, 但目前还需要多次接种, 而且免疫效果会持续下降。
We want to develop a single-shot pertussis vaccine. 我们想要研制一种只需 单次接种的百日咳疫苗。
We're working on a vaccine for respiratory syncytial virus, the number one cause of infant hospitalization in the United States. 我们也在研发一种预防 呼吸道合胞病毒的疫苗, 在美国,这是导致 婴儿住院的头号原因。
respiratory:adj.呼吸的; syncytial:adj.合胞体的;多核的;
A better vaccine against influenza, and, of course, HIV. 我们还在开发更好的流感疫苗, 当然还有艾滋病疫苗。
We're also looking at vaccines against cancer , allergy and, interestingly, opioid overdose . 同时,我们也在研究 针对癌症和过敏的疫苗, 还有一个有意思的, 预防阿片类药物摄入过量的疫苗。
cancer:n.癌症;恶性肿瘤; allergy:n.过敏症;反感;厌恶; opioid:n.[生化]阿片样物质;类鸦片; overdose:n.(一次用药)过量;v.一次用药过量;
So, this is my final message to you. 那么,最后我想对大家说:
Vaccines protect you and your loved ones and the people around you. 疫苗能保护你、你心爱的人, 还有你身边的人们。
Not only do they protect you against infection, they prevent you from spreading it to others. 它们不仅能保护你免受感染, 还能防止你把疾病传播给别人。
Get immunized . 去接种疫苗吧。
immunized:adj.免疫的;v.使免疫(immunize的过去式,过去分词形式);
Scientific progress is fragile and can be lost. 科学进步是脆弱的, 随时可能会遗失。
fragile:adj.脆的;易碎的;
We must foster accurate and respectful public dialogue. 我们必须培养准确的、 互相尊重的公共对话。
foster:vt.培养;养育,抚育;抱(希望等);adj.收养的,养育的; accurate:adj.精确的; respectful:adj.恭敬的;有礼貌的;
And finally, we're on the verge of great things, a new era of vaccination. 最后我要说的是, 我们正在迈入伟大的 疫苗新时代,
on the verge of:濒临于;接近于;
We've just scratched the surface of what can be accomplished . 而目前还仅仅触及了冰山一角。
scratched:adj.受抓损的;有刮痕;v.抓;搔;(scratch的过去式及过去分词) accomplished:adj.完成的;有技巧的;有学问的;v.完成;(accomplish的过去分词和过去式)
Please advocate for this research. 请各位鼎力支持这类研究。
advocate:v.拥护;支持;提倡;n.支持者;提倡者;辩护律师;出庭辩护人;
Thank you. 谢谢。
(Applause) （掌声）