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NoahFeldman_2017-_汉密尔顿对决麦迪逊：美国党派的诞生_
If you've been thinking about US politics and trying to make sense of it for the last year or so, you might have hit on something like the following three propositions : one, US partisanship has never been so bad before; two, 如果过去一年你曾思索过美国政治, 并尝试理解它、将它合理化, 你脑袋可能会出现以下三个论点: 第一,美国党派之争 从来没这么乱过; 第二,
politics:n.政治;钩心斗角;政治观点;v.(贬)从事政治活动;(politic的第三人称单数) make sense of:搞清…的意思; propositions:[数]命题; partisanship:n.党派性;党派偏见;对党派的忠诚;
for the first time, it's geographically spatialized -- we're divided between the coasts, which want to look outwards , and the center of the country, which wants to look inwards; and third, there's nothing we can do about it. 美国首次出现了地域差异── 我们彼此分化着── 住在沿岸地区的人们向外看, 而居住在内陆地区的人们视野向内; 第三, 我们对此无能为力。
geographically:adv.在地理上;地理学上; spatialized:空间化的; outwards:adv.向外地;
I'm here to today to say that all three of these propositions, all of which sound reasonable , are not true. 今天在这 也许这三个论点听起来合理, 但并不是真的。
reasonable:adj.合理的,公道的;通情达理的;
In fact, our US partisanship goes all the way back to the very beginning of the republic. 事实上, 美国党派之争可追溯至 最早的共和民主制政体。
It was geographically spatialized in almost eerily the same way that it is today, and it often has been throughout US history. 当时的地域差异, 与今天几乎相同。 这现象贯穿着美国历史。
eerily:adj.怪诞的;奇异的;可怕的; throughout:adv.自始至终,到处;全部;prep.贯穿,遍及;
And last, and by far most importantly, we actually have an extraordinary mechanism that's designed to help us manage factional disagreement and partisanship. 最后一点, 也是到目前最重要的一点, 我们其实拥有一个非凡的机制, 用于协助我们管理 分歧的意见与党系之争。
extraordinary:adj.非凡的;特别的;离奇的;临时的;特派的; mechanism:n.机制;原理,途径;进程;机械装置;技巧; factional:adj.小派别的,造成派系分裂的;
That technology is the Constitution . 这个机制被称之为「宪法」。
technology:n.技术;工艺;术语; Constitution:n.宪法;构成;体质;组成;
And this is an evolving , subtly , supplely designed entity that has the specific purpose of teaching us how to manage factional disagreement where it's possible to do that, 这是一项不断革新、微妙、 精良的设计实体, 它独特的用意在于 指导我们处理意见分歧, 的确可能可以处理,
evolving:v.(使)逐渐形成,逐渐演变;进化形成;(evolve的现在分词) subtly:adv.精细地;巧妙地;敏锐地; entity:n.实体;存在;本质; specific:adj.特殊的,特定的;明确的;详细的;[药]具有特效的;n.特性;细节;特效药;
and giving us techniques for overcoming that disagreement when that's possible. 同时给了我们解决分歧的工具, 在可能的情况下。
techniques:n.技巧;技艺;工艺;技术;(technique的复数) overcoming:v.克服;解决;战胜;(overcome的现在分词)
Now, in order to tell you the story, 现在,为了给你们讲这个故事,
I want to go back to a pivotal moment in US history, and that is the moment when factional disagreement and partisanship was born. 我想回顾一下 一个美国史上的关键时刻, 而正是那时刻, 出现了分歧的意见以及党派的诞生。
pivotal:adj.关键的;中枢的;枢轴的;n.关键事物;中心事物;
There actually was a birth moment -- a moment in US history when partisanship snapped into place. 在美国史中这时刻 正是党派诞生到位的时刻。
snapped:v.断裂,绷断; (snap的过去分词和过去式)
The person who's at the core of that story is James Madison. 詹姆斯·麦迪逊是故事的核心人物。
core:n.核心;要点;果心;[计]磁心;vt.挖...的核;
And at the moment that this began, 在故事开始,
James Madison was riding high . 詹姆斯·麦迪逊处在巅峰时段。
riding high:v.得意洋洋;
He himself was the Einstein of not only the US Constitution, but of constitutional thought more globally, and, to give him his due, he knew it. 麦迪逊不只是美国宪法的创始者, 也将宪政思想传播到世界, 说句公道话, 他知道。
constitutional:adj.宪法的;本质的;体质上的;保健的;n.保健散步;保健运动;
In a period of time of just three years, he had conceived , theorized , designed, passed and gotten ratified the US Constitution. 在短短的三年之中, 他从构想、理论化、设计、通过,
conceived:v.构思;设想;(conceive的过去式); theorized:vi.建立理论或学说;推理;vt.建立理论; ratified:adj.批准的;vt.批准(ratify的过去式);
And just to give you some sense of the enormity of what that accomplishment actually was, although Madison couldn't have known it at the time, today that same constitutional technology that he invented is still in use not only in the US, but, 230 years later, in places like Canada, 我想让各位理解他所完成的巨作 有多么的深远与伟大, 虽然麦迪逊当时不可能未卜先知, 直到今日,他所投入的宪法实体, 不只美国仍然实行着, 在 230 年后, 许多地方如加拿大、
enormity:n.巨大;暴行;极恶; accomplishment:n.成就;完成;技艺,技能;
India, 印度、
South Africa, 南非、
Brazil . 巴西都在用。
Brazil:n.巴西(拉丁美洲国家);
So in an extraordinary range of contexts all over the world, this technology is still the dominant , most used, most effective technology to manage governance . 对全世界影响如此深远, 今天这项巨作仍占主导地位, 对于管理统治上,仍是最频繁使用 也是最有效的一项技术。
contexts:n.环境,[计]上下文(context复数); dominant:adj.显性的;占优势的;支配的,统治的;n.显性; effective:adj.有效的,起作用的;实际的,实在的;给人深刻印象; governance:n.管理;统治;支配;
In that moment, 当时,
Madison believed that, having solved this problem, the country would run smoothly , and that he had designed a technology that would minimize the results of factions so there would be no political parties. 麦迪逊相信如果解决了这个问题, 这个国家会运转的更顺利, 因此他设计了这项技术, 使派系纷争伤害降到最小, 也就不会有政党的出现了。
smoothly:adv.平稳地,平滑地;流畅地,流利地; minimize:v.使减少到最低限度;降低;贬低;使显得不重要; factions:n.派系(faction的复数);内讧;
Remarkably , he thought he had designed a constitution that was against political parties and would make them unnecessary. 很显然的,他认为他所设计的宪法 是不利于政党的, 也会使政党成为不必要。
Remarkably:adv.非常;极为;格外;出乎意料地
He had gotten an enormous degree of help in the final marketing phase of his constitutional project from a man you may have heard of, called Alexander Hamilton. 他在最后推广宪法阶段 得到了某人莫大的幫助, 而这人你可能听过, 亚历山大·汉密尔顿。
enormous:adj.庞大的,巨大的;凶暴的,极恶的; phase:n.阶段;时期;月相;(月亮的)盈亏;v.分阶段进行;逐步做;
Now, Hamilton was everything Madison was not. 汉密尔顿、麦迪逊两人 天性可说是南辕北辙。
He was passionate , where Madison was restrained . 汉密尔顿充满热情激昂, 而麦迪逊则是严谨拘束,
passionate:adj.热情的;热烈的,激昂的;易怒的; restrained:adj.克制的,受限制的;拘谨的;v.抑制;约束;(restrain的过去分词和过去式)
He was pansexual , where Madison didn't speak to a woman expect for once until he was 42 years old, and then married Dolley and lived happily ever after for 40 years. 汉密尔顿男女老幼通吃, 麦迪逊则从没跟女人说过话, 直到他 42 岁那年, 因此娶了朵莉为妻, 并幸福过了 40 年。
pansexual:adj.泛性(论)的;
(Laughter) （笑声）
To put it bluntly , 简而言之,
bluntly:adv.坦率地,直率地;迟钝地;
Hamilton's the kind of person about whom you would write a hip-hop musical -- 汉密尔顿是 那种会使你谱出嘻哈音乐剧的人──
hip-hop:n.街舞,即兴音乐;嘻哈;
(Laughter) （笑声）
and Madison is the kind of person about whom you would not write a hip-hop musical. 而麦迪逊是那种 无法将他谱进嘻哈音乐剧的人。
(Laughter) （笑声）
Or indeed, a musical of any kind at all. 或是,任何种类的音乐剧都不行。
But together, they had become a rather unlikely pairing, and they had produced the Federalist Papers, which offered a justification and, as I mentioned, a marketing plan for the Constitution, which had been wildly effective and wildly successful. 但是他们两人搭檔一起时, 他们配合的天衣无缝, 他们共同创造出《联邦论》, 也因此给了── 就如我先前所提到的, 宪法行销计画的理由。 结果十分有效、十分成功。
unlikely:adj.不大可能发生的;非心目中的;非想象的;难以相信的; Federalist:n.联邦党;联邦制拥护者;支持北部联邦者;adj.(支持)联邦党人的;联邦制的; justification:n.理由;辩护;认为有理,认为正当;释罪; wildly:adv.野生地;野蛮地;狂暴地;鲁莽地;
Once the new government was in place, 当新的政府就任时,
Hamilton became Secretary of the Treasury , and he had a very specific idea in mind. 汉密尔顿当上了财政部部长, 当时他心头涌上一个特别的想法。
Treasury:n.国库,金库;财政部;宝库;
And that was to do for financial institutions and infrastructure exactly what Madison had done for constitutions . 那就是 实行金融机构以及基础建设, 就像麦迪逊为宪法所做的一样。
financial:adj.金融的;财政的,财务的; institutions:n.机构;慈善机构;风俗习惯,制度;(institution的复数) infrastructure:n.基础设施;公共建设;下部构造; constitutions:构成;
Again, his contemporaries all knew it. 而同僚得知后,
contemporaries:n.同龄,同辈人(contemporary复数形式);
One of them told Madison, who can't have liked it very much, that Hamilton was the Newton of infrastructure. 其中一个人告诉麦迪逊, 他不可能愿意看到 汉密尔顿成为基础建设的初始者。
Newton:n.牛顿(英国科学家);牛顿(力的单位);
The idea was pretty straightforward . 他的想法相当简单明确。
straightforward:adj.简单的;坦率的;明确的;径直的;adv.直截了当地;坦率地;
Hamilton would give the United States a national bank, a permanent national debt -- he said it would be " immortal ," his phrase -- and a manufacturing policy that would enable trade and manufacturing rather than agriculture, which was where the country's primary wealth had historically been. 汉密尔顿将给美国一间中央银行, 一笔永久的国债── 他说这将会「成为永恒」, 而他所制定的产業政策, 将使贸易和制造業 超越农業 这项历史上国家首要财务来源。
United:adj.联合的; v.联合,团结; (unite的过去分词和过去式) permanent:adj.永久的,永恒的;n.烫发; national debt:n.国债; immortal:adj.不朽的;神仙的;长生的;n.神仙;不朽人物; manufacturing:n.制造业;工业;v.制造;生产(manufacture的现在分词); policy:n.政策,方针;保险单; enable:v.使能够;使有机会;使成为可能;使可行; wealth:n.财富;大量;富有; historically:adv.历史上地;从历史观点上说;
Madison went utterly ballistic . 麦迪逊极力反驳。
utterly:adv.完全地;绝对地;全然地;彻底地,十足地; ballistic:adj.弹道的;射击的;
And in this pivotal, critical decision, instead of just telling the world that his old friend Hamilton was wrong and was adopting the wrong policies , he actually began to argue that Hamilton's ideas were unconstitutional -- 在这至关重要决定中, 除了告诉众人他的老友 汉密尔顿是错误的, 并实施着错误的决策, 他还开始争论 汉密尔顿的想法有违宪法的概念──
critical:adj.鉴定的;[核]临界的;批评的,爱挑剔的;危险的;决定性的;评论的; adopting:v.收养;领养;采用;表决采纳;(adopt的现在分词) policies:n.政策;方针;原则;为人之道;保险单(policy的复数) unconstitutional:adj.违反宪法的;违反宪法地;
that they violated the very nature of the Constitution that the two of them had drafted together. 违反了他们当初一起起草的 宪法其本质。
violated:v.违反,违背(法律、协议等); (violate的过去分词和过去式) drafted:v.起草;草拟;选派;抽调;(draft的过去分词和过去式)
Hamilton responded the way you would expect. 汉密尔顿的回应就如我们预期,
responded:v.回答,回应;作出反应;响应;反应灵敏;(respond的过去式和过去分词)
He declared Madison to be his " personal and political enemy" -- these are his words. 他宣称麦迪逊是 「我个人也是政治上的敌人」── 这是他亲口说的。
personal:adj.个人的;身体的;亲自的;n.人事消息栏;人称代名词;
So these two founders who had been such close friends and such close allies and such partners, then began to produce enmity . 这两位开国元勋人曾是 如此友好、如此亲密的盟友、 如此有默契的伙伴, 最后彼此产生了敌意。
founders:n.创办人;造物者(founder的复数); allies:n.盟友,支持者:v.与…结盟(ally的第三人称单数和复数) enmity:n.敌意;憎恨;
And they did it in the good, old-fashioned way. 他们的做法很老派,
old-fashioned:adj.老式的;过时的;守旧的;
First, they founded political parties. 首先他们各别成立了党派。
Madison created a party originally called the Democratic Republican Party -- "Republican" for short -- and Hamilton created a party called the Federalist Party. 麦迪逊成立的党派 原本称为「民主共和党」, 后来简称为「共和党」, 而汉密尔顿建立了「联邦党。」
originally:adv.原来;起初; Democratic:adj.民主的;民主政治的;大众的; Republican Party:n.(美国)共和党;
Those two parties adopted positions on national politics that were extreme and exaggerated . 这两个党派所拥护的国家政治立场 十分誇张的极端。
adopted:adj.被收养的;被采用的;v.采用;接受;(adopt的过去式和过去分词); extreme:adj.极端的;极度的;偏激的;尽头的;n.极端;末端;最大程度;极端的事物; exaggerated:adj.夸张的,言过其实的;v.夸张,夸大(exaggerate的过去分词和过去式)
To give you a clear example: 以下一个例子:
Madison, who had always believed that the country would have some manufacturing and some trade and some agriculture, began attacking Hamilton as a kind of tool of the financial markets whom Hamilton himself intended to put in charge of the country. 麦迪逊的想法是 一个国家不单单 只发展贸易与制造業, 农業也必须概括在内, 所以他开始攻击汉密尔顿, 说他是金融市场的工具, 而汉密尔顿打算控制国家。
intended:adj.预定的;计划的;v.打算;计划;想要;(intend的过去分词和过去式) in charge of:负责;主管;
That was an overstatement , but it was something Madison came to believe. 虽然听起来誇张, 但这的确是麦迪逊所相信的。
overstatement:n.大话,夸大的叙述;
He also attacked city life, and he said that the coasts were corrupt , and what people needed to do was to look inwards to the center of the country, to farmers, who were the essence of Republican virtue , 麦迪逊同时也攻击城市的生活型态, 他认为沿岸正在腐败, 人民应该向内陆看, 应该更关心国家的中心, 应该注重农民, 即共和党美德的精髓。
corrupt:v.损坏;破坏;使腐化;使堕落;adj.贪污的;受贿的;腐败的;营私舞弊的; inwards:adv.向内地;向中心地; essence:n.本质;实质;精髓;香精; virtue:n.美德;优点;贞操;功效;
and they should go back to the values that had made American great, specifically the values of the Revolution , and those were the values of low taxes, agriculture and less trade. 同时也应该注重 使美国人伟大的核心价值, 尤其是革命的价值观, 即低税收, 看重农業, 同时减少贸易。
specifically:adv.特别地;明确地; Revolution:n.革命;旋转;运行;循环;
Hamilton responded to this by saying that Madison was na?ve, that he was childish , and that his goal was to turn the United States into a primitive autarchy , self-reliant and completely ineffectual on the global scale . 汉密尔顿回应说麦迪逊是如此天真, 同时也很幼稚, 他的目标是将美国转变成为 一个守旧独裁专制, 一个自给自足, 对全球毫无影响力的国家。
childish:adj.幼稚的,孩子气的; primitive:adj.原始的,远古的;简单的,粗糙的;n.原始人; autarchy:n.经济独立;自给自足; self-reliant:adj.自力更生的;自恃的; ineffectual:adj.无效的,不起作用的;徒劳无益的;n.无用的人;无一技之长者; global:adj.全球的;总体的;球形的; scale:n.规模;比例;鳞;刻度;天平;数值范围;v.衡量;攀登;剥落;生水垢;
(Laughter) （笑声）
They both meant it, and there was some truth to each of their claims , because each side was grossly exaggerating the views of the other in order to fight their war. 他们都是认真的, 他们各自的主张中也许有些事实, 这样说是因为两边为了打赢, 都把对方的言词誇大。
claims:v.宣称; n.声明; (claim的第三人称单数和复数) grossly:adv.很;非常; exaggerating:v.夸张;夸大;言过其实(exaggerate的现在分词)
They founded newspapers, and so for the first time in US history, the news that people received came entirely through the lens of either the Republican or the Federalist party. 随后他们各自成立报社, 也是美国历史上头遭 人们所接收到的新闻来源 不是出自共和党,就是联邦党。
lens:n.透镜,镜头;晶状体;隐形眼镜;汽车的灯玻璃;v.给…摄影;
How does this end? 这最后是如何收场的？
Well, as it turned out, the Constitution did its work. 结果是,宪法呈现出它的功效,
But it did its work in surprising ways that Madison himself had not fully anticipated . 而且是以出乎意料的方式呈现, 麦迪逊本身并没有完全料到。
anticipated:adj.预期的; v.预期; (anticipate的过去式和过去分词)
First, there was a series of elections. 首先是一连串的选举。
series:n.系列,连续;[电]串联;级数;丛书;
And the first two times out of the box, the Federalists destroyed the Republicans . 头两次让人跌破眼镜, 联邦党打败了共和党。
Federalists:n.联邦党人;联邦派(Federalist的复数); Republicans:n.共和党,共和党员;(republican的复数形式)
Madison was astonished . 麦迪逊极为错愕。
astonished:adj.吃惊的;
Of course, he blamed the press. 当然,他责怪媒体。
(Laughter) （笑声）
And in a rather innovative view -- 他提出一个相当创新的观点──
innovative:adj.革新的,创新的;
Madison never failed to innovate when he thought about anything -- he said the reason that the press was so pro-Federalist is that the advertisers were all Federalists, 不管做任何事麦迪逊 总是以创新的观点出发── 他说媒体之所以都支持联邦党, 是因为广告商都是联邦党人,
innovate:vi.创新;改革;革新;vt.改变;创立;创始;引人; advertisers:n.广告商(advertiser的复数形式);
because they were traders on the coasts who got their capital from Britain, which Federalism was in bed with. 因为他们是住在沿岸的贸易商, 他们从英国拿资金, 而英国是联邦党人的老相好。
traders:n.交易员;贸易商(trader的复数形式); Federalism:n.联邦制;联邦主义;
That was his initial explanation. 以上是他一开始的解释。
initial:adj.最初的; n.(名字的)首字母; v.用姓名的首字母作标记(或签名)于;
But despite the fact that the Federalists, once in power, actually enacted laws that criminalized criticism of the government -- that happened in the United States -- nevertheless , the Republicans fought back, 尽管联邦党 一上台之后, 就制定法条,将批评政府列为非法── 美国也发生过这种事── 然而 共和党反击,
despite:prep.尽管,不管;n.轻视;憎恨;侮辱; enacted:n.制定,颁布; criminalized:vt.宣告…为犯法行为;判定…为非法事件; criticism:n.批评;批判;评论;指责; nevertheless:adv.然而,不过;虽然如此;conj.然而,不过;
and Madison began to emphasize the freedom of speech, which he had built into the Bill of Rights , and the capacity of civil society to organize . 麦迪逊开始强调言论自由, 并将言论自由纳入权利法案中, 同时也允许
emphasize:v.强调;重视;着重;使突出; Bill of Rights:n.权利宣言;人权宣言; capacity:n.能力;容量;资格,地位;生产力; civil:adj.公民的;民间的;文职的;有礼貌的;根据民法的; organize:v.组织;安排;处理;分配;管理;
And sure enough, nationally , small local groups -- they were called Democratic-Republican Societies -- began to form and protest against Federalist-dominated hegemony . 所以当然,在全国各地 就有一群小型的地方组织, 他们称之为民主—共和主义社会, 开始形成并反击联邦党的霸权。
nationally:adv.全国性地;以国民立场地;举国一致地; protest against:反对,对…提出抗议; hegemony:n.霸权;领导权;盟主权;
Eventually , the Republicans managed to win a national election -- that was in 1800. 最后,共和党赢得全国的选举, 那是 1800 年。
Eventually:adv.最后,终于;
Madison became the Secretary of State , his friend and mentor Jefferson became president, and they actually, over time, managed to put the Federalists completely out of business . 麦迪逊也成为了国家的国务卿, 而他的朋友同时也是导师 杰佛逊成为了美国总统, 随着时间推移, 他们真的让联邦党完全消失。
Secretary of State:n.(英国)大臣;(美国)国务卿; mentor:n.指导者,良师益友;vt.指导; out of business:破产;歇业;停业;倒闭;
That was their goal. 这是他们的目标。
Now, why did that happen? 而为什么会这样？
It happened because in the structure of the Constitution were several features that actually managed faction the way there were supposed to do in the first place . 这是由于宪法的架构中, 其中有几项特点 确实可以管理党派的分歧, 在故事一开始的时候就应该实行了。
supposed:adj.误信的;所谓的;v.认为;假设;设想;(suppose的过去分词和过去式) in the first place:首先;起初;
What were those? 这些特点是什么呢？
One -- most important of all -- the freedom of speech. 第一,也是最重要的一点, 言论自由。
This was an innovative idea at the time. 在当时这是一个新思维。
Namely , that if you were out of power, you could still say that the government was terrible. 换句话说,当你失去政权时, 你仍有权力说政府的不好。
Namely:adv.也就是;即是;换句话说;
Two, civil society organization . 第二点, 民间社会组织。
organization:n.组织;机构;体制;团体;
The capacity to put together private groups, individuals , political parties and others who would organize to try to bring about fundamental change. 不管是组织私人团体或是聚众, 或是成立政党等等, 会带来本质上的改变。
put together:..放在一起;组合;装配; individuals:n.[经]个人;[生物]个体(individual的复数); fundamental:n.基础; adj.十分重大的;
Perhaps most significantly was the separation of powers -- an extraordinary component of the Constitution. 也许最重要的是权力分立── 这是宪法中非凡的组成。
significantly:adv.意味深长地;值得注目地; separation of powers:n.(美国宪法中行政、立法和司法的)三权分立制度; component:n.成分;部件;组成部分;adj.构成的;
The thing about the separation of powers is that it did then and it does now, drive governance to the center. 关于权力分立, 不管是当时或是现在, 都将治理推向中间。
You can get elected to office in the United States with help from the periphery , right or left. 在美国你可以 藉由边陲的支持当选上台, 不管是偏右或是偏左。
periphery:n.外围,边缘;圆周;圆柱体表面;
It turns out, you actually can't govern unless you bring on board the center. 然而结果是, 除非你注重中间,否则无法治理。
There are midterm elections that come incredibly fast after a presidency begins. 总统就位后, 期中选举很快就到了,
midterm:adj.期中的;中间的;n.期中考试; incredibly:adv.难以置信地;非常地; presidency:n.总统(或董事长,会长,大学校长等)的职位(任期);管辖;支配;
Those drive presidents towards the center. 也因此使总统一定要着重中间。
There's a structure in which the president, in fact, does not rule or even govern, but can only propose laws which other people have to agree with -- another feature that tends to drive presidents who actually want to get things done to the center. 事实上在这架构中,总统并不统治 或是管理, 但只能提案, 而且必须获得其他人同意── 这是另一个架构特色, 驱使总统 将心力放在中间。
propose:v.建议;提议;求婚;打算;
And a glance at the newspapers today will reveal to you that these principles are still completely in operation. 在今日的报纸中你仍可以发现 这些原则今日依然运行着。
glance:v.浏览;扫视;瞥一眼;匆匆一看;n.一瞥;扫视;匆匆一看; reveal:v.显示;透露;揭露;泄露;n.揭露;暴露;门侧,窗侧; principles:n.原则;主义;本质;政策;(principle的复数)
No matter how a president gets elected, the president cannot get anything done unless the president first of all follows the rules of the Constitution, because if not, 无论一个总统是如何选上的, 总统在没有遵循宪法前提下 是什么都无法完成的。 若没有遵循宪法,
first of all:adv.首先;
the courts will stand up, as indeed has sometimes occurred , not only recently , but in the past, in US history. 法院会发声并采取一些措施, 这不是现在才有的, 而是从过去美国历史延续到现在。
occurred:v.发生;出现;存在于;出现在;(occur的过去分词和过去式) recently:adv.最近;新近;
And furthermore , the president needs people, elected officials who know they need to win election from centrist voters, also to back his or her policies in order to pass laws. 此外, 总统需要人民, 民选官员都知道他们需要 中间选民以赢得选举, 及支持他们想通过的法案。
furthermore:adv.此外;而且; centrist:n.中立派议员;中间派议员;
Without it, nothing much happens. 若没有经过这样的程序, 基本上总统无力改变些什么。
The takeaway of this brief excursus into the history of partisanship, then, is the following: partisanship is real; it's profound; it's extraordinarily powerful, and it's terribly upsetting . 从历史上的党争 得到的精华概要就是: 党派之争真实存在; 党派之争真实存在; 它影响深远; 非常有力; 非常令人生气。
excursus:n.余论;附注;补注;追记; extraordinarily:adv.非常;格外地;非凡地; upsetting:adj.令人心烦意乱的; v.使烦恼; (upset的现在分词)
But the design of the Constitution is greater than partisanship. 然而宪法的设计 是远超乎党派本身的。
It enables us to manage partisanship when that's possible, and it enables us actually to overcome partisan division and produce compromise , when and only when that is possible. 它使我们能够管理党派, 也使我们可以克服党派间的分歧, 并产生妥协, 也只有这种情况下才有可能。
enables:v.使得; (enable的第三人称单数) overcome:vt.克服;胜过;vi.克服;得胜; division:n.师;分配;分开;分歧; compromise:n.妥协;折中;互让;和解;v.妥协;违背(原则);达不到(标准);使陷入危险;
A technology like that is a technology that worked for the founders, it worked for their grandchildren, it didn't work at the moment of the Civil War, but then it started working again. 这样的工具 对开国元勋是有效的, 同时也适用于他们的后代子孙, 虽然在南北战争期间 宪法并没有作用, 但战争结束后又恢复它的功效了。
And it worked for our grandparents, our parents, and it's going to work for us. 它延伸至我们的祖父母, 我们的父母, 当然它也适用于我们。
(Applause) （掌声）
So what you should do is really simple. 而你真正该做的其实很简单。
Stand up for what you believe in, support the organizations that you care about, speak out on the issues that matter to you, get involved , make change, express you opinion, 捍卫你所信仰的, 支持你所关心的组织, 勇敢大声说出和你息息相关的议题, 并参与其中, 尝试着改变, 说出你的意见,
Stand up for:支持,坚持;拥护; organizations:n.组织,构造,有机体(organization的复数);组织机构; speak out:畅所欲言;大胆地说;大声地说; issues:n.重要议题;争论的问题;v.宣布;公布;发出;(issue的第三人称单数和复数) involved:adj.有关的; v.涉及; (involve的过去式和过去分词) express:v.表达; adj.特快的; n.特快列车; v.使用快速服务;
and do it with respect and knowledge and confidence that it's only by working together that the constitutional technology can do the job that it is designed to do. 并用尊重的心、智慧与自信来做, 唯有当我们共同努力, 宪法系统才能发挥它的效用。
with respect:怀有敬意; confidence:n.信心;信任;秘密;adj.(美)诈骗的;骗得信任的;
Stand up for what you believe, but take a deep breath while you do it. 在捍卫你的信仰之前, 深呼吸,
It's going to be OK. 一切都会没事的。
Thanks. 谢谢各位。
(Applause) （掌声）