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NitiBhan_2017G-_非正式贸易内被隐藏的机会_
The informal markets of Africa are stereotypically seen as chaotic and lackadaisical . 人们通常对非洲的 非正式市场抱有成见, 认为此类地摊混乱又懒散。
informal:adj.非正式的;不拘礼节的;通俗的;日常使用的; stereotypically:典型地;带有成见地; chaotic:adj.混沌的;混乱的,无秩序的; lackadaisical:adj.懒洋洋的;无精打采的;伤感的;
The downside of hearing the word "informal" 可惜的是,人们听见非正式这个词
downside:n.下降趋势;底侧;adj.底侧的;
is this automatic grand association we have, which is very negative , and it's had significant consequences and economic losses, easily adding -- or subtracting -- 40 to 60 percent of the profit margin for the informal markets alone. 所产生的联想 普遍为负面的, 也因此造成了重大的 影响与经济损失, 轻易为非正式市场添加 ——或减去——40-60%的利润率 这还不包括其他市场
automatic:adj.自动的;无意识的;必然的;n.自动步枪;自动换挡汽车; association:n.协会;关联;联想;交往; negative:adj.[数]负的;消极的;否定的;阴性的;n.否定;负数;[摄]底片;v.否定;拒绝; significant:adj.重大的;有效的;有意义的;值得注意的;意味深长的;n.象征;有意义的事物; consequences:n.后果,结果;影响(consequence的复数); economic:adj.经济的,经济上的;经济学的; subtracting:v.减;减去;(subtract的现在分词) profit margin:n.利润率;净收益率;
As part of a task of mapping the informal trade ecosystem , we've done an extensive literature review of all the reports and research on cross-border trade in East Africa, going back 20 years. 为了勾绘出非正式市场的生态系统 我们浏览了近20年内 大量对与东非跨境贸易有关的 研究与报告。
ecosystem:n.生态系统; extensive:adj.广泛的;大量的;广阔的; literature:n.文学;文献;文艺;著作; cross-border:adj.跨越边界的;国境线交叉的;
This was to prepare us for fieldwork to understand what was the problem, what was holding back informal trade in the informal sector . 这是为我们接下来的实地考察做准备, 去尝试理解问题在哪, 非正式贸易的阻碍是什么。
fieldwork:n.野外工作;现场工作;野战工事; sector:n.部门;扇形,扇区;象限仪;函数尺;vt.把…分成扇形;
What we discovered over the last 20 years was, nobody had distinguished between illicit -- which is like smuggling or contraband in the informal sector -- from the legal but unrecorded , such as tomatoes, oranges, fruit. 我们发现在这20年间 从未有人区分过违法行为 —— 例如非正式行业内的 走私与非法倒卖 —— 与合法但无登记记录的商品, 例如番茄,橘子之类的水果。
distinguished:adj.尊贵的; v.区分; illicit:adj.违法的;不正当的; smuggling:n.走私(罪);v.走私;私运;偷运;(smuggle的现在分词) contraband:n.走私;走私货;战时禁运品(等于contrabandofwar);adj.禁运的;非法买卖的; legal:adj.法律的;合法的;法定的; unrecorded:adj.未记录下来的;未登记的;
This criminalization -- what in Swahili refers to as "biashara," which is the trade or the commerce , versus "magendo," which is the smuggling or contraband -- this criminalization of the informal sector, 这样的定罪 —— 贸易在斯瓦希里语中被称为“biashara”, 而不是“magendo”或走私 —— 在英语中如此定罪于非正式行业,
criminalization:刑事定罪; refers:v.谈及;提到;提及;涉及;描述;(refer的第三人称单数) commerce:n.商业;(尤指国际间的)贸易;商务; versus:prep.对;与...相对;对抗;
in English, by not distinguishing between these aspects , easily can cost each African economy between 60 to 80 percent addition on the annual GDP growth rate, because we are not recognizing the engine of what keeps the economies running. 只是因为英语并不区分两者, 这就轻易排除了60%到80%的 非洲经济年均GDP增长率, 因为我们正在忽略 维持经济发展的引擎。
distinguishing:v.区分;辨别;分清;看清;认出;听出;(distinguish的现在分词) aspects:n.方面;相位;面貌(aspect的复数); economy:n.经济;节约;理财; addition:n.添加;[数]加法;增加物; annual:n.年报;年鉴;年刊;adj.每年的;年度的;一年的; recognizing:v.认识;认出;承认;接受,赞成(recognize的现在分词) economies:n.经济;经济结构;节约;(economy的复数)
The informal sector is growing jobs at four times the rate of the traditional formal economy, or "modern" economy, as many call it. 非正式行业内职位的增长 是传统正式经济,或许多人 称为的“现代“经济的四倍。
traditional:传统的,惯例的,
It offers employment and income generation opportunities to the most " unskilled " in conventional disciplines . 它根据传统条框为最”无技术群体“ 提供了任职与收入机会。
employment:n.使用;职业;雇用; unskilled:adj.无特长的;无(需)特别技能的;无(需)专门训练的; conventional:adj.符合习俗的,传统的;常见的;惯例的; disciplines:n.[管理]纪律(discipline的复数); v.训导;
But can you make a french fry machine out of an old car? 但是你可以把一辆旧车 改造成薯条机么？
french fry:n.油炸土豆条;炸薯条;
So, this, ladies and gentlemen, is what so desperately needs to be recognized . 所以,女士们先生们, 这就是急需被认可的东西。
desperately:adv.拼命地;绝望地;不顾一切地;极度地; recognized:v.认识;认出;辨别出;承认;意识到;(recognize的过去分词和过去式)
As long as the current assumptions hold that this is criminal, this is shadow, this is illegal , there will be no attempt at integrating the informal economic ecosystem with the formal or even the global one. 只要现有设想认为这是犯法, 见不得光, 非法的, 就没人会尝试将 非正式经济生态环境 与正式的,甚至全球的 市场结合起来。
As long as:conj.只要;长达;如果;既然; assumptions:n.假定;假设;承担;获得;(assumption的复数) illegal:adj.不合法的;非法的;n.非法移民;非法劳工; attempt:n.企图,试图;攻击;v.企图,试图;尝试; integrating:v.(使)合并,成为一体;(使)加入,融入群体;(integrate的现在分词) global:adj.全球的;总体的;球形的;
I'm going to tell you a story of Teresia, a trader who overturned all our assumptions, made us question all the stereotypes that we'd gone in on, based on 20 years of literature review. 我要给你们讲一个故事, 主人公是一个名为泰雷西亚的商人, 她改变了我们的设想, 并使我们反思了一开始所有 根据20年间文案研究形成的偏见。
overturned:v.推翻;倾覆;撤销;(overturn的过去分词和过去式) stereotypes:n.模式化观念(或形象); v.对…形成模式化(或类型化)的看法; (stereotype的第三人称单数和复数)
Teresia sells clothes under a tree in a town called Malaba, on the border of Uganda and Kenya. 特雷西亚在一个叫 马拉巴尔的小镇树下卖衣服, 那里位于乌干达和 肯尼亚的交界处。
Uganda:n.乌干达(非洲国家);
You think it's very simple, don't you? 你是不是觉得这听起来很简单？
We'll go hang up new clothes from the branches, put out the tarp , settle down, wait for customers, and there we have it. 我们只需要在树枝上挂上新衣服, 铺开地毯,坐着等待顾客, 这就够了。
tarp:n.油布;防水布; settle:v.定居;结算;停留;确定;n.高背长椅(老式木家具,有扶手,座下多带柜);
She was everything we were expecting according to the literature, to the research, right down to she was a single mom driven to trade, supporting her kids. 她与我们根据文献和研究所 产生的所有预期相符, 贴切到她开始做生意的原因, 一个单亲妈妈补贴家用。
according to:根据,据说;
So what overturned our assumptions? 那么是什么改变了我们的设想？
What surprised us? 什么是我们预料之外的？
First, Teresia paid the county government market fees every single working day for the privilege of setting up shop under her tree. 首先,特雷西亚每个工作日都会 给乡政府交摊位费, 就为了能在树下搭建她的小商铺。
county:n.郡,县; working day:n.一天中的工作时间;工作日; privilege:n.特权;优待;v.给与…特权;特免;
She's been doing it for seven years, and she's been getting receipts . 她从事这个工作已经有七年之久, 而且她保留着所有收据。
receipts:n.收据;收到;收到的款项,收入;(receipt的复数)
She keeps records. 她的账目很清晰。
We're seeing not a marginal , underprivileged , vulnerable African woman trader by the side of the road -- no. 我们现在看到的不是一个边远的, 贫困的, 无助的非洲路边商妇——完全不是。
marginal:adj.边缘的;临界的;末端的; underprivileged:adj.贫困的;被剥夺基本权力的;社会地位低下的; vulnerable:adj.易受攻击的,易受…的攻击;易受伤害的;有弱点的;
We were seeing somebody who's keeping sales records for years; somebody who had an entire ecosystem of retail that comes in from Uganda to pick up inventory; someone who's got handcarts bringing the goods in, 我们看到的是一个维持了 销售记录多年的人, 一个售卖来自乌干达的商品, 在零售生态系统中运作的人, 用手推车进货,
retail:vt.零售;转述;vi.零售;n.零售;adv.以零售方式;adj.零售的; handcarts:na.手车;(handcarts是handcart的复数);
or the mobile money agent who comes to collect cash at the end of the evening. 或者是在一天结束后, 以流动财富代理身份 收钱的人。
mobile:n.手机;汽车;移动电话;adj.活跃的;可动的; agent:n.代理人,代理商;药剂;特工;v由…作中介;由…代理;adj.代理的;
Can you guess how much Teresia spends, on average, each month on inventory -- stocks of new clothes that she gets from Nairobi? 你能猜到特雷西亚平均 每月花多少钱 从内罗比进购新品吗？
inventory:n.存货,存货清单;详细目录;财产清册; stocks:n.[金融]股票; v.采购;
One thousand five hundred US dollars. 1500美元。
That's around 20,000 US dollars invested in trade goods and services every year. 也就是说每年有2万美元被投资于 商品及劳务。
invested:v.投资;投入;(invest的过去分词和过去式)
This is Teresia, the invisible one, the hidden middle. 这就是特雷西亚, 无形的,被隐藏的 群体中的一员。
invisible:adj.看不见的;n.看不见的人或物;
And she's only the first rung of the small entrepreneurs , the micro-businesses that can be found in these market towns. 且她只是这些贸易小镇里 随处可见的 微生意,小企业家里的第一级。
rung:n.横档,脚蹬横木;地位;v.给…打电话(ring的过去式和过去分词); entrepreneurs:n.企业家;(entrepreneur的复数)
At least in the larger Malaba border, she's at the first rung. 至少在整个马拉巴尔边界, 她处在最底层。
The people further up the value chain are easily running three lines of business, investing 2,500 to 3,000 US dollars every month. 再往价值链上走, 人们轻松运营着三项业务, 每月投资2500到3000美元。
investing:v.投资;投入(时间、精力等);(invest的现在分词)
So the problem turned out that it wasn't the criminalization; you can't really criminalize someone you're charging receipts from. 也就是说,问题并不出在定罪上, 你并不能给一个纳税商定罪。
criminalize:vt.宣告…为犯法行为;判定…为非法事件;
It's the lack of recognition of their skilled occupations . 问题的关键在于 他们的技术职业并没有被承认。
recognition:n.识别;认识;承认;认可; occupations:n.[劳经]职业;行业;占有;日常活动(occupation的复数);
The bank systems and structures have no means to recognize them as micro-businesses, much less the fact that, you know, her tree doesn't have a forwarding address . 银行机构无法认可它们为 微商, 更不用说 她的那棵树并没有转递地址。
structures:n.结构; v.建造(structure的第三人称单数形式); forwarding address:n.(信件应转递的)新地址;
So she's trapped in the middle. 所以她被困住了。
trapped:adj.受困的;受限制的;v.使落入险境;使陷入困境;(trap的过去分词和过去式)
She's falling through the cracks of our assumptions. 她被遗弃于我们构想的漏洞中。
cracks:n.裂纹; v.破裂; (crack的第三人称单数和复数)
You know all those microloans to help African women traders ? 你们知道那些帮助 非洲女商人的小额贷款吗？
traders:n.交易员;贸易商(trader的复数形式);
They're going to loan her 50 dollars or 100 dollars. 它们只会给她50到100美元。
What's she going to do with it? 她能用这些钱做什么？
She spends 10 times that amount every month just on inventory -- we're not talking about the additional services or the support ecosystem. 她每个月单是花在进货上的钱 就是这个数字的10倍—— 并不包括额外服务 和支援性生态系统。
additional:adj.附加的,额外的;
These are the ones who fit neither the policy stereotype of the low-skilled and the marginalized , nor the white-collar , salaried office worker or civil servant with a pension that the middle classes are allegedly composed of. 这些人既不符合政策框架 也不符合低技术或边缘化人才, 更不符合朝九晚五的白领 或是有铁饭碗的公务员 这一系列大家心目中的 中层阶级群体。
policy:n.政策,方针;保险单; marginalized:使边缘化;忽略;排斥(marginalize的过去式和过去分词); white-collar:adj.白领阶层的;脑力劳动者; salaried:adj.有薪水的;领薪水的;v.给…薪水(salary的过去式和过去分词); office worker:n.(公司、企业的)办事人员;公司职员;上班族; civil servant:n.公务员;政府官员; pension:n.养老金;退休金;抚恤金;adj.有关退休金的;v.给…养老金[恤金,津贴等]; allegedly:adv.依其申述;据说,据称; composed:adj.由…组成的; v.组成; (compose的过去分词和过去式)
Instead, what we have here are the proto-SMEs these are the fertile seeds of businesses and enterprises that keep the engines running. 我们所看见的 实则是中小型企业原型, 这些是含苞待放的生意,行业, 是使经济引擎运作的根本。
fertile:adj.富饶的,肥沃的;能生育的;
They put food on your table. 他们让你桌上有食物。
Even here in this hotel, the invisible ones -- the butchers , the bakers the candlestick makers -- they make the machines that make your french fries and they make your beds. 甚至在（屏幕上）这所宾馆内, 那些看不见的—— 屠夫,面包师,烛台师傅—— 他们搭建了炸薯条的机器, 还帮你制作床架。
butchers:n.屠宰者(butcher的复数形式); bakers:n.面包师;(美)[食品]轻便烘炉(baker的复数); candlestick:n.蜡烛台(或架); french fries:法式炸薯条;炸土豆片;
These are the invisible businesswomen trading across borders, all on the side of the road, and so they're invisible to data gatherers . 这些是被忽略的女企业家 进行着跨边界交易, 她们的生意通通都在路边, 所以她们的贡献 不被数据统计者囊括。
businesswomen:n.女商人; on the side of:拥护…;站在…一边;赞助; gatherers:n.采集者,收集器;
And they're mashed together with the vast informal sector that doesn't bother to distinguish between smugglers and tax evaders and those running illegal whatnot , and the ladies who trade, and who put food on the table and send their kids to university. 她们还被粗略概括在 广大的非正式行业内, 这个范围并没有对走私者,逃税者, 以及其他违法犯罪者, 与做贸易的女士们, 养家糊口,供孩子上大学的人 做出合理的区分。
mashed:v.捣烂,捣碎(食物);(mash的过去分词和过去式) bother:v.烦扰,打扰;使…不安;操心,麻烦;n.麻烦;烦恼; smugglers:n.走私者;(smuggler的复数) evaders:n.逃避者; whatnot:n.放古董的架子;不可名状的东西;
So that's really what I'm asking here. 这便是我的诉求。
That's all that we need to start by doing. 是我们全部的行动起始点。
Can we start by recognizing the skills, the occupations? 我们能从承认 这类技术与工作开始吗？
We could transform the informal economy by beginning with this recognition and then designing the customized doorways for them to enter or integrate with the formal, with the global, with the entire system. 我们可以改变非正式经济, 首先承认他们的身份, 接着为它们定制加入 或合并于正式, 全球化的 整个系统的计划。
transform:v.使改变;使改观;使转换;n.[数]变换式;[化]反式; customized:v.订制,订做,改制;(customize的过去分词和过去式) doorways:n.门廊;正门(doorway的复数形式); integrate:v.成为一体;(使)加入;adj.完全的;
Thank you, ladies and gentlemen. 谢谢各位女士们,先生们。
(Applause) （掌声）