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NilayKulkarni_2018S-_预防在人群中被踩死的救命发明_
I was only nine when my grandfather first described to me the horrors he witnessed six years earlier when human stampedes killed 39 people in our hometown of Nashik, India. 我只有九岁的时候, 祖母第一次向我描述了 她在六年前目击的恐怖情景, 蜂拥的人群造成了 39 人被踩死, 地点在我们的家乡,印度的纳西克。
described:v.描述;形容;把…称为;做…运动;(describe的过去分词和过去式) horrors:n.震惊;恐惧;厌恶;;令人厌恶的性质;(horror的复数) witnessed:v.当场看到,目击;见证;作证;(witness的过去式和过去分词) stampedes:n.惊跑;人群的蜂拥;军队溃败;vi.蜂拥;逃窜;vt.使…惊逃;抢占;
It was during the 2003 Nashik Kumbh Mela, one of the world's largest religious gatherings . 那是 2003 年纳西克大壶节期间, 世界上最大的宗教集会之一。
religious:adj.宗教的;虔诚的;严谨的;修道的;n.修道士;尼姑; gatherings:n.聚会;集会;收集;采集;(gathering的复数)
Every 12 years, over 30 million Hindu worshippers descend upon our city -- which is built only for 1.5 million people -- and stay for 45 days. 每 12 年,就有超过 三千万印度教参拜者 突然造访我们的城市── 城市设计的容量为一百五十万人── 他们会停留 45 天。
Hindu:adj.印度的;印度教的;n.印度人;印度教教徒; worshippers:n.崇拜者;礼拜者;爱慕者; descend upon:vt.突然到达);袭击(突然降临;
The main purpose is to wash away all their sins by bathing in the river Godavari. 主要的目的,是要洗净他们的罪恶, 方式是在哥达瓦里河中洗澡。
sins:n.罪恶;罪行;过错;过失;恶行;v.犯戒律;犯过失;(sin的第三人称单数和复数) bathing:n.游泳,畅游;v.给…洗澡;洗澡;(bath的现在分词)
And stampedes may easily happen because a high-density crowd moves at a slow pace. 踩死人的事件很容易发生, 因为高密度的人群以低速度在移动。
high-density:adj.高密度的;
Apart from Nashik, this event happens in three other places in India, with varying frequency , and between 2001 and 2014, over 2,400 lives have been lost in stampedes at these events. 除了纳西克,印度还有 其他三个地方也有这项节庆, 举办频率不同, 在 2001 年到 2014 年间, 在这些活动中就有 超过 2400 人被踩死。
varying:adj.不同的;变化的;v.变化,改变(vary的现在分词); frequency:n.频率;发生率;重复率;频繁;
What saddened me the most is seeing people around me resigning to the city's fate in witnessing the seemingly inevitable deaths of dozens at every Kumbh Mela. 最让我感伤的是, 看到我身边的人 听任这个城市的命运, 在每次大壶节都要目击 似乎无法避免的 数十起死亡。
saddened:v.使…悲伤;使…黯然(sadden的过去分词);adj.悲伤的;惨然的; resigning:v.辞职;辞去(某职务);(resign的现在分词) witnessing:v.当场看到,目击;是发生…的地点;见证;(witness的现在分词) seemingly:adv.看来似乎;表面上看来; inevitable:adj.必然的,不可避免的;
I sought to change this, and I thought, why can't I try to find a solution to this? 我想要改变这状况, 我心想,我为什么不找个解决方案？
sought:v.seek(寻求、寻找)的过去式和过去分词形式; solution:n.解决方案;溶液;溶解;解答;
Because I knew it is wrong. 因为我知道这是错的。
Having learned coding at an early age and being a maker, 我早期曾经学过程式, 加上身为制造者,
coding:n.译码;v.把…编码;(code的现在分词)
I considered the wild idea -- 我有个很狂妄的点子──
(Laughter) （笑声）
[Makers always find a way] 〔制造者总会找到出路〕
I considered the wild idea of building a system that would help regulate the flow of people and use it in the next Kumbh Mela in 2015, to have fewer stampedes and, hopefully, fewer deaths. 我的狂野点子就是要建立一个系统, 可以协助控管人的流量, 并用在下一次的 2015 年大壶节中, 减少蜂涌的情况, 希望也能减少死亡人数。
regulate:v.调节;控制;
It seemed like a mission impossible, a dream too big, especially for a 15-year-old, yet that dream came true in 2015, when not only did we succeed in reducing the stampedes and their intensity , but we marked 2015 as the first Nashik Kumbh Mela to have zero stampedes. 这似乎是个不可能的任务, 这个梦想太大了, 特别是对一个 15 岁男孩而言, 然而,这个梦想在 2015 年实现了, 我们不仅成功减少了 蜂涌的情况以及人潮的密度, 我们还让 2015 年成为 第一个没有人被踩死的 纳西克大壶节。
mission:n.使命,任务;代表团;布道;v.派遣;向…传教; especially:adv.尤其;特别;格外;十分; intensity:n.强度;强烈;[电子]亮度;紧张;
(Applause) （掌声）
It was the first time in recorded history that this event passed without any casualties . 那是历史记录中第一次, 这个活动到结束都没有伤亡。
casualties:n.伤亡;人员伤亡(casualty的复数);
How did we do it? 我们怎么做到的？
It all started when I joined an innovation workshop by MIT Media Lab in 2014 called the Kumbhathon that aimed at solving challenges faced at the grand scale of Kumbh Mela. 一切始于我加入一个创新研讨会, 是麻省理工学院媒体实验室 在 2014 年办的, 叫做大壶马拉松 (Kumbhathon)。 目标是要解决在大壶节这么 大规模的节庆所面临的难题。
innovation:n.创新,革新;新方法; workshop:n.车间;研讨会;讲习班;工场;v.学习; Media:n.媒体;媒质(medium的复数);血管中层;浊塞音;中脉; scale:n.规模;比例;鳞;刻度;天平;数值范围;v.衡量;攀登;剥落;生水垢;
Now, we figured out to solve the stampede problem, we wanted to know only three things: the number of people, the location , and the rate of the flow of people per minute. 我们想出了要如何 解决踩死人的问题, 我们只想知道三样资讯: 人数、地点, 以及每分钟的人流量。
location:n.地方;地点;位置;定位
So we started to look for technologies that would help us get these three things. 我们就开始寻找有什么技术 能协助我们取得这三项资讯。
technologies:n.技术;科技(technology的复数);
Can we distribute radio-frequency tokens to identify people? 我们能不能分发无线电频率的 凭证来识别每个人？
distribute:v.分发;分配;分销;分散; radio-frequency:n.射频;无线电频率; tokens:n.令牌;代币;标识符;(token的复数) identify:v.识别:鉴定:确认:发现:
We figured out that it would be too expensive and impractical to distribute 30 million tags . 我们觉得这样成本太高且不实际, 很难去分发三千万个吊牌。
impractical:adj.不切实际的,不现实的;不能实行的; tags:n.标签; v.附加;
Can you use CCTV cameras with image-processing techniques ? 我们能不能用闭路电视摄影机 搭配影像处理技术？
image-processing:[计][遥感]图像处理;图象加工; techniques:n.技巧;技艺;工艺;技术;(technique的复数)
Again, too expensive for that scale, along with the disadvantages of being non-portable and being completely useless in the case of rain, which is a common thing to happen in Kumbh Mela. 一样,用在这么大规模也太贵了, 还有个缺点就是无法带着走, 在下雨时就完全没用了, 而在大壶节常常会下雨。
disadvantages:n.不利因素;障碍;不便之处;(disadvantage的复数)
Can we use cell phone tower data? 我们能用手机信号塔的资料吗？
It sounds like the perfect solution, but the funny part is, most of the people do not carry cell phones in events like Kumbh Mela. 听起来是完美的解决方案, 但好笑的部分是, 大部分的人不会带手机 到大壶节这类活动中。
Also, the data wouldn't have been granular enough for us. 此外,资料对我们来说也不够精细。
granular:adj.颗粒的;粒状的;
So we wanted something that was real-time , low-cost , sturdy and waterproof , and it was easy to get the data for processing. 所以我们想要的必须要即时、 低成本、耐用、防水, 且要很容易取得资料来做处理。
real-time:adj.实时的;接到指示立即执行的; low-cost:adj.廉价的;价格便宜的; sturdy:adj.坚定的;强健的;健全的;n.羊晕倒病; waterproof:adj.防水的,不透水的;v.使防水;n.防水材料;
So we built Ashioto, meaning " footstep " in Japanese, as it consists of a portable mat which has pressure sensors which can count the number of people walking on it, and sends the data over the internet to the advanced data analysis software we created. 所以我们建造了 Ashioto, 在日文的意思是「脚步」, 它是由可携式的垫子所构成, 垫子有压力感测器, 能够计算走在上面的人数, 透过网路把这资料传输 到我们建造的进阶资料分析软体。
footstep:n.脚步声;足迹; consists:v.由…构成;由…组成(consist的三单形式); portable:adj.便携式的;手提的;轻便的;n.便携机;(尤指)手提电脑; sensors:n.[自]传感器,感应器;感测器(sensor的复数); advanced:adj.先进的; v.前进; (advance的过去式和过去分词形式) analysis:n.分析;分解;验定;
The possible errors, like overcounting or double-stepping, were overcome using design interventions . 我们设计了干预方式, 来克服过高估计 或反覆踩踏这类的可能错误。
overcounting:vt.在数量上超过;对…做过高的估计; overcome:vt.克服;胜过;vi.克服;得胜; interventions:n.[法]干预,干涉;处置(intervention的复数);
The optimum breadth of the mat was determined to be 18 inches, after we tested many different versions and observed the average stride length of a person. 我们决定最理想的 垫子宽度是 18 英吋, 这是在我们测试了许多不同版本 并观察人的平均步距之后决定的。
optimum:adj.最适宜的;n.最佳效果;最适宜条件; breadth:n.宽度;(知识、兴趣等)广泛; determined:adj.决定了的:v.决定;(determine的过去分词和过去式) observed:adj.观察的;观测的;v.观察;遵守;注意到(observe的过去分词形式); stride:n.大步;步幅;进展;v.跨过;大踏步走过;跨坐在…;
Otherwise, people might step over the sensor. 不然,人们可能会踩超过感测器。
We started with a proof of concept built in three days, made out of cardboard and aluminum foil . 我们一开始先要证明 这个概念,在三天内 用厚纸板和铝箔纸 打造出测试用的样品。
cardboard:n.[纸]硬纸板;纸板箱;卡纸板;adj.不真实的;硬纸板制的; aluminum:n.铝; foil:v.衬托;阻止,挡开;挫败;贴箔于;n.箔,金属薄片;衬托,烘托;叶形片;
(Laughter) （笑声）
It worked, for real. 它有用,是真的。
We built another one with aluminum composite panels and piezoelectric plates, which are plates that generate a small pulse of electricity under pressure. 我们又用铝复合板以及压电板 再打造了一个样品, 压电板在受到压力时 会产生出小的电脉冲。
composite:n.复合材料;合成物;菊科;adj.复合的;合成的;菊科的;vt.使合成;使混合; panels:n.面板(panel的复数); v.嵌镶(panel的第三人称单数形式); piezoelectric:adj.[电]压电的; generate:v.产生;引起; pulse:n.脉冲;脉搏;脉率;强劲的音乐节拍;v.搏动;跳动;震动;洋溢着; electricity:n.电力;电流;强烈的紧张情绪;
We tested this at 30 different pilots in public, in crowded restaurants, in malls, in temples, etc., to see how people reacted . 我们在三十个地点测试了 这个设计,包括公开场所、 拥挤的餐厅、购物中心、庙宇等等, 看看人们的反应如何。
reacted:v.起反应; (react的过去分词和过去式)
And people let us run these pilots because they were excited to see localites work on problems for the city. 大家都让我们做这些测试, 因为他们很兴奋能够看到 当地有人要为城市解决问题。
I was 15 and my team members were in their early 20s. 我那时十五岁,我的 团队成员都二十岁出头。
When the sensors were colored, people would get scared and would ask us questions like, "Will I get electrocuted if I step on this?" 当感测器加上了颜色, 人们会紧张,问我们像这样的问题: 「如果我踩上去会被电击吗？」
electrocuted:v.使触电受伤(或死亡);用电刑处死;(electrocute的过去分词和过去式)
(Laughter) （笑声）
Or, if it was very obvious that it was an electronic sensor on the ground, they would just jump over it. 或者,如果很明显 地上有个电子感测器, 他们就会跳过它。
obvious:adj.明显的;显著的;平淡无奇的; electronic:adj.电子的;电子器件的;电子设备的;
(Laughter) （笑声）
So we decided to design a cover for the sensor so that people don't have to worry what it is on the ground. 所以我们决定要为感测器做个罩子, 这样人们就不用担心 地上的那个东西是什么。
So after some experimentation , we decided to use an industrial sensor, used as a safety trigger in hazardous areas as the sensor, and a black neoprene rubber sheet as the cover. 经过一些实验之后, 我们决定使用工業用感测器, 在危险区域用的安全触发器 来当感测器, 用黑色合成橡胶片 来当外罩。
experimentation:n.实验;试验; industrial:adj.工业的,产业的; n.工业股票; trigger:n.触发器; v.触发; hazardous:adj.有危险的;冒险的;碰运气的; neoprene:n.[橡胶]氯丁橡胶; rubber:n.橡胶;橡皮;v.涂橡胶于…; sheet:n.薄板;床单;纸张;报纸;v.覆盖;展开;给…铺床单;铺开;adj.片状的;
Now, another added benefit of using black rubber was that dust naturally accumulates over the surface, eventually camouflaging it with the ground. 用黑色橡胶的额外好处是 尘土会自然在表面上堆积, 最终会成为它的保护色, 看来就像地板。
naturally:adv.自然地;自然而然地;轻而易举;天生地;大方地; accumulates:vi.累积;积聚;vt.积攒; eventually:adv.最后,终于; camouflaging:n.伪装,掩饰;vt.伪装,掩饰;vi.伪装起来;
We also had to make sure that the sensor is no higher than 12 millimeters . 我们也得要确保感测器 不能高过 12 公厘。
millimeters:n.毫米;(millimeter的复数)
Otherwise, people might trip over it, which in itself would cause stampedes. 不然可能会绊倒人, 结果是它造成人被踩死。
(Laughter) （笑声）
We don't want that. 我们不希望这样。
(Laughter) （笑声）
So we were able to design a sensor which was only 10 millimeters thick. 所以,我们设计了一个 感测器,厚度只有 10 公厘。
Now the data is sent to the server in real time , and a heat map is plotted , taking into account all the active devices on the ground. 资料会被即时传送到伺服器, 画出热区图, 考量所有在地上的已启动装置。
real time:adj.实时的;接到指示立即执行的; plotted:v.密谋;暗中策划;标出;绘制(图表);(plot的过去分词和过去式) devices:n.[机][计]设备;[机]装置;[电子]器件(device的复数);
The authorities could be alerted if the crowd movement slowed down or if the crowd density moved beyond a desired threshold . 如果群众的移动速度慢下来, 或是群众密度超过希望的标准, 当权机关就会收到警讯。
authorities:n.权力;威权;职权;批准;(authority的复数) alerted:v.向…报警;使戒备;使意识到;(alert的过去分词和过去式) threshold:n.入口;门槛;开始;极限;临界值;
We installed five of these mats in the Nashik Kumbh Mela 2015, and counted over half a million people in 18 hours, ensuring that the data was available in real time at various checkpoints , ensuring a safe flow of people. 我们在 2015 年的纳西克 大壶节安装了五个垫子, 计算到的人数 确保可以从各檢查站即时取得资料, 确保人流的安全。
installed:v.安装;设置;使就职(install的过去分词和过去式) ensuring:v.保证;确保;担保(ensure的现在分词); checkpoints:n.检查点集;检验点;(checkpoint的复数)
Now, this system, eventually, with other innovations , is what helped prevent stampedes altogether at that festival. 最终,就是这个系统和其他的创新 一起协助避免了在 该节庆中踩死人的意外。
innovations:n.创新(innovation的复数);改革;
The code used by Ashioto during Kumbh Mela will soon be made publicly available, free to use for anyone. 在大壶节中所使用的 Ashioto 程式码, 很快就会被公开, 提供大家免费使用。
I would be glad if someone used this code to make many more gatherings safer. 我很希望看到有人能用这程式码 来让更多聚会变得更安全。
Having succeeded at Kumbh Mela has inspired me to help others who may also suffer from stampedes. 在大壶节的成功鼓舞了我, 让我想要协助其他可能 受到蜂涌群众所苦的人。
inspired:adj.受到启发的; v.鼓舞; (inspire的过去分词和过去式)
The design of the system makes it adaptable to pretty much any event that involves an organized gathering of people. 这个系统的设计, 有组织的人类聚会相关活动都可以。
adaptable:adj.适合的;能适应的;可修改的; involves:v.包含;需要;牵涉;牵连;影响;(使)参加,加入(involve的第三人称单数) organized:adj.有组织的; v.组织; (organize的过去分词和过去式)
And my new dream is to improve , adapt and deploy the system all over the world to prevent loss of life and ensure a safe flow of people, because every human soul is precious , whether at concerts or sporting events, the Maha Kumbh Mela in Allahabad, the Hajj in Mecca , the Shia procession to Karbala or at the Vatican City. 而我的新梦想是要改善、 改造,并部署这个系统, 推行到全世界,来预防 人命损失,确保人流安全, 因为每个人的生命都是可贵的, 不论是在演唱会或运动比赛、 安拉阿巴德的大壶节、 麦加的朝圣、 前往卡尔巴拉的什叶游行, 或梵蒂冈。
improve:v.改进;改善; deploy:v.部署;利用;[军事]展开;(使)张开; ensure:vt.保证,确保;使安全; precious:adj.宝贵的;珍贵的;矫揉造作的; Maha:n.紫面叶猴; Hajj:n.麦加朝圣;哈吉; Mecca:n.麦加(沙特阿拉伯一座城市);众人渴望去的地方; procession:n.行列; v.排队前进; Vatican:n.梵蒂冈;罗马教廷;
So what do you all think, can we do it? 你们怎么想？我们能办得到吗？
(Audience) Yes! （观众）能！
Thank you. 谢谢。
(Cheers) （欢呼）
(Applause) （掌声）