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NicolasPerony_2013X-_小狗狗！现在我吸引到你的注意了，复合性理论—尼古拉斯_佩罗尼_
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| Science, science has allowed us to know so much about the far reaches of the universe, which is at the same time tremendously important and extremely remote , and yet much, much closer, much more directly related to us, there are many things we don't really understand. |
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at the same time:同时;另一方面;与此同时; tremendously:adv.非常地;可怕地;惊人地; extremely:adv.非常,极其;极端地; remote:adj.偏远的;偏僻的;遥远的;久远的; directly:adv.直接地;立即;马上;正好地;坦率地;conj.一…就;
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| And one of them is the extraordinary social complexity of the animals around us, and today I want to tell you a few stories of animal complexity. |
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extraordinary:adj.非凡的;特别的;离奇的;临时的;特派的; complexity:n.复杂性;难以理解的局势
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| But first, what do we call complexity? |
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| What is complex? |
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| Well, complex is not complicated . |
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complicated:adj.复杂的;难懂的;v.使复杂化;(complicate的过去分词和过去式)
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| Something complicated comprises many small parts, all different, and each of them has its own precise role in the machinery . |
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comprises:v.包括;包含;由…组成;(comprise的第三人称单数) precise:adj.准确的;确切的;精确的;明确的; machinery:n.机械;机器;机构;机械装置;
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| On the opposite, a complex system is made of many, many similar parts, and it is their interaction that produces a globally coherent behavior. |
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interaction:n.[计]交互,相互作用;相互交流;干扰; coherent:adj.连贯的,一致的;明了的;清晰的;凝聚性的;互相耦合的;粘在一起的;
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| Complex systems have many interacting parts which behave according to simple, individual rules, and this results in emergent properties. |
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interacting:v.交流;沟通;合作;相互影响;(interact的现在分词) behave:v.表现;(机器等)运转;举止端正;(事物)起某种作用; according to:根据,据说; individual:n.个人;有个性的人;adj.单独的;个别的; emergent:adj.紧急的;浮现的;意外的;自然发生的;
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| The behavior of the system as a whole cannot be predicted from the individual rules only. |
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as a whole:总的来说; predicted:v.预言;预告;预报;(predict的过去分词和过去式)
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| As Aristotle wrote, the whole is greater than the sum of its parts. |
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Aristotle:n.亚里士多德;
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| But from Aristotle, let's move onto a more concrete example of complex systems. |
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concrete:n.混凝土;adj.混凝土制的;确实的,具体的;vt.用混凝土覆盖
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| These are Scottish terriers . |
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terriers:n.梗类犬(一种小狗,terrier的复数);
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| In the beginning, the system is disorganized . |
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disorganized::v.瓦解;打乱;(disorganize的过去式和过去分词形式)
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| Then comes a perturbation : milk. |
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perturbation:n.[数][天]摄动;不安;扰乱;
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| Every individual starts pushing in one direction and this is what happens. |
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| The pinwheel is an emergent property of the interactions between puppies whose only rule is to try to keep access to the milk and therefore to push in a random direction. |
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pinwheel:n.纸风车;轮转焰火; interactions:n.[计]交互,相互作用;相互交流;干扰;(interaction复数) puppies:n.小狗(puppy的复数); random:adj.[数]随机的;任意的;胡乱的;n.随意;adv.胡乱地;
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| So it's all about finding the simple rules from which complexity emerges . |
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emerges:vi.浮现;摆脱;暴露;
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| I call this simplifying complexity, and it's what we do at the chair of systems design at ETH Zurich. |
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simplifying:v.简约,简化(simplify进行时形式);
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| We collect data on animal populations, analyze complex patterns, try to explain them. |
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analyze:v.对…进行分析,分解(等于analyse);
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| It requires physicists who work with biologists , with mathematicians and computer scientists, and it is their interaction that produces cross-boundary competence to solve these problems. |
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physicists:n.物理学家;机械唯物论者(physicist的复数); biologists:n.生物学家(biologist的复数); mathematicians:n.[数]数学家(mathematician的复数形式); competence:n.能力,胜任;权限;作证能力;足以过舒适生活的收入;
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| So again, the whole is greater than the sum of the parts. |
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| In a way, collaboration is another example of a complex system. |
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collaboration:n.合作;勾结;通敌;
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| And you may be asking yourself which side I'm on, biology or physics? |
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biology:n.(一个地区全部的)生物;生物学;
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| In fact, it's a little different, and to explain, I need to tell you a short story about myself. |
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short story:短篇小说(指一万字以内的小说);
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| When I was a child, |
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| I loved to build stuff , to create complicated machines. |
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stuff:n.东西:物品:基本特征:v.填满:装满:标本:
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| So I set out to study electrical engineering and robotics , and my end-of-studies project was about building a robot called ER-1 -- it looked like this— |
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electrical engineering:n.电气工程;电机工程学; robotics:n.机器人学;
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| that would collect information from its environment and proceed to follow a white line on the ground. |
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proceed:n.收入;卖得金额;收益;v.继续;接着做;行进;前往;
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| It was very, very complicated, but it worked beautifully in our test room, and on demo day, professors had assembled to grade the project. |
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demo:v.试用(尤指软件);演示;示范;n.试样唱片;录音样带; assembled:v.聚集;集合;收集;装配;组装;(assemble的过去分词和过去式)
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| So we took ER-1 to the evaluation room. |
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evaluation:n.评价;[审计]评估;估价;求值;
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| It turned out, the light in that room was slightly different. |
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slightly:adv.些微地,轻微地;纤细地;
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| The robot's vision system got confused . |
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vision:n.视力;美景;幻象;想象力;v.想象;显现;梦见; confused:adj.困惑的; v.使糊涂; (confuse的过去分词和过去式)
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| At the first bend in the line, it left its course, and crashed into a wall. |
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| We had spent weeks building it, and all it took to destroy it was a subtle change in the color of the light in the room. |
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subtle:adj.微妙的;精细的;敏感的;狡猾的;稀薄的;
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| That's when I realized that the more complicated you make a machine, the more likely that it will fail due to something absolutely unexpected . |
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absolutely:adv.绝对地;完全地; unexpected:adj.意外的,想不到的;
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| And I decided that, in fact, |
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| I didn't really want to create complicated stuff. |
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| I wanted to understand complexity, the complexity of the world around us and especially in the animal kingdom. |
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especially:adv.尤其;特别;格外;十分;
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| Which brings us to bats. |
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| Bechstein's bats are a common species of European bats. |
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species:n.[生物]物种;种类;
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| They are very social animals. |
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| Mostly they roost , or sleep, together. |
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roost:n.栖木;鸟窝;群栖的禽鸟;vi.栖息;安歇;vt.使…栖息;为…提供歇息处;
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| And they live in maternity colonies, which means that every spring, the females meet after the winter hibernation , and they stay together for about six months to rear their young, and they all carry a very small chip , which means that every time one of them enters one of these specially equipped bat boxes, we know where she is, and more importantly, we know with whom she is. |
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maternity:n.母性,母道;[妇产]妇产科医院;adj.产科的;产妇的,孕妇的; hibernation:n.冬眠;过冬;避寒; rear:adj.后方的;后面的;n.后部;屁股;臀部;v.抚养;培养;饲养;用后腿直立; chip:v.削,凿;削成碎片;剥落;碎裂;n.[电子]芯片;筹码;碎片;(食物的)小片;薄片;
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| So I study roosting associations in bats, and this is what it looks like. |
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roosting:n.栖木;鸟窝;群栖的禽鸟;vi.栖息;安歇;vt.使…栖息;为…提供歇息处; associations:n.协会,[遗]关联(association复数);关联分析,协会组织;
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| During the day, the bats roost in a number of sub-groups in different boxes. |
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sub-groups:n.亚族;子群;
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| It could be that on one day, the colony is split between two boxes, but on another day, it could be together in a single box, or split between three or more boxes, and that all seems rather erratic , really. |
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colony:n.殖民地;移民队; split:v.分离;使分离;劈开;离开;分解;n.劈开;裂缝;adj.劈开的; erratic:adj.不稳定的;古怪的;n.漂泊无定的人;古怪的人;
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| It's called fission-fusion dynamics , the property for an animal group of regularly splitting and merging into different subgroups . |
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dynamics:n.动力学,力学; regularly:adv.经常地;有规律地;定期的 merging:v.合并,结合,并入;相融;(merge的现在分词) subgroups:n.亚组,[数]子组(subgroup的复数形式);副全宗;
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| So what we do is take all these data from all these different days and pool them together to extract a long-term association pattern by applying techniques with network analysis to get a complete picture of the social structure of the colony. |
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extract:v.提取;取出;摘录;榨取;n.汁;摘录;榨出物;选粹; long-term:adj.长期的;从长远来看; applying:v.申请,请求;使用;应用;(apply的现在分词) techniques:n.技巧;技艺;工艺;技术;(technique的复数) analysis:n.分析;分解;验定; structure:n.结构;构造;建筑物;vt.组织;构成;建造;
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| Okay? So that's what this picture looks like. |
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| In this network, all the circles are nodes , individual bats, and the lines between them are social bonds, associations between individuals . |
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nodes:n.茎节;(根或枝上的)瘤,节,结;节点;(node的复数) individuals:n.[经]个人;[生物]个体(individual的复数);
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| It turns out this is a very interesting picture. |
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| This bat colony is organized in two different communities which cannot be predicted from the daily fission-fusion dynamics. |
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communities:n.社区;社会;团体;共有(community的复数)
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| We call them cryptic social units. |
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cryptic:adj.神秘的,含义模糊的;[动]隐藏的;
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| Even more interesting, in fact: |
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| Every year, around October, the colony splits up, and all bats hibernate separately , but year after year , when the bats come together again in the spring, the communities stay the same. |
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hibernate:vi.过冬;(动物)冬眠;(人等)避寒; separately:adv.分别地;分离地;个别地; year after year:年复一年地;每年;
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| So these bats remember their friends for a really long time. |
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| With a brain the size of a peanut , they maintain individualized , long-term social bonds, |
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peanut:n.花生;微不足道的人;adj.微不足道的; maintain:v.维持;保持;维修;保养;坚持(意见); individualized:adj.个人的; v.使…个性化;
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| We didn't know that was possible. |
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| We knew that primates and elephants and dolphins could do that, but compared to bats, they have huge brains. |
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primates:n.灵长类; compared:adj.比较的,对照的; v.相比; (compare的过去式和过去分词)
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| So how could it be that the bats maintain this complex, stable social structure with such limited cognitive abilities? |
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stable:n.马厩;牛棚;adj.稳定的;牢固的;坚定的;vi.被关在马厩;赶入马房; limited:adj.有限的; n.高级快车; v.限制; (limit的过去分词和过去式) cognitive:adj.认知的,认识的;
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| And this is where complexity brings an answer. |
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| To understand this system, we built a computer model of roosting, based on simple, individual rules, and simulated thousands and thousands of days in the virtual bat colony. |
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simulated:adj.假装的; v.假装; (simulate的过去式和过去分词) virtual:adj.[计]虚拟的;实质上的,事实上的(但未在名义上或正式获承认);
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| It's a mathematical model, but it's not complicated. |
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mathematical:adj.数学的,数学上的;精确的;
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| What the model told us is that, in a nutshell , each bat knows a few other colony members as her friends, and is just slightly more likely to roost in a box with them. |
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in a nutshell:极简单地;简言之;简而言之;总而言之;
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| Simple, individual rules. |
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| This is all it takes to explain the social complexity of these bats. |
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| But it gets better. |
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| Between 2010 and 2011, the colony lost more than two thirds of its members, probably due to the very cold winter. |
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| The next spring, it didn't form two communities like every year, which may have led the whole colony to die because it had become too small. |
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| Instead, it formed a single, cohesive social unit, which allowed the colony to survive that season and thrive again in the next two years. |
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cohesive:adj.有结合力的;紧密结合的;有粘着力的; thrive:v.繁荣;茁壮成长;蓬勃发展;兴旺发达;
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| What we know is that the bats are not aware that their colony is doing this. |
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| All they do is follow simple association rules, and from this simplicity emerges social complexity which allows the colony to be resilient against dramatic changes in the population structure. |
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simplicity:n.朴素;简易;天真;愚蠢; resilient:adj.弹回的,有弹力的; dramatic:adj.突然的;巨大的;令人吃惊的;激动人心的;
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| And I find this incredible . |
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incredible:adj.难以置信的,惊人的;
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| Now I want to tell you another story, but for this we have to travel from Europe to the Kalahari Desert in South Africa. |
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| This is where meerkats live. |
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meerkats:n.狐蒙,蒙哥(meerkat的复数形式);
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| I'm sure you know meerkats. |
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| They're fascinating creatures . |
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fascinating:adj.极有吸引力的;迷人的;v.深深吸引;迷住;(fascinate的现在分词) creatures:n.生物;动物;(具有某种特征的)人(creature的复数)
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| They live in groups with a very strict social hierarchy . |
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hierarchy:n.层级;等级制度;
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| There is one dominant pair, and many subordinates , some acting as sentinels , some acting as babysitters , some teaching pups , and so on. |
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dominant:adj.显性的;占优势的;支配的,统治的;n.显性; subordinates:n.下级; v.把…置于次要地位; (subordinate的第三人称单数和复数) sentinels:n.哨兵;vt.守卫,放哨; babysitters:n.临时照顾幼儿者; pups:n.[脊椎]小狗;幼兽(pup复数);
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| What we do is put very small GPS collars on these animals to study how they move together, and what this has to do with their social structure. |
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collars:n.衣领;领子;颈圈;v.抓住;捉住;逮住(collar的第三人称单数和复数)
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| And there's a very interesting example of collective movement in meerkats. |
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collective:adj.集体的;共同的;集合的;集体主义的;n.集团;集合体;集合名词;
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| In the middle of the reserve which they live in lies a road. |
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reserve:n.储备,储存; vt.储备; vi.预订;
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| On this road there are cars, so it's dangerous. |
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| But the meerkats have to cross it to get from one feeding place to another. |
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| So we asked, how exactly do they do this? |
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| We found that the dominant female is mostly the one who leads the group to the road, but when it comes to crossing it, crossing the road, she gives way to the subordinates, a manner of saying, "Go ahead, tell me if it's safe." |
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female:adj.女性的;雌性的;柔弱的,柔和的;n.女人;[动]雌性动物;
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| What I didn't know, in fact, was what rules in their behavior the meerkats follow for this change at the edge of the group to happen and if simple rules were sufficient to explain it. |
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sufficient:adj.足够的;充分的;
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| So I built a model, a model of simulated meerkats crossing a simulated road. |
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| It's a simplistic model. |
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simplistic:adj.过分简单化的;过分单纯化的;
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| Moving meerkats are like random particles whose unique rule is one of alignment . |
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particles:n.微粒,粒子;粒子系统;碎木料(particle的复数形式); unique:adj.独特的,稀罕的;[数]唯一的;n.独一无二的人或物; alignment:n.队列,成直线;校准;结盟;
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| They simply move together. |
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| When these particles get to the road, they sense some kind of obstacle , and they bounce against it. |
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obstacle:n.障碍;障碍物;阻碍;绊脚石; bounce:v.反弹;反射;(使)弹起;n.弹跳;跳动;弹性;
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| The only difference between the dominant female, here in red, and the other individuals, is that for her, the height of the obstacle, which is in fact the risk perceived from the road, is just slightly higher, and this tiny difference in the individual's rule of movement is sufficient to explain what we observe , that the dominant female leads her group to the road and then gives way to the others for them to cross first. |
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perceived:v.注意到;意识到;将…视为;认为;(perceive的过去式和过去分词) observe:v.观察;看到;庆祝;监视;
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| George Box, who was an English statistician , once wrote, "All models are false, but some models are useful." |
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statistician:n.统计学家,统计员;
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| And in fact, this model is obviously false, because in reality, meerkats are anything but random particles. |
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| But it's also useful, because it tells us that extreme simplicity in movement rules at the individual level can result in a great deal of complexity at the level of the group. |
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a great deal of:大量;
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| So again, that's simplifying complexity. |
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| I would like to conclude on what this means for the whole species. |
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conclude:v.断定:得出结论:终止:达成:缔结(协定)
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| When the dominant female gives way to a subordinate, it's not out of courtesy . |
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courtesy:n.礼貌;好意;恩惠;adj.殷勤的;被承认的;出于礼节的;
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| In fact, the dominant female is extremely important for the cohesion of the group. |
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cohesion:n.凝聚;结合;[力]内聚力;
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| If she dies on the road, the whole group is at risk. |
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| So this behavior of risk avoidance is a very old evolutionary response. |
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avoidance:n.逃避;废止;职位空缺; evolutionary:adj.进化的;发展的;渐进的;
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| These meerkats are replicating an evolved tactic that is thousands of generations old, and they're adapting it to a modern risk, in this case a road built by humans. |
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replicating:n.八音阶间隔的反复音; adj.复制的; v.复制(replicate的ing形式); evolved:v.(使)逐渐形成;进化;进化形成;(evolve的过去分词和过去式) tactic:n.策略,战略;adj.按顺序的,依次排列的; adapting:v.使适应,使适合;适应;改编;改写;(adapt的现在分词)
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| They adapt very simple rules, and the resulting complex behavior allows them to resist human encroachment into their natural habitat . |
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resist:v.抵制;阻挡;反抗;回击;抵抗;忍住;n.防染剂;防蚀用涂料;防腐剂; encroachment:n.侵入,侵犯;侵蚀; habitat:n.[生态]栖息地,产地;
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| In the end, it may be bats which change their social structure in response to a population crash, or it may be meerkats who show a novel adaptation to a human road, or it may be another species. |
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in response to:响应;回答;对…有反应; novel:adj.新奇的;异常的;n.小说; adaptation:n.适应;改编;改编本,改写本;
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| My message here -- and it's not a complicated one, but a simple one of wonder and hope -- my message here is that animals show extraordinary social complexity, and this allows them to adapt and respond to changes in their environment. |
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respond:vi.回答;作出反应;承担责任;n.应答;唱和;
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| In three words, in the animal kingdom, simplicity leads to complexity which leads to resilience . |
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resilience:n.恢复力;弹力;顺应力;
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| Thank you. |
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| (Applause) |
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