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NeilGershenfeld_2006-_工厂实验室_
This meeting has really been about a digital revolution , but I'd like to argue that it's done; we won. 我们这个会谈论的是关于数字革命的事情 但是我想说,那场革命已经结束了。我们成为了赢家
digital:adj.数字的;手指的;n.数字;键; revolution:n.革命;旋转;运行;循环;
We've had a digital revolution but we don't need to keep having it. 我们已经经历了一场数字革命,现已不再继续需要了
And I'd like to look after that, to look what comes after the digital revolution. 我希望可以看到更远的未来 去关注数字革命之后会发生些什么
So, let me start projecting forward. 好,接下来我就把我的设想告诉大家
These are some projects I'm involved in today at MIT, looking what comes after computers. 我在麻省理工参与了几个项目 都是希望评估计算机革命之后会发生什么
involved:adj.有关的; v.涉及; (involve的过去式和过去分词)
This first one, Internet Zero, up here -- this is a web server that has the cost and complexity of an RFID tag -- about a dollar -- that can go in every light bulb and doorknob , and this is getting commercialized very quickly. 这里的第一个,“因特网零”,它是一个网络服务器 其成本与复杂度跟一个RFID标签一样 只是一美金,也就是说,它可以融入到每一个灯泡乃至门扣上 并且这样的东西的商业化步伐也变得越来越快
complexity:n.复杂性;难以理解的局势 tag:n.标记;标签;标志;标牌;v.给…加上标签;把…称作;给…起诨名; light bulb:n.灯泡; doorknob:n.门把手; commercialized:adj.商业化的;v.使商品化;靠…赚钱(commercialize的过去分词);
And what's interesting about it isn't the cost; it's the way it encodes the Internet. 最有趣的不是其成本 而是它对互联网的那种编码方式
encodes:vt.[计]编码,译码;
It uses a kind of a Morse code for the Internet so you could send it optically; you can communicate acoustically through a power line , through RF. 用的是一种类似于摩尔斯码的东西来为互联网进行编码 你可以通过光学或声学的方式进行传播 例如通过电线或无线电
Morse code:n.莫尔斯电码; acoustically:adv.听觉上;声学上; power line:n.电力线;输电线;
It takes the original principle of the Internet, which is inter-networking computers, and now lets devices inter-network. 它利用的是互联网最早期的原理 即计算机之间实现相互链接 现在则是使得装置之间相互链接
original:n.原件;原作;原物;原型;adj.原始的;最初的;独创的;新颖的; principle:n.原理,原则;主义,道义;本质,本义;根源,源泉; devices:n.[机][计]设备;[机]装置;[电子]器件(device的复数);
That we can take the whole idea that gave birth to the Internet and bring it down to the physical world in this Internet Zero, this internet of devices. 我们可以将这一开启互联网时代的途径 应用到“互联网零”这一物理层面上 也就是应用在物联网上
physical:adj.[物]物理的;身体的;物质的;符合自然法则的;n.体格检查;
So this is the next step from there to here, and this is getting commercialized today. 这也就是从那里到这里的下一步 今天已经有人在进行商业化的运作
A step after that is a project on fungible computers. 之后就是可替换的计算机
fungible:adj.代替的;可取代的;n.代替物;
Fungible goods in economics can be extended and traded. 在经济学里,可替换的商品是那些可以延伸与交易的产品
extended:adj.延长了的;扩展了的;v.使伸长;扩大;扩展;(extend的过去式和过去分词)
So, half as much grain is half as much useful, but half a baby or half a computer is less useful than a whole baby or a whole computer, and we've been trying to make computers that work that way. 也就是说,半斤的谷物只值半斤的价钱 但是,半个婴孩或半台电脑则远远不如 一个完整的婴孩或完整的电脑来得有用 我们正在努力使得电脑往那个方向发展
grain:n.粮食; v.把…作成细粒;
So, what you see in the background is a prototype . 你看到后面那个是一个原型来的
prototype:n.原型;雏形;最初形态;
This was from a thesis of a student, Bill Butow, now at Intel , who wondered why, instead of making bigger and bigger chips , you don't make small chips , put them in a viscous medium , and pour out computing by the pound or by the square inch. 它来自一个叫 Bill Butow的学生,他现在在因特尔 他在想,为什么我们一定要制造越来越大的芯片 而不是制造小的芯片？然后将其放到黏性的介质里 而后使得计算机按磅或按平方英寸生产出来？
thesis:n.论文;论点; Intel:n.美国英特尔公司(财富500强公司之一,以生产CPU芯片著称); chips:炸土豆条(chip的复数) viscous:adj.粘性的;黏的; medium:n.(传播信息的)媒介;手段;工具;方法;adj.中等的;中号的; pour:v.倒; n.流出; (已熔金属的)一次浇注量; computing:n.计算;计算机技术;信息处理技术;v.计算;求出;(compute的现在分词)
And that's what you see here. 这就是作品的展示
On the left was postscript being rendered by a conventional computer; on the right is postscript being rendered from the first prototype we made, but there's no frame buffer , IO processor , any of that stuff -- it's just this material. 左边是由传统计算机所生产出来的PostScript 右边那个是由我们的第一台原型机器印刷出来的 我们只是生产材料——没有帧缓存器和输入输出处理器 那一类的东西都没有
postscript:n.附言;又及; rendered:v.使成为;给予;提供;回报;递交;(render的过去分词和过去式) conventional:adj.符合习俗的,传统的;常见的;惯例的; frame:n.框架; v.设计; adj.有木架的; buffer:n.[计]缓冲区;缓冲器,[车辆]减震器;vt.缓冲; processor:n.[计]处理器;处理程序;加工者; stuff:n.东西:物品:基本特征:v.填满:装满:标本:
Unlike this screen where the dots are placed carefully, this is a raw material . 不像这里的点都是很均匀的排布的 这是一种原始的材料
raw material:n.原料;
If you add twice as much of it, you have twice as much display . 材料数量加倍,显现出来的东西也会加倍
display:n.显示;炫耀;vt.显示;表现;陈列;vi.[动]作炫耀行为;adj.展览的;陈列用的;
If you shoot a gun through the middle, nothing happens. 假如有颗子弹穿过它的中心,也没有什么事
If you need more resource , you just apply more computer. 假如需要更多的资源,只要添加计算机即可
resource:n.资源;资料;才智;财力;v.向…提供资金(或设备); apply:v.申请;涂,敷;应用;适用;请求;
So, that's the step after this -- of computing as a raw material. 那也是这以后的一步,即原材料的计算
That's still conventional bits, the step after that is -- this is an earlier prototype in the lab; this is high-speed video slowed down. 这些都还是传统的数字,这一步之后—— 这是早期的一个原型 这是高速影片被减慢
Now, integrating chemistry in computation , where the bits are bubbles . 我们还可以将化学与计算结合起来,这时候,比特也可以成为泡沫
integrating:v.(使)合并,成为一体;(使)加入,融入群体;(integrate的现在分词) computation:n.估计,计算; bubbles:n.泡; v.起泡; (bubble的第三人称单数和复数)
This is showing making bits, this is showing -- once again, slowed down so you can see it, bits interacting to do logic and multiplexing and de-multiplexing. 这是生产比特的过程,这是一个展示 大家看看这个慢镜头 比特相互作用产生逻辑,而后扩散又汇聚
interacting:v.交流;沟通;合作;相互影响;(interact的现在分词) logic:n.逻辑;逻辑学;逻辑性;adj.逻辑的; multiplexing:n.多路; adj.多部的; v.多路复用; (multiplex的现在分词);
So, now we can compute that the output arranges material as well as information. And, ultimately , these are some slides from an early project I did, computing where the bits are stored quantum-mechanically in the nuclei of atoms , so programs rearrange the nuclear structure of molecules . 我们现在可以通过计算来使得输出按照一定的规则来对材料进行排列 也可以对信息进行排列。 这是一些介绍我早期一些项目的幻灯片。这里的比特就以量子的方式 存储在原子核里 程序使得分子的原子核结构发生改变
compute:vt.计算;估算;用计算机计算;vi.计算;估算;推断;n.计算;估计;推断; output:n.(人、机器、机构的)产量;输出;输出功率;输出量;v.输出; arranges:vt.安排;排列;整理;vi.安排;排列;协商; as well as:也;和…一样;不但…而且; ultimately:adv.最终;最后;归根结底;终究; nuclei:n.核心,核子;原子核(nucleus的复数形式); atoms:n.[物]原子(atom的复数); rearrange:v.重新排列;重新整理; nuclear:adj.原子能的;[细胞]细胞核的;中心的;原子核的; structure:n.结构;构造;建筑物;vt.组织;构成;建造; molecules:n.[化学]分子,微粒;[化学]摩尔(molecule的复数);
All of these are in the lab pushing further and further and further, not as metaphor but literally integrating bits and atoms, and they lead to the following recognition . 所有这些都在实验室里不断的在推进 不是比喻,而是真的把比特跟原子结合在一起了 这些研究使我们得到以下的结论:
metaphor:n.暗喻,隐喻;比喻说法; literally:adv.按字面:字面上:确实地: recognition:n.识别;认识;承认;认可;
We all know we've had a digital revolution, but what is that? 我们都经历了一场数字革命。但那究竟是什么呢？
Well, Shannon took us, in the '40s, from here to here: from a telephone being a speaker wire that degraded with distance to the Internet. And he proved the first threshold theorem , that shows if you add information and remove it to a signal, you can compute perfectly with an imperfect device. 香浓在20世纪40年代的时候就已经把我们从这里带到了这里 从一个随着路途增加而信号不断减弱的电话线到今天的互联网 他同时也提出和证明了第一个至关重要的理论 那个理论是说,假如你不断的增加信息,并且以信号的形式输出 那么你可以在一个不完美的装置上进行完美的计算
degraded:adj.退化的; v.分解; (degrade的过去分词和过去式) threshold:n.入口;门槛;开始;极限;临界值; theorem:n.[数]定理;原理; imperfect:adj.有缺点的; n.未完成体; v.有瑕疵地;
And that's when we got the Internet. 这也是我们发明互联网的方法
Von Neumann, in the '50s, did the same thing for computing; he showed you can have an unreliable computer but restore its state to make it perfect. This was the last great analog computer at MIT: a differential analyzer , and the more you ran it, the worse the answer got. 冯·诺依曼在50年代的时候,也做了同样的事情 他说,你可以有一台不可靠的电脑,但是你可以将其状态恢复到完美 这也是MIT的最后一台大型模拟计算机 用的是微分分析器 运行次数越多,其准确度越低
unreliable:adj.不可靠的;靠不住的; restore:v.恢复;修复;恢复(某种情况或感受);使复原; analog:n.[自]模拟;类似物;adj.[自]模拟的;有长短针的; differential:adj.微分的;差别的;特异的;n.微分;差别; analyzer:n.[计]分析器;分析者;检偏镜;
After Von Neumann, we have the Pentium , where the billionth transistor is as reliable as the first one. 冯·诺依曼之后,我们有了奔腾,其第十亿个晶体管 跟第一个晶体管同样可靠
Pentium:n.美国英特尔公司生产的微处理器,中文译名为"奔腾"; billionth:adj.十亿分之一的;第十亿的;n.十亿分之一;第十亿; transistor:n.晶体管(收音机);
But all our fabrication is down in this lower left corner. 但我们所有的制造都是在这个左下方那里完成的
fabrication:n.制造,建造;装配;伪造物;
A state-of-the-art airplane factory rotating metal wax at fixed metal, or you maybe melt some plastic. A 10-billion-dollar chip fab uses a process a village artisan would recognize -- you spread stuff around and bake it. 一个一流的飞机制造厂,它会通过旋转将金属铸成一定的形状 或者是将塑料融解。一个100亿的芯片作坊 它所用的是乡村工匠也认得的方法—— 就是把材料铺放 在那里,而后加热
state-of-the-art:adj.最先进的;已经发展的;达到最高水准的; airplane:n.飞机; rotating:v.(使)旋转,转动;(工作)由…轮值;(rotate的现在分词) wax:n.蜡; v.给…打蜡; adj.蜡制的; melt:v.融化;(使)软化; artisan:n.工匠,技工; recognize:v.认识;认出;辨别出;承认;意识到; bake:n.烤; v.焙; (变得)灼热;
All the intelligence is external to the system; the materials don't have information. 这个系统是不具智能的 材料本身不含信息
intelligence:n.智力;智慧;才智;(尤指关于敌国的)情报; external:n.外部;外观;形式;外部情况;adj.外部的;外面的;外界的;外来的;
Yesterday you heard about molecular biology , which fundamentally computes to build. 昨天我们听到了分子生物学的故事 从根本来说,那就是通过计算去建造
molecular:adj.[化学]分子的;由分子组成的; biology:n.(一个地区全部的)生物;生物学; fundamentally:adv.从根本上;基础地;重要地 computes:v.计算;求出;网络释义:码表;骑行码表;(computes是compute的第三人称单数)
It's an information processing system. 也是一个信息处理的系统
processing:v.加工;处理;审核;数据处理;v.列队行进;缓缓前进;(process的现在分词)
We've had digital revolutions in communication and computation, but precisely the same idea, precisely the same math 我们在通讯以及计算方面已经完成了一场数字革命 但是同样的理念,同样的数学
revolutions:n.革命,转数(revolution的复数形式);
Shannon and Von Neuman did, hasn't yet come out to the physical world. So, inspired by that, colleagues in this program -- the Center for Bits and Atoms at MIT -- which is a group of people, like me, ——香农和冯·诺依曼都曾这么做—— 却还没有在现实的物理世界中出现。我受到这一个想法所鼓舞 我跟比特原子研究中心的同事一道 那是一群像我这样的人
inspired:adj.受到启发的; v.鼓舞; (inspire的过去分词和过去式) colleagues:n.同事;同行(colleague的复数);
who never understood the boundary between physical science and computer science . I would even go further and say computer science is one of the worst things that ever happened to either computers or to science -- 他们永远也不会理会物理科学与计算机科学之间的界限 我甚至会认为 计算机科学是最糟糕的一门科学,不管对于计算机还是对于科学来说 都是如此
boundary:n.边界;范围;分界线; physical science:n.自然科学;物理科学; computer science:n.计算机科学;
(Laughter) （笑声）
- because the canon -- computer science -- many of them are great but the canon of computer science prematurely froze a model of computation based on technology that was available in 1950, and nature's a much more powerful computer than that. 因为计算机科学的那些经典 基本上都是围绕1950年代那时候的技术展开的 一直没有改变 ——当然,有少量的经典是好的。 但我们不得不承认,自然是力量更大的计算机
canon:n.标准;教规;正典圣经;教士; prematurely:adv.过早地;早熟地; technology:n.技术;工艺;术语;
So, you'll hear, tomorrow, from Saul Griffith. He was one of the first students to emerge from this program. 你明天就可以听到来自索尔·格里菲斯的演讲。 他是最初从这一项目中充分展现了自己才华的学生
emerge:v.浮现;显现;暴露;露出真相;
We started to figure out how you can compute to fabricate . 我们于是就想,如何才能实现通过计算来制造呢？
fabricate:vt.制造;伪造;装配;
This was just a proof of principle he did of tiles that interact magnetically , where you write a code, much like protein folding, that specifies their structure. 这是他制作的一个东西,旨在证明他的想法是可行的 用的是一些方块,相互间有磁力,你可以写一段代码 跟蛋白质折叠类似,这样可以准确的定义出其结构
proof:n.证据;证实;adj.能抵御;可防护; tiles:n.[建]瓷砖(tile的复数形式);v.铺砖(tile的第三人称单数形式); magnetically:adv.有磁力地;有吸引力地; protein:n.蛋白质; specifies:v.具体说明;明确规定;详述;详列;(specify的第三人称单数)
So, there's no feedback to a tool metrology; the material itself codes for its structure in just the same ways that protein are fabricated . So, you can, for example, do that. 没有计量数字 材料自身会完成结构的构建 跟蛋白质构建一样,也就是说,你也可以做出这样的东西
feedback:n.反馈;反馈意见;回授;[电子]反馈; fabricated:adj.焊接的; v.制造,组装; (fabricate的过去式和过去分词);
You can do other things. That's in 2D. It works in 3D. 你还可以做其他事情。这是2D的展示。在3D那里也同样可行。
The video on the upper right -- I won't show for time -- shows self-replication, templating so something can make something that can make something, and we're doing that now over, maybe, 右上方的那个视频,这里就不播放了 展现的是自我复制以及模板之构建 一直下去,我们现在已经做到了实现九个数量级的折叠
upper:adj.上面的;内陆的;n.靴面;兴奋剂;
nine orders of magnitude . Those ideas have been used to show the best fidelity and direct rate DNA to make an organism , in functionalizing nanoclusters with peptide tails 我们用这一实验来展示 通过DNA复制产生有机体的可靠性 它们也能通过肽键激活纳米束
magnitude:n.大小;量级;[地震]震级;重要;光度; fidelity:n.保真度;忠诚;精确;尽责; organism:n.生物;有机体;有机组织;(尤指)微生物; nanoclusters:纳米团簇;纳米晶簇; peptide:n.[生化]缩氨酸;
that code for their assembly -- so, much like the magnets , but now on nanometer scales . 都是通过编程完成的 就如磁铁一样,不过这是在纳米级上
assembly:n.装配;集会,集合; magnets:n.磁铁;磁石;吸铁石;有吸引力的人(或地方、事物);(magnet的复数) nanometer:n.[计量]毫微米(即十亿分之一米); scales:n.规模范围; v.攀登; (scale的第三人称单数和复数)
Laser micro-machining : essentially 3D printers that digitally fabricate functional systems, all the way up to building buildings, not by having blueprints , but having the parts code for the structure of the building. 还有是激光微对准机器,事实上就是 可以实现数字制造的3D印刷机 甚至可以做出房子来 不是从图纸开始 而是让部件自身去完成房子的编码与构建
micro-machining:精密加工; essentially:adv.本质上;本来; digitally:adv.数位; functional:adj.功能的; blueprints:n.[印刷]蓝图; v.绘…的蓝图;
So, these are early examples in the lab of emerging technologies to digitize fabrication. Computers that don't control tools but computers that are tools, where the output of a program rearranges atoms as well as bits. 这些就是我们实验室里的一些新兴科技的展示 都是走向数字制造,计算机不再是工具的控制 而是成为了工具本身,程序的输出不单可以 调整原子,也可以调整比特的结构
emerging:adj.新兴的;v.出现,浮现,露出;暴露;(emerge的现在分词) technologies:n.技术;科技(technology的复数); digitize:vt.[计]数字化; rearranges:vt.重新排列;重新整理;
Now, to do that -- with your tax dollars, thank you -- 我们是用纳税人的钱来做这个事情的,这里也谢谢大家——
I bought all these machines. We made a modest proposal to the NSF. We wanted to be able to make anything on any length scale, all in one place, because you can't segregate digital fabrication by a discipline or a length scale. 我买下了所有这些机器。我们向国家科学基金会提出了一个 简明的申请,我们希望可以制造出任意尺寸的任意东西 因为你不能将数字制造局限于 某一领域或某个尺寸
modest:adj.些许的;谦虚的; proposal:n.提议,建议;求婚; segregate:vt.使隔离;使分离;在…实行种族隔离; discipline:n.纪律;训练;自制力;风纪;v.训练;管教;惩罚;处罚;
So we put together focused nano beam writers and supersonic water jet cutters and excimer micro-machining systems. 于是,我们买来了聚焦纳米束切割机 超声波水压切割机以及微对准系统
put together:..放在一起;组合;装配; beam:n.光线; v.发射(电波); supersonic:adj.超音速的;超声波的;n.超音速;超声波; excimer:n.受激准分子;[光]激元;激发二聚体;激态基态复合物;
But I had a problem. Once I had all these machines, 但问题来了。当我们把这些机器都买来之后,
I was spending too much time teaching students to use them. 我花去了太多的时间来教学生怎么用这些机器
So I started teaching a class, modestly called, "How To Make Almost Anything." And that wasn't meant to be provocative; it was just for a few research students. 后来我开了一门课 叫““如何制造几乎任何东西”。我们不是希望特意的作秀 一开始仅仅是给几个研究生开的
modestly:adv.谨慎地;适当地;
But the first day of class looked like this. 但课程的第一天是这个样子的
You know, hundreds of people came in begging, all my life I've been waiting for this class; I'll do anything to do it. 几百个学生都缠着我们说,我这些年就是在等待这一课啊 我可以为这堂课付出任何东西
Then they'd ask, can you teach it at MIT? It seems too useful? 后来教务处问我,你要不就在全校开这课？似乎对学生蛮有帮助的
And then the next -- 另外一个
(Laughter) （笑声）
- surprising thing was they weren't there to do research. 让人感到吃惊的事情是,这些学生都不是要搞研究的
They were there because they wanted to make stuff. 他们选这门课是希望学会做东西
They had no conventional technical background. 他们基本没有传统的技术背景
technical:adj.工艺的,科技的;技术上的;专门的;
At the end of a semester they integrated their skills. 到了学期结束的时候,他们可以融合自身的一些技能
semester:n.学期;半年; integrated:adj.综合的; v.整合; (integrate的过去式和过去分词)
I'll show an old video. Kelly was a sculptor , and this is what she did with her semester project. 现在大家可以看一个视频。Kelly是一个雕塑师,这是她做的 学期作品
sculptor:n.雕刻家;
(Video): Kelly: Hi, I'm Kelly and this is my scream buddy . 大家好,我叫Kelly,这是我制作的尖叫宝贝
buddy:n.伙伴,好朋友;密友;小男孩;v.做好朋友,交朋友;
Do you ever find yourself in a situation where you really have to scream, but you can't because you're at work, or you're in a classroom, or you're watching your children, or you're in any number of situations where it's just not permitted? 你是否曾有过这样的经历 你很想大叫,但是周边环境不允许,也许你在工作 或者你在学校,或者你在看孩子 或者是在其他一些不能大叫的地方
Well, scream buddy is a portable space for screaming. 好,我要介绍的这个尖叫宝贝就是一个便携的尖叫装置
portable:adj.便携式的;手提的;轻便的;n.便携机;(尤指)手提电脑;
When a user screams into scream buddy, their scream is silenced. 用户在宝贝里尖叫的时候,他们的尖叫会被消声
It is also recorded for later release where, when and how the user chooses. 同时也会被录制下来,你可以选择任意的时间地点和方式 去释放这些尖叫声
release:v.释放;发射;让与;允许发表;n.释放;发布;让与;
(Scream) （尖叫）
(Laughter) (Applause) （笑声）（掌声）
So, Einstein would like this. 爱因斯坦也会爱上这玩意的
This student made a web browser for parrots -- lets parrots surf the Net and talk to other parrots. 学生们还为鹦鹉制作了一个浏览器 使得鹦鹉可以上网,并且与其他鹦鹉进行交流
browser:n.[计]浏览器;吃嫩叶的动物;浏览书本的人; surf:v.冲浪;进行冲浪运动;(互联网上)浏览;n.激浪;拍岸浪花;
This student's made an alarm clock you wrestle to prove you're awake; this is one that defends -- a dress that defends your personal space. 这是一个学生制作的闹钟,你必须要跟它玩摔跤 才能证明你睡醒了 这是一条可以保护你的私人空间的裙子
alarm clock:n.闹钟; wrestle:n.摔跤;搏斗;斗争;v.摔跤;斗争;斟酌; personal:adj.个人的;身体的;亲自的;n.人事消息栏;人称代名词;
This isn't technology for communication; it's technology to prevent it. 这不是旨在促进交流的科技 而是相反
This is a device that lets you see your music. 这是一种帮助你看到自己谱写的音乐的装置
This is a student who made a machine that makes machines, and he made it by making Lego bricks that do the computing. 这个学生制造出了一台可以制造机器的机器 他是通过对Lego积木进行编程来完成的
Lego:n.乐高积木(商标名);
Just year after year -- and I finally realized the students were showing the killer app of personal fabrication is products for a market of one person. 这门课开了好几年,我最后意识到 学生们展示的是他们制作的最厉害的个性化创作的东西 这些产品的市场就是他们自己
year after year:年复一年地;每年; finally:adv.终于;最终;(用于列举)最后;彻底地;
You don't need this for what you can get in Wal-Mart; you need this for what makes you unique . 假如这些东西在沃尔马可以买到,你就不需要自行生产了 但因为你自身需要,所以你就创造出来了
unique:adj.独特的,稀罕的;[数]唯一的;n.独一无二的人或物;
Ken Olsen famously said, nobody needs a computer in the home. Ken Olsen曾说过,没有人会把电脑放到家里的
Ken:n.视野范围,见地,知识范围; famously:adv.著名地;极好地;
But you don't use it for inventory and payroll; 但很显然,没有人会用家里的电脑来进行发明或记账
inventory:n.存货,存货清单;详细目录;财产清册;
DEC is now twice bankrupt . You don't need personal fabrication in the home to buy what you can buy because you can buy it. 你不需要在家里搞个工厂生产电脑 因为在市场上很容易可以买到
bankrupt:adj.破产;倒闭;完全缺乏(有价值的东西);n.(经法院判决的)破产者;v.使破产;
You need it for what makes you unique, just like personalization . 你拥有它,是因为你渴求一种独特的东西,不单单是个性化
personalization:n.个性化;
So, with that, in turn, 20 million dollars today does this; 20 years from now we'll make Star Trek replicators that make anything. 今天有两千万美金是用于这方面的 20年后,我们可以制造出星际旅行的仿制品,使得我们可以制造任意想要的东西
Trek:v.长途跋涉;远足,徒步旅行;n.长途跋涉(尤指在山区); replicators:n.[遗]复制基因;重复符;
The students hijacked all the machines I bought to do personal fabrication. 我的学生则直接“盗用”了我买来的机器来搞个人制造
hijacked:劫持;强行控制;
Today, when you spend that much of your money, there's a government requirement to do outreach , which often means classes at a local school, a website -- stuff that's just not that exciting. 今天,假如你要花那么多钱的话 因为那是政府的钱,并且他们要求我们进行项目推广 换言之,把课程开到地方学校去,做出一个网站,等等。但那些都不是很爽
outreach:vt.超越,伸出; vi.拓广,延伸; n.延伸,拓广; adj.扩大服务的;
So, I made a deal with my NSF program managers that instead of talking about it, I'd give people the tools. 于是我就跟国家自然基金会的项目经理达成一致 我说,我们不会直接说这个项目如何如何,但我们承诺把工具开放出去
This wasn't meant to be provocative or important, but we put together these Fab Labs . It's about 20,000 dollars in equipment that approximate both what the 20 million dollars does and where it's going. 那不是什么带煽动性质的言辞 但我们还是把这些FabLab建了起来。在设备方面投入了2万美金 整个项目的2千万美金的使用也是类似的办法
provocative:adj.刺激的,挑拨的;气人的;n.刺激物,挑拨物;兴奋剂; Labs:n.实验室;实验大楼;(lab的复数) approximate:v.近似;使…接近;粗略估计;接近于;adj.[数]近似的;大概的;
A laser cutter to do press-fit assembly with 3D from 2D, a sign cutter to plot in copper to do electromagnetics , a micron scale, numerically-controlled milling machine for precise structures , programming tools for less than a dollar, 有一台激光切割机,可以将2D的东西成型为3D的东西 符号切割机, 还有一个微测量器 一个数字监控的制表机 还有一些价格低于一美元的编程工具
cutter:n.刀具,切割机;切割者;裁剪者; plot:n.情节;阴谋;布局;小块土地;v.密谋;暗中策划;(在地图上)标出;绘制(图表); copper:n.铜;铜币;警察;adj.铜(制)的;(紫)铜色的;v.用铜板[铜皮]盖[包]; electromagnetics:n.[电磁]电磁学; micron:n.微米(等于百万分之一米); milling:n.磨;制粉;轧齿边;v.碾磨;磨成粉;滚(碾轧)金属(mill的现在分词); precise:adj.准确的;确切的;精确的;明确的; structures:n.结构; v.建造(structure的第三人称单数形式);
100-nanosecond microcontrollers . It lets you work from microns and microseconds on up, and they exploded around the world. 100纳米秒的微控制器,从微米到更大的计量单位都可以 这些正在全世界迅速埋蔓延
microcontrollers:n.[自]微控制器(microcontroller的复数); microns:n.微米(micron的复数); microseconds:n.微秒(microsecond的复数); exploded:adj.分解的; v.爆炸; (explode的过去分词和过去式)
This wasn't scheduled, but they went from inner-city Boston to Pobal in India, to Secondi-Takoradi on Ghana's coast to Soshanguve in a township in South Africa, 这样的项目是没有预先安排好的,但它依然从波士顿
inner-city:n.(居民拥挤,住屋破旧的)市中心平民区;adj.市中心的; Boston:n.波士顿(美国城市); township:n.镇区;小镇;
to the far north of Norway, uncovering , or helping uncover, for all the attention to the digital divide, we would find unused computers in all these places. 到挪威北部,都在重新唤起我们对 数字鸿沟的关注 在所有这些地方,我们都能找到弃置的电脑
uncovering:adj.露出的; v.发现(uncover的现在分词); n.露出; unused:adj.不用的;从未用过的;
A farmer in a rural village -- a kid needs to measure and modify the world, not just get information about it on a screen. 在乡村里的农民,他的孩子渴望测量和改变世界 而仅仅是从屏幕上获得信息
rural:adj.农村的,乡下的;田园的,有乡村风味的; modify:vt.修改,修饰;更改;vi.修改;
That there's really a fabrication and an instrumentation divide bigger than the digital divide. 事实上是制造与工具的鸿沟 它比数字鸿沟更大
instrumentation:n.使用仪器;乐器法;仪表化;
And the way you close it is not IT for the masses but IT development for the masses. 解决办法并非IT下乡,而是IT发展的技术下乡
masses:n.民众;大量(mass的复数);包块;v.集中;聚集(mass的三单形式);
So, in place after place we saw this same progression : that we'd open one of these Fab Labs, where we didn't -- this is too crazy to think of. 我们在一个又一个地方 看到了同样的进程——我们在一些事前根本没有想到的地方 兴建了一些Fab Lab——现在想起来还会觉得很疯狂
progression:n.前进;连续;
We didn't think this up, that we would get pulled to these places; we'd open it. The first step was just empowerment . 我们是被当地人的热情所打动而过去的 因为随着Fab Lab之兴建,随之而来的是一种赋权
empowerment:n.许可,授权;
You can see it in their face, just this joy of, I can do it. 你可以从他们的脸上看到那种喜悦
This is a girl in inner-city Boston who had just done a high-tech on-demand craft sale in the inner city community center. 这是在波士顿城区一个女孩 她完成了一个按需定制的绣花设计
high-tech:adj.高科技的,高技术的;仿真技术的;n.高科技; craft:n.工艺;船;手艺;飞行器;v.(尤指用手工)精心制作; inner city:n.(居民拥挤,住屋破旧的)市中心平民区;adj.市中心的; community:n.社区;[生态]群落;共同体;团体;
It goes on from there to serious hands-on technical education informally , out of schools. In Ghana we had set up one of these labs. 从那样简单的产品到一些需要动手的技术教育 这些都在Fab Lab发生。我们在加纳开了一个实验室
hands-on:adj.亲身实践的,亲自动手的; informally:adv.非正式地;不拘礼节地;
We designed a network sensor , and kids would show up and refuse to leave the lab. 我们设计了一个网络传感器,孩子会来到实验室 并且不愿离开
sensor:n.传感器;
There was a girl who insisted we stay late at night -- 有个女孩还坚持让我们留到深夜
(Video): Kids: I love the Fab Lab.
- her first night in the lab because she was going to make the sensor. 那是她第一次来 Fab Lab,她要做一个感应器
So she insisted on fabbing the board, learning how to stuff it, learning how to program it. She didn't really know what she was doing or why she was doing it, but she knew she just had to do it. There was something electric about it. 就趴在工作台上,学习怎么做 怎么编程,因为在此之前 她根本就不知道自己在做什么或为何要做这些 但她内心告诉她这就是她该做的,似乎是有一种神力
electric:n.供电;adj.电的;用电的;电动的;发电的;
This is late at, you know, 11 o'clock at night and I think I was the only person surprised when what she built worked the first time. 那时候已经是到了晚上11点了 我想我是唯一看到她的作品而且感到惊讶的 人 并且她的作品真的可以用
And I've shown this to engineers at big companies, and they say they can't do this. Any one thing she's doing, they can do better, but it's distributed over many people and many sites and they can't do in an afternoon what this little girl in rural Ghana is doing. 我把这个给大公司的工程师看 他们说做不来。事实是,女孩做的任何一样东西,他们都可以做得更好 但是他们是需要很多人来做,分布在很多不同的地区 也不能以一下午之内做出来 像这个女孩那样
distributed:adj.分布的;分散的;v.分发;分配;使分布(distribute的过去分词和过去式) sites:n.网站(site的复数);遗址,举办地点;v.使...位于(site的单三形式);
(Video): Girl: My name is Valentina Kofi; I am eight years old. 我名字叫瓦伦娣娜·科菲,今年8岁
I made a stacking board. 我做了一个平面板
stacking:n.[交]堆垛;v.堆叠,堆积(stack的现在分词);
And, again, that was just for the joy of it. 也纯粹是为了娱乐
Then these labs started doing serious problem solving -- instrumentation for agriculture in India, steam turbines for energy conversion in Ghana, high-gain antennas in thin client computers. 后来这些实验室还做一些实际的解决问题的实践 如为印度的农业生产设计工具 为加纳的能源转换项目设计汽轮机 为瘦客户机设计高接收效率的天线
turbines:n.[动力]涡轮;[动力]涡轮机(turbine的复数);[动力]汽轮机; conversion:n.转换;变换;[金融]兑换;改变信仰; high-gain:n.[电子]高增益; antennas:n.[电讯]天线,[动]触角(antenna的复数形式); client:n.[经]客户;顾客;委托人;
And then, in turn, businesses started to grow, like making these antennas. 随后,由此产生的商业也获得成长 比如这样的制造天线的商业
And finally, the lab started doing invention. 最后,实验室也开始搞发明
We're learning more from them than we're giving them. 我们从他们那里学到的比我们给予他们的还要多
I was showing my kids in a Fab Lab how to use it. 我把自己的孩子带到这样的Fab Lab,让他看那东西是怎么做的
They invented a way to do a construction kit out of a cardboard box -- which, as you see up there, that's becoming a business -- but their design was better than Saul's design at MIT, 他们发明了一种方式,可以应用纸盒来制作工具包 你在屏幕上看到,现在已经发展成一个企业了 他们的设计比索尔在MIT设计的还要好
construction:n.建设;建筑物;解释;造句; kit:v.装备;n.成套工具;配套元件;成套设备;全套衣服及装备; cardboard:n.[纸]硬纸板;纸板箱;卡纸板;adj.不真实的;硬纸板制的;
so there's now three students at MIT doing their theses on scaling the work of eight-year-old children because they had better designs. 现在MIT有三个学生在做研究 尝试将这些8岁的孩子的作品进行规模化生产 因为孩子的设计更加美丽
theses:n.论文;命题(thesis的复数); scaling:n.缩放比例; v.剥落;
Real invention is happening in these labs. 这里出现的各种发明也在改变这些Fab Labs
And I still kept -- so, in the last year I've been spending time with heads of state and generals and tribal chiefs who all want this, and I keep saying, but this isn't the real thing. 去年,我跟一些国家、政府以及部落的首领在谈 他们都想做这个 我一直强调说,现在我们还看不到最成熟的东西
tribal:adj.部落的;部族的;n.(尤指南亚的)部落成员;
Wait, like, 20 years and then we'll be done. 再过20年,我们将会看到这些东西带来了深刻变化
And I finally got what's been going on. This is Kernigan and Ritchie inventing UNIX on a PDP. 后来我也搞清楚了到底会发生什么。 Kernigan 和 Ritchie 在一台PDP机器上发明了UNIX操作系统
PDPs came between mainframes and minicomputers. PDP是介乎大型机与微型机之间的一种机器
mainframes:n.大型主机(mainframe的复数形式);
They were tens of thousands of dollars, hard to use, but they brought computing down to work groups, and everything we do today happened there. 那时候造价相当高昂,并且难以使用 但是它把计算机带到了实验室 我们今天所拥有的一切皆来源于那里
These Fab Labs are the cost and complexity of a PDP. 现在这些Fab Lab的成本与复杂程度跟当年的PDP很像
The projection of digital fabrication isn't a projection for the future; we are now in the PDP era. 而数字制造本身 并非就是未来。我们现在是在PDP的年代
projection:n.投射;规划;突出;发射;推测;
We talked in hushed tones about the great discoveries then. 我们曾私下谈到了 那个时代的伟大发明
hushed:adj.寂静的;安静的;v.安静;缄默;肃静(hush的过去分词); tones:n.声调;基本音色(tone的复数);v.调节音调(tone的第三人称单数);
It was very chaotic , it wasn't, sort of, clear what was going on. 那时候非常混乱,人们也不知道会发生些什么
chaotic:adj.混沌的;混乱的,无秩序的;
In the same sense we are now, today, in the minicomputer era of digital fabrication. 我们今天也是这样,我们活在数字制造的 微型机年代
The only problem with that is it breaks everybody's boundaries . 这带来的唯一问题是它打破了人与人之间的壁垒
boundaries:n.边界;分界线;(boundary的复数)
In DC, I go to every agency that wants to talk, you know; in the Bay Area, I go to every organization you can think of -- they all want to talk about it, but it breaks 我在华盛顿拜访了所有乐意商谈的机构 在旧金山湾区,我去到了任何一个你能想象到的组织 他们都想谈论这东西,但是这样一来会
agency:n.代理,中介;代理处,经销处; organization:n.组织;机构;体制;团体;
their organizational boundaries. In fact, it's illegal for them, in many cases, to equip ordinary people to create rather than consume technology. 打破他们的组织边界。甚至从法律上来说是不允许的 法律并不允许个人拥有制造东西的权力 个人只能是消费者
organizational:adj.组织的;编制的; illegal:adj.不合法的;非法的;n.非法移民;非法劳工; consume:v.消耗;吃;毁灭;烧毁;
And that problem is so severe that the ultimate invention coming from this community surprised me: it's the social engineering . That the lab in far north of Norway -- 这个问题是如此严重 以至于来自这一社区的最重要的发明给我带来了巨大的惊讶 这一发明就是社会重构。在挪威北部的这个实验室
severe:adj.极为恶劣的;十分严重的;严厉的;苛刻的; social engineering:n.社会工程(根据政治信念改造社会);
this is so far north its satellite dishes look at the ground rather than the sky because that's where the satellites are -- the lab outgrew the little barn that it was in. 那里离北极是如此近以至于天空上的卫星 看上去似乎就在地平线上 实验室走出了一开始创建时候的小房子
outgrew:v.长出;生长过快(outgrow的过去分词); barn:n.谷仓;畜棚;车库;靶(核反应截面单位);v.把…贮存入仓;
It was there because they wanted to find animals in the mountains but it outgrew it, so they built this extraordinary village for the lab. 一开始他们是希望可以在山上找到动物 但是实验室发展相当迅速,他们最后是决定要建一条村子,专门为这一实验室服务
extraordinary:adj.非凡的;特别的;离奇的;临时的;特派的;
This isn't a university; it's not a company. It's essentially a village for invention; it's a village for the outliers in society, and those have been growing up around these Fab Labs all around the world. 这不是一所大学,也不是一家公司 它本质上就是一个发明家的村庄,里面住的都是些很优秀的人 这样的事情也发生在 世界各地的Fab Lab那里
outliers:n.[分化]异常值;离群值;离开本体的东西;局外人(outlier的复数);
So this program has split into an NGO foundation , a Fab Foundation to support the scaling, a micro VC fund. 我们现在成立了一个NGO来做这个事情 支持人们把项目做大,还有一个风投基金
split:v.分离;使分离;劈开;离开;分解;n.劈开;裂缝;adj.劈开的; foundation:n.基础;地基;基金会;根据;创立;
The person who runs it nicely describes it as "machines that make machines need businesses that make businesses:" 我们认为那些经营Fab Lab的人值得拿这个钱 正如那些实验室里的机器需要不断的商业支持一样
nicely:adv.细致地;有吸引力;令人满意;令人愉快;adj.强健的; describes:v.描述;形容;把…称为;画出…图形;(describe的第三人称单数)
it's a cross between micro-finance and VC to do fan-out, and then the research partnerships back at MIT for what's making it possible. 它是一种风投加微贷款的混合 以此推广Fab Lab,最后让他们反哺MIT的研究 催生出更多可能
micro-finance:小额信贷; partnerships:n.伙伴关系;合伙;(partnership的复数)
So I'd like to leave you with two thoughts. 我希望总结两点
There's been a sea change in aid, from top-down mega-projects to bottom-up , grassroots , micro-finance investing in the roots, so that everybody's got that that's what works. 我们看到了在经济援助这一领域发生了巨大的变化,从自上而下的巨型项目 转变为自下而上的更为草根的,基于小额信贷的项目 这样更能确保每个人都能得到满足他们真正需要的东西
sea change:翻天覆地的变化; top-down:adj.[计]自顶向下;组织管理严密的; mega-projects:大型项目; bottom-up:adj.[计]自底向上的;从细节到总体的; grassroots:adj.基层的;草根的;乡村的;n.草根;基础; investing:v.投资;投入(时间、精力等);(invest的现在分词)
But we still look at technology as top-down mega-projects. 但我们在科技领域还是坚守了自上而下的原则
Computing, communication, energy for the rest of the planet are these top-down mega-projects. 计算、通信以及能源依然是掌握在少数公司里的 大型项目
If this room full of heroes is just clever enough, you can solve the problems. 假如这个房间里的脑袋足够聪明 你们也能解决这些问题
The message coming from the Fab Labs is that the other five billion people on the planet aren't just technical sinks; they're sources . 来自Fab Lab的信息是 世界其他5亿人并不是科技的消费者 他们也是生产者
sources:n.来源;出处;起源;根源;原因;v.(从…)获得(source的第三人称单数和复数)
The real opportunity is to harness the inventive power of the world to locally design and produce solutions to local problems. 最大的机遇就在于捕捉世界的创造发明的能力 让各地的人都能设计和生产出能够满足他们本地需要的产品
harness:vt.治理; n.马具; inventive:adj.发明的;有发明才能的;独出心裁的; locally:adv.在本地;局部地;在地方上;
I thought that's the projection 20 years hence into the future, but it's where we are today. 我曾认为那是20年以后会发生的事情 但我们今天已经看到了它的身影
hence:adv.因此;今后;
It breaks every organizational boundary we can think of. 这样的发展打破了我们所能想象的各种组织边界
The hardest thing at this point is the social engineering and the organizational engineering, but it's here today. 现阶段最困难的是关于社会思维的革新 以及组织的革新,但它正在发生
And, finally, any talk like this on the future of computing is required to show Moore's law, but my favorite version -- this is Gordon Moore's original one from his original paper -- 最后,凡是关于计算技术之未来发展的演讲 最后肯定会提到摩尔法则,这是我最喜欢的版本 这是戈登·摩尔最开始的时候的图画
and what's happened is, year after year after year, we've scaled and we've scaled and we've scaled and we've scaled, and we've scaled and we've scaled, and we've scaled and we've scaled, 我们看到,年复一年 我们不断在增长、增长、增长 增长、增长 增长、增长
scaled:adj.有鳞的; v.刮去鳞片;
and there's this looming bug of what's going to happen at the end of Moore's law; this ultimate bug is coming. 但最后会遇到一个巨大的臭虫 我们即将看到这个臭虫了
looming:v.人惊恐地隐现;显得突出;逼近(loom的现在分词) bug:n.臭虫,小虫;故障;窃听器;v.烦扰,打扰;装窃听器;
But we're coming to appreciate , is the transition from 2D to 3D, from programming bits to programming atoms, turns the ends of Moore's law scaling from the ultimate bug to the ultimate feature. 但我们另一方面也即将迎来从2D到3D的革新 从比特之编程到原子之编程 将这个最终的臭虫变成了 最终的功能
appreciate:v.欣赏;感激;感谢;理解; transition:n.过渡;转变;变革;变迁;v.经历转变过程;过渡;
So, we're just at the edge of this digital revolution in fabrication, where the output of computation programs the physical world. 我们正在这一数字制作革命的边上 由程序计算出来的就是实物本身
So, together, these two projects answer questions 所以这两个项目加在一起回答了我的问题
I hadn't asked carefully. The class at MIT shows the killer app for personal fabrication in the developed world is technology for a market of one: personal expression in technology 我并没有认真的问过这些问题。 MIT的学生展现了一个面向发展中国家的杀手级应用 即面向一个 人的市场:个人化的表达
expression:n.表现,表示,表达;
that touches a passion unlike anything I've seen in technology for a very long time. 通过技术得以实现,这是我之前从未看到过的 很久没有看到过了
passion:n.激情;热情;酷爱;盛怒;
And the killer app for the rest of the planet is the instrumentation and the fabrication divide: people locally developing solutions to local problems. Thank you. 这一杀手级应用 就是缩短数字制造之鸿沟,让人们可以在本地 创造出解决自身问题的工具。谢谢大家。