NatsaiAudreyChieza.2017S-.时尚有个污染问题，能靠生物学来解决吗？.；TED演讲稿

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NatsaiAudreyChieza_2017S-_时尚有个污染问题，能靠生物学来解决吗？_
You're watching the life cycle of a Streptomyces coelicolor .	你正在看的是天藍色鏈黴菌的生命週期。
life cycle:n.生命周期;寿命(产品等从开发到使用完毕的一段时间); coelicolor:蓝大翅鸲;二名法;
It's a strain of bacteria that's found in the soil where it lives in a community with other organisms , decomposing organic matter.	這種菌種會在土壤中和其他有機體共同生存, 分解有機物質。
strain:n.压力;品系;应力;张力;v.扭伤;拉紧;滤;损伤; bacteria:n.[微]细菌; community:n.社区;[生态]群落;共同体;团体; organisms:n.[生物]生物体(organism的复数);[生物]有机体; decomposing:v.腐烂;(使)分解;(decompose的现在分词) organic:adj.有机的;不使用化肥的;绿色的;有机物的;n.分子有机体;
Coelicolor is a beautiful organism.	天藍色鏈黴菌是種美麗的有機體。
A powerhouse for synthesizing organic chemical compounds .	它是合成有機化合物的發電廠。
powerhouse:n.精力旺盛的人;动力室;发电所; synthesizing:v.合成;(音响)合成;综合;(synthesize的现在分词) chemical:n.化学制品,化学药品;adj.化学的; compounds:n.混合物,化合物;大院(compound的复数形式);
It produces an antibiotic called actinorhodin , which ranges in color from blue to pink and purple , depending on the acidity of its environment.	它會產生一種抗生素, 叫做放線紫紅素, 顏色從藍色到粉紅色和紫色都有, 依據環境的酸度而異。
antibiotic:adj.抗生的;抗菌的;n.抗生素,抗菌素; actinorhodin:放线紫红素;放线菌紫素; purple:n.紫色;紫袍;v.变紫;使成紫色;adj.紫色的;华丽的文辞; acidity:n.酸度;酸性;酸过多;胃酸过多;
That it produces these pigment molecules sparked my curiosity and led me to collaborate closely with coelicolor.	它會產生色素分子, 這點引起我的好奇心, 導致我與天藍色鏈黴菌密切合作。
pigment:n.[物][生化]色素;颜料;vt.给…着色;vi.呈现颜色; molecules:n.[化学]分子,微粒;[化学]摩尔(molecule的复数); sparked:v.点燃,发动(spark的过去式,过去分词);鼓舞; curiosity:n.好奇,好奇心;珍品,古董,古玩; collaborate:vi.合作;勾结,通敌;
It is an unlikely partnership , but it's one that completely transformed my practice as a materials designer.	這是段不太可能的合作關係, 但這段關係完全改變了我身為材料設計師的工作。
unlikely:adj.不大可能发生的;非心目中的;非想象的;难以相信的; partnership:n.合伙;[经管]合伙企业;合作关系;合伙契约; transformed:v.使改变形态;使改变外观(或性质);(transform的过去分词和过去式)
From it, I understood how nature was going to completely revolutionize how we design and build our environments, and that organisms like coelicolor were going to help us grow our material future.	它讓我了解大自然如何能完全改革我們設計與建造環境的方式, 而有機體,如天藍色鏈黴菌, 將會協助栽培出我們的物質未來。
revolutionize:vt.发动革命;彻底改革;宣传革命;vi.革命化;从事革命;
So what's wrong with things as they are?	所以現狀有什麼不好？
Well, for the last century, we've organized ourselves around fossil fuels, arguably , the most valuable material system we have ever known.	在過去一世紀, 我們的生活以化石燃料為中心, 可說是目前已知最有價值的物質系統。
organized:adj.有组织的; v.组织; (organize的过去分词和过去式) fossil:n.化石;老人;老古董;adj.从地下发掘出来的;化石的;属于旧时代的;陈腐的; arguably:v.可论证地; valuable:adj.有价值的;贵重的;可估价的;n.贵重物品;
We are tethered to this resource , and we've crafted a dependency on it that defines our identities , cultures, our ways of making and our economies .	我們被這項資源束縛住, 產生對它的依賴性, 它定義了我們的身分、文化、製造方式,以及經濟。
tethered:v.拴(牲畜);(tether的过去式和过去分词) resource:n.资源;资料;才智;财力;v.向…提供资金(或设备); crafted:adj.精心制作的;v.精巧地制作(craft的过去分词); dependency:n.属国;从属;从属物; defines:v.阐明;明确;界定;画出…的线条;描出…的外形(define的第三人称单数) identities:n.身份;本身;本体;特征;同一性;相同;(identity的复数) economies:n.经济;经济结构;节约;(economy的复数)
But our fossil fuel-based activities are reshaping the earth with a kind of violence that is capable of dramatically changing the climate, of accelerating a loss of biodiversity and even sustaining human conflict .	但我們以化石燃料為基礎的活動正重塑地球, 程度強烈到能夠顯著改變氣候, 加速生物多樣性的喪失, 甚至會讓人類衝突持續。
reshaping:v.矫形;使…再成形;[建]重新修整(reshape的ing形式); violence:n.暴力;侵犯;激烈;歪曲; capable:adj.能干的,能胜任的;有才华的; dramatically:adv.戏剧地;引人注目地;adv.显著地,剧烈地; accelerating:adj.促进的,[物]加速的;催化的; biodiversity:n.生物多样性; sustaining:adj.持续的;支持的;v.维持(sustain的现在分词);支持;承受; conflict:n.冲突;矛盾;争执;抵触;v.抵触;
We're living in a world where the denial of this dependence has become deadly .	我們生活在一個拒絕這種依賴變得致命的世界。
denial:n.否认;否定;剥夺(应有的权利);拒不承认(令人不快、痛苦的事); dependence:n.依赖;依靠;信任;信赖; deadly:adj.致命的;非常的;死一般的;adv.非常;如死一般地;
And its reasons are multiple , but they include the privilege of not being affected and what I believe is a profound lack of imagination about how else we could live within the limits of this planet's boundaries .	這背後的理由有很多, 包括不被影響的特權, 我認為,還包括在這個星球的限制之下, 對於其他的生活方式極度缺乏想像力。
multiple:adj.数量多的;多种多样的;n.倍数; privilege:n.特权;优待;v.给与…特权;特免; profound:adj.深厚的;意义深远的;渊博的; imagination:n.想象;想象力;创造力;想象的事物; boundaries:n.边界;分界线;(boundary的复数)
Fossil fuels will one day give way to renewable energy.	化石燃料有一天會讓位給再生能源。
renewable:adj.可再生的;可更新的;可继续的;n.再生性能源;
That means we need to find new material systems that are not petroleum-based .	那表示我們得要找到新的物質系統, 不以石油為基礎的。
petroleum-based:加油站型便利店;
I believe that those material systems will be biological , but what matters is how we design and build them.	我認為,新的物質系統會是生物的, 但重要的是我們如何設計和建造它們。
biological:adj.生物学的;生物的;与生命过程有关的;加酶的;n.[药]生物制品;
They mustn't perpetuate the destructive legacies of the oil age.	它們不能讓石油年代的破壞性遺產永久延續。
perpetuate:vt.使不朽;保持;adj.长存的; destructive:adj.破坏的;毁灭性的;有害的,消极的; legacies:n.遗产(legacy的复数);
When you look at this image, what do you see?	當你們看這張圖時, 你們看到什麼？
Well, I see a highly sophisticated biological system, that through the use of enzymes , can move and place atoms more quickly and precisely than anything we've ever engineered.	我看到的是一個高度精密的生物系統, 透過酵素的使用, 它能比我們所建造出來的任何東西都更快速、更精確地移動和放置原子。
highly:adv.高度地;非常;非常赞许地; sophisticated:adj.复杂的;老练的;见多识广的;水平高的; enzymes:n.[生化]酶(enzyme的复数);酶类,酵素; atoms:n.[物]原子(atom的复数);
And we know that it can do this at scale .	且我們知道,它能大規模地做到這一點。
scale:n.规模;比例;鳞;刻度;天平;数值范围;v.衡量;攀登;剥落;生水垢;
Nature has evolved over 3.8 billion years to be able to do this, but now through the use of synthetic biology , an emerging scientific discipline that seeks to customize this functionality of living systems, we can now rapid prototype the assembly of DNA.	大自然演化了 38 億年, 才能做到這一點, 但現在,透過合成生物學的使用, 它是一種新興的科學科目, 目的在將活系統的功能給客製化, 我們現在能快速測試 DNA 組合。
evolved:v.(使)逐渐形成;进化;进化形成;(evolve的过去分词和过去式) synthetic:adj.综合的;合成的,人造的;n.合成物; biology:n.(一个地区全部的)生物;生物学; emerging:adj.新兴的;v.出现,浮现,露出;暴露;(emerge的现在分词) scientific:adj.科学的,系统的; discipline:n.纪律;训练;自制力;风纪;v.训练;管教;惩罚;处罚; seeks:v.寻求;寻找;探索;搜索; customize:vt.定做,按客户具体要求制造; functionality:n.功能;[数]泛函性,函数性; prototype:n.原型;雏形;最初形态; assembly:n.装配;集会,集合;
That means that we can engineer the kind of biological precision that makes it possible to design a bacteria that can recycle metal, to grow fungi into furniture and even sequester renewable energy from algae .	那表示,生物精確性可以高到讓我們能夠設計出能回收金屬的細菌, 能將真菌栽培成傢俱, 甚至從水藻中分離出再生能源。
precision:n.精度,[数]精密度;精确;adj.精密的,精确的; recycle:v.回收利用;再利用; fungi:n.真菌;菌类;蘑菇(fungus的复数); furniture:n.家具;设备;储藏物; sequester:v.隔离(避免陪审团与公众接触); algae:n.[植]藻类;[植]海藻;
To think about how we might access this inherent brilliance of nature -- to build things from living things -- let's consider the biological process of fermentation .	為了要想出我們能如何取用大自然與生俱來的才華── 用生物來造東西── 讓我們先思考發酵的生物過程。
inherent:adj.固有的;内在的;与生俱来的,遗传的; brilliance:n.光辉;才华;宏伟; process:v.处理;加工;列队行进;n.过程,进行;方法,adj.经过特殊加工(或处理)的; fermentation:n.发酵;
I've come to think of fermentation, when harnessed by humans, as an advanced technological toolkit for our survival .	我漸漸認為,當發酵被人類利用時, 可被視為是協助我們生存的先進科技工具。
harnessed:v.给(马等)上挽具;控制,利用(以产生能量等);(harness的过去式和过去分词) advanced:adj.先进的; v.前进; (advance的过去式和过去分词形式) technological:adj.技术[工程](上)的;因工艺技术高度发展而引起的; toolkit:n.工具包,工具箱; survival:n.幸存,残存;幸存者,残存物;
When a solid or a liquid ferments , it's chemically broken down by bacterial fungi.	固體或液體發酵時會被真菌化學性地分解,
ferments:n.发酵;酵素;动乱;vi.发酵;动乱;vt.使发酵;酝酿;使动乱; chemically:adv.用化学;以化学方法; bacterial:adj.[微]细菌的;
The byproduct of this is what we value.	我們很珍視這過程的副產品。
byproduct:n.副产品;
So for example, we add yeast to grapes to make wine.	比如,我們添加酵母, 讓葡萄變成葡萄酒。
yeast:n.酵母;泡沫;酵母片;引起骚动因素;
Well in nature, these transformations are part of a complex network -- a continuous cycle that redistributes energy.	在大自然中,這類的轉化屬於一個複雜的網路── 一個能夠重新分配能量的持續循環。
transformations:n.[晶体]转变(transformation的复数形式);转换; complex:adj.复杂的;合成的;n.复合体;综合设施; continuous:adj.连续的,持续的;继续的;连绵不断的; redistributes:vt.重新分配;再区分;
Fermentation gives rise to multispecies interactions of bacteria and fungi, plants, insects, animals and humans: in other words, whole ecosystems .	發酵能引起多物種的互動, 包括細菌和真菌、植物、昆蟲、動物、人類。換言之,就是整個生態系統。
multispecies:多物种; interactions:n.[计]交互,相互作用;相互交流;干扰;(interaction复数) ecosystems:n.生态系统(ecosystem的复数);
We've known about these powerful microbial interactions for thousands of years.	數千年來我們都知道這些強大的微生物互動。
microbial:adj.微生物的;由细菌引起的;
You can see how through the fermentation of grains , vegetal matter and animal products, all peoples and cultures of the world have domesticated microorganisms to make the inedible edible.	你可以看見,透過穀物、植物質,以及動物產品, 世上各種人和文化都在使用微生物, 把不能吃的變成能吃的。
grains:n.谷物;颗粒;细粒;少量;一点儿;(grain的复数) vegetal:adj.植物的,植物性的;生长的;n.植物;蔬菜; domesticated:adj.家养的; v.驯养; (domesticate的过去分词和过去式) microorganisms:n.[微]微生物,微生虫(microorganism的复数); inedible:adj.不能吃的;
And there's even evidence that as early as 350 AD, people deliberately fermented foodstuffs that contained antibiotics .	甚至早在公元 350 年就已經有證據, 證明人們會刻意發酵含有抗生素的食品。
evidence:n.证据,证明;迹象;明显;v.证明; deliberately:adv.故意地;谨慎地;慎重地; fermented:v.(使)发酵;(ferment的过去分词和过去式) foodstuffs:n.[食品]食品;粮食(foodstuff的复数形式); antibiotics:n.抗菌素;抗生素(如青霉素);(antibiotic的复数)
The skeletal remains of some Sudanese Nubian were found to contain significant deposits of tetracycline .	一些蘇丹努比亞人的骨骸被發現含有明顯的四環素沉澱。
skeletal:adj.骨骼的,像骨骼的;骸骨的;骨瘦如柴的; Sudanese:adj.苏丹的;苏丹人的;n.苏丹人; Nubian:adj.努比亚人的;努比亚语的;n.努比亚人;努比亚语; significant:adj.重大的;有效的;有意义的;值得注意的;意味深长的;n.象征;有意义的事物; deposits:n.[金融]存款; v.[地质]沉积(deposit的单三形式); tetracycline:n.[药]四环素(抗生素的一种);
That's an antibiotic that we use in modern medicine today.	那是我們在現代醫學中會使用的一種抗生素。
And nearly 1500 years later,	近 1500 年後,
Alexander Fleming discovered the antimicrobial properties of mold .	亞歷山大弗萊明發現了黴菌的抗微生物特性。
antimicrobial:n.[药]抗菌剂;杀菌剂;adj.抗菌的; mold:n.模具;模型;霉菌;类型;v.用可塑材料塑成;浇铸;发霉;
And it was only through the industrialized fermentation of penicillin that millions could survive infectious diseases .	透過盤尼西林的工業化發酵, 才讓數百萬得到感染性疾病的人能夠存活。
industrialized:adj.工业化的;v.使工业化;将…组成产业(industrialize的过去分词); penicillin:n.盘尼西林(青霉素); infectious:adj.传染的;传染性的;易传染的; diseases:n.[医]病(disease的复数);[医]疾病;[植保]病害;疾病种类;
Fermentation could once again play an important role in our human development.	在我們人類的發展當中, 發酵可以再次扮演重要的角色。
Could it represent a new mode of survival if we harness it to completely change our industries?	它是否能代表一種新的生存方式, 如果我們利用它來完全改變我們的產業？
represent:v.代表;表现;描绘;回忆;再赠送;
I've worked in my creative career to develop new material systems for the textile industry.	在我的創意職涯當中, 我為紡織業發展了新的物質系統。
creative:adj.创造性的; career:n.职业;事业;生涯;经历; textile:n.纺织品;纺织业;
And while it is work that I love,	雖然這是我喜愛的工作,
I cannot reconcile with the fact that the textile industry is one of the most polluting in the world.	我無法接受一個事實: 紡織業是世界上污染最嚴重的產業之一。
reconcile:v.使和谐一致;调和;使配合;使和解;妥协;
Most of the ecological harm caused by textile processing occurs at the finishing and the dyeing stage.	大部分因紡織處理所造成的生態傷害發生在收尾及染色階段。
ecological:adj.生态的,生态学的; processing:v.加工;处理;审核;数据处理;v.列队行进;缓缓前进;(process的现在分词) occurs:v.重现(occur的第三人称单数); dyeing:v.给…染色;染;n.染料;染液(dye的现在分词)
Processing textiles requires huge amounts of water.	紡織處理會需要很大量的水。
textiles:n.纺织品;纺织业;(textile的复数)
And since the oil age completely transformed the textile industry, many of the materials and the chemicals used to process them are petroleum based.	因為石油年代完全轉變了紡織業, 處理所使用的許多材料和化學物質都是以石油為基礎的。
chemicals:n.化学制品;化学品;(chemical的复数)
And so coupled with our insatiable appetite for fast fashion, a huge amount of textile waste is ending up in landfill every year because it remains notoriously difficult to recycle.	所以,加上我們對於快速時尚永遠無法滿足的胃口, 結果就是每年要掩埋大量的紡織廢物, 因為眾所皆知, 這些廢物是很難回收的。
insatiable:adj.贪得无厌的;不知足的; appetite:n.食欲;嗜好; landfill:n.垃圾填埋地;垃圾堆; notoriously:adv.众所周知地;声名狼藉地;恶名昭彰地;
So again, contrast this with biology.	所以,再一次, 將它和生物學做對照。
contrast:n.对比;对照;反差;明显的差异;v.对比;对照;形成对比;
Evolved over 3.8 billion years, to rapid prototype, to recycle and to replenish better than any system we've ever engineered.	經過 38 億年的演化, 到快速測試原型, 到回收和再補充, 優於我們曾製造過的任何系統。
replenish:vt.补充,再装满;把…装满;给…添加燃料;
I was inspired by this immense potential and wanted to explore it through a seemingly simple question -- at the time.	我被這巨大的潛能所鼓舞, 想要透過一個似乎很簡單的問題來探究它── 在那時是如此。
inspired:adj.受到启发的; v.鼓舞; (inspire的过去分词和过去式) immense:adj.巨大的,广大的;无边无际的;非常好的; potential:n.潜能;可能性;[电]电势;adj.潜在的;可能的;势的; explore:v.探索:探测:探险: seemingly:adv.看来似乎;表面上看来;
If a bacteria produces a pigment, how do we work with it to dye textiles?	如果細菌能產生色素, 我們如何用它來將織物染色？
Well, one of my favorite ways is to grow Streptomyces coelicolor directly onto silk.	我最喜歡的方式之一, 是直接在絲上培養天藍色鏈黴菌。
directly:adv.直接地;立即;马上;正好地;坦率地;conj.一…就;
You can see how each colony produces pigment around its own territory .	你們可以看到每個菌落都會在它的領土周圍產生出色素。
colony:n.殖民地;移民队; territory:n.领土,领域;范围;地域;版图;
Now, if you add many, many cells, they generate enough dyestuff to saturate the entire cloth.	如果你添加許多許多細胞, 它們能生成足夠的染料將整片布料染色。
generate:v.产生;引起; dyestuff:na.染料;颜料;(橡胶的)染色剂; saturate:vt.浸透,使湿透;使饱和,使充满;adj.浸透的,饱和的;深颜色的;
Now, the magical thing about dyeing textiles in this way -- this sort of direct fermentation when you add the bacteria directly onto the silk -- is that to dye one t-shirt, the bacteria survive on just 200 milliliters of water.	神奇的是直接將細菌添加到絲上的直接發酵方式── 直接將細菌添加到絲上的直接發酵方式── 就是如果要染色一件Ｔ恤, 只要 200 毫升的水, 細菌就可以存活。
milliliters:n.毫升;
And you can see how this process generates very little runoff and produces a colorfast pigment without the use of any chemicals.	你們可以看見,這個過程產生的流量非常少, 不用任何化學物質就能產生出不褪色的色素。
generates:[计]生成;发生; runoff:n.[水文]径流;决赛;流走的东西;adj.决胜的; colorfast:adj.不褪色的;
So now you're thinking -- and you're thinking right -- an inherent problem associated with designing with a living system is:	所以,現在你們在想── 且你們這樣想是對的── 用生物系統來設計, 天生就會有一個相關的問題:
associated:adj.有关联的; v.联想; (associate的过去分词和过去式)
How do you guide a medium that has a life force of its own?	你要如何引導一個媒介, 如果它本身就有自己的生命力？
medium:n.(传播信息的)媒介;手段;工具;方法;adj.中等的;中号的; life force:n.生命力;
Well, once you've established the baseline for cultivating Streptomyces so that it consistently produces enough pigment, you can turn to twisting , folding, clamping , dipping , spraying , submerging -- all of these begin to inform the aesthetics of coelicolor's activity.	一旦你建立起了培養鏈黴菌的基線, 讓它能很一致地產生出足夠的色素, 你就能轉向撚、折、鉗夾、浸染、噴塗、淹染── 所有這些做法,都讓天藍色鏈黴菌活動的美感更有特色。
established:adj.已确立的;著名的;v.建立;创立;设立;(establish的过去分词和过去式) baseline:n.基线;底线; cultivating:v.培养(cultivate的现在分词); consistently:adv.一贯地;一致地;坚实地; twisting:v.使弯曲;转动(身体部位);(twist的现在分词) clamping:n.钳位;v.夹住(clamp的现在分词); dipping:v.蘸;浸;(使)下降,下沉;(dip的现在分词) spraying:v.喷;喷洒;向…扫射(或抛洒);撒尿(以示领地占有);(spray的现在分词) submerging:vt.淹没;把…浸入;沉浸;vi.淹没;潜入水中;湮没; inform:v.通知;告诉;报告;告发;告密; aesthetics:n.美学;美的哲学;
And using them in a systematic way enables us to be able to generate an organic pattern ...	以系統性的方式來使用它們, 讓我們能夠生成有機的圖案、
systematic:adj.系统的;体系的;有系统的;[图情]分类的;一贯的,惯常的; enables:v.使得; (enable的第三人称单数)
a uniform dye ...	染色均勻,
uniform:adj.统一的;一致的;相同的;始终如一的;n.制服;v.使穿制服;使成一样;
and even a graphic print.	甚至能印圖。
graphic:adj.形象的;图表的;绘画似的;
Another problem is how to scale these artisanal methods of making so that we can start to use them in industry.	另一個問題使它能被用在產業上？
artisanal:手工艺性的;
When we talk about scale, we consider two things in parallel : scaling the biology, and then scaling the tools and the processes required to work with the biology.	當我們談到規模, 我們會平行思考兩件事: 將生物學規模擴大, 以及將此生物學所需要的工具及過程的規模擴大。
parallel:adj.平行的; v.与…相似; n.极其相似的人(或情况、事件等); scaling:n.缩放比例; v.剥落; processes:n.过程; v.处理(process的第三人称单数形式);
If we can do this, then we can move what happens on a petri dish so that it can meet the human scale, and then hopefully the architecture of our environments.	如果我們能做到, 我們就能移動培養皿上所發生的現象, 讓它能符合人類的規模, 希望,接著能符合我們環境的結構。
petri dish:n.培养皿(作细菌培养等用的有盖玻璃碟); architecture:n.建筑学;建筑风格;建筑式样;架构;
If Fleming were alive today, this would definitely be a part of his toolkit.	如果佛萊明還活著, 這肯定會是他的工具之一。
definitely:adv.清楚地,当然;明确地,肯定地;
You're looking at our current best guess of how to scale biology.	你們現在看到的,
It's a bioreactor; a kind of microorganism brewery that contains yeasts that have been engineered to produce specific commodity chemicals and compounds like fragrances and flavors .	它是生物反應器; 一種微生物釀造廠,內含有酵母, 設計來製造特定的大量生產型化學物質和化合物, 像是香氣和口味。
brewery:n.啤酒厂; yeasts:n.[微]酵母(yeast复数);[微]酵母菌;v.发酵(yeast的三单形式); specific:adj.特殊的,特定的;明确的;详细的;[药]具有特效的;n.特性;细节;特效药; commodity:n.商品,货物;日用品; fragrances:n.芳香剂,香水(fragrance复数); flavors:n.风味调料(flavor复数);v.添加味道(flavor的三单形式);
It's actually connected to a suite of automated hardware and software that read in real time and feed back to a design team the growth conditions of the microbe .	它其實和一系列的自動化軟硬體有關, 它們能即時做讀取, 將微生物生長條件的資訊回饋給設計團隊。
suite:n.套房;一套家具;组曲(由三个或更多相关部分组成);套装软件; automated:adj.自动化的;v.(使)自动化;(automate的过去式和过去分词) hardware:n.计算机硬件;五金器具; real time:adj.实时的;接到指示立即执行的; microbe:n.细菌,微生物;
So we can use this system to model the growth characteristics of an organism like coelicolor to see how it would ferment at 50,000 liters.	所以我們可以用這個系統來為像天藍色鏈黴菌這類有機物的生長特性建立模型, 來看看它在五萬公升的水中會如何發酵。
characteristics:n.特征;特点;品质;(characteristic的复数)
I'm currently based at Ginkgo Bioworks, which is a biotechnology startup in Boston .	我目前在 Ginkgo Bioworks 工作, 它是一間生技公司,在波士頓起家。
currently:adv.当前;一般地; Ginkgo:n.[植]银杏;银杏树; biotechnology:n.[生物]生物技术;[生物]生物工艺学; Boston:n.波士顿(美国城市);
I am working to see how their platform for scaling biology interfaces with my artisanal methods of designing with bacteria for textiles.	我正在努力研究如何將他們的生物學擴展平台與我的手作設計紡織品的細菌方法相接合。
platform:n.平台; v.把…放在台上[放在高处; interfaces:n.分界面; v.把界面缝合; (interface的复数)
We're doing things like engineering Streptomyces coelicolor to see if it can produce more pigment.	我們在做的包括製造天藍色鏈黴菌, 看看它能否產生出更多色素。
engineering:n.工程;工程学;v.密谋策划;设计制造;改变…的基因;(engineer的现在分词)
And we're even looking at the tools for synthetic biology.	我們甚至在研究合成生物學用的工具。
Tools that have been designed specifically to automate synthetic biology to see how they could adapt to become tools to print and dye textiles.	這些工具是被設計來讓合成生物學能自動化, 看看它們是否適合做為織物印刷和染色的工具。
specifically:adv.特别地;明确地; adapt:vt.使适应;改编;vi.适应;
I'm also leveraging digital fabrication , because the tools that I need to work with Streptomyces coelicolor don't actually exist.	我也在發揮數位製造的功能, 因為我處理天藍色鏈黴菌所需要的工具實際上並不存在。
leveraging:v.利用贷款进行投机;(leverage的现在分词) digital:adj.数字的;手指的;n.数字;键; fabrication:n.制造,建造;装配;伪造物;
So in this case -- in the last week actually,	所以,在這個情況下── 其實,就是在上週,
I've just designed a petri dish that is engineered to produce a bespoke print on a whole garment .	我剛設計了一個培養皿, 設計來產出整件服飾上的訂製圖案。
bespoke:adj.定做的;预定的;vt.预约,显示出; garment:n.衣服,服装;外表,外观;vt.给…穿衣服;
We're making lots of kimonos .	我們做了很多和服。
kimonos:n.和服(kimono的复数形式);
Here's the exciting thing:	有件事很讓人興奮:
I'm not alone.	我不孤單。
There are others who are building capacity in this field, like MycoWorks.	在這個領域還有其他人在建立能力, 就像 MycoWorks。
capacity:n.能力;容量;资格,地位;生产力;
MycoWorks is a startup that wants to replace animal leather with mushroom leather, a versatile , high-performance material that has applications beyond textiles and into product and architecture.	MycoWorks 是一間新創公司, 他們想要把動物皮革換成蘑菇皮革, 那是一種多功能、高效能的材料, 可以應用到紡織以外的產品及結構上。
leather:n.皮革;皮革制品;v.用皮革包盖;抽打;adj.皮的;皮革制的; versatile:adj.多才多艺的;通用的,万能的;多面手的; high-performance:adj.高性能的;高效能的;
And Bolt Threads -- they've engineered a yeast to produce spider-silk protein that can be spun into a highly programmable yarn .	還有 Bolt Threads── 他們製造了一種酵母, 能生產蜘蛛絲蛋白質, 能被織入可高度程控的紗線當中。
Bolt:n.螺栓; v.狼吞虎咽; v.突然; Threads:n.线; v.穿(针); (thread的第三人称单数和复数) protein:n.蛋白质; spun:adj.纺成的;v.纺(spin的过去分词);旋转; programmable:adj.[计]可编程的;可设计的; yarn:纱线
So think water resistance , stretchability and superstrength .	想想防水性、延展性,以及超級強度。
resistance:n.电阻;抵抗;阻力;抗力; stretchability:n.铺开;紧张;曲解; superstrength:n.特大强度;超高强度;
To reach economies of scale, these kinds of startups are having to build and design and engineer the infrastructure to work with biology.	要達成規模經濟, 這類新創公司得要建立、設計, 並製作出必要的基礎設備, 才能和生物學結合。
startups:n.创业(startup的复数);开办; infrastructure:n.基础设施;公共建设;下部构造;
For example,	比如,
Bolt Threads have had to engage in some extreme biomimicry .	Bolt Threads 得要用到一些很極端的仿生學。
engage:v.吸引,占用;使参加;雇佣;使订婚;预定; extreme:adj.极端的;极度的;偏激的;尽头的;n.极端;末端;最大程度;极端的事物; biomimicry:仿生学;生物模拟;生物仿生;
To be able to spin the product this yeast creates into a yarn, they've engineered a yarn-making machine that mimics the physiological conditions under which spiders ordinarily spin their own silk.	為了要吐出這種酵母在紗線中所創造出的產品, 他們製造了一台造紗線的機器, 它能模仿蜘蛛通常在吐絲時的生理條件。
spin:v.旋转;纺纱;吐丝;纺线;n.头晕;(快速)旋转;常用于英式英语;晕头转向; mimics:v.模仿; n.会模仿的人(或动物); (mimic的第三人称单数和复数) physiological:adj.生理学的,生理的; spiders:n.蜘蛛(spider的复数) ordinarily:adv.通常地;一般地;
So you can start to see how imaginative and inspiring modes of making exist in nature that we can use to build capacity around new bio-based industries.	所以,你們能開始見識到讓我們能夠在
imaginative:adj.虚构的;富于想象的;有创造力的; inspiring:adj.鼓舞人心的;灌输的;v.鼓舞;激发;使感悟;(inspire的现在分词) modes:n.模式(mode的复数形式);方法;分辨率; bio-based:生物型;以生物或生化为基础;生物基;
What we now have is the technology to design, build, test and scale these capabilities.	我們現在擁有的科技可以用來設計、建立、測試、擴大這些能力。
At this present moment, as we face the ecological crisis in front of us, what we have to do is to determine how we're going to build these new material systems so that they don't mirror the damaging legacies of the oil age.	在目前, 我們正在面臨生態危機, 我們要做的事,是去決定我們要如何建造這些新的物質系統, 讓它們不要反映石油時代的破壞性遺留問題。
crisis:n.危机;危险期;决定性时刻;adj.危机的;用于处理危机的; determine:v.决定;确定;测定;查明;形成;影响;裁决;安排;
How we're going to distribute them to ensure a sustainable development that is fair and equitable across the world.	我們要如何分配它們, 都公平、平等的永續發展。
ensure:vt.保证,确保;使安全; sustainable development:可持续发展; equitable:adj.公平的,公正的;平衡法的;
And crucially , how we would like the regulatory and ethical frameworks that govern these technologies to interact with our society.	我們希望有什麼樣的制度和道德架構來管理這些科技與我們社會的互動。
crucially:adv.关键地;至关重要地; regulatory:adj.管理的;控制的;调整的; ethical:adj.伦理的;道德的;凭处方出售的;n.处方药; technologies:n.技术;科技(technology的复数);
Biotechnology is going to touch every part of our lived experience.	生物科技將會觸及我們生活經驗的每一部分。
It is living; it is digital; it is designed, and it can be crafted.	它是活的; 它是數位的; 它是設計出來的,且它能被製作。
This is a material future that we must be bold enough to shape.	這是我們必須要大膽去形塑的物質未來。
bold:adj.大胆的,英勇的;黑体的;厚颜无耻的;险峻的;
Thank you.	謝謝。
(Applause)	（掌聲）

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