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NathanWolfe_2009-_对细菌的广泛研究_
When most people think about the beginnings of AIDS, they're gonna think back to the 1980s. 当大多数人思索艾滋病的起源时, 他们会回想到20世纪80年代。
And certainly, this was the decade in which we discovered AIDS, and the virus that causes it, HIV . 当然,就是在这个十年里,我们发现了艾滋病, 以及导致该病的病毒,艾滋病病毒。
HIV:n.艾滋病病毒;
But in fact this virus crossed over into into humans many decades before, from chimpanzees , where the virus originated , into humans who hunt these apes . 但是事实上,这个病毒在几十年前就已经从黑猩猩身上交叉感染到了人类身上, 病毒在黑猩猩身上首次发现,然后传染到捕猎这些猿类的人类身上。
chimpanzees:n.[脊椎]黑猩猩(chimpanzee的复数); originated:v.起源;发源;创立;创建;发明;(originate的过去式和过去分词) apes:n.[脊椎]猿;猩猩;类人猿(ape的复数);v.模仿;仿效(ape的三单形式);
This photo was taken before the Great Depression in Brazzaville, Congo. 这张照片是大萧条之前, 在刚果的布拉扎维拍摄的。
Depression:n.沮丧;洼地;不景气;忧愁;
At this time, there were thousands of individuals , we think, that were infected with HIV. 那时,有成千上百的人, 在我们看来,是被艾滋病病毒感染的。
individuals:n.[经]个人;[生物]个体(individual的复数); infected:adj.带菌的; v.传染; (infect的过去分词和过去式)
So I have a couple of really important questions for you. 所以我有几个非常重要的问题要问你们。
If this virus was in thousands of individuals at this point, why was it the case that it took us until 1984 to be able to discover this virus? 如果病毒存在于 数千人的体内, 那么为什么直到1984年 我们才发现这个病毒呢？
OK now, more importantly, had we been there in the '40s and '50s, '60s, had we seen this disease , had we understood exactly what was going on with it, how might that have changed and completely transformed the nature of the way this pandemic moved? 现在,更重要的是, 我们生活在20世纪40年代,50年代,还是60年代, 我们看到这个疾病了吗,我们明白 这个病到底是怎么回事吗？我们明白,它是怎样改变, 而且完全改变了流行性疾病的本质吗？
disease:n.病,[医]疾病;弊病;vt.传染;使…有病; transformed:v.使改变形态;使改变外观(或性质);(transform的过去分词和过去式) pandemic:adj.(疾病等)全国流行的;普遍的;n.流行性疾病;
In fact, this is not unique to HIV. The vast majority of viruses come from animals. 事实上,不仅仅是艾滋病病毒。很多的病毒 都来自于动物。
unique:adj.独特的,稀罕的;[数]唯一的;n.独一无二的人或物; majority:n.大部分:大多数:多数票:成年人:
And you can kind of think of this as a pyramid of this bubbling up of viruses from animals into human populations. 你可以想成是病毒的金字塔 依次从动物到人类
bubbling:v.起泡;冒泡;洋溢着(某种感情);(bubble的现在分词)
But only at the very top of this pyramid do these things become completely human. 但是只有在金字塔的最顶端,这些事情才会发生在人类身上。
Nevertheless , we spend the vast majority of of our energy focused on this level of the pyramid, trying to tackle things that are already completely adapted to human beings, 不过,我们花了大量的精力 专注于金字塔的等级 试着处理人类已经完全习惯的事情
Nevertheless:adv.然而,不过;虽然如此;conj.然而,不过; tackle:v.处理; n.用具; adapted:adj.适于…的; v.使适应,使适合; (adapt的过去分词和过去式)
that are going to be very very difficult to address -- as we've seen in the case of HIV. 这些解决起来会非常非常的困难, 就像我们看到的艾滋病病毒一样。
So during the last 15 years, 所以在最近的15年里,
I've been working to actually study the earlier interface here -- what I've labeled " viral chatter ," which was a term coined by my mentor Don Burke . 我一直都在致力于,事实上是研究更早时期的联系 这就是我所称的“病毒谈话者”,这是我的顾问唐.博克 发明的一个用语。
interface:n.接口;人机界面;连接电路;v.连接; labeled:adj.有标签的; v.示踪; (label的过去分词和过去式) viral:adj.滤过性毒菌引起的;滤过性毒菌的; chatter:v.打颤;卡嗒地响;瞎谈;(鸟等)鸣;n.饶舌;卡嗒声;啁啾; mentor:n.指导者,良师益友;vt.指导; Burke:vt.秘密地除去;使人窒息而死;
This is the idea that we can study the sort of pinging of these viruses into human populations, the movement of these agents over into humans, and by capturing this moment, we might be able to move to a situation where we can catch them early. 这个想法就是,我们可以研究 这些病毒是怎么样感染人类, 以及病毒携带者进入人体的过程, 通过捕捉这一瞬间, 我们或许可以追溯到发现病毒的早期。
pinging:v.(使)乒乒作响;发送(电子邮件、手机短信);(ping的现在分词) agents:n.代理人,经纪人;原动力;(agent的复数) capturing:v.俘虏;捕获;攻占;夺得;(capture的现在分词)
OK, so this is a picture, and I'm going to show you some pictures now from the field. 好的,所以这是张照片,我现在要向你们展示 一些这个领域的照片。
This is a picture of a central African hunter. 这是中非捕猎者的一张照片
It's actually a fairly common picture. 其实是很普通的一张照片。
fairly:adv.相当地;公平地;简直;
One of the things I want you to note from it is blood -- that you see a tremendous amount of blood contact . 我想让你们从照片中注意一件事情 就是血,你可以看到有很多的血液接触。
tremendous:adj.极大的,巨大的;惊人的;极好的; contact:n.接触,联系;v.使接触,联系;
This was absolutely key for us. This is a very intimate form of connection. 对我们来说这就是非常之关键。 这是一个非常亲密的接触。
absolutely:adv.绝对地;完全地; intimate:n.知己; v.暗示; adj.亲密的;
So if we're going to study viral chatter, we need to get to these populations who have intensive contact with wild animals. 所以如果我们要研究病毒谈话者,我们就需要 找到和野生动物有密切接触的人群。
intensive:adj.加强的;集中的;透彻的;加强语气的;n.加强器;
And so we've been studying people like this individual. 所以我们就一直在研究有类似这个人的情况的人。
We collect blood from them, other specimens . 我们从他们身上和其他生物身上提取血样。
specimens:n.[试验]试样,[图情]样本(specimen的复数);
We look at the diseases , which are in the animals as well as the humans. 我们对这些在动物和人身上所发生的疾病进行研究。
diseases:n.[医]病(disease的复数);[医]疾病;[植保]病害;疾病种类; as well as:也;和…一样;不但…而且;
And ideally , this is going to allow us to catch these things early on, as they're moving over into human populations. 理想的情况是,这可以让我们在早期就应控制住这个疾病 因为这些疾病会传染到人类身上。
ideally:adv.理想地;观念上地;
And the basic objective of this work is not to just go out once and look at these individuals, but to establish thousands of individuals in these populations that we would monitor continuously on a regular basis. 此项工作最基本的目标不仅仅 是从外部研究这些受感染的人, 而是要在这些人群中建立 数千个个体,这样我们就可以监控 在日常的基础上持续的监控。
objective:n.目标; adj.客观的; establish:v.创立;设立;建立;确立;使立足;查实; continuously:adv.连续不断地;
When they were sick, we would collect specimens from them. 当他们生病时,我们可以从他们身上提取血液样本。
We would actually enlist them -- which we've done now -- to collect specimens from animals. 我们可以将这些样本标做记号 这些我们现在已经完成,在动物身上提取样本。
enlist:vi.支持;从军;应募;赞助;vt.使入伍;征募;谋取…的赞助或帮助;
We give them these little pieces of filter paper. 我们给他们这些小的过滤纸片。
filter:n.滤波器;过滤器;滤光器;滤声器;v.过滤;渗入;(用程序)筛选;缓行;
When they sample from animals, they collect the blood on the filter paper and this allows us to identify yet-unknown viruses from exactly the right animals -- the ones that are actually being hunted. 当他们从动物身上提取样本时, 可以将提取的血液放到滤纸上 这就可以允许我们从特定的动物身上发现未知的病毒, 这些动物实际上是已经被捕获的。
identify:v.识别:鉴定:确认:发现:
(Video): Narrator : Deep in a remote region of Cameroon , two hunters stalk their prey . （视频）:叙事者:深在喀麦隆遥远地区, 两个猎人正在跟踪他们的猎物。
Narrator:n.讲述者;(电视节目中的)幕后解说员;旁白员; remote:adj.偏远的;偏僻的;遥远的;久远的; region:n.地区;范围;部位; Cameroon:n.喀麦隆(西非国名); stalk:n.(植物的)茎,秆;梗,柄;追踪;高视阔步;v.追踪,潜近; prey:n.猎物;受害者;受骗者;v.折磨;掠夺;捕食(on,upon);损害(on,upon);
Their names are Patrice and Patee. 他们的名字是帕特里斯和帕蒂。
They're searching for bush meat -- forest animals they can kill to feed their families. 他们正在寻找非洲野生动物 也就是他们可以杀掉用来喂养自己家庭的森林动物。
bush:n.灌木; v.以灌木装饰; adj.如灌木般长得低矮的;
Patrice and Patee set out most days to go out hunting in the forest around their homes. 帕特里斯和帕蒂几乎每天都整装待发,外出打猎 地点是在他们家周围的森林里。
They have a series of traps , of snares that they've set up to catch wild pigs, snakes, monkeys rodents , anything they can, really. 他们有一系列设计的圈套和陷阱 为了就是捉住野猪、蛇、猴子、 鼠类动物,以及任何他们能捕获的动物。
series:n.系列,连续;[电]串联;级数;丛书; traps:n.陷阱,捕捉器; v.使落入险境; (trap的第三人称单数和复数) snares:n.陷阱;圈套;[外科]勒除器;vt.捕捉;诱惑; rodents:n.啮齿动物,啮齿类;
Patrice and Patee have been out for hours but found nothing. 帕特里斯和帕蒂已经外出几小时了,但是一无所获。
The animals are simply gone. 动物很轻易的就逃跑了。
We stop for a drink of water. 我们停下来喝了点水。
Then there is a rustle in the brush. 然后在草丛里有窸窣的响声。
rustle:vi.发出沙沙声;vt.使…沙沙作响;n.沙沙声;急忙;飒飒声;
A group of hunters approach . 一群猎人走近。
approach:n.方法;路径;v.接近;建议;着手处理;
Their packs loaded with wild game. 他们的包裹里装满了不同的野味。
There's at least three viruses that you know about, which are in this particular monkey. 至少带有三种病毒 是你知道的,这些病毒存在于一种特殊的猴子身上。
Nathan Wolfe: This species , yeah. And there's many many more pathogens that are present in these animals. 内森.沃尔夫:这个物种,是的。有很多很多病原体 都存在于这些动物身上。
species:n.[生物]物种;种类; pathogens:n.[基医]病原体;病原菌;[基医]致病菌;
These individuals are at specific risk, particularly if there's blood contact, they're at risk for transmission and possibly infection with novel viruses. 这些人都处在一种特定的风险之中, 尤其是如果人与动物之间有血液接触,那么人类就有传染的风险 也有可能感染其他的病毒。
specific:adj.特殊的,特定的;明确的;详细的;[药]具有特效的;n.特性;细节;特效药; particularly:adv.特别地,独特地;详细地,具体地;明确地,细致地; transmission:n.传输;传染;播送;发射;广播;传动装置; infection:n.感染;传染;(身体某部位的)感染;传染病; novel:adj.新奇的;异常的;n.小说;
Narrator: As the hunters display their kills, something surprising happens. 叙事者:当捕猎者展示他们的技巧时,一些令人吃惊的事情就发生了。
display:n.显示;炫耀;vt.显示;表现;陈列;vi.[动]作炫耀行为;adj.展览的;陈列用的;
They show us filter paper they've used to collect the animals' blood. 他们向我们展示他们用来提取动物血液的滤纸。
The blood will be tested for zoonotic viruses, part of a program Dr. Wolfe has spent years setting up. 血液将用来检测动物传染性病毒, 沃尔夫博士研究项目的一部分花了几年的时间才建立起来。
zoonotic:adj.动物传染病的;
NW: So this is from this animal right here, 内森.沃尔夫:所以就是从这里的这个动物开始的,
Greater Spot-Nosed Guenon . 也就是大斑鼻猴。
Guenon:[脊椎]长尾猴;
Every person who has one of those filter papers has at least, at a minimum , been through our basic health education about the risks associated with these activities, which presumably , from our perspective , gives them the ability to decrease their own risk, and then obviously the risk to their families, the village, the country, and the world. 每个人都有其中一张过滤纸,这些人至少, 都接受过我们基本的健康教育 知道与这些活动相关的风险, 这可能从我们的观点来看, 能给他们一种降低风险的能力, 也可以降低对家庭的风险, 以及村落、国家和世界的危险。
minimum:n.最低限度;最小值;最少量;极小量;adj.最低的;最小的;最低限度的; associated:adj.有关联的; v.联想; (associate的过去分词和过去式) presumably:adv.大概;推测起来;可假定; perspective:n.观点;远景;透视图;adj.透视的; decrease:v.降低;减少;缩小;减弱;n.减少;减小量;所减少的总量;减缩位置;
NW: OK, before I continue, I think it's important to take just a moment to talk about bushmeat. Bushmeat is the hunting of wild game. 内森.沃尔夫:好,在我继续之前,我觉得很重要的是花些时间 去讨论一下非洲野生动物肉。非洲野生动物肉就是捕获野味。
OK? And you can consider all sorts of different bushmeat. 是吧？你可以考虑多种不同的非洲野生动物肉。
I'm going to be talking about this. 我要讨论的就是这个。
When your children and grandchildren sort of pose questions to you about this period of time, one of the things they're gonna ask you, is how it was they we allowed some of our closest living relatives , some of the most valuable and endangered species on our planet, to go extinct because we weren't able to address some of the issues of poverty in these parts of the world. 当你的孩子、孙子和孙女 整理出一些关于这段时期的问题来问你, 其中有一件他们要问你的事情, 是我们是怎样使这些动物变成自己最亲密的伙伴的, 一些地球上最珍贵和濒临灭绝的种群 将要灭绝,因为我们 不能解决 世界上这些地区的一些贫穷问题。
pose:v.引起; n.装腔作势; (为画像、拍照等摆的)姿势; relatives:n.亲戚;亲属;同类事物;(relative的复数) valuable:adj.有价值的;贵重的;可估价的;n.贵重物品; endangered:v.使遭危险;危及;危害;(endanger的过去分词和过去式) extinct:adj.灭绝的,绝种的;熄灭的;vt.使熄灭; issues:n.重要议题;争论的问题;v.宣布;公布;发出;(issue的第三人称单数和复数) poverty:n.贫困;困难;缺少;低劣;
But in fact that's not the only question they're going to ask you about this. 但是事实上这不是他们要问你关于这个的唯一问题。
They're also going to ask you the question that when we knew that this was the way that HIV entered into the human population, and that other diseases had the potential to enter like this, why did we let these behaviors continue? 他们要问你的问题是 当我们知道这是艾滋病病毒进入 人类的方式时, 知道其他疾病也有可能会进入人体时, 为什么我们要让这些行为继续？
potential:n.潜能;可能性;[电]电势;adj.潜在的;可能的;势的;
Why did we not find some other solution to this? 为什么我们没有找到其他的解决办法呢？
solution:n.解决方案;溶液;溶解;解答;
They're going to say, in regions of profound instability throughout the world, where you have intense poverty, where populations are growing and you don't have sustainable resources like this, this is going to lead to food insecurity . 他们会说,在那些 世界上极其不稳定的地区 人们非常贫穷,人口在不断的增长 而且不会有像这可以继续利用的资源, 这将会导致食品不安全
regions:n.地区;地域;行政区;左近;(region的复数) profound:adj.深厚的;意义深远的;渊博的; instability:n.不稳定(性);基础薄弱;不安定; throughout:adv.自始至终,到处;全部;prep.贯穿,遍及; intense:adj.强烈的;紧张的;非常的;热情的; sustainable:adj.可以忍受的;足可支撑的;养得起的;可持续的; resources:n.[计][环境]资源; v.向…提供资金(resource的第三人称单数); insecurity:n.不安全;不牢靠;无把握;心神不定;
But they're also going to ask you probably a different question. 但是他们也可能会问你一个不同的问题。
It's one that I think we all need to ask ourselves, which is, why we thought the responsibility rested with this individual here. 这是一个我认为我们都需要问自己的问题, 那就是,为什么我们认为这些责任是这里所指的几个人的。
Now this is the individual -- you can see just right up over his right shoulder -- this is the individual that hunted the monkey from the last picture that I showed you. 现在这就是那个人,你可以看到就是那个右肩膀较高的那个 这就是那个捕获猴子的人 在我给你们看过的上一张照片上有他。
OK, take a look at his shirt. 好,现在来看一下他的衬衫。
take a look at:看一看;检查;
You know, take a look at his face. 你知道的,看一下他的脸。
Bushmeat is one of the central crises , which is occurring in our population right now, in humanity , on this planet. 非洲野生动物肉是主要风险之一, 这种风险会马上在我们人类当中发生, 会发生在地球的人类身上。
crises:n.危机,紧要关头;危险期(crisis的复数形式); occurring:n.事件;事故;事变; humanity:n.人类;人道;仁慈;人文学科;
But it can't be the fault of somebody like this. 但是这不是一些像这样人的错误。
OK? And solving it cannot be his responsibility alone. 对吗？解决问题也不是他自己的责任。
There's no easy solutions, but what I'm saying to you is that we neglect this problem at our own peril . 没有简单的解决方法, 但是我要对你们说的是我们忽略了这个问题 才导致危险发生在我们身上。
neglect:v.忽视;忽略;疏忽;疏于照顾;n.忽视;忽略;未被重视; peril:n.危险;冒险;vt.危及;置…于险境;
So, in 1998, along with my mentors 所以在1998年时,我和我的导师们
mentors:n.导师,教练(mentor复数);
Don Burke and Colonel Mpoudi-Ngole, we went to actually start this work in Central Africa, to work with hunters in this part of the world. 唐.伯克以及上校麻破蒂-尼古乐, 我们就开始在中非展开这项工作 与捕猎者一起工作 一起在世界上的这个地方工作
Colonel:n.(陆军、海军陆战队或美国空军)上校;
And my job -- at that time I was a post-doctoral fellow, and I was really tasked with setting this up. 而我的工作,在那时我只是个博士后而已, 我也确实为了这个项目的开展费尽心机。
post-doctoral:adj.博士后的;
So I said to myself, "OK, great -- we're gonna collect all kinds of specimens. We're gonna go to all these different locations . It's going to be wonderful." 所以我对自己说,“好吧,很好 我们要收集所以种群的标本。我们要 去不同的地方。这将是很不错的。”
locations:n.地方;地点;位置;定位(location的复数)
You know, I looked at the map, I picked out 17 sites , 你知道,我看了一下地图,我挑选了17个地点,
sites:n.网站(site的复数);遗址,举办地点;v.使...位于(site的单三形式);
I figured, no problem. 我想,没有问题。
(Laughter) 笑声
Needless to say, I was drastically wrong. 不用说,我大错特错了。
Needless:adj.不必要的,不需要的;多余的,无用的; drastically:adv.彻底地;激烈地;
This is challenging work to do. 这是一项有挑战性的工作
Fortunately , I had and continue to have an absolutely wonderful team of colleagues and collaborators in my own team, and that's the only way that this work can really occur. 幸运的是,我以前拥有,以后也会继续拥有 一支同事和合作者的完美团队, 这也是开展这项工作的唯一办法。
Fortunately:adv.幸运地; colleagues:n.同事;同行(colleague的复数); collaborators:n.[劳经]合作者;投敌者(collaborator的复数);
We have a whole range of challenges about this work. 对此项工作,我们要面临很多挑战。
One of them is just obtaining trust from individuals that we work with in the field. 其中的一个就是 要取得我们与之工作的人们的信任。
obtaining:n.得到,获取;v.得到(obtain的现在分词);
The person you see on the right hand side is Paul DeLong-Minutu. 你看到在你右手边的那个人是保罗.德朗.米奴图。
He's one of the best communicators that I've really ever dealt with. 他是我曾经接触过最好的沟通者之一。
communicators:n.交流者;通讯器(communicator的复数);
When I arrived I didn't speak a word of French, and I still seemed to understand what it was he was saying. 当我到那里时,我不会说法语, 但是我似乎明白他在说什么
Paul worked for years on the Cameroonian national radio and television, and he spoke about health issues. He was a health corespondent . 保罗已经在 喀麦隆国家电台和电视工作好几年, 他谈论的是健康问题。他是一个健康方面的记者。?
corespondent:n.(离婚诉讼中被指控通奸的)共同被告;
So we figured we'd hire this person, when we got there he could be a great communicator. 所以我们就想要请这个人,这样当我们到喀麦隆的时候, 他将会是一个很不错的交流者。
When we would get to these rural villages, though, what we found out is that no one had television, so they wouldn't recognize his face. 当我们到达这些村落的时候,我们却发现 没有人有电视机, 所以他们根本不认识他。
rural:adj.农村的,乡下的;田园的,有乡村风味的; recognize:v.认识;认出;辨别出;承认;意识到;
But -- when he began to speak they would actually recognize his voice from the radio. 但是当他开始说话时 他们就能知道这是电台里的声音。
And this was somebody who had incredible potential to spread aspects of our message, whether it be with regards to wildlife conservation or health prevention . 这里有些人有着不可置信的能力 来传播我们的信息, 不论是野生动物保护 还是健康疾病预防。
incredible:adj.难以置信的,惊人的; aspects:n.方面;相位;面貌(aspect的复数); conservation:n.保存,保持;保护; prevention:n.预防;阻止;妨碍;
Often we run into obstacles . This is us coming back from one of these very rural sites, with specimens from 200 individuals that we needed to get back to the lab within 48 hours. 我们经常会遇到麻烦。这是我们从 其中的一个村落里回来, 带着200个人的血液样本 我们需要将这些标本在48小时之内送回实验室。
obstacles:n.障碍;障碍物;阻碍;(obstacle的复数形式)
I like to show this shot -- this is 我想给大家展示一下,这是
Ubald Tamoufe, who's the lead investigator in our Cameroon site. 阿布德.他莫夫,他是 我们喀麦隆实验基地的主要调查者。
investigator:n.研究者;调查者;侦查员;
Ubald laughs at me when I show this photo because of course you can't see his face. 当我给他看这张照片时,他还朝我大笑 当然你看不到他的脸。
But the reason I like to show the shot is because you can see that he's about to solve this problem. 但是我想展示这张照片的原因就是 因为你可以看到他要解决这个问题。
(Laughter) 笑声
Which -- which he did. Which he did. 这个,这个就是他做的。这个就是他做的。
Just a few quick before and after shots. 就在照之前和照之后的很快的时间里。
This was our laboratory before. 这是我们以前的实验室。
laboratory:n.实验室,研究室;
This is what it looks like now. 这是现在的样子。
Early on, in order to ship our specimens, we had to have dry ice. To get dry ice we had to go to the breweries -- beg, borrow, steal to get these folks to give it to us. 早些时候,为了海运我们的标本, 我们不得不用干冰。为了得到干冰,我们不得不 去酿酒厂,祈求他们借给我们干冰,甚至去偷干冰。
breweries:n.啤酒厂;酿酒厂(brewery的复数);
Now we have our own liquid nitrogen . 现在我们已经有我们自己的液体氮了。
nitrogen:n.氮;氮气;
I like to call our laboratory the coldest place in Central Africa -- it might be. 我喜欢将我们的实验室称作中非最冷的地方,或许它是吧。
And here's a shot of me, this is the before shot of me. 这是我的照片,这是照相之前的我。
(Laughter) 笑声
No comment. 无可奉告。
So what happened? So during the 10 years that we've been doing this work, we actually surprised ourselves. 那么发生什么了？在这10年里,我们一直在做的就是 这项工作,我们实际给我们自己很多惊喜。
We made a number of discoveries. 我们做了很多发现。
And what we've found is that if you look in the right place, you can actually monitor the flow of these viruses into human populations. 我们的发现是,如果你看对了, 你就可以监控 这些病毒向人类传播的流动过程。
That gave us a tremendous amount of hope. 这给了我们很大的希望。
What we've found is a whole range of new viruses in these individuals, including new viruses in the same group as HIV, so, brand new retroviruses . 我们已经发现的是这些人身上一系列的新型病毒, 包括和HIV病毒同种类型的新病毒 所以是全新的反转录病毒。
brand new:adj.崭新的;最近获得的; retroviruses:n.[病毒]逆转录酶病毒(retrovirus的复数);
And let's face it, any new retrovirus in the human population -- it's something we should be aware of. 让我们来看一下,任何存在于人类身上的 反转录病毒,就是我们应该意识到的事情。
It's something we should be following. It's not something that we should be surprised by. 这是我们应该密切关注的事情。 这不是我们应该感到惊讶的事情。
Needless to say in the past these viruses entering into these rural communities might very well have gone extinct. 不用说在过去 侵入这些村落社区的病毒 可能已经销声匿迹了。
communities:n.社区;社会;团体;共有(community的复数)
That's no longer the case. Logging roads provide access to urban areas. 事情已经不是这样子了。伐木道路建设给这些村落提供了进城的的机会。
Logging:n.伐木作业;v.把…载入正式记录;记录;采伐;(log的现在分词) urban:adj.城市的;都市的;城镇的;都市音乐的;
And critically , what happens in central Africa doesn't stay in Central Africa. 发生在中非的事情 不会永远在中非。
critically:adv.精密地;危急地;批评性地;用钻研眼光地;
So, once we discovered that it was really possible that we could actually do this monitoring, we decided to move this from research, to really attempt to phase up to a global monitoring effort. 所以一旦我们发现如果真有这种可能 我们可以做此监控的话 就决定从这项研究继续进行下去, 真正的将全世界的努力融合到一起。
attempt:n.企图,试图;攻击;v.企图,试图;尝试; phase:n.阶段;时期;月相;(月亮的)盈亏;v.分阶段进行;逐步做; global:adj.全球的;总体的;球形的;
Through generous support and partnership scientifically with Google .org and the Skoll Foundation , we were able to start the Global Viral Forecasting Initiative and begin work in four different sites in Africa and Asia. 通过人们大量的支持 和与谷歌公司,史科尔基金会科学的合作, 我们就可以开始进行全球病毒预防行动 然后开始在非洲和亚洲的 四个不同的地点开始工作。
generous:adj.慷慨的,大方的;宽宏大量的;有雅量的; partnership:n.合伙;[经管]合伙企业;合作关系;合伙契约; scientifically:adv.系统地;合乎科学地;学问上; Google:谷歌;谷歌搜索引擎; Foundation:n.基础;地基;基金会;根据;创立; Forecasting:n.预测;v.预言;作预告(forecast的ing形式); Initiative:n.倡议;主动性;积极性;主动权;adj.起始的;
Needless to say, different populations from different parts of the world have different sorts of contact. 不用说,世界不同地方的不同人群 都有不同程度的接触。
So it's not just hunters in Central Africa. 所以不仅仅是中非的捕猎人。
It's also working in live animal markets -- these wet markets -- which is exactly the place where 这也可以在活动物市场进行, 这些市场就是亚洲SARS病毒
SARS emerged in Asia. 出现的那个地方。
emerged:v.(从隐蔽处或暗处)出现;暴露;露出真相;显现;(emerge的过去分词和过去式)
But really, this is just the beginning from our perspective. 但是这就是我们目标的开始。
Our objective right now, in addition to deploying to these sites and getting everything moving, is to identify new partners because we feel like this effort needs to be extended 我们现在的目标,除了 利用这些基地,并开始着手开始一切工作, 就是找到新的合作者, 因为我们感觉我们对病毒热点问题的努力需要进一步延伸
in addition to:除…之外; deploying:v.部署,调度(军队或武器);有效地利用;调动;(deploy的现在分词) extended:adj.延长了的;扩展了的;v.使伸长;扩大;扩展;(extend的过去式和过去分词)
to probably 20 or more sites throughout the world -- to viral hotspots -- because really the idea here is to cast an incredibly wide net, so that we can catch these things, ideally, before they make it to blood banks, sexual networks, airplanes . And that's really our objective. 到世界上大约20个或超过20个基地 因为这个想法真的就可以建立起一张难以置信的巨大的网络, 这样,理想上来说,我们就可以捕捉到这些信息, 之后血液就可以转到血库, 性网络,以及飞机上。这才是我们的目标。
hotspots:n.热点(hotspot的复数);麻烦地点,热点地区; incredibly:adv.难以置信地;非常地; sexual:adj.性的;性别的;有性的; airplanes:n.(美)[航]飞机(airplane的复数);
There was a time not very long ago when the discovery of unknown organisms was something that held incredible awe for us. 有不长的一段时间, 我们发现了一种未知的生物 这是一种让我们非常害怕的东西。
organisms:n.[生物]生物体(organism的复数);[生物]有机体; awe:vt.使敬畏;使畏怯;n.敬畏;
It had potential to really change the way that we saw ourselves, and thought about ourselves. 它确实改变了我们看待自己的方式, 让我们思考一下自己。
Many people, I think, on our planet right now, despair , and they think we've reached a point where we've discovered most of the things. 我觉得现在地球上的很多人 都很绝望,他们认为 我们已经达到了发现大多数东西的地步。
despair:v.绝望;失去希望;丧失信心;n.绝望;
I'm going tell you right now: please don't despair. 我现在可以告诉你:请不要绝望。
If an intelligent extra-terresterial was taxed with writing the encyclopedia of life on our planet, 27 out of 30 of these volumes would be devoted to bacteria and virus, with just a few of the volumes left for plants, fungus and animals -- humans being a footnote -- interesting footnote but a footnote nonetheless . 如果一个聪明的天外来客 因在我们地球上编写生活的大百科全书而被收税的话, 30卷中会有27卷 讲述细菌和病毒, 只有很少的几卷 讲述植物,真菌和动物 人类的内容只是补充说明而已 这会是一个很有趣的脚注,但是仅此而已。
intelligent:adj.有才智的;悟性强的;聪明的;有智力的 encyclopedia:n.百科全书(亦是encyclopaedia); volumes:n.卷;体积;容积;大量;(volumes是volume的复数) devoted:adj.专心致志; v.献身; (devote的过去分词和过去式) bacteria:n.[微]细菌; fungus:n.真菌,霉菌;菌类; footnote:n.脚注;补充说明;vt.给…作脚注;在脚注里评议; nonetheless:adv.尽管如此,但是;
This is honestly the most exciting period ever for the study of unknown lifeforms on our planet. 老实说,这将是最令人兴奋的时代 因为这是关于我们地球上未知生活方式的探索和研究。
The dominant things that exist here we know almost nothing about. 对于这种已经存在的占我们生活主导地位的事情 我们几乎什么也不知道。
dominant:adj.显性的;占优势的;支配的,统治的;n.显性;
And yet finally , we have the tools, which will allow us to actually explore that world and understand them. 最后我们有工具可以让我们真正的去探索世界 认知世界。
finally:adv.终于;最终;(用于列举)最后;彻底地; explore:v.探索:探测:探险:
Thank you very much. 非常感谢
(Applause) 掌声