返回首页

NaokoIshii_2017G-_保护地球的经济案例_
Good evening, everyone. 各位,晚安。
I am from Japan, so I'd like to start with a story about Japanese fishing villages. 我來自日本, 我想用一個關於日本漁村的 故事來當開頭。
In the past, every fisherman was tempted to catch as many as fish as possible, but if everybody did that, the fish, common shared resource in the community , would disappear . 在過去,每位漁民都想要 盡可能抓到越多魚越好, 但,如果每個人都如此, 魚,社區所共享的資源,就會消失。
tempted:adj.想做…的; v.引诱; (tempt的过去分词和过去式) resource:n.资源;资料;才智;财力;v.向…提供资金(或设备); community:n.社区;[生态]群落;共同体;团体; disappear:v.消失;失踪;不复存在;
The result would be hardship and poverty for everyone. 結果就是每個人都艱困又貧窮。
hardship:n.艰难;困苦;拮据; poverty:n.贫困;困难;缺少;低劣;
This happened in some cases, but it did not happen in other cases. 在一些案例中有發生這樣的現象, 但在其他案例中卻沒有。
In these communities , the fishermen developed a kind of social contract that told each one of them to hold back a bit to prevent overfishing . 在這些社區中, 漁民發展出了一種社會契約, 叫每一個人都稍稍退一步, 來預防過度捕撈。
communities:n.社区;社会;团体;共有(community的复数) social contract:n.社会契约; hold back:n.滞留; overfishing:n.渔捞过度;vt.过度捕捞(overfish的现在分词);
The fisherman would keep an eye on each other. 漁民們會監視彼此。
keep an eye on:v.照看;留意;密切注视;
There would be a penalty if you were caught cheating. 如果你作弊被逮到,會受到處罰。
penalty:n.罚款,罚金;处罚;
But once the benefit of a social contract became clear to everyone, the incentive to cheat dramatically dropped. 但,一旦每個人都清楚了 社會契約的益處, 作弊的動機就大幅下降了。
incentive:n.动机;刺激;adj.激励的;刺激的; dramatically:adv.戏剧地;引人注目地;adv.显著地,剧烈地;
We find the same story around the world. 我們在全世界都能找到同樣的故事。
This is how villagers in medieval Europe managed pasture and forests. 中世紀歐洲的村民就是這樣 管理牧草和森林的。
medieval:adj.中世纪的;原始的;仿中世纪的;老式的; pasture:n.草地;牧场;牧草;v.放牧;吃草;
This is how communities in Asia managed water, and this is how indigenous peoples in the Amazon managed wildlife. 亞洲的社區就是這樣管理水的, 亞馬遜原住民就是 這樣管理野生動物的。
indigenous:adj.本土的;土著的;国产的;固有的; Amazon:亚马逊;古希腊女战士;
These communities realized they relied on a finite , shared resource. 這些社區了解他們要 仰賴有限的共享資源。
relied:v.依赖;依靠;信赖;信任;(rely的过去分词和过去式) finite:adj.有限的;限定的;n.有限之物;
They developed rules and practices on how to manage those resources , and they changed their behavior so that they could continue to rely on those shared resources tomorrow by not overfishing, not overgrazing , not polluting or depleting water streams today. 對於如何管理那些資源, 他們發展出了規則和慣例, 且他們改變了他們的行為, 這樣他們明天才能 繼續仰賴那些共享資源, 他們的做法就是不要過度捕撈、 不要過度放牧、 不要污染或在今天就用盡水流。
resources:n.[计][环境]资源; v.向…提供资金(resource的第三人称单数); rely:vi.依靠;信赖; overgrazing:v.过度放牧(overgraze的现在分词); depleting:v.用尽,耗尽;使减少(deplete的ing形式);
This is a story of the commons, and also how to avoid the so-called tragedy of the commons. 這是個公有物的故事, 也是個關於如何避免所謂的 公有物悲劇的故事。
so-called:adj.所谓的;号称的; tragedy:n.悲惨的事;不幸;灾难;悲剧作品;
But this is also a story of an economy that was mainly local, where everybody had a very strong sense of belonging. 但這個故事也談到一個主要為 地方性的經濟體, 在這個經濟體中, 人人都有很強的歸屬感。
economy:n.经济;节约;理财; mainly:adv.大多;大部分;主要地;首要地;
Our economies are no longer local. 我們的經濟體已經 不再是地方性的了。
economies:n.经济;经济结构;节约;(economy的复数)
When we moved away from being local, we started to lose our connection to the commons. 當我們遠離了地方性, 我們就開始失去和公有物的連結。
We carried economic objectives , goals and systems beyond the local, but we did not carry the notion of taking care of the commons. 我們把經濟方針、目標, 以及體制帶到地方性之外, 但我們並沒有把如何照顧 公有物的想法一起帶著。
economic:adj.经济的,经济上的;经济学的; objectives:n.目的(objective的复数形式);目标;宗旨; notion:n.观念;信念;理解;
So our oceans, forests, once very close to us as our local commons, moved very far away from us. 所以,我們的海洋、森林, 這些曾經和我們非常靠近的公有物 遠離了我們。
So today, we pump millions of tons of greenhouse gases into the air, we dump plastics, fertilizers and industrial waste into the rivers and oceans, and we cut down forests that absorb CO2. 所以,現今,我們把數百萬噸的 溫室氣體排入空氣中, 我們丟棄塑膠、肥料, 以及工業廢料, 丟入河流和海洋中, 我們砍伐吸收二氧化碳的森林。
pump:n.抽水机;泵;打气筒;v.用泵输送;涌出;奔流;快速摇动; greenhouse:n.温室;暖房; dump:v.倾倒;抛售;抛弃;转存;n.垃圾场;转储;转存;废物堆; fertilizers:n.[肥料]肥料(fertilizer的复数形式);化肥;底肥; industrial:adj.工业的,产业的; n.工业股票; absorb:v.吸收;使并入;吞并;同化;理解;吸收;耗费;承受;
We make the wild biodiversity much more fragile . 我們讓野生生物多樣性變得更脆弱。
biodiversity:n.生物多样性; fragile:adj.脆的;易碎的;
We seem to have totally forgotten that there is such a thing as global commons: air, water, forests and biodiversity. 我們似乎完全忘記了 所一種叫做全球公有物的東西: 空氣、水、森林、生物多樣性。
global:adj.全球的;总体的;球形的;
Now, it is modern science that reminds us how vital the global commons are. 現在,是現代科學 在提醒我們全球公有物有多麼重要。
reminds:v.提醒;使想起;(remind的第三人称单数) vital:adj.至关重要的;生死攸关的;有活力的;
In 2009, a group of scientists proposed how to assess the health of the global commons. 2009 年,一群科學家提出 評估全球公有物之健康的方法。
proposed:adj.建议的;推荐的;v.提议;建议;计划;求婚;(propose的过去分词和过去式) assess:vt.评定;估价;对…征税;
They defined nine planetary boundaries vital to our survival , then they measured how far we could go before we cross over the tipping points or thresholds that would lead us to the irreversible or even catastrophic change. 他們定義了對於我們生存 很關鍵的九項地球限度, 他們測量我們走了多遠 就會跨越引爆點或門檻值, 引領我們到無法逆轉或 甚至災難性的改變。
defined:adj.有定义的,确定的; v.使明确; planetary:adj.行星的; boundaries:n.边界;分界线;(boundary的复数) survival:n.幸存,残存;幸存者,残存物; measured:adj.缓慢谨慎的; v.测量; (measure的过去分词和过去式) tipping:n.倾卸台;adj.倾翻的;倾卸的;v.使倾斜;轻拍;踮起脚走(tip的现在分词); thresholds:n.阈值;[建]门槛;临界值值(threshold的复数); irreversible:adj.不可逆的;不能取消的;不能翻转的; catastrophic:adj.灾难的;悲惨的;灾难性的,毁灭性的;
This is where we were in the 1950s. 這是我們 1950 年代時的狀況。
We broadly remained within safe operating space, marked by the green line. 我們大體上都維持在 安全的運作空間中, 這空間用綠線標記。
broadly:adv.明显地;宽广地;概括地;露骨地;粗鄙地;
But look at where we are now. 但看看我們現在的狀況。
We have crossed four of those boundaries, and we will be crossing others in the future. 我們已經跨越了其中四項限度, 且未來我們還會跨越其他的。
How did we end up in this situation? 我們是怎麼落到這種下場的？
Well, my personal story may tell us something. 我的個人故事可能 可以給我們一點資訊。
personal:adj.个人的;身体的;亲自的;n.人事消息栏;人称代名词;
Five years ago, I was appointed as CEO of the GEF, Global Environment Facility , but I am not a conservationist or an environmental activist . 五年前,我被指派為 全球環境基金（GEF）的執行長, 但我不是天然資源保護論者, 也不是環境保護激進份子。
appointed:adj.(时间)指定的,约定的; v.任命; (appoint的过去分词和过去式) Facility:n.设施;设备;特别装置;特色;场所;天资; conservationist:n.自然资源保护论者; activist:n.积极分子;激进主义分子;
I am an economist, and for the last 30 years, 我是經濟學家, 過去三十年來,
I had worked for public finance in my home country and around the world. 我在我的祖國以及全世界 做公共財政相關的工作。
finance:n.财政,财政学;金融;v.负担经费,供给…经费;
I can tell you one thing for sure: during these 30 years, the notion of the global commons never crossed my mind. 我可以肯定地告訴各位一件事: 在這三十年間, 我從來沒有想過 全球公有物這個概念。
I didn't have a single conversation about the global commons with my colleagues . 我完全沒有和同事談過 任何關於全球公有物的事,
colleagues:n.同事;同行(colleague的复数);
This tells me that the notion of the global commons was not really entering into the big money decisions like state budgets or investment plans. 這告訴我,全球公有物的概念 並沒有真的在牽扯大錢的決策中, 比如州預算或 投資計畫中,被考量到。
budgets:n.[财政]预算(budget复数形式);v.为…做预算(budget的第三人称单数形式); investment:n.投资;投入;封锁;
And I'm wondering, why do we have this sheer ignorance about the global commons, including me, myself? 我很納悶,為什麼我們會完全忽視 全球公有物？ 連我自己都不例外。
sheer:adj.纯; v.十足地; n.透明薄纱; v.[航海](使)偏航; (使)转向; ignorance:n.无知,愚昧;不知,不懂;
One possible explanation might be that until recently , it didn't really matter too much. 一種可能的解釋是, 在最近之前,這都不是太要緊的事。
recently:adv.最近;新近;
Even if we mess up some part of the environment, we were not fundamentally changing the functions of the earth system. 即使我們亂搞某部分的環境, 基本上我們並未改變 地球系統的功能。
mess:n.混乱;餐厅;杂乱;肮脏;v.使不整洁;弄脏;弄乱;随地便溺; fundamentally:adv.从根本上;基础地;重要地
The global commons had still enough capacity to take the punches we gave them. 全球公有物過去仍然 有能力承受我們的行為。
capacity:n.能力;容量;资格,地位;生产力; punches:v.用拳猛击(punch的第三人称单数形式); n.一拳(punch的复数);
In fact, the fish were still plentiful , the fields for grazing were still vast. 事實上,魚類還很充足, 放牧的原野還很廣大。
plentiful:adj.丰富的;许多的;丰饶的;
Our mistake was to assume that the capacity of the earth for self-repair had no limits. 我們的錯誤是去假設 地球的自我修復能力沒有極限。
assume:v.承担;假定;采取;呈现; self-repair:n.自行修复;
It does have limits. 極限是存在的。
The message from the science is very clear: we humans have become an overwhelming force to determine the future living conditions on earth, and what's more, we are running out of time. 來自科學的訊息非常清楚: 我們人類已經變成了 一股壓倒性的力量, 會決定未來地球上的居住條件, 此外,我們快要沒有時間了。
overwhelming:adj.势不可挡的; v.压倒; (overwhelm的现在分词) determine:v.决定;确定;测定;查明;形成;影响;裁决;安排;
If we don't act on them, we will be losing the global commons. 如果我們不為此採取行動, 我們將會失去全球公有物。
It's only our generation who are able to preserve it -- preserve the commons as we know them. 只有我們這個世代能夠保存它們── 保存我們所認識的公有物。
preserve:vt.保存;保护;维持;腌;禁猎;n.保护区;禁猎地;加工成的食品;
Now is the time we start managing the global commons as our parents or our grandparents managed their local commons. 該是我們開始管理 全球公有物的時候了, 就像我們的父母和祖父母管理 他們的地方性公有物一樣。
The first thing we need to do is to simply recognize that we do have the global commons and they are very, very important. 我們需要做的第一件事, 就是承認我們確實有全球公有物, 且它們非常非常重要。
recognize:v.认识;认出;辨别出;承认;意识到;
Then we need to build the stewardship of the global commons into all of our thinking, our business, our economy, our policy-making -- in all of our actions. 接著我們得要建立對 全球公有物的管理職責, 建在所有人的思想中、 事業中、經濟中、 政策制訂中── 我們所有的行為中。
stewardship:n.管理工作;管事人的职位及职责; policy-making:adj.决策的;决策性质的;n.决策;
We need to recreate the social contract of the fishing villages on the global scale . 我們得要重新創造出 漁村型社會契約, 擴張到全球規模版本。
recreate:vt.再现;再创造 scale:n.规模;比例;鳞;刻度;天平;数值范围;v.衡量;攀登;剥落;生水垢;
But what does it mean in practice ? 但,在實際面上,這是什麼意思？
in practice:在实践中;实际上,事实上;
Where to start with? 要從何處下手？
I see there are four key economic systems that fundamentally need to change. 我認為,有四項關鍵的經濟系統 在根本上需要被改變。
First, we need to change our cities. 第一,我們得要改變我們的城市。
By 2050, two thirds of our population will live in cities. 到 2050 年時,我們的人口 會有三分之二住在城市中。
We need green cities. 我們得要綠化城市。
Second, we need to change our energy system. 第二,我們得要改變 我們的能源系統。
The world economy must sharply decarbonize , essentially in one generation. 世界經濟必須要明確地去碳, 基本上,在一個世代就要完成。
sharply:adv.急剧地;锐利地; decarbonize:vt.除去碳素;脱去…的碳(等于decarburize); essentially:adv.本质上;本来;
Third, we need to change our production-consumption system. 第三,我們得要改變 我們的生產—消費系統。
We need to break away from current take-make-waste consumption patterns. 我們得要脫離目前的 「取用—生產—丟棄」消費模式。
consumption:n.消费;消耗;肺痨;
And finally , we need to change our food system, what to eat and how to produce it. 最後,我們得要改變 我們的食物系統, 吃什麼,以及如何生產它。
finally:adv.终于;最终;(用于列举)最后;彻底地;
And all of those four systems are putting enormous pressure on the global commons, and it's also very difficult to flip them. 所有這四個系統 對全球公有物產生了很大的壓力, 且要翻轉它們是非常困難的。
enormous:adj.庞大的,巨大的;凶暴的,极恶的; flip:n.浏览;空翻;轻抛;捻掷;v.迅速翻动;按(开关);按(按钮);开(或关)(机器等);
They are extremely complex , with many decision-makers, actors involved . 它們極度複雜, 涉及到許多決策者和行為者。
extremely:adv.非常,极其;极端地; complex:adj.复杂的;合成的;n.复合体;综合设施; involved:adj.有关的; v.涉及; (involve的过去式和过去分词)
Let's take the example of the food system. 我們用食物系統來當例子。
Food production is currently responsible for one quarter of greenhouse gas emissions . 目前,食物生產造成了 四分之一的溫室氣體排放。
currently:adv.当前;一般地; responsible:adj.负责的,可靠的;有责任的; greenhouse gas:n.温室气体(尤指二氧化碳); emissions:n.(光、热、气等的)发出,排放;排放物;散发物;(emission的复数)
It is also a main user of the world's water resources. 它也是世界水資源的主要使用者。
In fact, 70 percent of today's water is used to grow crops. 事實上,現今有 70% 的水 都被用來種植作物。
Vast areas of tropical forest are used for agriculture. 很大區域的熱帶森林被用在農業上。
tropical:adj.热带的;热情的;酷热的;
This deforestation drives extinction . 森林砍伐造成了絕種。
deforestation:n.采伐森林;森林开伐; extinction:n.绝种;
In fact, we are losing species 1,000 times faster than the natural rate. 事實上,我們失去物種的速度, 比自然的速度要快上一千倍。
species:n.[生物]物种;种类;
And on top of all of that bad news, one third of food produced today globally is not eaten. 除了那些壞消息之外, 現今全球所生產的食物, 有三分之一都沒被食用。
It's wasted. 它們被浪費掉了。
But there is the good news, good signs. 但,也有好消息, 好徵兆。
Coalitions of stakeholders are now coming together to try to transform the food system with one shared goal: how to produce enough healthy food for everyone, at the same time , to try to cut, to sharply reduce, the footprint from the food system on the global commons. 利害關係人的聯盟 現在集結在一起, 試圖改善食物系統, 他們有一個共同目標: 如何生產出足夠 每個人吃的健康食物, 同時,還要試圖縮減、大大降低 食物系統在全球公有物上的足跡。
Coalitions:n.联合;结盟(coalition的复数); stakeholders:n.利益相关者;赌款保存人(stakeholder的复数); transform:v.使改变;使改观;使转换;n.[数]变换式;[化]反式; at the same time:同时;另一方面;与此同时; footprint:n.足迹;脚印;
I had an opportunity to fly over the Indonesian island of Sumatra , and I saw with my own eyes the massive deforestation to make room for palm oil plantations . 我有個機會, 飛過蘇門達臘島的印尼島嶼, 我親眼看見嚴重的森林砍伐, 為了棕櫚油騰出種植空間。 為了棕櫚油騰出種植空間。
Indonesian:n.印尼人;印尼语群;印度尼西亚语;adj.印尼的; Sumatra:n.[气象]苏门答腊岛(印尼西部的大岛); massive:adj.大量的;巨大的,厚重的;魁伟的; make room for:让出地方给…,为…腾出空位; palm:n.手掌;手心;棕榈树;v.把…藏在手中(尤指玩戏法); plantations:n.[农]种植园(plantation的复数形式);
By the way , palm oil is included in thousands of food products we eat every day. 順道一提,數以千計的 食物產品都含有棕櫚油, 我們每天都在吃。
By the way:顺便说一下;
The global demand for palm oil is just increasing. 全球對於棕櫚油的需求在增加,
In Sumatra, I met smallholder farmers who need to make a day-to-day living from growing oil palm. 在蘇門達臘島,我會見了小佃農, 他們需要種植棕櫚樹來維生。
smallholder:n.小农;小佃农; day-to-day:adj.日常的;逐日的;
I met global food companies, financial institutions and local government officials. 我會見了全球食物公司、 金融機構, 以及地方政府官員。
financial:adj.金融的;财政的,财务的; institutions:n.机构;慈善机构;风俗习惯,制度;(institution的复数) local government:n.地方自治;地方政府(机构);
All of them told me that they can't make the change by themselves, and only by working together under a kind of new contract, or a new practice, do they have a chance to protect tropical forests. 所有人都告訴我, 他們無法靠自己造成改變, 只有透過在某種新契約或新做法之下 進行合作, 他們才有機會保護熱帶森林。
So it's so encouraging to see, at least for the last few years, this new coalition among these committed actors along the supply chain come together to try to transform the food system. 很讓人振奮的是, 至少在過去幾年間, 在供應鏈上這些盡心盡力的 行為者當中,這個新聯盟 能集結在一起,試圖改善食物系統。
committed:adj.坚信的; v.做出错事; (commit的过去分词和过去式) supply chain:n.供应链;
In fact, what they are trying to do is to create a new kind of social contract to manage the global commons. 事實上,他們試著在做的事, 是創造出一種新的社會契約, 來管理全球公有物。
All changes start at home, at your place and at my place. 所有的改變都始於家中, 始於你的地方和我的地方。
At GEF, Global Environment Facility, we have now a new strategy , and we put the global commons at its center. 在全球環境基金（GEF）, 我們現在有一項新策略, 我們把全球公有物 放在策略的中心位置。
strategy:n.策略;行动计划;部署;战略;
I hope we won't be the only ones. 我希望不會只有我們在做。
If everybody stays on the sidelines , waiting for others to step in, the global commons will continue to deteriorate , and everybody will be much worse off. 如果每個人都待在界線邊, 等其他人踏入界線內, 那麼全球公有物將會持續惡化, 每個人都會過得更糟許多。
on the sidelines:当旁观者,不直接参加; deteriorate:vi.恶化,变坏;vt.恶化;
We need to save ourselves from the tragedy of the commons. 我們得要拯救我們自己, 不要讓公有物悲劇發生。
So, I invite all of you to embrace the global commons. 所以,我邀請在座所有人, 擁抱全球公有物。
embrace:n.拥抱,怀抱;v.拥抱;乐意采纳(思想、建议等);信奉;包括;
Please do remember that global commons do exist and are waiting for your stewardship. 請切記,全球公有物確實存在, 它們正在等著你們來管理。
We all share one planet in common. 地球是我們所共有的。
We breathe the same air, we drink the same water, we depend on the same oceans, forests, and biodiversity. 我們呼吸相同的空氣, 我們喝相同的水, 我們依賴同樣的海洋、 森林,以及生物多樣性。
There is no space left on earth for egoism . 地球上已經沒有容納 自我主義的空間了。
egoism:n.利己主义,自我主义;
The global commons must be kept within their safe operating space, and we can only do it together. 全球公有物必須要被保留在 它們的安全運作空間中, 我們只有同心協力才能辦得到。
Thank you so much. 非常謝謝。
(Applause) （掌聲）