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NandanNilekani_2009-_谈印度的未来_
Let me talk about India through the evolution of ideas. 下面我来介绍一下印度 以及印度人们观念的演变
evolution:n.演变;进化;发展;渐进;
Now I believe this is an interesting way of looking at it because in every society, especially an open democratic society, it's only when ideas take root that things change. 我觉得这是个很有意思的角度 因为在每个社会中,尤其是开放的民主社会里 只有观念树立之后,现实才能得以改变
especially:adv.尤其;特别;格外;十分; democratic:adj.民主的;民主政治的;大众的;
Slowly ideas lead to ideology , lead to policies that lead to actions. 观念逐渐演变成意识形态 然后出台相应政策,并最终付诸实践
ideology:n.意识形态;思想意识;观念学; policies:n.政策;方针;原则;为人之道;保险单(policy的复数)
In 1930 this country went through a Great Depression , which led to all the ideas of the state and social security , and all the other things that happened in Roosevelt's time. 1930年,美国经历大萧条时期 产生了有关国家社会安全问题的各种观点 并促进了罗斯福执政期间其他事件的发生
Depression:n.沮丧;洼地;不景气;忧愁; social security:n.社会保障金(政府定期向贫穷、失业、患病等人发放);
In the 1980s we had the Reagan revolution , which lead to deregulation . 20世纪80年代的里根革命,放松了政府管制
revolution:n.革命;旋转;运行;循环; deregulation:n.违反规定,反常;撤消管制规定;
And today, after the global economic crisis , there was a whole new set of rules about how the state should intervene . 如今,全球经济危机的爆发 引发了新规则的产生 重新探讨国家应该如何执政
global:adj.全球的;总体的;球形的; economic:adj.经济的,经济上的;经济学的; crisis:n.危机;危险期;决定性时刻;adj.危机的;用于处理危机的; intervene:vi.干涉;调停;插入;
So ideas change states. 所以说,观念改变国家
And I looked at India and said, really there are four kinds of ideas which really make an impact on India. 我们再来看印度 四种观念对印度 产生着巨大的影响
impact:n.影响;效果;碰撞;冲击力;v.挤入,压紧;撞击;对…产生影响;
The first, to my mind, is what I call as the "ideas that have arrived." 第一种,在我看来 是被我称为“已发生”的观念
These ideas have brought together something which has made India happen the way it is today. 这些观念产生的影响 造就了今天的印度
The second set of ideas I call "ideas in progress." 第二种观念,我把它们称为“进行中”的观念
Those are ideas which have been accepted but not implemented yet. 这些观念已经被人们接受 但尚未付诸实践
implemented:v.使生效;贯彻;执行;实施;(implement的过去式和过去分词)
The third set of ideas are what I call as "ideas that we argue about" -- ideas where we have a fight, an ideological battle about how to do things. 第三种观念,我把它们称为 “探讨中”的观念 我们对这些观念进行争论 争论在现实中是否应当实施这些观念
ideological:adj.思想的;意识形态的;
And the fourth thing, which I believe is most important, "ideas that we need to anticipate ." 第四种观念,也是我认为最重要的观念 是“我们有必要预先考虑到”的观念
anticipate:v.预期,期望;占先,抢先;提前使用;
Because when you are a developing country in the world where you can see the problems that other countries are having, you can actually anticipate what that did and do things very differently. 因为作为一个发展中国家 我们看着世界其他国家正在面临的问题 由此可以事先预见到 问题将产生的后果 并调整工作方式来避免这些问题
Now in India's case I believe there are six ideas which are responsible for where it has come today. 对印度来说,我认为有六种观念 造就了今天的印度
responsible:adj.负责的,可靠的;有责任的;
The first is really the notion of people. 第一个是对“人民”这一概念的理解
notion:n.观念;信念;理解;
In the '60s and '70s we thought of people as a burden . 在六七十年代 “人民”对我们来说是一种压力
burden:n.负担;责任;船的载货量;v.使负担;烦扰;装货于;
We thought of people as a liability . 是一种负担
liability:n.责任;债务;倾向;可能性;不利因素;
Today we talk of people as an asset . 如今,“人民”对我们来说是一种资本
asset:n.资产;优点;有用的东西;有利条件;财产;有价值的人或物;
We talk of people as human capital. “人民”对我们来说是一种人力资源
And I believe that this change in the mindset of looking at people as something of a burden, to human capital, has been one of the fundamental changes in the Indian mindset. 我相信,这种心态上的转变 这种“人民”由负担 向人力资源的转变 可以说是印度人民思想上最根本的改变
mindset:n.心态;倾向;习惯;精神状态; fundamental:n.基础; adj.十分重大的;
And this change in thinking of human capital is linked to the fact that India is going through a demographic dividend . 人力资源这一概念的转变 体现在现实生活中 就是印度正在享有的人口红利
demographic:adj.人口统计学的;人口学的; dividend:n.红利;股息;[数]被除数;奖金;
As healthcare improves , as infant mortality goes down, fertility rates start dropping. And India is experiencing that. 随着医疗体系的完善 婴儿死亡率的下降 生育率开始降低。印度所处的正是这一阶段
healthcare:n.医疗保健;健康护理,健康服务;卫生保健; improves:v.改进;改善;(improve的第三人称单数) infant:n.婴儿;幼儿;未成年人;adj.婴儿的;幼稚的;初期的;未成年的; mortality:n.死亡数,死亡率;必死性,必死的命运; fertility:n.多产;肥沃;[农经]生产力;丰饶;
India is going to have a lot of young people with a demographic dividend for the next 30 years. 印度会有很多 高人口红利的年轻人 出现在接下来的三十年里
What is unique about this demographic dividend is that India will be the only country in the world to have this demographic dividend. 这种人口红利的独特之处在于 印度将成为世界上唯一一个 拥有人口红利的国家
unique:adj.独特的,稀罕的;[数]唯一的;n.独一无二的人或物;
In other words, it will be the only young country in an aging world. 也就是说,印度将成为全球老龄化的趋势下唯一一个年轻国家
And this is very important. At the same time if you peel away the demographic dividend in India there are actually two demographic curves . 这是非常重要的一点。 另外 我们剖析印度人口红利的特点 就会发现存在着两个人口曲线
At the same time:同时;另一方面;与此同时; curves:n.曲线; v.(使)沿曲线运动; (curve的第三人称单数和复数)
One is in the south and in the west of India, which is already going to be fully expensed by 2015 because in that part of the country, the fertility rate is almost equal to that of a West-European country. 一个在印度南部和西部 2015年将达到最高峰 因为该地区的生育率 已与西欧国家基本持平
expensed:n.损失,代价;消费;开支;vt.向…收取费用;vi.被花掉;
Then there is the whole northern India, which is going to be the bulk of the future demographic dividend. 另外一个在印度北部 它将成为未来人口红利的主体
bulk:n.大部分;主体;(大)体积;大(量);v.扩展;增大;堆积起来;形成大块;
But a demographic dividend is only as good as the investment in your human capital. 但这些人口红利 就像人力资源的投资一样
investment:n.投资;投入;封锁;
Only if the people have education, they have good health, they have infrastructure , they have roads to go to work, they have lights to study at night -- only in those cases can you really get the benefit of a demographic dividend. 只有当人们接受良好教育 身体健康,基础设施完善 当他们上班道路畅通,夜晚学习灯火通明时 只有在这些情况下,人们才能够受惠 才能够从人口红利中受益
infrastructure:n.基础设施;公共建设;下部构造;
In other words, if you don't really invest in the human capital, the same demographic dividend can be a demographic disaster . 换句话说,如果我们不对这些人口红利进行投入 同样的人口红利 有可能就变成人口祸患了
disaster:n.灾难,灾祸;不幸;
Therefore India is at a critical point where either it can leverage its demographic dividend or it can lead to a demographic disaster. 因此,印度现在正处在关键的时候 假如不是推动促进其人口红利 就会走上人口祸患的道路
critical:adj.鉴定的;[核]临界的;批评的,爱挑剔的;危险的;决定性的;评论的; leverage:n.影响力;杠杆作用;杠杆效力;v.举债经营;借贷收购;
The second thing in India has been the change in the role of entrepreneurs . 第二点 印度改变了 对于企业家的定义
entrepreneurs:n.企业家;(entrepreneur的复数)
When India got independence entrepreneurs were seen as a bad lot, as people who would exploit . 印度刚独立时 企业家被看作是 一群剥削人民的败类
independence:n.独立;独立性;自恃心;独立不羁的精神; exploit:v.利用…为自己谋利;剥削;压榨;运用;发挥;
But today, after 60 years, because of the rise of entrepreneurship , entrepreneurs have become role models. 但如今,60年后,随着创业者的涌现 企业家已成为现实中的楷模
entrepreneurship:n.企业家精神;
And they are contributing hugely to the society. 对社会做着巨大贡献
contributing:v.捐献,捐赠(尤指款或物);捐助;增加;增进;(contribute的现在分词)
This exchange has contributed to the vitality and the whole economy . 这一改变促进了 整个经济体系的繁荣
exchange:n.交换;交流;交易所;兑换;v.交换;交易;兑换; contributed:v.捐献,捐赠(尤指款或物); (contribute的过去式和过去分词) vitality:n.活力,生气;生命力,生动性; economy:n.经济;节约;理财;
The third big thing I believe that has changed India is our attitude towards the English language. 我认为改变印度的第三个观念 是我们对英语语言所持态度的改变
attitude:n.态度;看法;意见;姿势;
English language was seen as a language of the imperialists . 之前 英语被认为是帝国主义者的语言
imperialists:n.帝国主义者;帝国统治拥护者;(imperialist的复数)
But today with globalization , with outsourcing , English has become a language of aspiration . 但如今 全球化的背景下 外包业务增加 英语语言帮助人们实现抱负
globalization:n.全球化; outsourcing:n.外包;外购;外部采办; aspiration:n.渴望;抱负;送气;吸气;吸引术;
This has made it something that everybody wants to learn. 成为了大家蜂拥学习的一技之长
And the fact that we have English is now becoming a huge strategic asset. 英语也逐渐转变成 我们巨大的战略性资本
strategic:adj.战略上的,战略的;
The next thing is technology . 还有科技
technology:n.技术;工艺;术语;
40 years back, computers were seen as something which was forbidding , something which was intimidating , something that reduced jobs. 40年前,电脑给我们的印象是 令人畏惧 充满威胁的 人们会因此而失去工作
forbidding:adj.令人生畏的;严峻的;险恶的;v.禁止;不准;(forbid的现在分词) intimidating:adj.吓人的;令人胆怯的;v.恐吓;威胁;(intimidate的现在分词)
Today we live in a country which sells eight million mobile phones a month, of which 90 percent of those mobile phones are prepaid phones because people don't have credit history. 今天 我们所在的国家 每月销售八百万手机 其中百分之九十 是预付费手机 因为人们没有信用记录
mobile:n.手机;汽车;移动电话;adj.活跃的;可动的; prepaid:adj.先付的,已支付的;v.预付(prepay的过去式和过去分词);
40 percent of those prepaid phones are recharged at less than 20 cents at each recharge. 预付费手机中的百分之四十 每次充值少于20美分
recharged:vt.再充电;再袭击;再控告;n.再袭击;再装填;vi.再袭击;
That is the scale at which technology has liberated and made it accessible . 科技已经被大规模接受 完全自由化,并被广泛应用
scale:n.规模;比例;鳞;刻度;天平;数值范围;v.衡量;攀登;剥落;生水垢; liberated:adj.不受传统思想束缚的,开放的; v.解放; (liberate的过去式和过去分词) accessible:adj.易接近的;可进入的;可理解的;
And therefore technology has gone from being seen as something forbidding and intimidating to something that is empowering . 因此 一开始 被视作人类威胁并禁止使用的科技 逐渐赢得了人们的认可
empowering:v.授权;给(某人)…的权力;增加(某人的)自主权;(empower的现在分词)
20 years back, when there was a report on bank computerization , they didn't name the report as a report on computers. 20年前 出台过一项有关银行计算机化的报告 人们没有把这份报告命名为 关于电脑的报告
computerization:n.电脑化;电子计算机化工作;
They call them as ledger posting machines. 他们把电脑称为过账机
ledger:n.总帐,分户总帐;[会计]分类帐;帐簿;底帐;(手脚架上的)横木;
They didn't want the unions to believe that they were actually computers. 他们不想让工会认为那是电脑
And when they wanted to have more advanced , more powerful computers they called them advanced ledger posting machines. 后来他们想要使用更高级更强大的电脑时 他们称其为高级过账机
advanced:adj.先进的; v.前进; (advance的过去式和过去分词形式)
So we have come a long way from those days where the telephone has become an instrument of empowerment and really has changed the way Indians think of technology. 之后 我们经历了很多 电话成为了一种赋权的工具 并真正改变了印度人们看待科技的态度
come a long way:突飞猛进; instrument:n.仪器;工具;乐器;手段;器械; empowerment:n.许可,授权;
And then I think the other point is that Indians today are far more comfortable with globalization. 另一方面 现在的印度人民前所未有地 适应着全球化的发展
Again, after having lived for more than 200 years under the East India Company and under imperial rule, 有200多年的时间 印度人民生活在 东印度公司和帝国主义规则下
Indians had a very natural reaction towards globalization believing it was a form of imperialism . 他们对全球化的正常反应 就是认为那是一种帝国主义
reaction:n.反应,感应;反动,复古;反作用; imperialism:n.帝国主义;
But today as Indian companies go abroad as Indians come and work all over the world, 但现在 很多印度公司往国外发展 印度人们走出来 在世界各地工作
abroad:adv.在国外;到海外;adj.往国外的;n.海外;异国;
Indians have gained a lot more confidence and have realized that globalization is something they can participate in. 他们增添了很多自信 并且意识到 他们可以参与到全球化的进程中
confidence:n.信心;信任;秘密;adj.(美)诈骗的;骗得信任的; participate:v.参加;参与;
And the fact that the demographics are in our favor, because we are the only young country in an aging world, makes globalization all the more attractive to Indians. 我们在人口上有优势 因为我们是世界老龄化趋势下唯一的年轻国家 这使全球化对印度人民来说有着更大的吸引力
demographics:n.人口统计资料; all the more:更加;越发; attractive:adj.吸引人的;有魅力的;引人注目的;
And finally , India has had the deepening of its democracy . 最后一点 印度正在经历 民主的不断深化
finally:adv.终于;最终;(用于列举)最后;彻底地; deepening:n.加深,延深;向下侵蚀;v.使深化;加深(deepen的现在分词); democracy:n.民主,民主主义;民主政治;
When democracy came to India 60 years back it was an elite concept. 当60年前 民主来到印度时 那只是一小部分人的观点
elite:n.精英;精华;杰出人物;
It was a bunch of people who wanted to bring in democracy because they wanted to bring in the idea of universal voting and parliament and constitution and so forth. 一小部分想把民主带进印度的人 因为他们想为印度带来不一样的观点 比如投票,议员,宪法等先进思想
a bunch of:一群;一束;一堆; universal:adj.普遍的;全体的;全世界的;共同的; parliament:n.议会,国会; constitution:n.宪法;构成;体质;组成;
But today democracy has become a bottom-up process where everybody has realized the benefits of having a voice, the benefits of being in an open society. 但现在 民主已经成为了从下向上的进程 每个人都意识到 拥有言论权的好处 和开放社会的优势
bottom-up:adj.[计]自底向上的;从细节到总体的; process:v.处理;加工;列队行进;n.过程,进行;方法,adj.经过特殊加工(或处理)的;
And therefore democracy has become embedded . 民主也就是这样深入人心的
embedded:adj.嵌入式的;植入的;内含的;v.嵌入(embed的过去式和过去分词形式);
I believe these six factors -- the rise of the notion of population as human capital, the rise of Indian entrepreneurs, the rise of English as a language of aspiration, technology as something empowering, globalization as a positive factor, and the deepening of democracy -- has contributed to why India is today growing at rates it has never seen before. 我认为这六个观念 人力资源概念的产生 印度企业家的发展 英语语言成为人们的一技之长 科技成为一种赋权的手段 全球化开始发挥积极作用 以及民主的不断深化--这些都促成了 印度今天的进步 今天这史无前例的快速发展
factors:n.因素(factor的复数); v.做代理商; positive:adj.积极的;[数]正的,[医][化学]阳性的;确定的;n.正数;[摄]正片;
But having said that, then we come to what I call as ideas in progress. 话虽如此 接下来我们来看“进行中”的观念
Those are the ideas where there is no argument in a society, but you are not able to implement those things. 这些观念在社会中已经没有异议 但却无法得以实施
And really there are four things here. 有四种这样的观念
One is the question of education. 一是教育问题
For some reason, whatever reason, lack of money, lack of priorities , because of religion having an older culture primary education was never given the focus it required. 由于某些原因,不管什么样的原因,我们缺少资金 缺少优先重点,因为宗教有着更悠久的文化影响 初等教育没有得到应有的重视
priorities:n.优先事项;优先权;重点;(priority的复数) primary education:初等教育;
But now I believe it's reached a point where it has become very important. 但我觉得现在 到了十分关键的时刻
Unfortunately the government schools don't function, so children are going to private schools today. 我们很遗憾地看到 政府的公立学校不能正常运行 当下,孩子们只能去私立学校
Unfortunately:adv.不幸地;
Even in the slums of India more than 50 percent of urban kids are going into private schools. 即使在印度的贫民窟 超过一半的城市孩子都去私立学校
slums:n.贫民,[经]贫民区(slum的复数); v.到贫民窟去; urban:adj.城市的;都市的;城镇的;都市音乐的;
So there is a big challenge in getting the schools to work. 所以学校正常运行是一个不小的挑战
But having said that, there is an enormous desire among everybody, including the poor, to educate their children. 即便如此,每个人都极其希望 穷人们也不例外,希望他们的孩子接受教育
enormous:adj.庞大的,巨大的;凶暴的,极恶的;
So I believe primary education is an idea which is arrived but not yet implemented. 所以我认为 初等教育的观念 已经深入人心 但还未得以实施
Similarly , infrastructure. 类似地,基础设施建设也是如此
Similarly:adv.同样地;类似于;
For a long time, infrastructure was not a priority . 很长一段时间以来,基础设施建设都不予优先考虑
priority:n.优先;优先权;[数]优先次序;优先考虑的事;
Those of you who have been to India have seen that. 去过印度的人们都有所体会
It's certainly not like China. 这和中国的情况是完全不同的
But today I believe finally infrastructure is something which is agreed upon and which people want to implement. 但现在 基础设施建设终于成为了 人们达成一致并希望实施的观念
It is reflected in the political statements . 这在官方声明中得以体现
reflected:adj.反射的;得自他人的;v.反射;思考;(reflect的过去式和过去分词) statements:n.说明; v.(英国)对儿童进行特殊教育评估认定; (statement的第三人称单数和复数)
20 years back the political slogan was, " Roti , kapra, makan," 20年前的政治口号是 Roti,kapra,makan
slogan:n.口号;标语; Roti:adj.烤的;n.烤肉;炙肉;记录式光学踊跃跟踪仪;
which meant, "Food, clothing and shelter." 意思是“食物,衣服和住所”
And today's political slogan is, "Bijli, sarak, paani," 现在的政治口号是 Bijli,sarak,paani
which means " Electricity , water and roads." 意思是“电力,水利和公路”
Electricity:n.电力;电流;强烈的紧张情绪;
And that is a change in the mindset where infrastructure is now accepted. 这就是思想上的转变 基础设施建设得到了肯定
So I do believe this is an idea which has arrived but simply not implemented. 所以我相信 这个观念已经得到了大家的认同 只是还没有落实而已
The third thing is again cities -- it's because Gandhi believed in villages and because the British ruled from the cities. 第三件事是城市 因为甘地重视农村 而英国殖民者从城市统治
Gandhi:n.甘地(印度政府,社会和宗教领袖);
Therefore Nehru thought of New Delhi as an un-Indian city. 因此尼赫鲁并没有把新德里当作典型的印度城市
Delhi:n.德里(印度城市名);
For a long time we have neglected our cities. 长久以来 我们忽视城市建设
neglected:adj.被忽略的; v.忽略; (neglect的过去分词和过去式)
And that is reflected in the kinds of situations that you see. 大家从现实生活中可以看出
But today finally after economic reforms , and economic growth, 但现在 经历了经济改革 和经济增长
reforms:n.改革(reform的复数);v.改革(reform的单数第三人称);
I think the notion that cities are engines of economic growth, cities are engines of creativity, cities are engines of innovation , have finally been accepted. 城市拉动 经济增长 城市提高创造力 城市促进创新精神 这些理论最终被人们所接受
innovation:n.创新,革新;新方法;
And I think now you're seeing the move towards improving our cities. 我觉得大家现在可以看到我们城市建设的趋势
improving:v.改进;改善;(improve的现在分词)
Again, an idea which is arrived but not yet implemented. 这同样也是 已被大家接受但还未实现的观念
The final thing is the notion of India as a single market because when you didn't think of India as a market, you didn't really bother about a single market because it didn't really matter. 最后一个概念 印度是一个单一的市场 因为当你不把印度当作一个市场的时候 你并不关心它是否单一 因为这并无所谓
single market:n.单一市场(由若干国家构成,成员国之间对于相互间的商品交易、货币流通及人员往来限制极少或没有限制); bother:v.烦扰,打扰;使…不安;操心,麻烦;n.麻烦;烦恼;
And therefore you had a situation where every state had its own market for products. 那你就面临着这样一个局面 每个州有自己的产品市场
Every province had its own market for agriculture. 每个省有自己的农业市场
Increasingly now the policies of taxation and infrastructure and all that, are moving towards creating India as a single market. 现在的政策 税收 基础设施建设及其他政策 正在逐步将印度作为一个单一市场
Increasingly:adv.越来越多地;渐增地; taxation:n.课税,征税;税款;
So there is a form of internal globalization which is happening, which is as important as external globalization. 所以国家内部现在也有着一个全球化的趋势 这和国家外部的全球化同等重要
internal:n.内脏;本质;adj.内部的;里面的;体内的;(机构)内部的; external:n.外部;外观;形式;外部情况;adj.外部的;外面的;外界的;外来的;
These four factors I believe, the ones of primary education, infrastructure, urbanization , and single market, in my view are ideas in India which have been accepted but not implemented. 这四个因素 初等教育 基础设施建设,城市化和单一市场 在我看来 是印度 已经接受 但未实现的观念
urbanization:n.都市化;文雅化;
Then we have what I believe are the ideas in conflict . 接下来就是探讨中的观念
conflict:n.冲突;矛盾;争执;抵触;v.抵触;
The ideas that we argue about. 我们还为此进行争论的观念
These are the arguments we have which cause gridlock . 所进行的争论常常陷入僵局
gridlock:vi.交通阻塞;n.僵局;极端严重的全面交通壅塞;
What are those ideas? One is, I think, our ideological issues . 这些观念都有哪些呢？第一,我认为,是我们的意识形态
issues:n.重要议题;争论的问题;v.宣布;公布;发出;(issue的第三人称单数和复数)
Because of the historical Indian background, in the caste system, and because of the fact that there have been many people who have been left out in the cold , a lot of the politics is about how to make sure that we'll address that. 由于印度种姓制度这一历史背景 也由于众多印度人民 一直被冷落 很多政治工作都是为了确保 落实这一点
historical:adj.历史的;史学的;基于史实的; caste:n.(印度社会中的)种姓;(具有严格等级差别的)社会地位;(排他的)社会团体; left out in the cold:遭受冷落; politics:n.政治;钩心斗角;政治观点;v.(贬)从事政治活动;(politic的第三人称单数)
And it leads to reservations and other techniques . 招致了不少异议和其他方法
reservations:n.保留;预定(reservation的复数形式); techniques:n.技巧;技艺;工艺;技术;(technique的复数)
It's also related to the way that we subsidize our people, and all the left and right arguments that we have. 这和我们贴补人民的方式也有关 也和我们两边的观点有关
subsidize:vt.资助;给与奖助金;向…行贿;
A lot of the Indian problems are related to the ideology of caste and other things. 印度很多问题都是关于意识形态的 关于种姓制度和其他事情
This policy is causing gridlock. 这项政策逐渐陷入僵局
policy:n.政策,方针;保险单;
This is one of the factors which needs to be resolved . 这是需要解决问题之一
resolved:adj.下定决心; v.解决; (resolve的过去分词和过去式)
The second one is the labor policies that we have, which make it so difficult for entrepreneurs to create standardized jobs in companies, that 93 percent of Indian labor is in the unorganized sector . 第二点是我们的劳工政策 现政策下 企业家很难 在公司创造标准化职位 因此 93%的印度劳工 都是处于无组织的状态
standardized:adj.标准的; v.使合乎标准; unorganized:adj.无组织的,无条理的;未加入工会的; sector:n.部门;扇形,扇区;象限仪;函数尺;vt.把…分成扇形;
They have no benefits. They don't have social security. 他们没有救济金 没有社会福利
They don't have pension , they don't have healthcare, none of those things. 没有退休金 没有医疗保健 什么都没有
pension:n.养老金;退休金;抚恤金;adj.有关退休金的;v.给…养老金[恤金,津贴等];
This needs to be fixed because unless you can bring these people into the formal workforce , you will end up creating a whole lot of people who are completely disenfranchised . 这种现状必须改变 因为如果不能给人民 提供规范的劳动制度 最终将有大批人们受到剥削
formal:adj.适合正式场合的; n.(美)须穿礼服的社交集会; (口)夜礼服; workforce:n.劳动大军;全体员工; disenfranchised:v.剥夺(某人)的权利(尤指选举权);(disenfranchise的过去分词和过去式)
Therefore we need to create a new set of labor laws, which are not as onerous as they are today. 因此我们需要建立一套崭新的劳动法 摆脱今天劳动法的繁复
onerous:adj.繁重的;麻烦的;负有义务的;负有法律责任的;
At the same time give a policy for a lot more people to be in the formal sector, and create the jobs for the millions of people that we need to create jobs for. 同时发布政策将更多的人们带入正规的行业 并为上百万需要工作的人创造就业机会
The third thing is our higher education . 第三件事是我们的高等教育
higher education:高等教育(指含大学以上的教育);
Indian higher education is completely regulated . 印度的高等教育完全受到管制
regulated:v.约束,控制,管理;(regulate的过去式和过去分词)
It's very difficult to start a private university. 个人很难创办大学
It's very difficult for a foreign university to come to India. 国外的大学也很难来到印度
As a result of that our higher education is simply not keeping pace with India's demands. 结果我们的高等教育 很自然地不能满足印度的需要
As a result:结果;
That is leading to a lot of problems which we need to address. 由此带来的很多问题值得我们关注
But most important I believe are the ideas we need to anticipate. 但我相信 最重要的 是我们需要预见的观念
Here India can look at what is happening in the west and elsewhere , and look at what needs to be done. 印度可以借鉴发生在西方的事 发生在其他地方的事 并反思自己需要作出的努力
elsewhere:adv.在别处;到别处;
The first thing is, we're very fortunate that technology is at a point where it is much more advanced than when other countries had the development. 首先 我们十分幸运 现在的科技 更加发达 超过了其他国家发展时的科技水平
So we can use the technology for governance . 所以我们可以利用科技来执政
governance:n.管理;统治;支配;
We can use the technology for direct benefits. 我们可以利用科技直接从中获益
We can use technology for transparency , and many other things. 我们可以利用科技增加透明度 及其他好处
transparency:n.透明,透明度;幻灯片;有图案的玻璃;
The second thing is, the health issue. 第二件事 是医疗保健
India has equally horrible health problems of the higher state of cardiac issue, the higher state of diabetes , the higher state of obesity . 印度人们有些严重的 健康问题 比如心脏病晚期 糖尿病晚期 肥胖症晚期
horrible:可怕的,极讨厌的, cardiac:n.强心剂;强胃剂;adj.心脏的;心脏病的;贲门的; diabetes:n.糖尿病;多尿症; obesity:n.肥大,肥胖;
So there is no point in replacing a set of poor country diseases with a set of rich country diseases. 所以我们不能简单地把一系列贫穷时期的疾病 替换成一系列富足时期的疾病
diseases:n.[医]病(disease的复数);[医]疾病;[植保]病害;疾病种类;
Therefore we're to rethink the whole way we look at health. 因此我们要重新审视我们看待医疗系统的方式
rethink:v.重新考虑;再想;n.重新考虑;反思;新想法;
We really need to put in place a strategy so that we don't go to the other extreme of health. 我们需要一个战略 这样我们才不至于走另一个极端
strategy:n.策略;行动计划;部署;战略; extreme:adj.极端的;极度的;偏激的;尽头的;n.极端;末端;最大程度;极端的事物;
Similarly today in the west you're seeing the problem of entitlement -- the cost of social security, the cost of medicare , the cost of medicaid . 同样地 现在西方社会里 我们可以看到社会保障带来的问题 社会福利的花费 医疗保险的花费 医疗辅助计划的花费
entitlement:n.权利;津贴; medicare:n.(美,加)医疗保险(等于medicare); medicaid:n.(美)医疗补助计划;
Therefore when you are a young country, again you have a chance to put in place a modern pension system. 因此对于一个年轻国家来说 有机会从头建立一个现代退休金体系
So that you don't create entitlement problems as you grow old. 这样在年老的时候 就不会出现津贴问题
And then again, India does not have the luxury of making its environment dirty because it has to marry environment and development. 另外 印度负担不起 环境污染的后果 因为环境和发展是密不可分的
luxury:n.奢侈,奢华;奢侈品;享受;adj.奢侈的;
Just to give an idea, the world has to stabilize at something like 20 gigatons per year. 给大家一个粗略的概念 世界每年消耗稳定在 200亿吨
stabilize:vt.使稳固,使安定;vi.稳定,安定; gigatons:n.十亿吨;
On a population of nine billion our average carbon emission will have to be about two tons per year. 对于9亿人口来说 我们平均二氧化碳排放量每年达两吨
carbon:n.[化学]碳;碳棒;复写纸;adj.碳的;碳处理的; emission:n.(光、热等的)发射,散发;喷射;发行;
India is already at two tons per year. 印度已经达到每年两吨
But if India grows at something like eight percent, income per year per person will go to 16 times by 2050. 但如果印度以8%的速度增长 2050年人均年收入将是现在的16倍
So we're saying, income growing at 16 times and no growth in carbon. 所以我们说 收入增长16倍而二氧化碳排放不增长
Therefore we will fundamentally rethink the way we look at the environment, the way we look at energy, the way we create whole new paradigms of development. 这样我们可以从根本上 改变对环境的态度 对能源的态度 以及我们创造国家发展的崭新范例
fundamentally:adv.从根本上;基础地;重要地 paradigms:n.范例,模范(paradigm的复数形式);
Now why does this matter to you? 为什么这对大家很重要呢？
Why does what's happening 10 thousand miles away matter to all of you? 为什么发生在一万英里以外的事情对大家很重要呢？
Number one, this matters because this represents more than a billion people. 第一,它重要是因为 它代表着超过十万人民
represents:v.代表;维护…的利益;相当于;(represent的第三人称单数)
A billion people, 1/6th of the world population. 十万人民 也就是世界总人口的六分之一
It matters because this is a democracy. 它重要是因为这是民主的体现
And it is important to prove that growth and democracy are not incompatible , that you can have a democracy, that you can have an open society, and you can have growth. 以此证明 增长和民主并不矛盾也是很重要的 我们可以拥有民主 可以拥有开放的社会 我们也可以拥有增长
incompatible:adj.不相容的;矛盾的;不能同时成立的;n.互不相容的人或事物;
It's important because if you solve these problems you can solve the problems of poverty in the world. 它的重要性也在于如果这些问题得以解决 世界的贫困问题也将迎刃而解
poverty:n.贫困;困难;缺少;低劣;
It's important because you need it to solve the world's environment problems. 它的重要性还体现在 这也是解决世界环境问题的关键点
If we really want to come to a point, we really want to put a cap on our carbon emission. 如果我们真的想有所作为 我们要真正设定二氧化碳排放的最高限度
We want to really lower the use of energy. 我们要真正降低能源的使用
It has to be solved in countries like India. 印度这样的国家需要解决此类问题
You know if you look at the development in the west over 200 years, the average growth may have been about two percent. 如果我们观察 西方200年来的发展 其平均增长约为2%
Here we are talking about countries growing at eight to nine percent. 这里我们讨论的 却是增长率为8%至9%的国家
And that makes a huge difference. 这是有着很大区别的
When India was growing at about three, 3.5 percent and the population was growing at two percent, its per capita income was doubling every 45 years. 当印度以3% 3.5%的速度增长 人口以2%速度增长时 其人均收入每45年翻一番
per capita:adj.每人的;人均的;
When the economic growth goes to eight percent and population growth drops to 1.5 percent, then per capita income is doubling every nine years. 当经济增长率上升到8% 人口增长率下降到1.5% 人均收入每9年翻一番
In other words you're certainly fast forwarding this whole process of a billion people going to prosperity . 换言之 我们的确在加速进行着整个过程 十亿人口逐步走上幸福的道路
prosperity:n.繁荣,成功;
And you must have a clear strategy, which is important for India and important for the world. 我们必须有一个清晰的策略 这对印度极为重要 对世界也极为重要
That is why I think all of you should be equally concerned with it, as I am. 因为 我认为在座的你们 也应该像我一样 关注这个问题
concerned with:关心;涉及;忙于;与…有关;
Thank you very much. 非常感谢
(Applause) （掌声）