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NancyEtcoff_2004-_奇妙的幸福科学_
We are wired to pursue happiness, not only to enjoy it, but to want more and more of it. 我们热衷于追求幸福, 不是只为了享受它,而是无止境地想要更多的幸福。
pursue:v.继续;从事;追赶;纠缠;
So given that that's true, how good are we at increasing our happiness? 既然是这样,我们在增加幸福方面 做得如何呢？
Well, we certainly try. 嗯,我们当然在努力。
If you look on the Amazon site , there are over 2,000 titles with advice on the seven habits, the nine choices, the 14,000 thoughts that are supposed to bring happiness. There are so many books on it. 如果你上亚马逊网站,有超过2000本 宣称会给你带来幸福的书籍, 诸如七个习惯,九个选择, 14000个思维等。关于幸福的书太多了。
Amazon:亚马逊;古希腊女战士; site:n.地点;位置;场所;v.设置;为…选址; supposed:adj.误信的;所谓的;v.认为;假设;设想;(suppose的过去分词和过去式)
Now, another way we try to increase our happiness is we medicate ourselves. 另外一个增加幸福的方式是 通过药物。
medicate:vt.用药治疗;加药品于;
And so there is over 120 million prescriptions out there right now for anti-depressants . 目前有超过1亿2千万人需要开 抗抑郁的药方。
prescriptions:n.医药处方,[医]药方(prescription复数形式); anti-depressants:n.抗抑郁剂;
Prozac was really the first absolutely blockbuster drug of the new psychopharmacology . 在新精神病药物学领域,百忧解的确是第一个真正的 轰动性药物。
Prozac:n.百忧解(一种治疗精神抑郁的药物); absolutely:adv.绝对地;完全地; blockbuster:n.轰动;巨型炸弹;一鸣惊人者; psychopharmacology:n.精神病药物学;药理学;
It's really the avatar of the new psychopharmacology. 它真的是新精神病药物学的代表。
avatar:n.电影《阿凡达》;
It was clean, efficient , there was no high. 它无副作用而有效,并且不会让人兴奋。
efficient:adj.有效率的;有能力的;生效的;
There was really no danger. It had no street value . 百忧解确实是无害的,不会被当毒品用。
street value:n.(非法物品的)黑市价值;
And then we have, of course, the last way of increasing happiness for some. 然后呢,当然对某些人来说,我们还有增加幸福的最后方式。
In 1995, illegal drugs were a 400 billion dollar business, representing eight percent of world trade, roughly the same as gas and oil. 1995年,毒品贸易额达到4000亿美元, 占世界贸易的百分之8, 跟石油天然气市场份额差不多。
illegal:adj.不合法的;非法的;n.非法移民;非法劳工; representing:v.代表;维护…的利益;等于;相当于;(represent的现在分词) roughly:adv.粗糙地;概略地;
If all else fails, people just want to get obliterated . 如果追求幸福的其他方式都失败了,人们就只想自暴自弃。
obliterated:v.涂去;消灭…的痕迹;使消失;除去;(obliterated是obliterate的过去分词)
So far these routes to happiness haven't really increased happiness very much. 到目前为止,这些幸福之路并没能引导我们实现更多幸福
routes:n.路线;途径;路途;渠道;v.按某路线发送;(route的第三人称单数和复数)
I don't have to speak for these cartoons; they kind of say what's going on here. 我不需要解释这些卡通;你们懂的。
speak for:要求得到;代表…讲话;
Basically the happiness from a pill stays with the pill. 基本上,药物只在服用期间有效。
Basically:adv.主要地,基本上; pill:n.[医]药丸;药品;
Anyone who goes off an anti-depressant or other medication immediately tends to relapse . 停止服用抗抑郁或其他药物的人们 会很快复发。
medication:n.药;药物; relapse:vi.故态复萌;旧病复发;再度堕落;再陷邪道;n.复发,再发;故态复萌;回复原状;
And then of course, the other self-help books you see. 当然,还有这些成堆的自助类书籍。
self-help:n.自助;自救;自立;adj.自助的;
One problem that's happening now is, although the rates of happiness are about as flat as the surface of the moon, depression and anxiety are rising. 现有的一个问题是, 尽管幸福指数一直没什么变化,差不多跟月球表面一样平, 但是抑郁和焦虑却在上升。
depression:n.沮丧;洼地;不景气;忧愁; anxiety:n.焦虑;渴望;挂念;令人焦虑的事;
Despite that we are in a world with so much more material wealth , much safer, better health, and all kinds of pharmaceuticals and treatments for mental illness, we're still seeing rises in depression and anxiety. 尽管我们所处的世界拥有更多的物质财富, 人们感觉更加安全,更加健康, 有各种各样用来治疗精神疾病的药物和疗法, 然而我们仍然发现抑郁和焦虑在增加。
Despite:prep.尽管,不管;n.轻视;憎恨;侮辱; wealth:n.财富;大量;富有; pharmaceuticals:n.药物(pharmaceutical的复数); treatments:n.治疗;疗法;对待;处理;讨论;(treatment的复数) mental:adj.精神的;脑力的;疯的;n.精神病患者;
Some people say this is because we have better diagnosis , and more people are being found out. 有些人认为这是因为我们有了更好的诊断, 于是发现了更多的病人。
diagnosis:n.诊断;
It isn't just that. We're seeing it all over the world. 并不只是这样。我们发现这种情况遍布世界。
In the United States right now there are more suicides than homicides . 现在在美国, 自杀案例比谋杀案例多。
United:adj.联合的; v.联合,团结; (unite的过去分词和过去式) suicides:n.自杀;自毁;自杀者;(suicide的复数) homicides:n.杀人;杀人犯;
There is a rash of suicide in China. 而中国的自杀人数也急剧增加。
rash:adj.轻率的;鲁莽的;不顾后果的;n.[皮肤]皮疹;突然大量出现的事物;
And the World Health Organization predicts that, by 2020, depression will be the second largest cause of disability-related years lost, after ischemic heart disease . 据世界卫生组织预计,到2020年, 在失能相关的健康生命损失方面, 抑郁将排在缺血性心脏病之后,成为第二大原因。
Organization:n.组织;机构;体制;团体; predicts:vt.预报,预言;预知;vi.作出预言;作预料,作预报; ischemic:adj.缺血性的;局部缺血的; disease:n.病,[医]疾病;弊病;vt.传染;使…有病;
Happiness stays the same as ever. 而幸福则一直没什么变化。
Now the good news here is that if you take surveys from around the world, we find that more people are happy than not. 好消息是,如果你在世界范围内 作调查, 我们发现幸福的人较多。
surveys:n.调查(survey的复数);
And so these -- I just took these random charts from Britain -- this one is from the Unites States. 那么这些图表——我拿了一些英国的随机调查图表—— 这张是美国的。
random:adj.[数]随机的;任意的;胡乱的;n.随意;adv.胡乱地; Unites:联合;合并;
And we see that about three quarters of people will say they are at least pretty happy, the majority . 我们发现大约四分之三的人 会认为他们至少是比较幸福的,占大多数。
three quarters:adj.四分之三的;n.四分之三; majority:n.大部分:大多数:多数票:成年人:
But this does not follow any of the usual trends . 但调查结果却与普遍流行的所有观点都矛盾。
trends:n.趋势;倾向;动态;动向;(trend的第三人称单数和复数)
For example, these two show great growth in income, absolutely flat happiness curves . 譬如说,这两张显示随着收入的极大提高, 表示幸福感的曲线则完全没有变化。
curves:n.曲线; v.(使)沿曲线运动; (curve的第三人称单数和复数)
So more money doesn't seem to be doing anything to increase happiness level. 所以更多的钱似乎 对增加幸福水平没有什么作用。
Well, my field, the field of psychology , hasn't done a whole lot to help us move forward in understanding human happiness. 嗯,我的研究领域,即心理学 并没有在帮助我们理解幸福方面 作出很多贡献。
psychology:n.心理学;心理状态;
In part, we have the legacy of Freud , who was a pessimist , who said that pursuit of happiness is a doomed quest , is propelled by infantile aspects of the individual that can never be met in reality. 部分原因包括,我们深受弗洛伊德的影响,而他是一个悲观主义者, 他认为追求幸福是注定不会有结果的, 其只不过是受个体婴儿期特征推动, 但绝无可能在现实中实现。
legacy:n.遗赠,遗产; Freud:n.佛洛伊德(1856-1939,奥地利心理分析学家及精神病学家); pessimist:n.悲观主义者; pursuit:n.追求;追赶;追捕;跟踪; doomed:adj.注定的;命定的;v.使…注定失败(doom的过去分词和过去式) quest:n.追求;寻找;vi.追求;寻找;vt.探索; propelled:adj.推进的;v.推动;驱使(propel的过去分词); infantile:adj.婴儿的;幼稚的;初期的; aspects:n.方面;相位;面貌(aspect的复数); individual:n.个人;有个性的人;adj.单独的;个别的;
He said, "One feels inclined to say that the intention that man should be happy is not included in the plan of creation ." 他说,“人们倾向于认为人类应该幸福的考虑, 并不包括在造物主的计划之中。“
inclined:adj.有…倾向; v.(使)倾向于,有…的趋势; (incline的过去分词和过去式) intention:n.意图;目的;意向;愈合; creation:n.创造,创作;创作物,产物;
So the ultimate goal of psychoanalytic psychotherapy was really what Freud called ordinary misery . 因此心理分析疗法的终极目标 其实是让人们恢复到弗洛伊德所称的“正常痛苦”的状态。
ultimate:adj.最终的;极限的;根本的;n.终极;根本;基本原则; psychoanalytic:adj.精神分析的;心理分析的; psychotherapy:n.心理疗法;精神疗法; misery:n.痛苦,悲惨;不幸;苦恼;穷困;
(Laughter) （笑声）
It in part reflects the anatomy of the human emotion system. 这在部分上反映了人类情绪系统的结构。
reflects:v.反映;映出(影像);反射;表明,表达;(reflect的第三人称单数) anatomy:n.解剖;解剖学;剖析;解析; emotion:n.强烈的感情;激情;情感;
Which is that we have both a positive and a negative system. 即我们同时拥有正面和负面的情绪系统。
positive:adj.积极的;[数]正的,[医][化学]阳性的;确定的;n.正数;[摄]正片; negative:adj.[数]负的;消极的;否定的;阴性的;n.否定;负数;[摄]底片;v.否定;拒绝;
And our negative system is extremely sensitive . 而我们的负面情绪系统是极度敏感的。
extremely:adv.非常,极其;极端地; sensitive:adj.敏感的;感觉的;易受影响的;n.敏感的人;有灵异能力的人;
It is our sentinel . It is there to protect us against danger. 负面情绪系统是我们的警卫。它使我们远离危险。
sentinel:n.哨兵;vt.守卫,放哨;
So for example, we're born loving the taste of something sweet, and reacting adversely to the taste of something bitter . 举例来说,我们天生 喜欢甜的东西, 厌恶苦的东西。
reacting:v.起反应;(对…)作出反应;回应;(react的现在分词) adversely:adv.不利地;逆地;反对地; bitter:adj.苦的; n.苦味; v.激烈地; v.使变苦;
Yet we are much more sensitive to the bitter than the sweet. 然而我们对苦味要比对甜味敏感得多。
We can detect the bitter at one part per two million. 我们对苦的敏感度是两百万分之一。
detect:vt.察觉;发现;探测;
We can detect the sweet at one part per 200. 我们对甜的敏感度只有二百分之一。
We also find the people are more averse to losing than they are happy to gain. 我们也发现人们对丧失的厌恶程度 要大于他们对获得的高兴程度。
averse:adj.反对的;不愿意的;
People are very loss-averse. 人们非常厌恶失去。
I also have up here the marriage formula . 我这儿也有一个婚姻公式。
formula:n.公式; adj.(赛车)方程式的(指赛车要符合规定的体积,重量及汽缸容量等);
This is by a psychologist named John Gottman, in Seattle , who does work with couples, in couples therapy. 这是西雅图的一个叫John Gottman的心理学家做的, 他是做夫妻治疗的。
psychologist:n.心理学家,心理学者; Seattle:n.西雅图(美国一港市);
And he finds that the formula for a happy marriage is five positive remarks , or interactions , for every one negative. 他发现了一个幸福婚姻的公式, 即五次正面的谈话或互动, 才能抵消一次负面的。
remarks:n.评论(remark的复数);摘要;附注; interactions:n.[计]交互,相互作用;相互交流;干扰;(interaction复数)
(Laughter) （笑声）
And that's how powerful the one negative is. 可见这一次负面的力量是多么强大。
Especially expressions of contempt or disgust , well you really need a lot of positives to upset that. 尤其是表达蔑视或厌恶, 这需要用好多好多正面的东西来中和。
Especially:adv.尤其;特别;格外;十分; expressions:表达,表情(expression的复数) contempt:n.轻视,蔑视;耻辱; disgust:n.厌恶;反感;憎恶;v.使作呕;使厌恶;使反感; positives:n.实在的事物;阳极板(positive的复数); upset:adj.沮丧; v.打乱; n.苦恼; (意外的)混乱;
I also put in here the stress response . 在这里我也谈一下应激反应。
response:n.响应;反应;回答;
We're wired for dangers that are immediate, that are physical , that are imminent , and so our body goes into an incredible reaction where endogenous opiates come in. 我们对直接的、身体的、紧迫的危险的反应是紧绷的, 我们的身体会进入一种惊人的应对状态, 这时脑内会释放内生性鸦片物质。
physical:adj.[物]物理的;身体的;物质的;符合自然法则的;n.体格检查; imminent:adj.即将来临的;迫近的; incredible:adj.难以置信的,惊人的; reaction:n.反应,感应;反动,复古;反作用; endogenous:adj.[生物]内生的;内因性的; opiates:n.[毒物][药]鸦片剂; v.用鸦片制剂治疗;
They are there to douse pain. 这些物质产生镇痛作用。
douse:v.插入水中;弄湿;弄熄;脱掉(衣鞋等);;n.泼洒;
Our blood vessels constrict so we won't bleed . 我们的血管收缩,防止流血。
vessels:n.血管(vessel的复数);船舶;容器; constrict:vt.压缩;束紧; bleed:v.流血;失血;放掉;散开;n.[印]出血版
Our heart pumps to get muscles to our legs. 我们的心跳加速,双腿有力。
pumps:n.[机]泵; v.用泵送; muscles:n.肌肉(muscle的复数);
Now all of these things are fine, if we're confronting a saber-toothed tiger. 所有这些反应都是好的,如果我们是面对一只牙尖利齿的老虎的话。
confronting:v.直面;无法回避;降临于;处理;对抗;(confront的现在分词) saber-toothed:adj.上犬齿的;有军刀形的;
But if someone is giving a violin recital , or arguing with their spouse , we have a system that is really ancient, and really there for physical danger. 但如果是某人在开小提琴演奏会, 或与配偶争吵时, 我们的情绪反应系统就真的过时了, 其实它本是用来应付人身受威胁的情况的。
recital:n.朗诵,吟诵;独奏会;背诵;独唱会; spouse:n.配偶;vt.和…结婚;
And so over time, this becomes a stress response, which has enormous effects on the body. 长此已久,这就变成应激反应, 对我们的身体有巨大的影响。
enormous:adj.庞大的,巨大的;凶暴的,极恶的;
Cortisol floods the brain. 大脑产生大量皮质醇。
Cortisol:n.[生化]皮质醇;考的索;[药]氢化可的松;
It destroys hippocampal cells and memory. 海马区细胞和记忆遭到破坏。
hippocampal:adj.海马的;海马趾的;
And it can lead to all kinds of health problems. 而且可以引起各种各样的健康问题。
But, unfortunately , we need this system in part. 但不幸的是,在某种程度上,我们需要这个系统。
unfortunately:adv.不幸地;
If we were only governed by pleasure we would not survive. 如果我们只由快乐主导, 那我们是无法生存的。
As I said , we really have two command posts. 如我前面所说,我们确实有两个指挥所。
As I said:正如我所说的
Emotions are short-lived intense responses to challenge and to opportunity. 情绪是面对挑战和机会 而产生的短暂的强烈反应。
Emotions:n.强烈的感情;激情;情感;(emotion的复数) short-lived:adj.短暂的,短期的;短命的;无常的; intense:adj.强烈的;紧张的;非常的;热情的; responses:n.回答,答复;反应;响应;(response的复数)
And each one of them allows us to click into alternate selves that tune in, turn on, drop out thoughts, perceptions , feelings and memories. 每个情绪都让我们转变成不同的自我, 来调整,启动,放弃某些 思维,感知,情感和回忆。
alternate:vi.交替;轮流;vt.使交替;使轮流;adj.交替的;轮流的;n.替换物; tune:n.曲调;和谐;心情;v.调整;使一致;为…调音;调谐; perceptions:n.认知;观念(perception的复数);理解;
We tend to think of emotions as just feelings. 我们倾向于把情绪理解成只是情感。
But in fact emotions are an all-systems alert that change what we remember, what kind of decisions we make, and how we perceive things. 但实际上情绪是一个对所有系统的警觉, 它改变我们的记忆 我们所做的决定 以及我们如何看待事物。
alert:n.警报; adj.警觉的; v.向…报警; perceive:v.注意到;意识到;将…理解为;认为;
So let me go forward to the new science of happiness. 下面我要讲一下新幸福科学。
We've come away from the Freudian gloom . 我们已远离弗洛伊德学说的悲观。
Freudian:adj.佛洛伊德的;佛洛伊德学说的;n.相信佛洛伊德学说的人; gloom:n.忧郁;阴暗;v.变阴暗;变忧沉;使黑暗;使忧郁;
And people are now actively studying this. 现在人们开始积极地研究幸福。
And one of the key points in the science of happiness is that happiness and unhappiness are not endpoints of a single continuum . 幸福科学的关键之一是 幸福与痛苦并非 一个连续体的两端。
unhappiness:n.苦恼;忧愁; endpoints:端点(endpoint的复数); continuum:n.[数]连续统;[经]连续统一体;闭联集;
The Freudian model is really one continuum that, as you get less miserable , you get happier. And that isn't true. 而弗洛伊德模式其实是一个连续体, 认为当你痛苦减少时, 你就变得更幸福。但这是错的。
miserable:adj.悲惨的;痛苦的;卑鄙的;
When you get less miserable, you get less miserable. 当你的痛苦减少时,你就是痛苦减少而已。
And that happiness is a whole other end of the equation . 而幸福则处在完全不同的一个系统中。
equation:n.方程式,等式;相等;[化学]反应式;
And it's been missing. It's been missing from psychotherapy. 而我们一直把它给忽略了。心理治疗把它给忽略了。
So when people's symptoms go away, they tend to recur . 于是当人们的心理症状消失后,他们容易复发。
symptoms:n.症状;征候;征兆;(symptom的复数) recur:vi.复发;重现;采用;再来;循环;递归;
Because there isn't a sense of the other half , of what pleasure, happiness, compassion , gratitude , what are the positive emotions. 因为我们对另一半系统没有在意, 即快乐,幸福,同情,感恩等等 正面的情绪。
other half:n.另一半(指配偶或男友,女友); compassion:n.同情;怜悯; gratitude:n.感谢(的心情);感激;
And of course we know this intuitively , that happiness is not just the absence of misery. 当然,我们凭直觉而知 幸福并不只等同于没有痛苦。
intuitively:adv.直观地;直觉地; absence:n.没有;缺乏;缺席;不注意;
But somehow it was not put forward until very recently , seeing these as two parallel systems. 但阴错阳差,这个观点一直到最近才提出来, 即把幸福和痛苦看成两个平行的系统。
somehow:adv.以某种方法;莫名其妙地; put forward:v.提出;拿出;放出;推举出; recently:adv.最近;新近; parallel:adj.平行的; v.与…相似; n.极其相似的人(或情况、事件等);
So that the body can both look for opportunity and also protect itself from danger, at the same time . 所以身体既可以寻找有利机会, 又可以面对危险保护自身,两者可以同时进行。
at the same time:同时;另一方面;与此同时;
And they sort of two reciprocal and dynamically interacting systems. 它们似乎是两个相反相成的系统。
reciprocal:adj.互惠的;相互的;倒数的,彼此相反的;n.[数]倒数;互相起作用的事物; dynamically:adv.动态地;充满活力地;不断变化地; interacting:v.交流;沟通;合作;相互影响;(interact的现在分词)
People have also wanted to deconstruct . 人们也一直想解构幸福。
deconstruct:vt.解构;拆析;
We use this word "happy" and it's this very large umbrella of a term. 我们所说的“幸福”这个词包含了许多东西。
And it can be deconstructed into -- this is one recent suggestion -- the sensory pleasures, amusement, contentment , relief , excitement , wonder, awe , ecstasy -- from the carnal to the spiritual -- elevation , gratitude, compassion. 它可以被分解成以下几个组成部分—— 这是一个比较新的建议—— 感官愉悦,娱乐, 满足,解脱,兴奋, 惊奇,惊叹,狂喜——从肉体到精神—— 升华,感恩,同情。
deconstructed:解构;拆析(deconstruct的过去式和过去分词); sensory:adj.感觉的;知觉的;传递感觉的; contentment:n.满足;满意; relief:n.救济;减轻,解除;安慰;浮雕; excitement:n.兴奋;刺激;令人兴奋的事物; awe:vt.使敬畏;使畏怯;n.敬畏; ecstasy:n.狂喜;入迷;忘形; carnal:adj.肉体的;肉欲的;淫荡的;性欲的; spiritual:n.圣歌(尤指美国南部黑人的);adj.精神的,心灵的; elevation:n.高地;海拔;提高;崇高;正面图;
These are from Paul Eckman's recent work. 以上摘自Paul Eckman的近期研究。
And then three emotions for which there are no English words. 还有三种情绪,它们在英语里没有对应词汇
Fiero , which is the pride in accomplishment of a challenge. Fiero 完成挑战后的成就感。
Fiero:骄傲的; accomplishment:n.成就;完成;技艺,技能;
Schadenfreude , which is happiness in another's misfortune , a malicious pleasure. Schadenfreude 幸灾乐祸,一种恶意的快乐。
Schadenfreude:n.幸灾乐祸; misfortune:n.不幸;灾祸,灾难; malicious:adj.恶意的;恶毒的;蓄意的;怀恨的;
And naches, for all people who know this word, is a pride and joy in one's children. 还有naches 有些人知道这个词, 它指的是因子女产生的自豪和喜悦。
Absent from this list, and absent from any discussions of happiness are happiness in another's happiness. 这个列表和任何关于幸福的讨论所共同缺少的是, 因他人的幸福而幸福。
Absent:adj.缺席的;缺少的;心不在焉的;茫然的;v.使缺席;
We don't seem to have a word for that. 我们好像没有一个用来形容这种幸福的单词。
And I find that most distressing . 对此,我觉得非常不幸。
distressing:adj.使人痛苦的;令人苦恼的;v.使忧虑;使悲伤;使苦恼(distress的现在分词)
We are very sensitive to the negative, but it is in part offset by the fact that we have a positivity offset. 我们对负面事物非常敏感, 但我们积极的一面能对此 作出一定程度的抵消。
offset:vt.抵消;弥补;补偿;adj.胶印的;n.开端;出发;平版印刷;抵消;补偿 positivity:n.积极性,确实;
That is, most people are above the average in happiness. 结果是,大多数人的幸福感在中等以上。
Although we're very sensitive to the negative, we start out a little above the average in positivity. 尽管我们对负面事物非常敏感, 但我们在对正面事物的感知上,是中等以上的。
We're also born pleasure-seekers. 我们也是生来就追求快乐的。
As I said, babies love the taste of sweet and hate the taste of bitter. 像我前面讲的,婴儿喜欢甜味, 讨厌苦味。
They love to touch smooth surfaces rather than rough ones. 他们喜欢触摸光滑的而不是粗糙的表面。
They like to look at beautiful faces rather than plain faces. 他们喜欢看漂亮的脸 而不是普通的脸。
They like to listen to consonant melodies instead of dissonant melodies. 他们喜欢听和谐的音乐而不是杂乱的音乐。
consonant:adj.辅音的;一致的;和谐的;n.辅音;辅音字母; melodies:n.美妙的音乐,歌曲(melody的复数); dissonant:adj.刺耳的;不谐和的;不调和的;
Babies really are born with a lot of innate pleasures. 婴儿生来就有许多固有的喜悦。
innate:adj.先天的;固有的;与生俱来的;
People are also born with different temperaments . 人们天生有不同的气质。
temperaments:n.气质,性情,性格;急躁;
And so they say we have this approach and avoidance system. 所以专家们说我们有这个趋利避害系统。
approach:n.方法;路径;v.接近;建议;着手处理; avoidance:n.逃避;废止;职位空缺;
And some people have a primed-up approach system. 有些人天生是趋利系统。
And some people have a primed-up avoidance system. 有些人天生是避害系统。
So here we have an example of someone, you know, born with an avoidance system. 我们在这儿举个例子, 这个人天生是避害系统。
There's a lot of talk now, in the science of happiness about is it all genes ? 在幸福科学里,目前存在许多关于 基因作用到底多大的讨论。
genes:n.基因;(gene的复数)
And there was once a statement made by a psychologist that said that 80 percent of the pursuit of happiness is really just about the genes. 曾有一个心理学家声称, 在对幸福的追求上, 百分之80是由基因决定的。
statement:n.声明;陈述,叙述;报表,清单;
And it's as difficult to become happier as it is to become taller. 说增加幸福跟增加身高几乎一样困难。
That's nonsense . 这简直胡说八道。
nonsense:n.胡说;废话;adj.荒谬的;int.胡说;
There is a decent contribution to happiness from the genes, about 50 percent. 基因是对幸福有相当的作用,大约百分之50。
decent:adj.正派的;得体的;相当好的; contribution:n.捐款;捐资;定期缴款;贡献;促成作用;稿件;
But there is still that 50 percent that is unaccounted for . 但仍有百分之50是未定的。
unaccounted for:adj.未予说明的;未加解释的;
And even something such as intelligence , height, all kinds of things that have genetic -- predetermined -- also can increase quite a bit. 即便是诸如智商,身高等 受基因限制的特征—— 天生注定的一些特征——也能后天改进
intelligence:n.智力;智慧;才智;(尤指关于敌国的)情报; genetic:adj.基因的;遗传学的; predetermined:adj.业已决定的;先已决定的;v.已决定的(predetermine的过去式和过去分词);
So that doesn't limit us to the happiness we now have. 所以基因并不会限制我们现有的幸福程度。
Let's just go into the brain for a moment, and see where does happiness arise from in evolution . 让我们花点时间进入大脑, 看看从进化的角度,幸福来自哪里。
arise:v.出现;发生;产生;起身; evolution:n.演变;进化;发展;渐进;
We have basically at least two systems here. 基本上我们至少有两个系统。
And they both are very ancient. 它们都很古老。
One is the reward system. 其中一个是奖励系统。
reward:n.[劳经]报酬;报答;酬谢;v.[劳经]奖励;奖赏;
And that is fed by the chemical dopamine . 由多巴胺这种化学物质驱动。
chemical:n.化学制品,化学药品;adj.化学的; dopamine:n.[生化]多巴胺(一种治脑神经病的药物);
And it starts in the ventral tegmental area. 它产生于腹侧盖区。
ventral:adj.腹侧的;[解剖]腹部的;n.腹鳍; tegmental:adj.顶盖的;被盖;盖膜;
it goes to the nucleus accumbens, all the way up to the prefrontal cortex , orbital frontal cortex , where decisions are made, high level. 进入伏隔核,一直到前额皮质, 前额脑区底部,也就是大脑作高级决策的部位。
nucleus:n.核,核心;原子核; prefrontal:adj.[解剖]前额的;额叶前部的;n.[解剖]额前骨; cortex:n.[解剖]皮质;树皮;果皮; orbital:adj.轨道的;眼窝的;
This was originally seen as a system that was the pleasure system of the brain. 最初我们把它看成一个 大脑的愉悦系统。
originally:adv.原来;起初;
In the 1950s Olds and Milner put electrodes into the brain of a rat. 在50年代,Olds和Milner 把电极插入老鼠的大脑。
electrodes:n.[电]电极(electrode的复数);电焊条;
And the rat would just keep pressing that bar thousands and thousands and thousands of times. 老鼠会持续按那个开关条, 成千上万次地按。
It wouldn't eat. It wouldn't sleep. It wouldn't have sex. 它不吃,不睡,不交配。
It wouldn't do anything but press this bar. 它除了按开关条,什么也不做。
So they assumed , well, it must really -- this must be, you know, the brain's orgasmatron . 所以研究者假设,这个部位真的是—— 一定是,大脑的高潮诱导器。
assumed:adj.假定的;假设的;v.假定;假设;认为;承担;(assume的过去分词和过去式) orgasmatron:性欲高潮诱导器;
It turned out that it wasn't. 结果不是。
That is really is a system of motivation , a system of wanting. 它其实是一个激励系统,一个欲求系统。
motivation:n.动机;积极性;推动;
It's a part of the brain that says, "I need this to survive." 相当于大脑的一部分在说, “我需要靠它生存。”
It gives objects what's called incentive salience . 它为实验对象提供了所谓的显著激励
incentive:n.动机;刺激;adj.激励的;刺激的; salience:n.显著(等于saliency);突出;卓越;
It makes something look so attractive that you just have to go after it. 它使某事物看起来太诱人,以至于让你不得不去追求。
attractive:adj.吸引人的;有魅力的;引人注目的;
That's something different from the system that is the pleasure system. 这跟愉悦系统 是不一样的。
Which simply says, "I like this. 愉悦系统只是简单地说,“我喜欢这个。
This feels good. This sounds good. 这个感觉挺好。这个听起来很好。
I'm enjoying this. I feel safe. I feel warm. I feel good." 我很享受这个。我觉得很安全,很温暖,很好。“
The pleasure system, as you see, which is the internal opiates, there is a hormone oxytocin , is widely spread throughout the brain. 愉悦系统,如你所见, 是指内生性鸦片物质,其中有荷尔蒙后叶催产素, 遍布整个大脑。
internal:n.内脏;本质;adj.内部的;里面的;体内的;(机构)内部的; hormone:n.[生理]激素,荷尔蒙; oxytocin:n.[药]催产素;缩宫素;脑下垂体后叶荷尔蒙之一种; throughout:adv.自始至终,到处;全部;prep.贯穿,遍及;
But the dopamine system, the wanting system, is much more centralized to this area, the pleasure pathway . 但多巴胺系统,即欲求系统, 更加集中在这个区域, 愉悦通路。
centralized:adj.集中的;中央集权的;v.集中(centralize的过去分词); pathway:n.路,道;途径,路径;
The other thing about positive emotions is that they have a universal signal. 关于积极情绪的另一个特点是,它们都有一个通用标志。
universal:adj.普遍的;全体的;全世界的;共同的;
And we see here the smile. 我们来看这个微笑。
And the universal signal is not just raising the corner of the lips into the zygomatic major. 这个通用标志不只是将嘴角上翘 至颧骨肌。
zygomatic:adj.颧骨的,颊骨的;n.颧骨;
It's also crinkling the outer corner of the eye, the orbicularis oculi . 它还包括外眼角起皱, 这是由于眼轮匝肌的作用。
crinkling:v.使…发瑟瑟声;微褶皱(crinkle的现在分词形式); outer:adj.外面的,外部的;远离中心的;n.环外命中; orbicularis:n.轮匝肌; oculi:n.(医)眼;
And can anyone tell which one is the fake and the real smile on top here? 有谁能辨别出上图中哪个是假笑 哪个是真笑？
fake:n.假货;骗子;假动作;v.捏造;假装…的样子;adj.伪造的;
Yes. Yes, it's B. 是的,是B。
This was originally done by the neurologist Duchenne in the 19th century. 19世纪神经病学专家Duchenne最初做了这项研究。
neurologist:神经学家;神经科专门医师;
He had a man who was insensitive to pain. 他找到一个对疼痛麻木的人。
insensitive:adj.感觉迟钝的,对…没有感觉的;
He stimulated every muscle on his face. 对他脸上的每根肌肉进行刺激。
stimulated:adj.受激的;v.刺激(stimulate的过去式和过去分词);
He noticed that when he just raised his lips, he was grinning , but he didn't look happy. 他发现当此人只是翘起嘴角时,他在咧嘴笑, 但看上去并不高兴。
grinning:v.露齿而笑;咧着嘴笑;n.露齿的笑;咧着嘴笑;(grin的现在分词)
And since then people have looked at this expression and find that this seems to be the mark of true happiness. 自那以后,人们就研究这个表情, 并且发现似乎这个表情才是真正高兴的标志。
So you see, even 10-month-old babies, when they see their mother, will show this particular kind of smile. 所以,大家看,即使10月大的婴儿在看见母亲的时候, 也会露出这种特点的微笑。
Extroverts use it more than introverts . 外向型的人比内向型的人更多使用这种微笑。
Extroverts:外向型人格; introverts:内向型人格;
People who are relieved of depression show it more after than before. 从抑郁中解脱的人们比解脱之前更多地展露这种微笑。
relieved:adj.释然的; v.缓解;
So if you want to unmask a true look of happiness, you will look for this expression. 所以,如果你想揭开幸福真正的样子, 就去找这个表情吧。
unmask:vt.撕下…的假面具;揭露;vi.脱去假面具;
I also want to make the point that our pleasures are really ancient. 我还想说的是,我们感知的快乐真的是很古老的。
And we learn, of course, many many pleasures. 当然,我们会习得许多许多的愉悦方式。
But many of them are biased . And one of them, of course, is biophilia. 但许多快乐是有倾向的。其中一项,当然就是,热爱生命的天性。
biased:adj.有偏见的;结果偏倚的,有偏的;
That we have a response to the natural world that's very profound . 即我们对自然世界有一种 深刻的感觉。
profound:adj.深厚的;意义深远的;渊博的;
We have a response to human beauty. 我们对人的美貌有感觉。
More people in the United States attend zoos than they do all of the national sporting events. 美国人去动物园的次数, 要比他们去看所有国内体育赛事的次数要多。
People love to be part of the natural world. 人们喜欢融入自然界。
And this is very much a part of us. 这的确是我们的天性之一。
There were very interesting studies done on people recovering from surgery , who found that people who faced -- this was published in "Science" -- people who faced a brick wall, versus people who looked out on trees and nature, 针对手术后恢复的病人,研究人员做了一些非常有趣的研究, 该项研究发表在《科学》杂志上, 研究发现,对比窗外是砖墙的病人 和可以通过窗口看到树木和自然景观的病人,
surgery:n.外科;外科手术;手术室;诊疗室; versus:prep.对;与...相对;对抗;
the people who looked out on the brick wall were in the hospital longer, needed more medication, and had more medical complications. 只能看到砖墙的病人住院时间更长, 需要更多的治疗,有更多并发症。
There is something very restorative about nature, and it's part of how we are tuned . 大自然有某种非常强的康复作用, 对我们天生就有用。
restorative:n.[药]恢复药,滋补剂;adj.滋补的,有助于复元的;恢复健康的; tuned:v.(为乐器)调音,校音;调整,调节(发动机);调频道(tune的过去分词和过去式)
Now the interesting thing about emotions is that they are contagious . 关于情绪,有趣的是, 它们具有传染性。
contagious:adj.感染性的;会蔓延的;
The shared manifold of subjectivity . 有主观的多方面共性
manifold:vt.复写,复印; adj.多方面的,有许多部分的; n.多种; subjectivity:n.主观性,主观;
I put those up there, animal world. 在上面,动物世界如此。
And humans particularly so. We're very imitative creatures . 人类更是如此。我们是模仿性很强的生物。
particularly:adv.特别地,独特地;详细地,具体地;明确地,细致地; imitative:adj.模仿的;仿制的; creatures:n.生物;动物;(具有某种特征的)人(creature的复数)
And we imitate from almost the second we are born. 我们几乎一出生就模仿。
imitate:v.模仿;仿效;模仿(某人的讲话、举止);作滑稽模仿;
Here is a three-week-old baby. 这是一个三周大的婴儿。
And if you stick your tongue out at this baby, the baby will do the same. 如果你对着他伸出舌头, 他也会这么做。
And will open its mouth. 还会张开嘴。
So most of our pleasures are incredibly social. 我们大多数的快乐都是非常社会化的。
incredibly:adv.难以置信地;非常地;
We are social beings from the beginning. 我们天生就是社会性生物。
And even studies of cooperation show that cooperation between individuals lights up reward centers of the brain. 即使在针对人际合作的研究中, 我们也发现,个体的合作 会激发大脑的奖励中心。
cooperation:n.合作;配合; individuals:n.[经]个人;[生物]个体(individual的复数);
One problem that psychology has had is instead of looking at this intersubjectivity, or the importance of the social brain, to humans who come into the world helpless and need each other tremendously , is that they focus instead on the self, and self-esteem , and not self-other; it's sort of "me," not "we." 心理学存在的一个问题是, 对于生来无助,极其需要彼此的人类, 心理学忽视了这种主体间性 或社会性大脑的重要性, 反而,他们专注于自我, 和自尊,而非自他, 自 基本上是指“我”,而不是“我们”。
helpless:adj.无助的;无能的;没用的; tremendously:adv.非常地;可怕地;惊人地; self-esteem:n.自尊;自负;自大;
And I think this has been a really tremendous problem. 我认为这的确是个很严重的问题。
It goes against our biology and nature. 这与我们的生物性和天性相左。
biology:n.(一个地区全部的)生物;生物学;
It hasn't made us any happier at all. 而且根本没有使我们更加幸福。
Because when you think about it, people are happiest when in flow, when they're absorbed in something out in the world, when they're with other people, 因为,你想想啊,人们最幸福的时候,是当他们投入的时候, 当他们专注于外部世界的某些事物的时候, 当他们与他人在一起的时候,
absorbed in:全神贯注于…;
when they're active, engaged in sports, focusing on a loved one, learning, having sex, whatever. 当他们积极主动的时候,参与运动的时候,把精力放在所爱之人的时候, 学习的时候,做爱的时候,等等。
engaged in:从事于;忙于;
They're not sitting in front of the mirror trying to figure themselves out, or thinking about themselves. These are not the periods when you feel happiest. 坐在镜子前试图搞懂自己的时候,是不会幸福的, 只考虑自己的时候也不会。这些都不是你感到非常幸福的时刻。
And I think the self-esteem movement has made it more difficult for people to be happy. 并且我认为“自尊运动” 已使人们更难感到幸福。
The other thing is, that a piece of evidence is, is if you look at computerized text analysis of people who commit suicide, what you find there, and it's quite interesting, is use of the first person singular , "I, me, mine," not "we" and "us." 另外,还有一项研究证据, 如果使用电脑 来分析自杀者的文字, 你会发现非常有趣的结果, 就是他们使用单数第一人称, “我,我的”,而不是“我们”。
evidence:n.证据,证明;迹象;明显;v.证明; computerized:adj.电脑的; v.用电子计算机控制(computerize的过去分词); analysis:n.分析;分解;验定; commit:v.犯(罪等);干(坏事等);[法]提(审);判处; singular:adj.单数的;单一的;非凡的;异常的;n.单数;
And the letters are less hopeless than they are really alone. 他们的孤独比他们的文字 更绝望。
And being alone is very unnatural to the human. 孤独是非常违反人类天性的。
unnatural:adj.不自然的;反常的;不近人情的;
There is a profound need to belong. 人们强烈地需要归属感。
So self-focused attention brings mood down. 所以把注意力聚焦于自我会导致情绪低落。
mood:n.情绪,语气;心境;气氛;
But there are ways in which our evolutionary history can really trip us up. 但从进化历史的角度看,我们确实会遇到一些阻碍。
evolutionary:adj.进化的;发展的;渐进的;
Because, for example, the genes don't care whether we're happy. 因为,举例来说,基因并不在乎我们是否幸福。
They care that we replicate , that we pass our genes on. 基因在乎我们繁衍, 把我们的基因传递下去。
replicate:vt.复制; vi.重复; adj.复制的; n.复制品;
They don't care whether we're happy when we do so. 基因不在乎我们在传递的过程中是否幸福。
They'll give the bait of pleasure and lust . 而是会以快乐和性欲为饵。
bait:v.引诱;在…中放诱饵;折磨;n.饵;诱饵;vi.中途休息; lust:n.性欲;强烈的欲望;vi.贪求,渴望;
So for example we have three systems that underly reproduction , because it's so important. 所以,举例来说,我们在繁殖系统下面 有三个系统,因为这很重要。
reproduction:n.繁殖,生殖;复制;复制品;
There's lust, which is just wanting to have sex. 性欲,即只是想要性交。
And that's really mediated by the sex hormones : testosterone , estrogen . 它由性荷尔蒙来调节: 睾丸素,雌激素。
mediated:vt.仲裁,调停;调解(mediate的过去式及过去分词形式); hormones:n.[生理]激素;荷尔蒙;性激素;荷尔蒙制剂(hormone的复数); testosterone:n.[生化]睾酮,睾丸素(男性荷尔蒙的一种); estrogen:n.雌性激素;
Romantic attraction, that gets into the desire system. 爱情的引力,属于欲望系统。
Romantic:adj.浪漫的;爱情的;n.浪漫的人;耽于幻想的人;
And that's dopamine-fed. And that's, "I must have this one person." 由多巴胺推动。相当于说,“我一定要得到这个人。”
There's attachment , which is oxytocin, and the opiates, which says, "This is a long-term bond." 还有依恋,与催产素 和内生性鸦片相关,相当于告诉我们,“这是一段长期关系。”
attachment:n.附件;依恋;连接物;扣押财产; long-term:adj.长期的;从长远来看;
See the problem is that, as humans, these three can separate. 问题是,作为人来说, 这三者彼此独立。
So a person can be in a long term attachment, become romantically infatuated with someone else, and want to have sex with a third person , which can cause a lot of human unhappiness. 所以一个处于一段长期感情的人, 可以沉迷于跟另外一个人的爱情, 又想跟第三个人发生性关系, 这就会引起人类的许多痛苦了。
romantically:adv.浪漫地;不切实际地; infatuated:adj.入迷的;昏头昏脑的;v.迷恋;使糊涂(infatuate的过去分词); third person:第三人称角色;
The other way in which our genes can sometimes lead us astray is in social status . 有时基因把我们引入歧途的另一种方式, 是通过社会地位。
astray:adv.误入歧途地;迷途地;迷路;adj.迷路的;离开正道的;不对头的; status:n.地位;状态;情形;重要身份;
We are very acutely aware of our social status, and always seek to further and increase it. 我们对自己的社会地位极其在意, 并且我们总是会追求更高更显赫的社会地位。
acutely:adv.尖锐地;剧烈地; seek:v.寻求;寻找;谋求;
Now in the animal world, there is only one way to increase status. 在动物世界,只有一种提高地位的方式。
And that is dominance . You know, "I seize command by physical prowess . 就是统治。大家知道,“我通过 武力征服。
dominance:n.优势;统治;支配; seize:v.抓住;夺取;理解;逮捕; prowess:n.英勇;超凡技术;勇猛;
And I keep it by beating my chest, and you make submissive gestures ." 通过捶胸来保持地位,让你们作出屈服的姿势。“
submissive:adj.顺从的;服从的;柔顺的; gestures:n.手势; v.做手势; (gesture的第三人称单数和复数)
Now, the human has a whole other way to rise to the top. 人类有一套完全不同的登顶方式。
And that is a prestige route, which is freely conferred . 那就是通过声望,而声望可以随便获取。
prestige:n.威望,声望;声誉; conferred:v.商讨;协商;交换意见;授予;(confer的过去分词和过去式)
Someone has expertise and knowledge, and knows how to do things. 如果一个人有专长和知识,知道如何做事。
expertise:n.专门知识;专门技术;专家的意见;
And we give that person status. 我们就会给这个人地位。
And that's clearly the way for us to create many more niches of status so that people don't have to be lower on the status hierarchy as they are in the animal world. 显然通过这一方式,我们可以制造更多的可以获得地位的位置, 好让人们不必屈尊较低的社会地位, 像动物世界那样。
niches:n.[生态]生态位; v.把…放置在壁龛中; hierarchy:n.层级;等级制度;
I'll go through these very quickly. "Can money buy happiness?" 这几张我会讲得快一些。”钱可以买到幸福吗？“
is a question that is often asked. 这是一个经常提问的问题。
And this one says, "Researchers say, you know, I'm not happier for being richer. 这个人说,”研究员说,你知道,我不会因更有钱而更幸福。
But you know how much researchers make." 但你知道研究员也挣不了几个钱。”
(Laughter) （笑声）
Okay. Point well taken. 好。你们懂的。
The data isn't terribly supportive of money buying happiness. 调查结果并不是非常支持金钱换取幸福这一观点。
supportive:adj.支持的;支援的;赞助的;
But it's not irrelevant . 但也并非毫无联系。
irrelevant:adj.不相干的;不切题的;
So if you look at questions like this, life satisfaction , you see life satisfaction going up with each rung of income. 那么,如果你查看诸如满意度之类的问题, 你会发现满意度会随着收入增加而升高。
satisfaction:n.满意,满足;赔偿;乐事;赎罪;
You see mental distress going up with lower income. 精神的痛苦会随着收入降低而升高。
So clearly there is some effect. 所以,很清楚地,金钱有些作用。
But the effect is relatively small compared to other effects on happiness. 但相对于其他影响幸福的因素而言, 金钱的作用是比较小的。
relatively:adv.相当程度上;相当地;相对地; compared:adj.比较的,对照的; v.相比; (compare的过去式和过去分词)
And one of the problems with money -- is not really the money itself. 有关金钱的一个问题是——问题并非金钱本身。
It's not that money is the root of all evil , remember: 记住,金钱不是众恶之源。
evil:adj.邪恶的;不幸的;有害的;讨厌的;n.罪恶,邪恶;不幸;
It's "Love of money is the root of all evil." It is materialism . ”对金钱的喜爱是众恶之源“。即物质主义。
materialism:n.唯物主义;唯物论;物质主义;
And what happens when people pursue money too avidly , is they forget about the real basic pleasures of life. 当人们过于贪婪地追求金钱时, 他们会忘记生活的真正乐趣。
avidly:adv.贪心地;热心地;
So we have here, this couple. 比如这儿有一对夫妻。
'"Do you think the less-fortunate are having better sex?" “你认为穷人会有更好的性生活吗？”
And then this kid over here is saying, " Leave me alone with my toys." 这个小孩在这儿说,“别管我,让我玩玩具。”
Leave me alone:走开;别理我;别管我;
So one of the things is that it really takes over. 其中一个问题是,它的确会主导一切。
That whole dopamine, wanting system takes over and derails from any of the pleasure system. 整个多巴胺,欲求系统 会主导一切并且扭曲愉悦系统。
derails:vt.使出轨;vi.出轨;n.脱轨;[铁路]脱轨器;
Maslow had this idea back in the 1950s, that as people rise above their biological needs, as the world becomes safer, and we don't have to worry about basic needs being met, 马斯洛在20世纪50年代就提出, 当人们满足了生物性需求, 当他们感觉更安全, 以及不必为基本需求担忧时,
biological:adj.生物学的;生物的;与生命过程有关的;加酶的;n.[药]生物制品;
our biological system -- whatever motivates us -- being satisfied , we can rise above them, to think beyond ourselves, toward self-actualization or transcendence , and rise above the materialist . 我们的生物系统——任何生物性需求得到满足后, 我们就可以追求更高,考虑那些超越自身的东西, 达到自我实现或自我升华, 并且超越物质主义。
motivates:v.促使;刺激;给与动机(motivate的三单形式); satisfied:adj.满意的:满足的:v.使满意:使满足;(satisfy的过去分词和过去式) self-actualization:n.自我实现; transcendence:n.超越;卓越;超然存在; materialist:n.唯物主义者;实利主义者;
To just quickly conclude with some brief data that suggests this might be so. 举些简短的材料来说明这个问题, 并以此结束。
conclude:v.断定:得出结论:终止:达成:缔结(协定)
One is a kind of anecdotal study on people's shifts . 这是一个对于人们价值位移 的非正式研究。
anecdotal:adj.轶事的;轶事一样的;多轶事的; shifts:n.转移; v.转移; (shift的第三人称单数)
People who underwent what is called a quantum change. 有些人经历过所谓的量子变化。
underwent:v.经验;遭遇(undergo的过去式); quantum:n.量子论;额;美国昆腾公司(世界领先的硬盘生产商);
They felt their life and their whole values had changed. 他们感觉他们的生命和整个价值观都改变了。
About 50 people were studied like this. 大约50个这样的人参与了研究。
And sure enough, if you look at the kinds of values that come in, 当然,如果你去看他们开始的价值观,
You see "wealth, adventure , achievement, pleasure, fun, be respected," 你会发现”财富,冒险,成就,快乐,娱乐,受尊敬“,
adventure:n.冒险;奇遇;经历;冒险游戏;v.探险;以…冒险;大胆进行;闯;
before the change. 这些是改变之前的。
And much more post-materialist values after. 后来他们的价值观就变得更加后物质主义了。
Women had a whole different set of value shifts. 女人的价值位移和男人完全不同。
But very simply, the only one that survived there was happiness. 但非常简单地说,唯一没被抛弃的价值只有幸福。
They went from " attractiveness " and "happiness" and "wealth" 她们从”魅力“和”幸福“和”财富“
attractiveness:n.吸引力;迷惑力;
and "self control" to " generosity " and " forgiveness ". 和”自制“,到”慷慨“和”宽恕“。
generosity:n.慷慨,大方;宽宏大量; forgiveness:n.宽恕;原谅;宽宏大量
Now, in a world map, 密歇根大学的Ronald Inglehart,
Ronald Inglehart at University of Michigan , has looked at value shifts across generations and within countries. 在世界范围内, 对价值位移进行了跨时代和跨国家的调查研究。
Michigan:n.密歇根;美国密歇根州;
And he thinks he finds a great deal of support for Maslow's notion that within countries, and within generations, so that as people grow up in a world without war and with material prosperities, their values shift from wanting a strong military and caring about economic factors to green party, women's liberation , quality of life, happiness ratings . 他认为他的发现非常支持马斯洛的观念, 即在不同的国家,不同的时代, 只要人们生活的世界 没有战争,物质条件富足, 他们的价值观就会从想要建立强大的军队 和关心经济情况, 转向绿色政党,女性解放,生活质量,幸福指数。
a great deal of:大量; notion:n.观念;信念;理解; military:adj.军事的;军人的;适于战争的;n.军队;军人; economic:adj.经济的,经济上的;经济学的; factors:n.因素(factor的复数); v.做代理商; liberation:n.释放,解放; ratings:n.评级;等级(rating的复数形式);
And he sees this shift within a generation. 他发现这种价值位移可以在同一代人中发生。
It can change within a country such as our own right now, where there is so much emphasis on war, people pull back to a more materialist point of view . 可以在同一国家中发生,比如我国目前, 非常重视战争, 人们就退回到一种更物质主义的价值观。
emphasis:n.强调;重视;重要性;(对某个词或短语的)强调; point of view:观点;见地;立场;
But if you look at the countries on the far right, the self expression, those tend to be the countries with the highest happiness levels. 如果你看最右边的这些国家, 以自我表达价值观为主的,这些国家的幸福水平往往是最高的。
So there is some hope for a post-material world. 所以后物质主义时代还是有希望的。
I end with a few quotes . 我引用几句话作为结尾。
quotes:n.引用,引号;报价(quote的复数);v.报价(quote的第三人称单数);引用;复述;
'"There is only one question: ”只有一个问题:
How to love this world." 如何爱这个世界。“（玛丽·奥利弗）
And Rilke, "If your daily life seems poor, do not blame it; blame yourself, tell yourself that you are not poet enough to call forth its riches." 里尔克说,”如果你觉得你的日常生活很贫乏, 你不要抱怨它;还是怨你自己吧, 怨你还不够作一个诗人 来呼唤生活的宝藏。“
call forth:唤起;使产生;使起作用;
'"First say to yourself what you would be. 首先默默告诉自己想成为什么样的人,
Then do what you have to do." 然后再着手必须做的事情。 （爱比克泰德）
Thank you. (Applause) 谢谢。（掌声）