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NaginCox_2016X-_火星现在是什么时间？_
So many of you have probably seen the movie "The Martian ." 我估计在座很多人都看过“火星救援”这部电影。
Martian:adj.火星的;n.火星人;
But for those of you who did not, it's a movie about an astronaut who is stranded on Mars , and his efforts to stay alive until the Earth can send a rescue mission to bring him back to Earth. 对于没看过的人来说,这是一部关于一名宇航员 被困在火星,努力求生 直到地球派出了一个救援小队把他带回地球。
stranded:adj.搁浅的; v.搁浅; (strand的过去式和过去分词); Mars:n.火星 rescue:n.救援;抢救;营救;获救;v.抢救;营救;援救; mission:n.使命,任务;代表团;布道;v.派遣;向…传教;
Gladly , they do re-establish communication with the character, astronaut Watney, at some point so that he's not as alone on Mars until he can be rescued . 幸运的是,他们与主角沃特尼 重新取得了联系。在某些方面来说, 直到获救前,他在火星上还不算太孤独。
Gladly:adv.乐意地;高兴地;欢喜地; re-establish:vt.重建;恢复;重新安置; rescued:v.营救;援救;抢救;(rescue的过去分词和过去式)
So while you're watching the movie, or even if you haven't, when you think about Mars, you're probably thinking about how far away it is and how distant . 当你在看电影的时候,即便你没看过, 当你想像火星的时候, 你可能会思考它距离我们有多远。
distant:adj.遥远的;远处的;久远的;
And, what might not have occurred to you is, what are the logistics really like of working on another planet — of living on two planets when there are people on the Earth and there are rovers or people on Mars? 不过,你可能不会去想 工作或是生活在另一个星球, 后勤是如何得到保障的, 毕竟有一部分人在地球,还有一部分漫游者或是人类在火星。
occurred:v.发生;出现;存在于;出现在;(occur的过去分词和过去式) logistics:n.[军]后勤;后勤学;物流; rovers:n.巡游者;海上掠夺;
So think about when you have friends, families and co-workers in California, on the West Coast or in other parts of the world. 可以这么想象,当你的朋友,家人还有同事 在西海岸的加利福尼亚,或是世界上其他一些地方。
West Coast:n.美国西海岸(尤指加利福尼亚州);
When you're trying to communicate with them, one of the things you probably first think about is: wait, what time is it in California? 当你尝试去联系他们 你可能想的第一件事是: 等会,现在是加利福尼亚几点？
Will I wake them up? Is it OK to call? 我会不会打扰他们？现在能不能打电话？
So even if you're interacting with colleagues who are in Europe, you're immediately thinking about: 即便你联系在欧洲的同事, 你也直接会想到
interacting:v.交流;沟通;合作;相互影响;(interact的现在分词) colleagues:n.同事;同行(colleague的复数);
What does it take to coordinate communication when people are far away? 怎样才能顺利的进行远距离沟通？
coordinate:n.坐标; v.协调; adj.同等的;
So we don't have people on Mars right now, but we do have rovers. 我们现在并没有人类生活在火星,但是我们有漫游者探测器。
And actually right now, on Curiosity , it is 6:10 in the morning. 现在,好奇号漫游者的时间是早上6点10分。
Curiosity:n.好奇,好奇心;珍品,古董,古玩;
So, 6:10 in the morning on Mars. 也就是说火星时间是早上6点10分。
We have four rovers on Mars. 我们有四个漫游者在火星。
The United States has put four rovers on Mars since the mid-1990s, and I have been privileged enough to work on three of them. 自90年代中期,美国就发送了四个漫游者到火星上, 而且我有幸和其中三个漫游者一起工作过。
United:adj.联合的; v.联合,团结; (unite的过去分词和过去式) privileged:adj.有特权的; v.给予特权; (privilege的过去式和过去分词)
So, I am a spacecraft engineer, a spacecraft operations engineer, at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Los Angeles, California. 所以,我是一名航天器工程师,准确说是操纵航天器的工程师, 工作于加州洛杉矶的美国宇航局推进技术实验室。
spacecraft:n.[宇]宇宙飞船;航天器; Jet Propulsion:n.喷气推进; Laboratory:n.实验室,研究室;
And these rovers are our robotic emissaries . 而这些漫游者是我们的机器使者。
robotic:adj.机器人的,像机器人的;自动的;n.机器人学; emissaries:n.使者;间谍;密使;adj.间谍的;密使的;
So, they are our eyes and our ears, and they see the planet for us until we can send people. 所以,他们就是我们的眼睛和耳朵。他们能为我们观察火星, 直到我们有能力把人送到那里。
So we learn how to operate on other planets through these rovers. 所以,我们可以通过这些漫游者来了解在其他星球的环境状况。
So before we send people, we send robots. 所以,在我们把宇航员送到那里之前,我们先派了一批机器人去。
So the reason there's a time difference on Mars right now, from the time that we're at is because the Martian day is longer than the Earth day. 火星上的时间和我们现在的时间 是不一样的, 因为火星的一天比地球要长。
Our Earth day is 24 hours, because that's how long it takes the Earth to rotate , how long it takes to go around once. 我们的地球一天是24个小时, 那是因为地球自身转动, 刚好旋转一周的时间
rotate:v.旋转;转动;轮换;使…轮流;
So our day is 24 hours. 就是我们一天的24小时。
It takes Mars 24 hours and approximately 40 minutes to rotate once. 火星自转一周需要24小时零40分钟。
approximately:adv.大约,近似地;近于;
So that means that the Martian day is 40 minutes longer than the Earth day. 这就是说,火星的一天比地球长40分钟。
So teams of people who are operating the rovers on Mars, like this one, what we are doing is we are living on Earth, but working on Mars. 屏幕里这群操纵着火星漫游者的人, 我们生活在地球,但是工作在火星。
So we have to think as if we are actually on Mars with the rover. 所以,我们不得不认为我们就是和漫游者一起呆在火星上。
Our job, the job of this team, of which I'm a part of, is to send commands to the rover to tell it what to do the next day. 我们团队中我参与的一部分工作, 就是把指令发送给漫游者,让她知道明天需要做些什么。
To tell it to drive or drill or tell her whatever she's supposed to do. 告诉她是要行驶,还是开采些岩土样本,或是其他应该做的事情。
supposed:adj.误信的;所谓的;v.认为;假设;设想;(suppose的过去分词和过去式)
So while she's sleeping — and the rover does sleep at night because she needs to recharge her batteries and she needs to weather the cold Martian night. 当然,在她睡觉的时候,她晚上确实是在睡觉, 因为她需要给电池充电, 而且她需要抵抗住火星晚上的低温。
recharge:v.给(电池)充电;恢复体力;休整;n.再袭击;再装火药; batteries:n.电池;炮组;炮列;[法]殴打;(batteries是battery的复数)
And so she sleeps. 所以她需要休息。
So while she sleeps, we work on her program for the next day. 在她休息的时候,我们会为她计划好第二天的工作。
So I work the Martian night shift . 所以我在火星上夜班。
shift:n.移动;变化;手段;轮班;v.移动;转变;转换;
(Laughter) （笑）
So in order to come to work on the Earth at the same time every day on Mars — like, let's say I need to be at work at 5:00 p.m., this team needs to be at work at 5:00 p.m. Mars time every day, 为了在火星上每天的同一时间工作, 或句话说,我需要每天下午5点上班, 这个团队需要在火星时间下午5点上班。
at the same time:同时;另一方面;与此同时;
then we have to come to work on the Earth 40 minutes later every day, in order to stay in sync with Mars. 在地球上,我们每天则需要晚40分钟开始工作, 这都是为了和火星同步。
sync:n.同步,同时;vi.同时发生;vt.使同步;
That's like moving a time zone every day. 就像每天都在换时区。
time zone:n.时区;
So one day you come in at 8:00, the next day 40 minutes later at 8:40, the next day 40 minutes later at 9:20, the next day at 10:00. 所以今天你8点来,明天就要晚40分钟,8:40来, 后天又要晚40分钟,就是9:20来。 大后天就是10点。
So you keep moving 40 minutes every day, until soon you're coming to work in the middle of the night — the middle of the Earth night. 每天都要随着这40分钟变, 直到你要半夜来上班—— 是地球时间的半夜哦。
Right? So you can imagine how confusing that is. 没错吧？现在你能想象有多复杂了吧。
confusing:adj.令人困惑; v.使糊涂; (confuse的现在分词)
Hence , the Mars watch. 这就是我的火星手表。
Hence:adv.因此;今后;
(Laughter) （笑）
This weights in this watch have been mechanically adjusted so that it runs more slowly. 这只手表的砝码用机械的方法调整过了, 所以它走的相对慢一些。
mechanically:adv.机械地;呆板地;物理上地; adjusted:adj.调整过的,调节了的;v.调整;校正(adjust的过去分词);
Right? And we didn't start out — 但是我们还没开始——
I got this watch in 2004 when Spirit and Opportunity, the rovers back then. 我在2004年得到这只表, 当机遇号和勇气号探测器都到位后,
We didn't start out thinking that we were going to need Mars watches. 我们并没有想到 我们需要一只火星时间的表,
Right? We thought, OK, we'll just have the time on our computers and on the mission control screens, and that would be enough. 我们想我们仅仅需要在电脑上有个时间, 还有在任务监控屏幕上显示时间,这就够了。
Yeah, not so much. 其实,还不够。
Because we weren't just working on Mars time, we were actually living on Mars time. 因为我们不仅仅要按火星时间工作, 其实我们是按火星时间生活。
And we got just instantaneously confused about what time it was. 瞬间我们就把时间搞混了。
instantaneously:adv.即刻;突如其来地; confused:adj.困惑的; v.使糊涂; (confuse的过去分词和过去式)
So you really needed something on your wrist to tell you: 所以你需要一些东西在你手腕上:
wrist:n.手腕;腕关节;v.用腕力移动[送出,抛掷等];
What time is it on the Earth? What time is it on Mars? 随时提醒你在地球上是几点？在火星上是几点？
And it wasn't just the time on Mars that was confusing; we also needed to be able to talk to each other about it. 而且,不仅仅是火星的时间让我们感到混乱, 我们还要在谈话中区别它。
So a " sol " is a Martian day — again, 24 hours and 40 minutes. 所以一个“Sol“代表火星的一天,24小时40分钟。
sol:n.溶胶;索尔(秘鲁的货币);全音阶中的第五音;
So when we're talking about something that's happening on the Earth, we will say, today. 当我们谈论在地球上发生的一些事情, 我们会说今天。
So, for Mars, we say, "tosol." 换成火星的话,我们就说,“Tosol“
(Laughter) （笑）
Yesterday became "yestersol" for Mars. “昨天”成为了火星的“yestersol”。
Again, we didn't start out thinking, "Oh, let's invent a language." 我们开始想:“对了,我们干脆发明一种语言吧。”
It was just very confusing. 刚开始真的非常的混乱。
I remember somebody walked up to me and said, "I would like to do this activity on the vehicle tomorrow, on the rover." 我记得有人走过来对我说: “我明天要在漫游者上做这个任务。”
vehicle:n.[车辆]车辆;工具;交通工具;运载工具;传播媒介;媒介物;
And I said, "Tomorrow, tomorrow, or Mars, tomorrow?" 我就问:“明天,地球的明天还是火星的明天？”
We started this terminology because we needed a way to talk to each other. 我们开始想一些专有术语,否则我们都没法交谈了。
terminology:n.术语,术语学;用辞;
(Laughter) （笑）
Tomorrow became "nextersol" or "solorrow." 于是“明天”变成了“nextersol“ 或是 ”solorrow“。
Because people have different preferences for the words they use. 毕竟人们用词各有所好,
preferences:n.偏爱;爱好;喜爱;偏爱的事物;(preference的复数)
Some of you might say " soda " and some of you might say "pop." 有些人说“苏打”,有些人说“饮料”。
soda:n.苏打;纯碱;苏打汽水(加果味,有时加入冰淇淋);无水碳酸钠;
So we have people who say "nextersol" or "solorrow." 所以我们有人说“ nextersol“ ,有人说 ” solorrow“。
And then something that I noticed after a few years of working on these missions , was that the people who work on the rovers, we say "tosol." 在这个项目工作几年后,我发现 运行漫游者的人说“tosol”。
missions:n.任务; v.给…交代任务; (mission的复数)
The people who work on the landed missions that don't rove around, they say "tosoul." 处理陆地工作的,不接触漫游者的人, 他们说“tosoul”。
So I could actually tell what mission you worked on from your Martian accent . 所以我都能从工作人员的“火星口音”中推断出他的工作。
accent:n.口音;重音;强调;特点;重音符号;v.强调;重读;带…口音讲话;
(Laughter) （笑）
So we have the watches and the language, and you're detecting a theme here, right? 我们有特制的手表和专门的语言,现在你们明白了吧？
detecting:n.检测;检定;v.发现;探知(detect的现在分词);adj.探测的;
So that we don't get confused. 这样我们不再搞混了。
But even the Earth daylight could confuse us. 但是连地球的阳光,也会使我们感到困扰。
daylight:n.日光;
If you think that right now, you've come to work and it's the middle of the Martian night and there's light streaming in from the windows that's going to be confusing as well. 试想,你现在要来上班, 现在是火星的午夜。 但是窗外却有很多阳光, 这也会使你感到困惑。
So you can see from this image of the control room that all of the blinds are down. 你能从这张控制室的照片看出, 所有的百叶窗全落了下来,
So that there's no light to distract us. 所以就没有阳光来干扰我们。
distract:v.转移(注意力);分散(思想);使分心;
The blinds went down all over the building about a week before landing, and they didn't go up until we went off Mars time. 在登陆前,百叶窗会持续落下来一周。 直到我们不再用火星时间,它们才会被拉起来。
So this also works for the house, for at home. 在家里也如此。
I've been on Mars time three times, and my husband is like, 我这样依照火星时间工作了三次,每次我丈夫就说:
OK, we're getting ready for Mars time. “”好吧,我们准备好要过火星时间咯。”
And so he'll put foil all over the windows and dark curtains and shades because it also affects your families. 于是他会在窗户上贴上锡纸,换上暗的窗帘和百叶窗, 因为它同时也会影响你的家庭成员们。
foil:v.衬托;阻止,挡开;挫败;贴箔于;n.箔,金属薄片;衬托,烘托;叶形片; shades:n.阴凉处; v.给…遮挡(光线); (shade的第三人称单数和复数)
And so here I was living in kind of this darkened environment, but so was he. 他只能陪着我一起生活在这种黑暗的环境下。
darkened:adj.变黑的,没有灯光的;
And he'd gotten used to it. 他也渐渐习惯了。
But then I would get these plaintive emails from him when he was at work. 但是当他在工作时,会发给我一些可怜兮兮的邮件。
plaintive:adj.哀伤的;悲哀的;
Should I come home? Are you awake? 我能回家么？你醒了么？
What time is it on Mars? 现在是火星几点？
And I decided, OK, so he needs a Mars watch. 然后我觉得他也需要一只火星时间的手表。
(Laughter) （笑）
But of course, it's 2016, so there's an app for that. 当然,到了2016年,已经有手机软件可以替代手表了。
(Laughter) （笑）
So now instead of the watches, we can also use our phones. 现在我们可以用手机来代替手表。
But the impact on families was just across the board; it wasn't just those of us who were working on the rovers but our families as well. 但这对家庭的影响的确是非常大的; 不仅仅是我们这些操控漫游者的人, 还有我们的家人。
impact:n.影响;效果;碰撞;冲击力;v.挤入,压紧;撞击;对…产生影响;
This is David Oh, one of our flight directors, and he's at the beach in Los Angeles with his family at 1:00 in the morning. 这是大卫,我们的飞行指挥官之一, 这是他在洛杉矶的沙滩上,凌晨1点。
(Laughter) （笑）
So because we landed in August and his kids didn't have to go back to school until September, they actually went on to Mars time with him for one month. 因为我们的探测器8月份就要着陆, 他的孩子直到9月份才会开学, 他们就随着他过了一个月火星时间,
They got up 40 minutes later every day. 他们的作息每天都会推迟40分钟。
And they were on dad's work schedule . 全家都随着父亲的日程表。
schedule:工作计划,日程安排
So they lived on Mars time for a month and had these great adventures, like going bowling in the middle of the night or going to the beach. 他们过了一个月火星时间,现在想来还真是一个大挑战, 像是在午夜去打保龄球, 或是去沙滩。
And one of the things that we all discovered is you can get anywhere in Los Angeles at 3:00 in the morning when there's no traffic. 而且我们都发现了一件事, 你可以在凌晨3点去洛杉矶的任何地方, 大街上空荡荡的,一辆车也没有。
(Laughter) （笑）
So we would get off work, and we didn't want to go home and bother our families, and we were hungry, so instead of going locally to eat something, we'd go, "Wait, there's this great all-night deli in Long Beach, and we can get there in 10 minutes!" 所以我们下班后, 并不想回家去打扰家人, 饿的时候,往往就近找些吃的。 我们会说:“等等,长滩有一家通宵营业的熟食店, 我们到那只要10分钟！”
bother:v.烦扰,打扰;使…不安;操心,麻烦;n.麻烦;烦恼; locally:adv.在本地;局部地;在地方上; all-night:adj.通宵的;通宵营业的; deli:n.熟食店;[食品]熟食品(等于delicatessen);
So we would drive down — it was like the 60s, no traffic. 然后我们就开了过去,畅通无阻,就像是60秒。
We would drive down there, and the restaurant owners would go, "Who are you people? 当我们到那时,餐馆老板会说, “你们是什么人？
And why are you at my restaurant at 3:00 in the morning?" 为什么凌晨3点来我的餐馆？“
So they came to realize that there were these packs of Martians , roaming the LA freeways , in the middle of the night — in the middle of the Earth night. 然后他们慢慢知道有一群火星人 在午夜的洛杉矶游荡—— 地球的午夜。
Martians:n.火星人(Martian的复数形式); roaming:n.漫游;移动;v.漫步;闲逛;徘徊(roam的现在分词); freeways:n.[公路]高速公路(freeway的复数形式);
And we did actually start calling ourselves Martians. 我们确实开始管自己叫火星人。
So those of us who were on Mars time would refer to ourselves as Martians, and everyone else as Earthlings . 我们之中按火星时间工作的喜欢称自己为火星人, 其他人叫地球同胞。
Earthlings:n.世人,俗人;凡人(earthling的复数形式);
(Laughter) （笑）
And that's because when you're moving a time-zone every day, you start to really feel separated from everyone else. 这是因为当你每天都在改你自己的时区, 你就会开始觉得和其他人疏远了。
time-zone:n.时区;
You're literally in your own world. 准确的说你活在自己的世界中。
literally:adv.按字面:字面上:确实地:
So I have this button on that says, "I survived Mars time. Sol 0-90." 所以我有这个胸牌,“我在火星生存的时间:0－90天”。
And there's a picture of it up on the screen. 屏幕上显示的就是这个胸牌。
So the reason we got these buttons is because we work on Mars time in order to be as efficient as possible with the rover on Mars, to make the best use of our time. 我们带这个胸牌是为了表明我们依据火星时间工作, 为了尽可能方便的和火星的漫游者工作, 来合理利用我们的时间。
efficient:adj.有效率的;有能力的;生效的; make the best use of:人尽其才;充分利用;尽量利用;
But we don't stay on Mars time for more than three to four months. 但是我们从不在火星时间下工作超过3-4个月。
Eventually , we'll move to a modified Mars time, which is what we're working now. 最终,我们得作息会依照修改过的火星的时间,这就是我们现在在做的。
Eventually:adv.最后,终于; modified:adj.改进的,修改的;改良的;v.修改;缓和;(modify的过去分词);
And that's because it's hard on your bodies, it's hard on your families. 因为这对你的身体和家庭都是个负担。
In fact, there were sleep researchers who actually were studying us because it was so unusual for humans to try to extend their day. 实际上,有睡眠专家一直在拿我们做实验观察对象。 因为人类很难有机会去试图延长自己的一天。
extend:vt.延伸; vi.延伸;
And they had about 30 of us that they would do sleep deprivation experiments on. 我们有30人被观察, 他们会在我们身上做一些缺觉的实验。
deprivation:n.剥夺;损失;免职;匮乏;贫困;
So I would come in and take the test and I fell asleep in each one. 我就会参与实验,在每个实验中去睡觉。
And that was because, again, this eventually becomes hard on your body. 这种情况最终还是会对身体造成一些负担。
Even though it was a blast . 即使只是一时的损害。
blast:n.爆炸; v.爆破;
It was a huge bonding experience with the other members on the team, but it is difficult to sustain . 这段经历让团队的所有人同舟共济 但是很难持续。
sustain:v.支持;支撑;遭受;证实;
So these rover missions are our first steps out into the solar system . 所以这个漫游者任务是我们迈向宇宙的第一步。
solar system:[天]太阳系;
We are learning how to live on more than one planet. 我们正在学习如何生活在另外一个星球上,
We are changing our perspective to become multi-planetary. 我们正在改变原有的观点,逐渐适应多星球生活。
perspective:n.观点;远景;透视图;adj.透视的;
So the next time you see a Star Wars movie, and there are people going from the Dagobah system to Tatooine , think about what it really means to have people spread out so far. 所以下次你去看星球大战的时候, 一些人从荻克巴星到塔图因, 想像一下,那真的是条很远的道路。
Tatooine:n.塔图因(《星球大战》中天行者家族的故乡行星); spread out:冒火;喷火;
What it means in terms of the distances between them, how they will start to feel separate from each other and just the logistics of the time. 他们之间到底距离有多远, 他们离开彼此会有什么感觉, 还有时间差的问题。
We have not sent people to Mars yet, but we hope to. 我们还没有把人类送到火星上,但是我想我们总有一天会做到。
And between companies like SpaceX and NASA and all of the international space agencies of the world, we hope to do that in the next few decades. 例如美国太空探索技术公司,和美国国家航空航天局, 或是有国际空间站的国家, 我们希望可以在未来的几十年里实现。
agencies:n.代理;代理处(agency的复数);
So soon we will have people on Mars, and we truly will be multi-planetary. 所以不久,我们将有人生活在火星,那时我们就是真的多星球人了。
And the young boy or the young girl who will be going to Mars could be in this audience or listening today. 未来将会前往火星的少男少女们, 今天可能恰巧就坐在这里听我的演讲。
I have wanted to work at JPL on these missions since I was 14 years old and I am privileged to be a part of it. 我自打14岁起,就想工作在喷气推进实验室来研究这个项目, 如今我有幸成为了其中的一员。
And this is a remarkable time in the space program, and we are all in this journey together. 现在对于宇宙探索是个重要的时间, 我们在一起经历了这些。
remarkable:adj.卓越的;非凡的;值得注意的; journey:n.旅行;行程;vi.旅行;
So the next time you think you don't have enough time in your day, just remember, it's all a matter of your Earthly perspective. 所以下次你觉得自己时间不够的话, 记住,这只是你在地球时的观点。
Earthly:adj.地球的;尘世的;可能的;
Thank you. 谢谢！
(Applause) （掌声）