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NabihaSaklayen_2021-_能够用你自己的干细胞治疗疾病吗？_
You're sitting in the doctor's office waiting for test results. 你坐在医生办公室等待测试结果。
She comes in and says, "You have Parkinson's disease." 她进来说, “你有帕金森氏综合症。”
Your heart sinks, and you think about everything that will go wrong: you'll be unable to walk, unable to feed yourself, your hands trembling , drooling , unable to swallow . 你心里一沉,想到了 将要变糟的所有事情: 你不能走路,不能自己吃饭, 你的手颤颤巍巍,流着口水, 无法吞咽。
But before you say anything, she says, "Not to worry, we'll put in an order for your cells today." 但在你开口前,她说, “不要担心,我们今天就订购你的细胞。”
You come back a week later, and a surgeon transplants brand new neurons into your brain. 你一周之后回来, 外科医生将全新的神经元 移植到你的大脑中。
trembling:v.颤抖;极担心;焦虑;恐惧;(tremble的现在分词) drooling:v.垂涎;淌口水;(对…)垂涎欲滴,过分痴迷(drool的现在分词) swallow:v.吞下;咽下;吞没;相信;n.吞;咽;燕;一次吞咽的量; surgeon:n.外科医生; transplants:v.移植(transplant的第三人称单数);移置;n.移植(transplant的复数); brand new:adj.崭新的;最近获得的;
You just received an on-demand functional cure for Parkinson's, made from your cells. 你刚刚接受了一个 帕金森的按需功能治疗, 取自你的细胞。
It sounds like science fiction , but in the future, we will all have the option of having our stem cells banked ahead of time so that any time you need new neurons, new muscle cells, new skin cells, they'd be generated from this bank. 这听起来像科幻,但在将来, 我们都可以选择提前 将干细胞储藏起来, 这样任何时候你需要新的神经元、 新的肌肉细胞、新的皮肤细胞时, 它们都可以从这个银行中生产出来。
functional:adj.功能的; science fiction:科幻小说; option:n.选择;可选择的东西; muscle:n.肌肉;力量;v.加强;使劲搬动;使劲挤出; generated:v.产生;引起;(generate的过去式和过去分词)
And because they're 100 percent your cells, your immune system is extremely unlikely to reject or attack those cells. 并且由于它们100%是你的细胞, 你的免疫系统不会排斥 或攻击这些细胞。
In fact, the body has no idea that these cells were actually made in a cell factory. 事实上,身体不知道 这些细胞其实是在细胞工厂制造的。
All of this is possible because of a breakthrough at the intersection of biology , laser physics and machine learning. 这一切成为可能 是因为生物学、激光物理学 和机器学习交叉领域的突破。
immune system:n.免疫系统; extremely:adv.非常,极其;极端地; unlikely:adj.不大可能发生的;非心目中的;非想象的;难以相信的; reject:v.排斥;拒收;拒绝接受;不予考虑;n.废品;次品;不合格者;被剔除者; breakthrough:n.突破;开始取得成功之时;adj.突破性的; intersection:n.交叉;十字路口;交集;交叉点; biology:n.(一个地区全部的)生物;生物学;
We'll start with biology. 我们从生物学开始。
The human body is an absolute miracle . 人类身体绝对是个奇迹。
Trillions of cells are working in synchronicity to pump blood, secrete dopamine and let me see and speak to you right now. 数以亿计的细胞同步工作 以输送血液,分泌多巴胺 让我现在得以看见并为你们演讲。
But as we age, our cells age, too. 但随着年龄渐长, 我们的细胞也会变老。
miracle:n.奇迹,奇迹般的人或物;惊人的事例; Trillions:n.[数]万亿;adj.万亿的;num.[数]万亿; synchronicity:n.同步性,同时发生; pump:n.抽水机;泵;打气筒;v.用泵输送;涌出;奔流;快速摇动; secrete:v.分泌;隐藏,藏匿(小物件); dopamine:n.[生化]多巴胺(一种治脑神经病的药物);
That's why our skin starts to sag , our cartilage wears away, and your five-mile run might turn into a 20-minute walk. 于是我们的皮肤开始松弛, 我们的软骨磨损掉, 你5英里的跑步可能会 变成20分钟的步行。
Yes, we're all getting older. 是的,我们所有人都会变老。
Our bodies are ticking time bombs. 我们的身体就像定时炸弹。
But stem cells could offer a solution , because one stem cell can become almost any cell in your body. 但干细胞可以提供解法, 因为一个干细胞能够成为 你身体的几乎任何细胞。
sag:v.下垂;下凹;减弱;减少;n.下陷或松弛;漂流;经济萧条 cartilage:n.软骨; solution:n.解决方案;溶液;溶解;解答; stem cell:干细胞;
My grandma passed away due to diabetes in 2012. 我奶奶2012年因糖尿病去世。
If the technology were available at the time, we could have used her stem cells to generate new pancreatic cells, and it could have cured her. 如果当时技术成熟, 我们就可以使用她的 干细胞来生成胰腺, 就可以治愈她。
Now, unfortunately , stem cells are notoriously difficult to engineer. 现在,不幸的是,干细胞是 出了名地难以制造。
diabetes:n.糖尿病;多尿症; technology:n.技术;工艺;术语; pancreatic:adj.胰的;胰腺的; unfortunately:adv.不幸地; notoriously:adv.众所周知地;声名狼藉地;恶名昭彰地;
One fundamental problem relates to how they're made, which involves taking a patient's blood cells and adding chemicals to those blood cells to turn them into stem cells. 一个根本的问题 跟它们如何制造有关, 这涉及到取下病人的血液细胞 加入化学物质来把它们变成干细胞。
Now, during this chemical process , you never end up with a perfect set of stem cells. 在这个化学过程中, 你基本不可能得到 一套完美的干细胞。
In fact, you get a very messy plate of cells going in different directions -- towards the eye, brain, liver -- and every random cell must be removed. 实际是,你会得到一盘 非常杂乱的不同方向的细胞 ——向眼睛、大脑、肝脏发展的细胞—— 这些随机的细胞必须被移除掉。
fundamental:n.基础; adj.十分重大的; involves:v.包含;需要;牵涉;牵连;影响;(使)参加,加入(involve的第三人称单数) chemicals:n.化学制品;化学品;(chemical的复数) process:v.处理;加工;列队行进;n.过程,进行;方法,adj.经过特殊加工(或处理)的; messy:adj.肮脏的;凌乱的;不整洁的; liver:n.肝;(动物供食用的)肝; random:adj.[数]随机的;任意的;胡乱的;n.随意;adv.胡乱地;
Until recently , the main way to remove cells was by hand. 直到最近,移除这些细胞的方法是人工。
I remember the first time I visited the Harvard Stem Cell Institute . 我还记得第一次造访 哈佛干细胞研究所时。
I watched a highly skilled scientist sitting at a bench looking at stem cells, evaluating them one at a time and removing the unwanted cells by hand. 我看到一位技术高超的科学家 坐在长凳上观察干细胞, 一次一个地评估它们 并手工移除不需要的细胞。
recently:adv.最近;新近; Harvard:n.哈佛大学;哈佛大学学生; Institute:v.开始(调查);制定;创立;提起(诉讼);n.学会,协会;学院; highly:adv.高度地;非常;非常赞许地; skilled:adj.熟练的;有技能的;需要技能的; evaluating:v.估计;评价;评估;(evaluate的现在分词) one at a time:每次一个;一次一个; unwanted:adj.不需要的;有害的;讨厌的;空闲的;
It's a slow, tedious and artisanal process, which is why generating a personalized stem cell bank today costs about one million dollars. 这是个缓慢、乏味和手工的过程, 所以今天制作一个 客制化的干细胞银行 耗费达100万美元。
Now, using a donor's stem cells is much cheaper, but your immune system will likely attack or reject those cells unless you take immunosuppressants , which, unfortunately, is not an option for a lot of people, especially the elderly . 如今,使用捐赠者的干细胞要更便宜, 但你的免疫系统可能会 攻击和排斥这些细胞, 除非你服用免疫抑制剂, 不幸的是,这对很多人不可选, 尤其对于老年人。
tedious:adj.沉闷的;冗长乏味的; artisanal:手工艺性的; generating:v.产生;引起;(generate的现在分词) personalized:v.在…上标明主人姓名; (personalize的过去分词和过去式) immunosuppressants:n.[免疫][药]免疫抑制剂(素); especially:adv.尤其;特别;格外;十分; elderly:adj.上了年纪的;过了中年的;稍老的;
To avoid this problem, some scientists are banking stem cells from individuals with the most common genetic backgrounds. 要避免这个问题, 一些科学家存储来自具有 最通用遗传背景个体的干细胞。
Here in the US, let's say we made a cell bank with 100 of the most common cell lines. 在美国, 假设我们用100个最常见的 细胞系做了一个细胞库。
It could work for about 75 percent of Caucasians, 50 percent of African Americans. 它对75%的白种人有效, 对50%的非裔美国人有效。
individuals:n.[经]个人;[生物]个体(individual的复数); genetic:adj.基因的;遗传学的;
But it gets harder. 但这变得愈来愈困难。
My cofounder is Filipina-Mexican, and it's unclear if she would be ever covered by a bank. 我的联合创始人是 菲律宾-墨西哥人, 她能不能被这个银行覆盖 仍然不清楚。
And regardless , if you could choose between using a stranger's cells versus your own, wouldn't you choose your own? 不管怎样说, 如果在陌生人 和自己的细胞上有得选, 为什么不选自己的？
Personalized stem cells are our opportunity to make medicines that truly work for me, for you and everyone. 客制化的干细胞是我们制造 能够真正对我、对你和每个人 有效的药物的机会。
cofounder:n.共同创办人; unclear:adj.不清楚的;不易了解的; regardless:adj.不管的; v.不顾后果地; versus:prep.对;与...相对;对抗;
And in order to make this process of stem cell production affordable and scalable , we have to automate it. 要让干细胞生产过程的 费用可承受和规模化, 我们需要自动化这个过程。
Different people are taking different approaches to doing that, and I decided to use physics. 不同的人正在用不同的方法去实现, 我决定使用物理方法。
Since childhood , I've been a die-hard physics fan, gazing at the stars, daydreaming about space travel. 从孩提时代开始,我就是个铁杆物理迷。 仰望星空, 做着太空旅行的白日梦。
affordable:adj.负担得起的; scalable:adj.可攀登的;可去鳞的;可称量的; automate:v.使自动化; approaches:v.靠近,接近; n.方式,方法,态度; childhood:n.童年;幼年;孩童时期 die-hard:na.壮烈牺牲;难断气;难绝灭; gazing:v.凝视;注视;盯着;(gaze的现在分词) daydreaming:v.做白日梦(daydream的ing形式);空想;
Thanks, Mom, for not thinking I was weird ! 感谢母亲,没觉得我是个怪胎。
My family moved around a lot, from Saudi Arabia to Germany to Sri Lanka to Bangladesh, and each time, I had to learn new languages and cultures. 我家庭经常搬迁, 从沙特阿拉伯到德国, 从斯里兰卡到孟加拉国, 每次,我都要学习新的语言和文化。
Eventually , I fell in love with physics because it was a universal language that I didn't have to relearn every time. 最终,我爱上物理学,因为它是 不需要我每次都学习的通用语言。
weird:adj.奇怪的;奇异的;离奇的;n.命运;宿命;命运女神; Saudi:adj.沙乌地阿拉伯(人或语)的;n.沙乌地阿拉伯人; Arabia:n.阿拉伯半岛(亚洲西南部,等于ArabianPeninsula); Eventually:adv.最后,终于; universal:adj.普遍的;全体的;全世界的;共同的; relearn:vt.重学;再学习;
When I started my PhD, I joined a laser physics lab, because lasers are the coolest. 当我读博士时, 我加入激光物理实验室, 因为激光是最酷的。
But I also decided to dabble in biology. 但我也决定涉足生物学。
I started using lasers to engineer human cells, and when I talked to biologists about it, they were amazed. 我开始使用激光来设计人类细胞, 当我和生物学家谈这个时, 他们感到惊讶。
Here's why: scientists are always looking for ways to make biology more precise . 原因在于:科学家一直在寻找 让生物学更精确的方法。
dabble:vt.溅湿;浸入水中;vi.涉猎;涉足;玩水; biologists:n.生物学家(biologist的复数); precise:adj.准确的;确切的;精确的;明确的;
Sometimes cell culture can feel a lot like cooking: take some chemicals, put it in a pot, stir it, heat it, see what happens, try it all over again. 有时候细胞培养像烹饪: 取一些化学物质,放进锅里,搅拌, 加热,看看会发生什么, 一次次尝试。
In contrast , lasers are so precise, you can target one cell in millions at precise intervals -- every second, every minute, every hour -- you name it. 相比之下,激光是如此精确, 你可以在精确的时间间隔里 瞄准数百万个细胞中的任何一个, 一秒内、一分内、 一小时内,你说了算。
stir:v.搅拌;搅动;激发;搅和;n.搅拌;搅动;震动;搅和; contrast:n.对比;对照;反差;明显的差异;v.对比;对照;形成对比; intervals:n.间隔;[声]音程(interval的复数);
I realized that instead of doing this tedious process of stem cell culture by hand, we could use lasers to remove the unwanted cells. 我意识到与其手工去做这个乏味的 干细胞培养过程, 我们可以使用激光来移除 不需要的细胞。
And to automate the entire process, we decided to use machine learning to identify those unwanted cells and zap them. 要自动化整个过程, 我们决定使用机器学习 来识别不需要的细胞 并杀死它们。
Algorithms today are great at finding useful information and images , making this a perfect use case for machine learning. 今天的算法在寻找有用的 信息和图像方面做得很好, 令这成为机器学习的 一个完美使用场景。
Here's how it works: 这是工作的原理:
Take some blood cells, put it in a cassette . 取一些血液细胞,放在卡盒里。
identify:v.识别:鉴定:确认:发现: images:n.印象;声誉;形象;画像;雕像;(image的第三人称单数和复数) cassette:n.暗盒;磁带盒;盒式磁带;卡式磁带;v.用盒式磁带[胶卷或录像磁带]录制;
Add chemicals to those blood cells to turn them into stem cells like always. 往血液细胞中加入化学物质 让它们像往常一样变成干细胞。
Now, instead of having a human look for those unwanted cells and remove them by hand, the machine identifies the unwanted cells and zaps them with a laser. 现在,跟过去人工寻找不需要的细胞 并手动移除掉不同的是, 机器识别出不需要的细胞 并用激光杀死它们。
As you can see , this entire process happens by machine. 你可以看到,这整个流程 都是机器操作的。
The computer decides when and how often to print the cells and uses a fully automated system to run the process. 机器决定打印细胞的时间和频率 并使用全自动系统来运行这个过程。
identifies:vt.[计]识别,认明;视为相同,鉴定;v.[计]识别,确定(identify的单三形式); zaps:n.活力; vt.攻击; vi.快速移动; As you can see:正如你所看到的;你是知道的; automated:adj.自动化的;v.(使)自动化;(automate的过去式和过去分词)
After repeated pruning , you end up with a perfect culture of your stem cells, ready to be banked and used at any time. 经过反复修剪后, 你得到你自己的完美干细胞培养物, 随时可以存入银行并使用。
In the future, we're going to have stem cell farms with stacks and stacks of hundreds and then eventually millions of cassettes , each cassette a personalized bank for one human. 在未来,我们将会拥有干细胞农场, 那里有一叠又一叠的,成百上千的, 最终是数百万的卡盒, 每个盒子是一个人的客制化银行。
pruning:v.修剪树枝;裁减;削减;精简;(prune的现在分词) stacks:n.堆叠;[图情]书库(stack的复数);进程堆栈应用; cassettes:n.盒式录音带(cassette的复数);
Nurses will take a sample of your cord blood right at birth and ship it off for cultivation , so that for the rest of your life, your stem cells are on file, banked, ready to go, should any medical need arise . 护士会在你出生时采集脐带血样本 然后运去培育, 这样在你的余生中,你的干细胞 都会被存档,储存起来, 随时准备使用,假设有任何医疗需要。
Let's say you develop heart disease. 我们假设说你患上了心脏疾病,
Your doctor can order up new heart cells. 你的医生可以订购新的心脏细胞。
Hair loss. They can order up new hair. 秃头,他们可以订购新的头发。
The most immediate application of this technology is for implants . 这个技术最快的应用是移植。[08:02]
cord:n.(结实的)粗线,细绳;灯芯绒裤子;v.用索子捆[绑,扎];堆积(柴薪) cultivation:n.培养;耕作;耕种;教化;文雅; arise:v.出现;发生;产生;起身; application:n.应用;申请;应用程序;敷用; implants:n.移植物;埋植剂(implant的复数);v.灌输(implant的第三人称单数);
Dr. Kapil Bharti's research at the National Eye Institute has informed a breakthrough clinical trial for a stem cell derived therapy for blindness. Kapil Bharti 博士 在国家眼科研究所的研究 对干细胞治疗失明 有突破性的临床试验。
As the process becomes cheaper, scientists can run larger and larger clinical trials at scale to develop new treatments that don't exist today, because what costs one million dollars today will soon be less than 50,000, and then even cheaper with time. 随着整个过程变得便宜, 科学家可以进行 越来越大规模的临床试验 去开发今天不存在的治疗方法, 因为今天耗费100万美元的东西 很快将会少于5万美元, 并且随着时间将进一步下降。
informed:adj.见多识广的; v.通知; (inform的过去分词和过去式) clinical:adj.临床的;诊所的; derived:adj.导出的;衍生的,派生的;v.得到;推断(derive的过去分词);由…而来; therapy:n.治疗,疗法; scale:n.规模;比例;鳞;刻度;天平;数值范围;v.衡量;攀登;剥落;生水垢; treatments:n.治疗;疗法;对待;处理;讨论;(treatment的复数)
Now, it gets even more interesting than that. 现在,事情变得比那更有趣了。
And perhaps you have longevity in mind. 也许你想要长寿。
That is certainly a possibility. 这当然是可能的。
In the future, we might use these exact same stem cell banks to generate entire new organs , new tissues , new skin ... 将来,我们可以使用这些 同样的干细胞银行 来生产全新的器官、组织、新的皮肤…
New bone, teeth, anyone? 新的骨头、牙齿。有人需要吗？
longevity:n.长寿,长命;寿命; organs:n.[生物]器官;机构;风琴(organ的复数); tissues:n.纸巾,手巾纸;(人、动植物细胞的)组织;(tissue的复数)
This technology also has the potential to revolutionize personalized pharmaceuticals . 这个技术也具有革命性 客制化药品的潜力。
Today, taking medicine is, to some degree, trial and error. 今天,服药在某种程度上 是一种试错法。
You don't really know if the drug is going to work for you until you put it in your body. 你并不确切知道这个药物 是不是对你有效, 直到把它服入体内。
But what if we had a miniature human replica of you with your cells -- eye cells, brain cells, heart cells, muscle cells, blood cells -- on a chip ? 但如果我们有一个里面 有你细胞的微型人体复制品, ——眼睛细胞、大脑细胞、心脏细胞、 肌肉细胞、血液细胞—— 在一个芯片上。
potential:n.潜能;可能性;[电]电势;adj.潜在的;可能的;势的; revolutionize:vt.发动革命;彻底改革;宣传革命;vi.革命化;从事革命; pharmaceuticals:n.药物(pharmaceutical的复数); what if:如果…怎么办? miniature:adj.微型的,小规模的;n.缩图;微型画;微型图画绘画术;vt.是…的缩影; replica:n.复制品,复制物; chip:v.削,凿;削成碎片;剥落;碎裂;n.[电子]芯片;筹码;碎片;(食物的)小片;薄片;
A miniature human replica of you. 你的微型人体复制品。
We could take the drugs, test them on the cells in the lab first to see how it works. 我们可以测试药物,首先在实验室里 在细胞上测试它们 看是否有效。
If it works, fantastic . Go ahead and take the drug. 如果有效,那很好。 下一步就是服药。
If it doesn't, pharmacists can order up custom drugs just for you. 如果无效,药剂师可以为你定制药物。
This has been the hope and dream of scientists for decades. 这是科学家数十年来的希望和梦想。
With this technology, we can finally realize the true potential of stem cells: on-demand functional cures made from your cells. 通过这种技术, 我们可以最终实现干细胞的真正潜力: 来自你的细胞的按需功能治疗方法。
fantastic:奇异的,空想的 pharmacists:n.药剂师(pharmacist的复数); finally:adv.终于;最终;(用于列举)最后;彻底地;
Cures that your body won't reject. 你的身体不会排斥的治疗方法。
Cures that truly work for everyone. 真正适合每个人的治疗方法。
The future of regenerative medicine is 100 percent personalized, and it's a lot closer than you think. 未来的再生医学100%是客制化的, 这比你想象的要近得多。
Thank you. 谢谢。
(Applause) （鼓掌）
regenerative:adj.再生的,更生的;更新的;