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MustafaAkyol_2011X-_伊斯兰教信仰与传统的碰撞_
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| A few weeks ago, |
几个星期之前 |
| I had a chance to go to Saudi Arabia . |
我有一个机会去沙特阿拉伯 |
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Saudi:adj.沙乌地阿拉伯(人或语)的;n.沙乌地阿拉伯人; Arabia:n.阿拉伯半岛(亚洲西南部,等于ArabianPeninsula);
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| And the first thing I wanted to do as a Muslim was go to Mecca and visit the Kaaba, the holiest shrine of Islam. |
作为一个穆斯林,我首先想到的就是 前往麦加拜访伊斯兰教 最神圣的圣坛克尔白 |
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Mecca:n.麦加(沙特阿拉伯一座城市);众人渴望去的地方; shrine:n.圣地;神殿;神龛;圣祠;v.将…置于神龛内;把…奉为神圣;
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| And I did that; I put on my ritualistic dress; |
后来我真的去了;我穿着传统仪式的服装 |
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ritualistic:adj.仪式的;固守仪式的;惯例的;
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| I went to the holy mosque; |
去了神圣的清真寺 |
| I did my prayers; |
做了祷告 |
| I observed all the rituals. |
我遵循了所有仪式流程 |
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observed:adj.观察的;观测的;v.观察;遵守;注意到(observe的过去分词形式);
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| And meanwhile , besides all the spirituality , there was one mundane detail in the Kaaba that was pretty interesting for me. |
与此同时 精神上的东西之外 在克尔白还有一些小细节 让我很感兴趣 |
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meanwhile:adv.同时,其间;n.其间,其时; besides:adv.此外;而且;prep.除…之外; spirituality:n.灵性;精神性; mundane:adj.世俗的,平凡的;世界的,宇宙的;
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| There was no separation of sexes. |
在那里不分性别 |
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separation:n.分离;分开;分割;隔离;
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| In other words, men and women were worshiping all together. |
换句话说,男人和女人 都在一起做礼拜 |
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worshiping:n.崇拜;礼拜;尊敬;vt.崇拜;尊敬;爱慕;vi.拜神;做礼拜;
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| They were together while doing the tawaf, the circular walk around the Kaaba. |
他们在一起做tawaf（伊斯兰教仪式的一种） 也就是要环绕着克尔白走 |
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circular:adj.圆形的; n.(同时送达很多人的)印刷信函(或通知、广告);
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| They were together while praying. |
他们在一起做祷告 |
| And if you wonder why this is interesting at all, you have to see the rest of Saudi Arabia because it's a country which is strictly divided between the sexes. |
如果你想知道为什么这让我如此感兴趣 你首先要了解一下沙特阿拉伯其他地方的情况 因为这个国家 是一个严格区分男女地位的国家 |
| In other words, as men, you are not simply supposed to be in the same physical space with women. |
换句话说 作为男人是不允许 和女人出现在同一场合中的 |
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supposed:adj.误信的;所谓的;v.认为;假设;设想;(suppose的过去分词和过去式) physical:adj.[物]物理的;身体的;物质的;符合自然法则的;n.体格检查;
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| And I noticed this in a very funny way. |
我是通过一个非常有趣的方式注意到这点的 |
| I left the Kaaba to eat something in downtown Mecca. |
我离开克尔白 想去麦加市区吃些东西 |
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downtown:n.市区;闹市区;adv.在市区;在热闹街上;到闹市区;adj.闹市区的;
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| I headed to the nearest Burger King restaurant. |
我走向了一家最近的汉堡王店 |
| And I went there -- |
到那以后 |
| I noticed that there was a male section, which was carefully separated from the female section. |
我发现那有一个男士专区 女性是被严格禁止进入这一区域的 |
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female:adj.女性的;雌性的;柔弱的,柔和的;n.女人;[动]雌性动物;
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| And I had to pay, order and eat at the male section. |
我付款,点餐和进餐都必须在男士专区进行 |
| '"It's funny," I said to myself, "You can mingle with the opposite sex at the holy Kaaba, but not at the Burger King." |
“真有意思”我心里想 ”你可以在神圣的克尔白和异性在一起 但在汉堡王却不行“ |
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mingle:v.(使)与…结合;相交往,混杂其中;
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| Quite ironic . |
真具有讽刺意味 |
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ironic:adj.讽刺的;反话的;
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| Ironic, and it's also, I think, quite telling. |
虽然讽刺,我认为也是说的通的 |
| Because the Kaaba and the rituals around it are relics from the earliest phase of Islam, that of prophet Muhammad. |
因为克尔白和那些仪式 是伊斯兰教最早期 也就是先知穆罕默德时期留下来的遗产 |
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relics:n.遗迹;遗骸;纪念物(relic的复数); phase:n.阶段;时期;月相;(月亮的)盈亏;v.分阶段进行;逐步做; prophet:n.先知;预言者;提倡者;
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| And if there was a big emphasis at the time to separate men from women, the rituals around the Kaaba could have been designed accordingly . |
如果那个时期很重视 把男性从女性中分离出来的话 那么,在设计仪式的时侯,也应相应的考虑到这一点 |
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emphasis:n.强调;重视;重要性;(对某个词或短语的)强调; accordingly:adv.因此,于是;相应地;照著;
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| But apparently that was not an issue at the time. |
但显然这在当时不是个问题 |
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apparently:adv.显然地;似乎,表面上; issue:n.重要议题;争论的问题;v.宣布;公布;发出;发行;
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| So the rituals came that way. |
因此仪式就像现在看到的样子 |
| This is also, I think, confirmed by the fact that the seclusion of women in creating a divided society is something that you also do not find in the Koran , the very core of Islam -- the divine core of Islam that all Muslims, and equally myself, believe. |
我觉得这同样也是个现状 那就是,由于女性的隐居状态 正在产生一个分裂的社会状态 这同样是不符合古兰经的 伊斯兰教的最核心的部分 其神圣的精髓 那就是所有的民族、信仰一律平等 |
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seclusion:n.隔离;隐退;隐蔽的地方; Koran:n.《可兰经》,《古兰经》(伊斯兰教); core:n.核心;要点;果心;[计]磁心;vt.挖...的核; divine:adj.神圣的;非凡的;天赐的;极好的;v.占卜;预言;用占卜勘探;n.牧师;神学家;
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| And I think it's not an accident that you don't find this idea in the very origin of Islam. |
我觉得如果那并不意外 如果你在原始的伊斯兰教义中 无法找到这些理念 |
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origin:n.起源;起因;源头;出身;
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| Because many scholars who study the history of Islamic thought -- |
因为许多研究 伊斯兰教的学者-- |
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scholars:n.学者们(scholar的复数); Islamic:adj.穆斯林的;
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| Muslim scholars or Westerners -- think that actually the practice of dividing men and women physically came as a later development in Islam, as Muslims adopted some preexisting cultures and traditions of the Middle East . |
这些学者中包括穆斯林学者和西方人-- 他们认为 把男人和女人区分开来,事实上是 伊斯兰教发展后期的事情 就像穆斯林吸取了 一些中东地区先前存在的文化和传统一样 |
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Westerners:n.西方人(westerner的复数); adopted:adj.被收养的;被采用的;v.采用;接受;(adopt的过去式和过去分词); preexisting:adj.先前存在的;先于…而存在的; Middle East:n.中东(包括亚洲西南部和非洲东北部);
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| Seclusion of women was actually a Byzantine and Persian practice, and Muslims adopted that and made that a part of their religion. |
女性的隐逸实际上是出自 拜占庭和波斯的惯例 穆斯林借鉴了这个习俗 并且把它变成自身宗教信仰的一部分 |
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Byzantine:adj.拜占庭式的;东罗马帝国的;n.拜占庭人,拜占庭派的建筑师; Persian:n.波斯人;波斯语;adj.波斯的;波斯人的;波斯语的;
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| And actually this is just one example of a much larger phenomenon . |
这仅仅是这种借鉴现象中的 的一个例子 |
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phenomenon:n.现象;杰出的人;非凡的人(或事物);
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| What we call today Islamic Law, and especially Islamic culture -- and there are many Islamic cultures actually; the one in Saudi Arabia is much different from where I come from in Istanbul or Turkey. |
我们如今所说的伊斯兰法,特别是伊斯兰文明-- 事实上其中有许多伊斯兰文化; 同样的一件事在沙特阿拉伯完全不同于 在我的家乡伊斯坦布尔或者土耳其 |
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especially:adv.尤其;特别;格外;十分;
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| But still, if you're going to speak about a Muslim culture, this has a core, the divine message, which began the religion, but then many traditions, perceptions , many practices were added on top of it. |
但是尽管如此 如果谈论穆斯林文明 有一个核心,神圣的主旨思想 是从初期就有的 但是之后,许多传统,认知想法 和惯例被加了进来 |
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perceptions:n.认知;观念(perception的复数);理解;
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| And these were traditions of the Middle East -- medieval traditions. |
这些东西都出自中东地区的传统--中世纪传统 |
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medieval:adj.中世纪的;原始的;仿中世纪的;老式的;
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| And there are two important messages, or two lessons, to take from that reality. |
同样,有两个重要的信息,或者说两个重要的经验 可以从那个事实中获得 |
| First of all , Muslims -- pious , conservative , believing Muslims who want to be loyal to their religion -- should not cling onto everything in their culture, thinking that that's divinely mandated . |
首先,穆斯林-- 虔诚的,保守的,忠诚于他们信仰的穆斯林教徒们-- 不应该对他们文化中的一切都持有坚持的态度 认为那是神圣不可改变的 |
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First of all:adv.首先; pious:adj.虔诚的;敬神的;可嘉的;尽责的; conservative:adj.保守的;n.保守派,守旧者; loyal:adj.忠诚的,忠心的;忠贞的;n.效忠的臣民;忠实信徒; cling:v.依附;抓紧;紧抱;粘住;依恋; divinely:adv.凭神的力量;象神一样地;庄严地;极好地; mandated:adj.托管的; v.强制执行; (mandate的过去分词和过去式)
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| Maybe some things are bad traditions and they need to be changed. |
也许有一些不好的传统 是需要被改变的 |
| On the other hand , the Westerners who look at Islamic culture and see some troubling aspects should not readily conclude that this is what Islam ordains . |
另一方面,那些对伊斯兰教 进行审视的西方人 当看到消极一面的时候 也不应该简单的断定那就是伊斯兰教义的本意 |
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On the other hand:另一方面; aspects:n.方面;相位;面貌(aspect的复数); readily:adv.容易地;乐意地;无困难地; conclude:v.断定:得出结论:终止:达成:缔结(协定) ordains:vt.任命某人为牧师;授某人以圣职;(上帝,法律等)命令;注定;vi.颁布命令;
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| Maybe it's a Middle Eastern culture that became confused with Islam. |
也许那是出自中东文化 使得伊斯兰教义变得模糊不清 |
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Eastern:adj.东方的;向东的;东部的;东方国家的;n.东方人;东正教信徒; confused:adj.困惑的; v.使糊涂; (confuse的过去分词和过去式)
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| There is a practice called female circumcision . |
比如有一个习俗叫做 “女性割礼” |
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circumcision:n.割礼;净心;[外科]包皮环割术;
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| It's something terrible, horrible . |
非常可怕和残酷 |
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horrible:可怕的,极讨厌的,
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| It is basically an operation to deprive women of sexual pleasure. |
本质上,它是通过手术 剥夺女性在性方面获得快感的权利 |
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basically:adv.主要地,基本上; deprive:vt.使丧失,剥夺; sexual:adj.性的;性别的;有性的;
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| And Westerners, Europeans or Americans, who didn't know about this before faced this practice within some of the Muslim communities who migrated from North Africa. |
有一些西方人,欧洲人或者美洲人 之前并不知道这些习俗 他们从北美移民到穆斯林国家 在那里见到了 这种习俗 |
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Europeans:n.欧洲人(European的复数); communities:n.社区;社会;团体;共有(community的复数) migrated:v.(随季节变化)迁徙;移居;迁移;移动;转移;(migrate的过去分词和过去式)
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| And they've thought, "Oh, what a horrible religion that is which ordains something like that." |
于是他们就说:”天哪,这是多么可怕的一种宗教啊 让人去做这种可怕事情” |
| But actually when you look at female circumcision, you see that it has nothing to do with Islam, it's just a North African practice, which predates Islam. |
但是实际上,当你去了解女性割礼这种习俗的时候 你会发现那和伊斯兰教本身没什么关系 那是北非地区的一种习俗 在伊斯兰教之前就有了 |
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predates:v.(在日期上)早于,先于;(predate的第三人称单数)
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| It was there for thousands of years. |
它已经存在了数千年 |
| And quite tellingly , some Muslims do practice that. |
一些穆斯林也有这种习俗也很正常 |
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tellingly:adv.有效地;显著地;
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| The Muslims in North Africa, not in other places. |
仅仅是北非的穆斯林有这种习俗,其他地区穆斯林并没有 |
| But also the non-Muslim communities of North Africa -- the Animists , even some Christians and even a Jewish tribe in North Africa is known to practice female circumcision. |
但是,还有一些北非的非穆斯林团体-- 例如万物有灵论者,甚至是一些基督教徒 和一个犹太教部落 也是有女性割礼这个习俗的 |
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Animists:n.万物有灵论者; Jewish:adj.犹太人的;犹太族的; tribe:n.部落;族;宗族;一伙;
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| So what might look like a problem within Islamic faith might turn out to be a tradition that Muslims have subscribed to. |
因此,在伊斯兰教中被看作 是一个问题的东西 可能会变成一个传统 被穆斯林所沿袭 |
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faith:n.信心;信任;宗教信仰; subscribed:v.定期订购(或订阅等); (subscribe的过去式和过去分词)
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| The same thing can be said for honor killings, which is a recurrent theme in the Western media -- and which is, of course, a horrible tradition. |
名誉罪刑也是一个相似的问题 是西方媒体经常讨论的问题 当然,它同样也是一个可怕的习俗 |
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recurrent:adj.复发的;周期性的,经常发生的; media:n.媒体;媒质(medium的复数);血管中层;浊塞音;中脉;
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| And we see truly in some Muslim communities that tradition. |
我们亲眼看见这种传统发生在一些穆斯林社会中 |
| But in the non-Muslim communities of the Middle East, such as some Christian communities, Eastern communities, you see the same practice. |
但是在中东的非伊斯兰社会 像一些基督教教社会,东方社会 你也可以看到同样的习俗 |
| We had a tragic case of an honor killing within Turkey's Armenian community just a few months ago. |
我有一个悲惨的例子 发生在土耳其的亚美尼亚人社区 就在几个月之前 |
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tragic:adj.悲剧的;悲痛的,不幸的; Armenian:n.亚美尼亚人;亚美尼亚语;adj.亚美尼亚的;亚美尼亚人的; community:n.社区;[生态]群落;共同体;团体;
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| Now these are things about general culture, but I'm also very much interested in political culture and whether liberty and democracy is appreciated , or whether there's an authoritarian political culture in which the state is supposed to impose things on the citizens. |
现在看这些事情是文化问题 但是我还想从政治文化角度去分析这种现象 自由和民主是否得到足够的重视 或者 是否存在着 国家把意识强加于人民的集权政治文化 |
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liberty:n.自由;许可;冒失; democracy:n.民主,民主主义;民主政治; appreciated:v.欣赏;感激;理解;(appreciate的过去分词和过去式) authoritarian:adj.独裁主义的;权力主义的;n.权力主义者;独裁主义者; impose:v.推行;迫使;强制实行;把…强加于;
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| And it is no secret that many Islamic movements in the Middle East tend to be authoritarian, and some of the so-called "Islamic regimes " |
这些不是秘密 中东的许多伊斯兰运动 都趋向于专政 有一些被称为所谓的伊斯兰政治制度 |
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so-called:adj.所谓的;号称的; regimes:n.政治制度,政权,政体(regime的名词复数);
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| such as Saudi Arabia, Iran and the worst case was the Taliban in Afghanistan -- they are pretty authoritarian. No doubt about that. |
比如沙特阿拉伯,伊朗 最坏的例子就是阿富汗塔利班了 他们非常专政--这是毫无疑问的 |
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Taliban:塔利班; Afghanistan:n.阿富汗(国家名称,位于亚洲);
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| For example, in Saudi Arabia there is a phenomenon called the religious police. |
例如在沙特阿拉伯 有一个群体叫宗教警察 |
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religious:adj.宗教的;虔诚的;严谨的;修道的;n.修道士;尼姑;
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| And the religious police imposes the supposed Islamic way of life on every citizen, by force -- like women are forced to cover their heads -- wear the hijab , the Islamic head cover. |
他们强迫人们 以伊斯兰教的方式生活 每一个人都被强迫要求必须遵守 比如女人被强迫戴盖头-- 用面纱或者头巾包住头 |
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imposes:强加于;征收(impose的第三人称单数); hijab:n.希贾布(穆斯林妇女戴的面纱或头巾);
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| Now that is pretty authoritarian, and that's something I'm very much critical of. |
现在看来,那是非常专政的 那就是我要批判的东西 |
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critical:adj.鉴定的;[核]临界的;批评的,爱挑剔的;危险的;决定性的;评论的;
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| But when I realized that the non-Muslim, or the non-Islamic-minded actors in the same geography, sometimes behaved similarly , |
但是 当我意识到 非穆斯林 或者是同一个地区不信仰伊斯兰教的人 也做着类似的事情的时候 |
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behaved:v.表现;表现得体;有礼貌;(behave的过去分词和过去式) similarly:adv.同样地;类似于;
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| I realized that the problem maybe lies in the political culture of the whole region , not just Islam. |
我意识到问题可能是 整个地区的政治文化的问题,而不仅仅是伊斯兰教的问题 |
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region:n.地区;范围;部位;
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| Let me give you an example: in Turkey where I come from, which is a very hyper-secular republic, until very recently we used to have what I call secularism police, which would guard the universities against veiled students. |
让我来举例说明一下:以我出生的土耳其来说 直到最近之前 它都是一个非常非宗教性的国家 我们以前有一种警察,我们称之为政教分离警察 他们警戒着大学 不允许学生带面纱 |
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recently:adv.最近;新近; secularism:n.世俗主义;现世主义;宗教与教育分离论; veiled:adj.隐藏的; v.戴面纱(veil的过去式和过去分词);
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| In other words, they would force students to uncover their heads, and I think forcing people to uncover their head is as tyrannical as forcing them to cover it. |
换句话说, 他们迫使学生 不让他们戴盖头 在我看来强迫他们不许戴盖头 和强迫他们戴盖头一样都是专制的 |
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uncover:v.揭开盖子;发现;揭露;揭发; tyrannical:adj.残暴的;暴君的;专横的;
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| It should be the citizen's decision. |
是否戴盖头应该由他们自己选择 |
| But when I saw that, I said, "Maybe the problem is just an authoritarian culture in the region, and some Muslims have been influenced by that. |
但是当我看到那些做法,我说 也许问题 是这个地区的集权文化的问题 一些穆斯林已经被它影响到了 |
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influenced:v.影响;对…起作用;支配;左右;(influence的过去分词和过去式)
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| But the secular-minded people can be influenced by that. |
但是没有宗教思想的人也会被那些行为所影响到 |
| Maybe it's a problem of the political culture, and we have to think about how to change that political culture." |
也许政治文化的问题 我们必须想一想 如何改变那样的政治文化 |
| Now these are some of the questions |
这些问题是几年前 |
| I had in mind a few years ago when I sat down to write a book. |
我在写一本书的时候 出现在我脑中的疑问 |
| I said, "Well I will make a research about how Islam actually came to be what it is today, and what roads were taken and what roads could have been taken." |
我说,”好,我要做个调查 关于伊斯兰教的起源和现状 和所选择的道路 以及原本可以选择的道路是什么” |
| The name of the book is "Islam Without Extremes : A Muslim Case for Liberty." |
书的名字叫做“一个没有极端的伊斯兰教:穆斯林的自由主义案例” |
|
Extremes:n.极端不同的感情;极端;极度;极限;(extreme的复数)
|
| And as the subtitle suggests, |
就像副标题所说 |
|
subtitle:n.副标题;说明或对白的字幕;vt.在…上印字幕;给…加副标题;
|
| I looked at Islamic tradition and the history of Islamic thought from the perspective of individual liberty, and I tried to find what are the strengths with regard to individual liberty. |
我对伊斯兰教的传统以及思想史 从个人自由主义的角度进行了审视 我还试图找到个人自由主义 的优点有什么 |
|
perspective:n.观点;远景;透视图;adj.透视的; individual:n.个人;有个性的人;adj.单独的;个别的;
|
| And there are strengths in Islamic tradition. |
在伊斯兰的传统中有一些优点 |
| Islam actually, as a monotheistic religion, which defined man as a responsible agent by itself, created the idea of the individual in the Middle East and saved it from the communitarianism, the collectivism of the tribe. |
伊斯兰教,本质上是一神论的宗教 它定义一个人作为它的代表人物 在中东地区创造了独特的思想 并且使得这种思想在信仰共产主义和集体主义的 部落中幸存了下来 |
|
monotheistic:adj.一神论的; defined:adj.有定义的,确定的; v.使明确; responsible:adj.负责的,可靠的;有责任的; agent:n.代理人,代理商;药剂;特工;v由…作中介;由…代理;adj.代理的; collectivism:n.集体主义;
|
| You can derive many ideas from that. |
你可以看许多观念都有它们的影子 |
|
derive:vt.源于;得自;vi.起源;
|
| But besides that, I also saw problems within Islamic tradition. |
但是除此之外,我同样在伊斯兰传统中看到许多问题 |
| But one thing was curious : most of those problems turn out to be problems that emerged later, not from the very divine core of Islam, the Koran, but from, again, traditions and mentalities , or the interpretations of the Koran that Muslims made in the Middle Ages . |
但是有一件事很奇妙: 那些问题中的大部分是后来才变成问题的 这些问题不是出自伊斯兰教神圣的核心,古兰经 但是,问题是来自传统惯例,思想意识 以及中世纪穆斯林 对古兰经的解读 |
|
curious:adj.好奇的,有求知欲的;古怪的;爱挑剔的; emerged:v.(从隐蔽处或暗处)出现;暴露;露出真相;显现;(emerge的过去分词和过去式) mentalities:n.心态;[心理]智力;精神力;头脑作用; interpretations:n.[计]解释; Middle Ages:n.中世纪(欧洲历史上从公元1000年到1450年);
|
| The Koran, for example, doesn't condone stoning. |
例如古兰经 是反对石刑的 |
|
condone:vt.宽恕;赦免;
|
| There is no punishment on apostasy . |
叛教是不会受到惩罚的 |
|
punishment:n.惩罚;严厉对待,虐待; apostasy:n.变节;脱党;背教;
|
| There is no punishment on personal things like drinking. |
像喝酒这样的私事也是不会受到惩罚的 |
|
personal:adj.个人的;身体的;亲自的;n.人事消息栏;人称代名词;
|
| These things which make Islamic Law, the troubling aspects of Islamic Law, were later developed into later interpretations of Islam. |
这些惩罚出现在伊斯兰教法中 是伊斯兰教法中有问题的部分 它们都是后期对伊斯兰教解读中发展出来的 |
| Which means that Muslims can, today, look at those things and say, "Well, the core of our religion is here to stay with us. |
也就是说,今天的穆斯林可以 看着这些事情然后说 ”恩, 我们一直遵循着 教义的精髓 |
| It's our faith, and we will be loyal to it. |
那是我们的信仰,我们将忠于它“ |
| But we can change how it was interpreted , because it was interpreted according to the time and milieu in the Middle Ages. |
但是 我们可以改变对它的解读 因为我们对它的解读还是停留在中世纪的环境下 |
|
interpreted:v.诠释;说明;把…理解为;领会;口译;(interpret的过去式和过去分词) according to:根据,据说;
|
| Now we are living in a different world with different values and different political systems." |
现在我们生活在一个完全不同的世界 有着不同的价值观和不同的政治体系 |
| That interpretation is quite possible and feasible . |
那种解读当时是合情合理的 |
|
feasible:adj.可行的;可能的;可实行的;
|
| Now if I were the only person thinking that way, we would be in trouble. |
现在 如果我是唯一一个那么想的人 我们也许就有麻烦了 |
| But that's not the case at all. |
但是实际上根本不是那样 |
| Actually, from the 19th century on, there's a whole revisionist , reformist -- whatever you call it -- tradition, a trend in Islamic thinking. |
实际上,从19世纪以来 有一群修正主义者,改革者-- 随你怎么叫他们都可以 传统 一种伊斯兰思想趋势 |
|
revisionist:n.修正主义者;adj.修正主义的;持修正主义论的; reformist:n.改革者;改革主义者;adj.改良主义的;改良运动的; trend:n.趋势;动向;趋向;动态;v.走向;趋向;
|
| And these were intellectuals or statesmen of the 19th century, and later, 20th century, which looked at Europe basically and saw that Europe has many things to admire, like science and technology . |
19世纪,以及后来的20世纪 的思想家或政治家们 他们看到欧洲的发展 并且认为欧洲有许多令人羡慕的地方 比如科学技术 |
|
intellectuals:n.[劳经]知识分子(intellectual的复数); statesmen:n.政治家; technology:n.技术;工艺;术语;
|
| But not just that; also democracy, parliament , the idea of representation , the idea of equal citizenship . |
不止那些;还有民主制和议会制 代表制度 公民平等制 |
|
parliament:n.议会,国会; representation:n.表现;代表;描述;陈述 citizenship:n.[法]公民身份,公民资格;国籍;公民权;
|
| These Muslim thinkers and intellectuals and statesmen of the 19th century looked at Europe, saw these things. |
穆斯林19世纪的思想家,知识分子以及政治家们 看到欧洲的发展和这些新事物 |
| They said, "Why don't we have these things?" |
他们说:”为什么我们不能也拥有那些？“ |
| And they looked back at Islamic tradition, they saw that there are problematic aspects, but they're not the core of the religion, so maybe they can be re-understood, and the Koran can be reread in the modern world. |
他们再回看伊斯兰传统 他们觉得有些方面是有问题的 这些方面不是教义的核心问题,所以也许它们可以被换一种方式重新解读 古兰经也可以在现代社会 被重新解读 |
|
problematic:adj.问题的;有疑问的;不确定的; reread:vi.重读,再读;vt.重读;再读;n.重读;
|
| That trend is generally called Islamic modernism , and it was advanced by intellectuals and statesmen, not just as an intellectual idea though, but also as a political program. |
这种趋势 被普遍叫做伊斯兰现代主义 它被知识分子和政治家提出 这不只是一个知识分子的想法 同样是一个政治进程 |
|
generally:adv.通常;普遍地,一般地; modernism:n.现代主义;现代思想;现代作风; advanced:adj.先进的; v.前进; (advance的过去式和过去分词形式)
|
| And that's why actually in the 19th century the Ottoman Empire, which then covered the whole Middle East, made very important reforms -- reforms like giving Christians and Jews an equal citizenship status , accepting a constitution , accepting a representative parliament, advancing the idea of freedom of religion. |
这就是为什么在19世纪 征服了整个中东的奥斯曼帝国 做出了非常重要的变革-- 变革包括给予基督教徒和犹太教徒 平等地位 承认宪法 承认议会代表 推进宗教自由 |
|
Ottoman:adj.土耳其帝国的(等于Turkish);土耳其人的;土耳其民族的;n.土耳其人; reforms:n.改革(reform的复数);v.改革(reform的单数第三人称); status:n.地位;状态;情形;重要身份; constitution:n.宪法;构成;体质;组成; representative:n.代表; adj.典型的;
|
| And that's why the Ottoman Empire in its last decades turned into a proto-democracy, a constitutional monarchy , and freedom was a very important political value at the time. |
这也同样是为什么奥斯曼帝国在他的最后十年 形成了民主制的雏形 一个君主立宪制国家 自由在那时是非常重要的政治观 |
|
constitutional:adj.宪法的;本质的;体质上的;保健的;n.保健散步;保健运动; monarchy:n.君主政体;君主国;君主政治;
|
| Similarly, in the Arab world, there was what the great Arab historian Albert Hourani defines as the Liberal Age. |
同样的,在阿拉伯世界 也处在被伟大的阿拉伯历史学家阿尔伯特·胡拉尼 称之为的自由时代 |
|
defines:v.阐明;明确;界定;画出…的线条;描出…的外形(define的第三人称单数) Liberal:adj.宽宏大度的; n.理解且尊重他人意见的人;
|
| He has a book, "Arabic Thought in the Liberal Age," |
他写过一本书叫”自由时代的阿拉伯思想“ |
| and the Liberal Age, he defines as 19th century and early 20th century. |
他定义的自由时期 是19世纪和20世纪早期 |
| Quite notably , this was the dominant trend in the early 20th century among Islamic thinkers and statesmen and theologians . |
明显的,20世纪早期, 在伊斯兰思想家、政治家和神学家中 自由主义是主流思想 |
|
notably:adv.显著地;尤其; dominant:adj.显性的;占优势的;支配的,统治的;n.显性; theologians:n.神学者;空头理论家;
|
| But there is a very curious pattern in the rest of the 20th century, because we see a sharp decline in this Islamic modernist line. |
但是,这有一个非常奇怪的图形 在20世纪的剩余时间里 因为我们看到伊斯兰现代主义者这条线 急剧的下降 |
|
sharp:锋利的,尖的 decline:v.下降;衰退;减少;谢绝;n.下降; modernist:n.现代主义者;现代主义艺术家;adj.现代主义的;
|
| And in place of that, what happens is that Islamism grows as an ideology which is authoritarian, which is quite strident , which is quite anti-Western , and which wants to shape society based on a utopian vision. |
取而代之的的是 伊斯兰教发展成了 一个专制的思想体系 并且非常的尖锐 非常的反西方 希望把社会塑造成 一个乌托邦 |
|
in place of:代替; ideology:n.意识形态;思想意识;观念学; strident:adj.刺耳的;尖锐的;吱吱尖叫的;轧轧作响的; anti-Western:反西方; utopian:adj.乌托邦的;空想的;理想化的;n.空想家;乌托邦的居民;
|
| So Islamism is the problematic idea that really created a lot of problems in the 20th century Islamic world. |
因此伊斯兰教是存在疑问的 它带来了许多问题 在20世纪的伊斯兰世界 |
| And even the very extreme forms of Islamism led to terrorism in the name of Islam -- which is actually a practice that I think is against Islam, but some, obviously, extremists did not think that way. |
甚至是伊斯兰教非常极端的形式 导致了伊斯兰恐怖主义-- 我认为它实际上是反对伊斯兰教活动的组织 但是有一些,明显的极端主义者不那么认为 |
|
terrorism:n.恐怖主义; in the name of:以…的名义; extremists:n.极端主义者;极端分子;过激分子;(extremist的复数)
|
| But there is a curious question: |
但是有一个奇怪的问题 |
| If Islamic modernism was so popular in the 19th and early 20th centuries, why did Islamism become so popular in the rest of the 20th century? |
如果伊斯兰现代主义在十九世纪和二十世纪初期 如此受欢迎的话 为什么在20世纪其它时间里 伊斯兰教会变得如此流行？ |
| And this is a question, I think, which needs to be discussed carefully. |
我认为,这个问题 需要很仔细的去探讨 |
| And in my book, I went into that question as well. |
在我的书中,同样涉及到了这个问题 |
| And actually you don't need to be a rocket scientist to understand that. |
事实上你不必像个专家一样精通 |
| You just look at the political history of the 20th century, and you see things have changed a lot. |
你只要去看看20世纪的政治史 你就会发现事情改变了很多 |
| The context has changed. |
时代背景已经改变 |
|
context:n.环境;上下文;来龙去脉;
|
| In the 19th century, when Muslims were looking at Europe as an example, they were independent; they were more self-confident . |
19世纪的时候 当穆斯林把欧洲当作一个榜样看待的时候 他们是独立自主的,他们所拥有的更多的是自信 |
|
self-confident:adj.自信的;
|
| In the early 20th century, with the fall of the Ottoman Empire, the whole Middle East was colonized . |
二十世纪初期时,随着奥斯曼帝国的没落 整个中东处于被殖民状态 |
|
colonized:vt.将…开拓为殖民地; vi.开拓殖民地;
|
| And when you have colonization what do you have? |
当你处于殖民化的时候,你还能有什么呢? |
|
colonization:n.殖民;殖民地化;
|
| You have anti-colonization. |
你有的就是反抗殖民统治 |
| So Europe is not just an example now to emulate; it's an enemy to fight and to resist . |
因此欧洲从之前的榜样变成了当时的竞争者 变成了需要反抗和斗争的敌人 |
|
resist:v.抵制;阻挡;反抗;回击;抵抗;忍住;n.防染剂;防蚀用涂料;防腐剂;
|
| So there's a very sharp decline in liberal ideas in the Muslim world, and what you see is more of a defensive , rigid , reactionary strain , which led to Arab socialism , Arab nationalism and ultimately to the Islamist ideology. |
因此,在穆斯林世界之前的自由主义观点 就急剧的下滑了 这时你更多的看到了保守思想 死板,禁锢 这也催生了阿拉伯社会主义,阿拉伯民族主义 最终形成了伊斯兰的思想体系 |
|
defensive:n.辩护;守势;adj.防御的;保护的;保卫的;戒备的; rigid:adj.严格的;僵硬的,死板的;坚硬的;精确的; reactionary:adj.保守的,反动的;反动主义的;反对改革的;n.反动分子;反动派;保守派; strain:n.压力;品系;应力;张力;v.扭伤;拉紧;滤;损伤; socialism:n.社会主义; nationalism:n.民族主义;国家主义;民族特性; ultimately:adv.最终;最后;归根结底;终究; Islamist:n.伊斯兰教主义者;回教教徒;
|
| And when the colonial period ended, what you had in place of that was, generally, secular dictators, which say they're a country, but did not bring democracy to the country, and established their own dictatorship . |
当殖民时期结束的时候 取而代之的 一般来说,就是独裁者 他们组建了一个国家 但是却没有为这个国家带来民主 却形成了他们自己的独裁统治 |
|
colonial:n.殖民地居民;adj.殖民地的,殖民的; established:adj.已确立的;著名的;v.建立;创立;设立;(establish的过去分词和过去式) dictatorship:n.专政;独裁权;独裁者职位;
|
| And I think the West, at least some powers in the West, particularly the United States, made the mistake of supporting those secular dictators, thinking that they were more helpful for their interests. |
我认为西方国家,至少是一部分西方国家的政权 特别是美国 在支持这些独裁者上犯了错误 因为他们觉得这更符合他们的国家利益 |
|
particularly:adv.特别地,独特地;详细地,具体地;明确地,细致地; United:adj.联合的; v.联合,团结; (unite的过去分词和过去式)
|
| But the fact that those dictators suppressed democracy in their country and suppressed Islamic groups in their country actually made the Islamists much more strident. |
但是事实却是那些独裁者 在国家内部镇压民主 还镇压本国的伊斯兰组织 事实上这致使伊斯兰主义者更加极端 |
|
suppressed:adj.抑制的,发育不全的;v.镇压,禁止;(suppress的过去时和过去分词)
|
| So in the 20th century, you had this vicious cycle in the Arab world where you have a dictatorship suppressing its own people including the Islamic-pious, and they're reacting in reactionary ways. |
因此 在20世纪 你会发现这种恶性循环发生在阿拉伯世界 这些国家都是独裁国家,它们镇压人民 包括虔诚的穆斯林 他们的行为非常保守 |
|
vicious:adj.恶毒的;恶意的;堕落的;有错误的;品性不端的;剧烈的; suppressing:adj.制止的;v.镇压;禁止(suppress的现在分词); reacting:v.起反应;(对…)作出反应;回应;(react的现在分词)
|
| There was one country, though, which was able to escape or stay away from that vicious cycle. |
但是有一个国家 它摆脱了 这种恶性循环 |
| And that's the country where I come from; that's Turkey. |
那就是我的祖国:土耳其 |
| Turkey has never been colonized, so it remained as an independent nation after the fall of the Ottoman Empire. |
土耳其从来没有被殖民过 因此它在奥斯曼帝国垮台后保持了国家的独立性 |
|
independent:adj.独立的; n.无党派议员(或候选人等);
|
| That's one thing to remember. |
有一件事值得记住 |
| They did not share the same anti-colonial hype that you can find in some other countries in the region. |
他们没有大肆宣传反殖民主义 这种宣传在当时的许多其他国家却是很常见的 |
|
anti-colonial:adj.反殖民主义的; hype:n.大肆宣传;皮下注射;vt.大肆宣传;使…兴奋;
|
| Secondly, and most importantly , |
其次,最重要的一点是 |
|
and most importantly:最主要的是…;
|
| Turkey became a democracy earlier than any of the countries we are talking about. |
土耳其变成了一个民主国家 这个转变早于任何一个我们所谈到的国家 |
| In 1950, Turkey had the first free and fair elections, which ended the more autocratic secular regime, which was the beginning of Turkey. |
1950年,土耳其举行了第一次自由公平的大选 标志着结束了独裁的政治体制 是土耳其的一个起点 |
|
autocratic:adj.专制的;独裁的,专横的;
|
| And the pious Muslims in Turkey saw that they can change the political system by voting. |
在土耳其的虔诚穆斯林 发现他们可以用他们的选票改变政治体制 |
| And they realize that democracy is something that is compatible with Islam, compatible with their values, and they've been supportive of democracy. |
他们同时发现民主是和伊斯兰教可以共存的 和他们的价值观是一致的 于是他们对民主表示了支持 |
|
compatible:adj.兼容的;能共处的;可并立的; supportive:adj.支持的;支援的;赞助的;
|
| That's an experience that not every other Muslim nation in the Middle East had until very recently. |
这个民主过程 中东地区的许多国家 直到最近才经历 |
| Secondly, in the past two decades, thanks to globalization , thanks to the market economy , thanks to the rise of a middle-class , we in Turkey see what I define as a rebirth of Islamic modernism. |
其次,在过去的20年 多亏了全球化、市场经济 以及中产阶级的崛起 我们在土耳其看到了 我定义的伊斯兰现代主义的复兴 |
|
globalization:n.全球化; economy:n.经济;节约;理财; middle-class:adj.中产阶级的;中层社会的; rebirth:n.再生;复兴;
|
| Now there's the more urban middle-class pious Muslims who, again, look at their tradition and see that there are some problems in the tradition, and they understand that they need to be changed and questioned and reformed . |
现在越来越多城市中产阶级中的虔诚穆斯林 开始重新去审视他们的传统 同时看到传统中的一些问题 他们意识到他们必须改变、质疑和变革 |
|
urban:adj.城市的;都市的;城镇的;都市音乐的; reformed:adj.改革过的;新教的;v.改革(reform的过去分词和过去式);
|
| And they look at Europe, and they see an example, again, to follow. |
他们审视欧洲 再次把欧洲作为一个榜样,去效仿 |
| They see an example, at least, to take some inspiration from. |
他们看到了一个榜样,至少可以从那得到一些灵感 |
| That's why the E.U. process , |
这就是为什么欧洲一体化的进程中 |
|
process:v.处理;加工;列队行进;n.过程,进行;方法,adj.经过特殊加工(或处理)的;
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| Turkey's effort to join the E.U., has been supported inside Turkey by the Islamic-pious, while some secular nations were against that. |
土耳其希望加入欧盟的努力 得到了国家内部的支持 包括虔诚的穆斯林 尽管一些国家反对土耳其的做法 |
| Well that process has been a little bit blurred by the fact that not all Europeans are that welcoming -- but that's another discussion. |
确实,一体化的过程遇到些问题 实际操作中,并没有得到所有欧洲人的欢迎-- 这是另一个需要讨论的问题 |
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blurred:adj.模糊不清的; v.玷污; (blur的过去式和过去分词)
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| But the pro-E.U. sentiment in Turkey in the past decade has become almost an Islamic cause and supported by the Islamic liberals and the secular liberals as well, of course. |
但是,在过去的十年中,在土耳其,支持欧洲联盟的观点 已经几乎变成了伊斯兰教的目标 得到了伊斯兰自由主义者 当然同样也得到了非宗教界的自由主义者的支持 |
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sentiment:n.感情,情绪;情操;观点;多愁善感; liberals:n.自由主义者(liberal的复数);
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| And thanks to that, |
多亏了这些支持 |
| Turkey has been able to reasonably create a success story in which Islam and the most pious understandings of Islam have become part of the democratic game, |
土耳其已经合理的开创了一个历史 这个过程使得伊斯兰教和穆斯林 变成了这个民主过程的一部分 |
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reasonably:adv.合理地;相当地;适度地; success story:n.获得巨大成功的人(或事物); democratic:adj.民主的;民主政治的;大众的;
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| and even contributes to the democratic and economic advance of the country. |
他们甚至还推动了国家的民主 和经济的发展 |
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contributes:[图情]投稿;[经]捐助;[经]捐献(contribute的第三人称单数); economic:adj.经济的,经济上的;经济学的;
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| And this has been an inspiring example right now for some of the Islamic movements or some of the countries in the Arab world. |
如今,这段历史已经成为 一些伊斯兰运动 和阿拉伯世界伊斯兰国家鼓舞人心的案例 |
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inspiring:adj.鼓舞人心的;灌输的;v.鼓舞;激发;使感悟;(inspire的现在分词)
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| You must have all seen the Arab Spring, which began in Tunis and in Egypt. |
通过近期发生在突尼斯和埃及的事件 你应该已经看到了阿拉伯世界的春天 |
| And Arab masses just revolted against their dictators. |
阿拉伯的民众 反抗他们的独裁者 |
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masses:n.民众;大量(mass的复数);包块;v.集中;聚集(mass的三单形式); revolted:adj.起义的;起来反抗的;厌恶的;v.反叛(revolt的过去式);
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| They were asking for democracy; they were asking for freedom. |
他们要求民主;他们要求自由 |
| And they did not turn out to be the Islamist boogyman that the dictators were always using to justify their regime. |
他们并不是伊斯兰的柏拉图 独裁者们过去总是 为他们的政治体制辩护 |
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justify:v.证明合法;整理版面;替…辩护;
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| They said that "we want freedom; we want democracy. |
他们说”我们渴望自由,我们渴望民主“ |
| We are Muslim believers , but we want to be living as free people in free societies." |
我们是伊斯兰教徒 但是我们希望作为一个自由的人生活在自由的社会 |
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believers:n.信徒;相信的人;(believer的复数)
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| Of course, this is a long road. |
当然,改革的路是漫长的 |
| Democracy is not an overnight achievement; it's a process. |
民主不是一天建立的 需要一个过程 |
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overnight:adj.夜间的; v.在夜间; n.(美)前一天的晚上;
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| But this is a promising era in the Muslim world. |
但是在穆斯林世界 这是一个前途光明的时代 |
| And I believe that the Islamic modernism which began in the 19th century, but which had a setback in the 20th century because of the political troubles of the Muslim world, is having a rebirth. |
我相信起源于19世纪 在20世纪 因为穆斯林世界政治原因结束的 伊斯兰现代主义 正在复兴 |
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setback:n.挫折;退步;逆流;
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| And I think the getaway message from that would be that Islam, despite some of the skeptics in the West, has the potential in itself to create its own way to democracy, create its own way to liberalism , create its own way to freedom. |
我认为从我得到信息来看 正是那样的伊斯兰教 尽管一些西方无神论者抱着怀疑的态度 但是伊斯兰教本身蕴藏着潜力 去开创属于他们的民主,开创属于他们的自由主义 开创属于他们的自由 |
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getaway:n.逃走;逃跑;短假;适合旅行的地方; despite:prep.尽管,不管;n.轻视;憎恨;侮辱; skeptics:n.疑论者,怀疑主义者(skeptic的复数形式); potential:n.潜能;可能性;[电]电势;adj.潜在的;可能的;势的; liberalism:n.自由主义;开明的思想或见解;
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| They just should be allowed to work for that. |
他们应该被允许为之努力 |
| Thanks so much. |
非常感谢 |
| (Applause) |
（掌声） |