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MitchZeller_2019X-_尼古丁成瘾的历史、现在与未来_-
I'm going to tell you a story. 让我给你们讲一个故事。
I'm going to tell you a story about how the deadliest consumer product imaginable came to be. 这个故事讲的是 你能想象的最致命的消费品 是如何出现的。
deadliest:adj.最致命的; consumer:n.[经]消费者;[生,生态]消费者; imaginable:adj.可能的;可想像的;
It's the cigarette. 我指的是香烟。
The cigarette is the only consumer product that, when used as intended , will kill half of all long-term users prematurely , later in life. 香烟是独一无二的消费品, 当按照预期使用时, 它会让半数长期使用者在 日后的生活中过早死亡。
intended:adj.预定的;计划的;v.打算;计划;想要;(intend的过去分词和过去式) long-term:adj.长期的;从长远来看; prematurely:adv.过早地;早熟地;
But this is also a story about the work that we're doing at the Food and Drug Administration, and specifically , the work that we're doing to create the cigarette of the future, that is no longer capable of creating or sustaining addiction . 但这个故事也是关于 我们在美国食品和药物 管理局（FDA）的工作, 具体来说,就是我们正进行的 制造未来香烟的工作, 使其无法再造成或维持上瘾。
specifically:adv.特别地;明确地; capable:adj.能干的,能胜任的;有才华的; sustaining:adj.持续的;支持的;v.维持(sustain的现在分词);支持;承受; addiction:n.瘾;嗜好;入迷;
A lot of people think that the tobacco problem or the smoking problem has been solved in the United States because of the great progress that's been made over the last 40, 50 years, when it comes to both consumption and prevalence . 很多人认为烟草问题 或者吸烟问题 在美国已经解决了, 因为过去四五十年间 我们在（烟草的）消费和使用率方面 都取得了巨大进步。
United:adj.联合的; v.联合,团结; (unite的过去分词和过去式) consumption:n.消费;消耗;肺痨; prevalence:n.流行;普遍;广泛;
And it's true; smoking rates are at historic lows. 确实如此; 吸烟率处于历史低位。
historic:adj.有历史意义的;历史上著名的;
It's true for both adults and for kids. 对于成年人和儿童都是如此。
And it's true that those who continue to smoke are smoking far fewer cigarettes per day than at any time in history. 另外那些继续吸烟的人 每天吸的香烟数量 确实比历史任何时候都少。
But what if I told you that tobacco use, primarily because of firsthand and secondhand exposure to the smoke in cigarettes, remains the leading cause of completely preventable disease and death in this country? 但如果我告诉你们烟草使用, 主要是暴露在香烟烟雾中 吸入的一手烟和二手烟, 仍然是这个国家完全可预防 的疾病和死亡的主要原因时, 你会怎么想？
what if:如果…怎么办? primarily:adv.首先;主要地,根本上; firsthand:adj.直接的;直接采购的;直接得来的;adv.直接地; secondhand:adj.二手的;旧的;间接获得的;做旧货生意的;adv.间接地;间接听来;以旧货; exposure:n.暴露;显露;揭露;面临; preventable:adj.可预防的;可阻止的;可防止的; disease:n.病,[医]疾病;弊病;vt.传染;使…有病;
Well, that's true. 是的,这是真的。
And what if I told you that it's actually killing more people than we thought to be the case ever before? 如果再我告诉你,其实它杀害的人 比我们想象的要多呢？
That's true, too. 这也是真的。
Smoking kills more people each year than alcohol , AIDS, car accidents, illegal drugs, murders and suicides combined. 每年死于吸烟的人数 比酒精、艾滋、车祸、 非法毒品、谋杀和自杀 加在一起还多。
alcohol:n.酒精;乙醇;含酒精饮料; illegal:adj.不合法的;非法的;n.非法移民;非法劳工; suicides:n.自杀;自毁;自杀者;(suicide的复数)
Year in and year out . 年复一年。
Year in and year out:年复一年;一年到头;
In 2014, 2014 年,
Dr. Adams's predecessor released the 50th anniversary Surgeon General 's report on smoking and health. 亚当斯博士 【注:美国现任卫生局局长】 的前任发表了美国卫生总署 关于吸烟与健康的 五十周年报告。
predecessor:n.前任,前辈; released:v.释放;使免除;已发布;(release的过去分词和过去式) Surgeon General:n.军医处长;
And that report upped the annual death toll from smoking, because the list of smoking-related illnesses got bigger. 这份报告还增加了每年 因吸烟而死亡的人数, 因为与吸烟有关的疾病 越来越多。
annual:n.年报;年鉴;年刊;adj.每年的;年度的;一年的; death toll:n.(事故、战争、灾难等的)死亡人数;
And so it is now conservatively estimated that smoking kills 480,000 Americans every year. 依据目前的保守估计, 美国每年因吸烟致死 的人数为 48 万。
conservatively:adv.谨慎地;保存地;适当地; estimated:adj.估计的;预计的;估算的;
These are completely preventable deaths. 这些全是可预防的死亡。
How do we wrap our heads around a statistic like this? 我们该如何理解这样的数据呢？
wrap:v.缠绕;隐藏;掩护;包起来;缠绕;穿外衣;n.外套;围巾; statistic:n.统计学;统计数字;统计资料;(一项)统计数据;adj.统计(上)的;
So much of what we've heard at this conference is about individual experiences and personal experiences. 我们在这次会议上听到很多 个体经历和个人经验。
conference:n.会议;研讨会;商讨会;体育协会(或联合会) individual:n.个人;有个性的人;adj.单独的;个别的; personal:adj.个人的;身体的;亲自的;n.人事消息栏;人称代名词;
How do we deal with this at a population level, when there are 480,000 moms, dads, sisters, brothers, aunts and uncles dying unnecessary deaths every year from tobacco? 我们如何在人口水平上 处理这个问题, 当每年有 48 万母亲、 父亲、姐妹、兄弟、阿姨和叔叔 不必要地死于烟草？
And then what happens when you think about this trajectory for the future? 当你思考未来的趋势时 会发生什么？
trajectory:n.[物]轨道,轨线;[航][军]弹道;
And just do the simple math: from the time of the 50th anniversary Surgeon General's report five years ago, when this horrible statistic was raised, just through mid-century -- 只要做简单的计算: 从五年前卫生总署的 五十周年报道开始, 那是这个可怕的统计数据 发表的时间, 只用了半个世纪——
horrible:可怕的,极讨厌的, mid-century:世纪中叶;
that's more than 17 million avoidable deaths in the United States from tobacco use, primarily because of cigarettes. 美国就有超过 1700 万例可避免的 因烟草引起的死亡, 主要是由于香烟。
avoidable:adj.可避免的;可作为无效的;可回避的;
The Surgeon General concluded that 5.6 million children alive in the United States in 2014 will die prematurely later in life because of cigarettes. 卫生总署总结道, 2014 年美国有 560 万儿童 日后将会因香烟过早死亡。
concluded:v.断定:得出结论:终止:达成:缔结(协定)(conclude的过去分词和过去式)
Five point six million children. 560 万儿童。
So this is an enormous public health problem for all of us but especially for us as regulators at the Food and Drug Administration and the Center for Tobacco Products. 所以这对我们所有人都是 巨大的公共健康问题, 尤其对我们这些在 FDA 和烟草制品中心的监管者而言。
enormous:adj.庞大的,巨大的;凶暴的,极恶的; especially:adv.尤其;特别;格外;十分; regulators:n.调整者;调节阀(regulator的复数形式);
What can we do about it? 我们对此能做些什么呢？
What can we do to reverse this trajectory of disease and death? 我们应如何扭转这种 疾病和死亡的趋势？
reverse:n.反面; v.颠倒; adj.相反的;
Well, we have an interesting guide to help unravel issues like: How did the cigarette as we know it come to be? 我们有个有趣的指南 来帮助解决问题, 比如:我们所知道的 香烟是怎么来的？
unravel:v.解开;解体;阐释;说明;澄清;变得清楚易懂; issues:n.重要议题;争论的问题;v.宣布;公布;发出;(issue的第三人称单数和复数)
What is the true nature of the tobacco and cigarette business? 烟草和卷烟业的真正性质是什么？
How did the industry behave in the historically unregulated marketplace ? 该行业在历史上不受监管 的市场中是如何运作的？
behave:v.表现;(机器等)运转;举止端正;(事物)起某种作用; historically:adv.历史上地;从历史观点上说; unregulated:adj.未经调节的;[仪]未校准的; marketplace:n.市场;集市;
And our guide is previously secret internal documents from the tobacco industry. 我们的指南来自 烟草行业曾经保持机密的内部文件。
previously:adv.先前;以前; internal:n.内脏;本质;adj.内部的;里面的;体内的;(机构)内部的;
Come with me in a tobacco industry document time machine . 和那么请我一起 进入烟草业文件的时间机器。
time machine:n.时间机器;
Nineteen sixty-three was 25 years before the Surgeon General was finally able to conclude that the nicotine and cigarettes was addictive . 1963 年, 那是在卫生总署于 1998 年得出结论表明
finally:adv.终于;最终;(用于列举)最后;彻底地; nicotine:n.[有化]尼古丁;[有化]烟碱; addictive:adj.使人上瘾的;使人入迷的;
That did not happen until the Surgeon General's report in 1998. 尼古丁和烟草会导致上瘾的 25 年前。
Nineteen sixty-three was one year before the first-ever Surgeon General's report in 1964. 1963 年, 是 1964 年史上卫生总署 第一次发布报告的前一年。
first-ever:adj.第一例;前所未有;
I remember 1964. 我记得 1964 年。
I don't remember the Surgeon General's report, but I remember 1964. 我不记得卫生总署的报告了, 但我记得 1964 年。
I was a kid growing up in Brooklyn, New York. 我是个在纽约布鲁克林长大的孩子。
This was at a time when almost one in two adults in the United States smoked. 那个时候 几乎一半的美国成年人吸烟。
Both of my parents were heavy smokers at the time. 那时我父母都是重度烟民。
Tobacco use was so incredibly normalized that -- and this wasn't North Carolina , Virginia or Kentucky , this was Brooklyn -- we made ashtrays for our parents in arts and crafts class. 烟草使用极为正常 ——这里不是北卡罗莱纳, 不是弗吉尼亚,也不是肯塔基, 这是布鲁克林—— 我们甚至在工艺美术课上 为父母做烟灰缸。
incredibly:adv.难以置信地;非常地; normalized:adj.标准化的; v.使规范化(normalize的过去分词); Carolina:n.卡罗莱纳州(在美国东南部); Virginia:adj.弗吉尼亚州的; Kentucky:n.肯塔基州; ashtrays:n.烟灰缸(ashtray的复数); arts and crafts:n.手工艺;
(Laughter) （笑声）
The ashtrays I made were pretty awful, but they were ashtrays. 我做的烟灰缸很难看,但倒是能用。
(Laughter) （笑声）
So normalized that I remember seeing a bowl of loose cigarettes in the foyer of our house and other houses as a welcoming gesture when friends came over for a visit. 平常到我记得在我们家 和其他房子的门厅里 有一碗散装香烟 作为朋友来访时的招待品。
loose:adj.宽松的; v.释放; v.松散地; n.放纵; foyer:n.门厅,休息室;大厅; gesture:n.手势;姿势;示意动作;表示;v.做手势;用手势表示;
OK, we're back in 1963. 好了,我们回到 1963 年。
The top lawyer for Brown and Williamson, which was then the third-largest cigarette company in the United States, wrote the following: "Nicotine is addictive. 当时美国的第三大烟草公司, 布朗和威廉姆森的首席律师, 写下了如下句子: “尼古丁会上瘾。
We are, then, in the business of selling nicotine -- an addictive drug." 我们的业务是出售尼古丁, 一种会让人上瘾的毒品。”
It's a remarkable statement , as much for what it doesn't say as for what it does say. 这个声明很不可思议, 不仅在于它说出的话, 还在于它没说的内容。
remarkable:adj.卓越的;非凡的;值得注意的; statement:n.声明;陈述,叙述;报表,清单;
He didn't say they were in the cigarette business. 他没说他们是做香烟生意。
He didn't say they were in the tobacco business. 他没说他们在烟草行业。
He said they were in the business of selling nicotine. 他说他们是销售尼古丁的行业。
Philip Morris in 1972: "The cigarette isn't a product, it's a package. 1972 年,菲利普·莫里斯公司说: 【注:烟草公司】 “香烟不是一种产品, 它是个包装。
The product is nicotine. 产品是尼古丁。
The pack is a storage container for a day's supply of nicotine. 烟盒是储存一天所需 尼古丁的容器。
The cigarette, a dispenser for a dose unit of nicotine." 香烟是一剂量单位 尼古丁的分配器。”
dispenser:n.药剂师;施与者;分配者;自动售货机; dose:n.剂量;一剂,一服;v.服药;给药;给…服药;
We'll come back to this dose unit notion later. 我们稍后会回到剂量单位的概念。
notion:n.观念;信念;理解;
And R.J. Reynolds in 1972: " In a sense , the tobacco industry may be thought of as being a specialized , highly ritualized and stylized segment of the pharmaceutical industry. 还有 1972 年的雷诺兹烟草公司: “在某种意义上,烟草行业 可以说是制药行业中 一个专业化、高度仪式化 和风格化的部门。
In a sense:在某种意义上; specialized:adj.专业的; v.专门研究(或从事); (specialize的过去式和过去分词) highly:adv.高度地;非常;非常赞许地; ritualized:adj.仪式化的;程式化的;v.仪式化(ritualize的过去式); stylized:adj.程式化的; v.风格化; segment:n.段;部分;片;弓形;v.分割;划分; pharmaceutical:adj.制药(学)的;n.药物;
Tobacco products uniquely contain and deliver nicotine, a potent drug with a variety of physiological effects." 香烟制品独一无二地 包含并投送尼古丁, 一种具有多种生理效应的强效药物。”
uniquely:adv.独特地;珍奇地; potent:adj.有效的;强有力的,有权势的;有说服力的; variety:n.多样;种类;杂耍;变化,多样化; physiological:adj.生理学的,生理的;
At the time, and for many decades, publicly, the industry completely denied addiction and completely denied causality . 当时,并且几十年来, 这个行业公开地 完全否认上瘾, 完全否认背后的因果关系。
denied:v.否认;拒绝;否定;不承认;(deny的过去分词和过去式) causality:n.因果关系;
But they knew the true nature of their business. 但他们知道他们生意的真正本质。
And from time to time , there have been health scares made public about cigarettes, going back many decades. 时不时地, 有关于香烟的健康恐慌 被公诸于众, 早在几十年前就是如此。
from time to time:不时,有时;
How did the industry respond ? 这个行业是如何回应的？
respond:vi.回答;作出反应;承担责任;n.应答;唱和;
And how did they respond in this historically unregulated marketplace? 它们在这个历史上 不受监管的市场中是如何反应的？
Going back to the 1930s, it was with advertising that heavily featured imagery of doctors and other health care professionals sending messages of reassurance . 回到 1930 年代, 他们在广告中 让医生和其他医护人员 传达安抚信息的画面 占据了显着位置。
advertising:n.做广告;广告业;广告活动;v.做广告;(advertise的现在分词) imagery:n.像;意象;比喻;形象化; health care:n.卫生保健; professionals:n.[管理]专业人员(professional的复数); reassurance:n.使安心,再保证;
This is an ad for Lucky Strikes, the popular cigarette of the time in the '30s: 这是美国好彩公司的一则广告, 它是 30 年代流行的香烟产品:
[20,679 physicians say "Luckies are less irritating ." 【20679 名医生说:“好彩刺激性更低。”
physicians:n.[内科]内科医生(physician的复数); irritating:adj.惹人生气的;恼人的;使人生气的;v.使烦恼;刺激;(irritate的现在分词)
Your throat protection against irritation , against cough.] 保护喉咙免受刺激,防止咳嗽。】
irritation:n.刺激;激怒,恼怒,生气;兴奋;令人恼火的事;
(Laughter) （笑声）
We laugh, but this was the kind of advertising that was there to send a health message of reassurance. 我们笑了, 但这就是那类广告 用来传递让人放心的健康信息。
Fast-forward to 1950s, '60s and '70s. 快进到 1950 年代, 60 年代和 70 年代。
Fast-forward:n.快进功能;adj.进展迅速的;vi.快进;vt.使快进;
And here, again, in the absence of regulation , what we're going to see is modifications to the product and product design to respond to the health concerns of the day. 同样缺乏监管, 我们看到了商家通过修改产品 和产品设计 来响应当时的健康顾虑。
in the absence of:缺乏,不存在;无…时,缺少…时; regulation:n.规则;法规;控制;规章制度;adj.规定的;必须穿戴的;必须使用的; modifications:n.修改;改进;改变;(modification的复数) concerns:n.关注; v.使关心(concern的三单形式);
This is the Kent Micronite filter . 这是肯特微型过滤器。
filter:n.滤波器;过滤器;滤光器;滤声器;v.过滤;渗入;(用程序)筛选;缓行;
And here, the innovation , if you will, was the filtered cigarette. 这里所谓的创新是过滤香烟。
innovation:n.创新,革新;新方法; filtered:v.过滤;(用程序)筛选;缓行;(filter的过去分词和过去式)
[Full smoking pleasure ... 【吸烟的全部乐趣……
plus proof of the greatest health protection ever.] 再加上有史以来最有效的 健康保护措施。】
proof:n.证据;证实;adj.能抵御;可防护;
What the smoker of this product didn't know, what their doctor didn't know, what the government didn't know, is that this was a filter that was lined with asbestos -- 这个产品的烟民不知道, 他们的医生不知道, 他们的政府不知道, 这个过滤器的内衬是石棉——
asbestos:n.石棉;adj.石棉的;
(Gasps) （惊呼）
so that when smokers were smoking this filtered cigarette and still inhaling the chemicals and smoke that we know are associated with cancer and lung disease and heart disease, they were also sucking down asbestos fibers . 所以当吸烟者 吸食过滤香烟时 仍然吸入化学物质和烟雾, 这些我们知道跟癌症、肺病 和心脏病相关的东西, 他们还在吮吸石棉纤维。
inhaling:n.吸入;吸气;v.吸入;吸气;猛喝(inhale的现在分词); chemicals:n.化学制品;化学品;(chemical的复数) associated:adj.有关联的; v.联想; (associate的过去分词和过去式) cancer:n.癌症;恶性肿瘤; sucking:adj.吮吸的;没有断奶的;v.吮吸;吸;咂;抽取;(suck的现在分词) fibers:n.纤维(fiber的复数);
(Gasps) （惊呼）
In the 1960s and the 1970s, the so-called innovation was the light cigarette. 在 1960 和 1970 年代, 所谓的创新是淡味香烟。
so-called:adj.所谓的;号称的;
This is a typical brand of the day called True. 这是当时一个典型品牌, 叫做 True。
typical:adj.典型的;特有的;象征性的; brand:v.铭刻于,铭记;打烙印于;印…商标于;n.商标,牌子;烙印;
And this is after the Surgeon General's reports have started coming out. 这是在卫生总署报告 开始发行后出现的。
And you see the look of concern on her face. 你可以看到她脸上的担忧。
[Considering all I'd heard, 【考虑到我听到的一切,
I decided to either quit or smoke True. 我决定,要么不戒烟, 要么抽 True。
quit:v.离开;放弃;停止;使…解除;n.离开;[计]退出;adj.摆脱了…的;已经了结的;
I smoke True.] 我选择 True。】
(Laughter) (笑声)
[The low tar , low nicotine cigarette.] 【低焦油,低尼古丁香烟。】
tar:n.焦油;柏油;水手;vt.涂以焦油;玷污;
And then it says, "Think about it." 然后它说,“考虑一下。”
And then even below that in the small print are tar numbers and nicotine numbers. 然后在更下面的地方, 用小字写着 焦油和尼古丁数据。
small print:n.(协议或法律文件中易于被忽略但重要的)小号字印刷的附加条款;
What was a light cigarette? 什么是淡味香烟？
How did it work? 它的原理是什么？
This is an illustration of the product modification known as "filter ventilation ." 这个图例展示了 被称为“过滤通风”的产品修改设计。
illustration:n.插图;图解;示例;图示; ventilation:n.通风设备;空气流通;
That's not a real filter blown up. 这并不是真正过滤器的放大图。
That's just a picture so that you could see the rows of laser-perforated ventilation holes that were put on the filter. 这只是张图示,能让你看到 在过滤器上的 一排排激光穿孔的通风孔。
When you look at a real cigarette, it's harder to see. 现实中你观察香烟时, 它很难看到。
Every patent for this product shows that the ventilation holes should be 12 millimeters from the lip end of the filter. 这种产品的每一项专利都说明 通风孔应和过滤器的唇端 相距 12 毫米。
patent:vt.授予专利; adj.专利的; n.专利权; millimeters:n.毫米;(millimeter的复数)
How did it work? 它的原理是怎样的？
The cigarette got stuck into a machine. 把香烟塞进机器里。
The machine started puffing away on the cigarette and recording tar and nicotine levels. 机器开始吞云吐雾地吸烟, 并记录下焦油和尼古丁的含量。
puffing:v.吸,抽(香烟、烟斗等);使喷出;气喘吁吁;(puff的现在分词)
As the machine smoked, outside air came through those ventilation holes and diluted the amount of smoke that was coming through the cigarette. 当机器抽烟时, 外部空气进入这些通风孔, 稀释了香烟产生的烟雾。
diluted:v.稀释;冲淡;削弱;降低;(dilute的过去分词和过去式)
So as the machine smoked, there really was less tar and nicotine being delivered compared to a regular cigarette. 所以当机器抽烟时, 确实比常规香烟输送的 焦油和尼古丁要少。
compared:adj.比较的,对照的; v.相比; (compare的过去式和过去分词)
What the tobacco industry knew was that human beings don't smoke like machines. 烟草工业知道 人类不像机器那样抽烟。
How do human beings smoke this? 人类是如何抽烟的？
Where do the fingers go? 手指放在哪里呢？
(Murmurs) （低语）
Where do the lips go? 嘴唇应该放在哪里？
I told you that the patent said that the holes are 12 millimeters from the lip end. 我说过,专利说 通风孔距唇端 12 毫米。
The smoker didn't even know they were there, but between fingers and lips, the holes get blocked. 吸烟者甚至不知道它们在那里, 但在手指和嘴唇之间, 通风孔被挡住了。
And when the holes get blocked, it's no longer a light cigarette. 当这些小孔被堵住时, 它就不再是淡味香烟了。
Turns out that there's actually basically as much nicotine inside a light cigarette as a regular cigarette. 结果实际上, 淡味香烟里面的尼古丁含量 其实跟常规香烟一样。
basically:adv.主要地,基本上;
The difference was what's on the outside. 差异在于外面的东西。
But once you block what's on the outside, it's a regular cigarette. 但一旦你挡住外面的东西, 它就是一支常规的香烟。
Congress put FDA in the business of regulating tobacco products 10 years ago this June. 10 年前的六月,国会让 FDA 介入烟草监管。
Congress:n.国会;代表大会;会议;社交; regulating:vt.调节;校正(regulate的现在分词);
So you heard the statistics at the beginning about the extraordinary contribution to disease and death that cigarettes make. 于是你在开头听到了那些 香烟导致疾病和死亡的惊人统计。
statistics:n.统计数字;统计资料;统计学;(statistic的复数) at the beginning:首先;从一开始;起初;从头开始; extraordinary:adj.非凡的;特别的;离奇的;临时的;特派的; contribution:n.捐款;捐资;定期缴款;贡献;促成作用;稿件;
We've also been paying a lot of attention to how the cigarette works as a drug-delivery device and the remarkable efficiency with which it delivers nicotine. 我们也把很多注意力放到 香烟作为药物传输设备的工作原理 以及它传递尼古丁的非凡效率。
device:n.装置;策略;图案; efficiency:n.效率;效能;功效;
So let's take a look. 那么让我们看看。
When the smoker puffs on the cigarette, the nicotine from that puff gets up into the brain in less than 10 seconds. 当吸烟者吸一口烟时, 这口烟里的尼古丁 会在不到 10 秒内 进入大脑。
puffs:v.吸,抽;使喷出;气喘吁吁;n.少量;千层酥;泡芙;(puff的第三人称单数和复数)
Less than 10 seconds. 不到 10 秒。
Up in the brain, there are these things called " nicotinic receptors ." 在大脑里, 有叫“尼古丁受体”的东西。
nicotinic:adj.烟碱(酸)的; receptors:n.[生化]受体;接受器;神经末梢(receptor的复数);
They're there ... 它们在那里……
waiting. 等待着。
They're waiting for, in the words of that Philip Morris document, the next "dose unit of nicotine." 它们在等待,用菲利普·莫里斯 公司那份文件的话来说, 下一个“剂量单位”的尼古丁。
The smoker that you see outside, huddled with other smokers, in the cold, in the wind , in the rain, is experiencing craving and may be experiencing the symptoms of withdrawal . 你看到在外面的吸烟者, 跟其他吸烟者挤在一起, 在寒冷中, 在风中, 在雨中, 正在经历渴望, 并可能正在经历戒断症状。
huddled:v.挤成一团;胡乱堆积(huddle的过去式及过去分词形式); in the wind:即将发生;在进行; craving:n.渴望;热望;v.渴望;恳求;(crave的现在分词); symptoms:n.症状;征候;征兆;(symptom的复数) withdrawal:n.撤退,收回;提款;取消;退股;
Those symptoms of withdrawal are a chemical message that these receptors are sending to the body, saying, "Feed me!" 戒断症状是这些受体 传递给身体的化学信息, 说,“喂我！”
And a product that can deliver the drug in less than 10 seconds turns out to be an incredibly efficient and incredibly addictive product. 一个可以在10 秒内 传递药物的产品 结果成为一种难以置信 的高效和上瘾的产品。
efficient:adj.有效率的;有能力的;生效的;
We've spoken to so many addiction treatment experts over the years. 多年来,我们跟很多成瘾治疗专家 交谈过。
treatment:n.治疗;疗法;对待;处理;讨论;
And the story I hear is the same over and over again : "Long after I was able to get somebody off of heroin or cocaine or crack cocaine, 我听到同样的故事不断重复: “我早就能让某人戒掉海洛因、 可卡因或强效纯可卡因,
over and over again:adv.一再地;反复不断地; heroin:n.[药][毒物]海洛因,吗啡; cocaine:n.[药]可卡因; crack:v.使破裂;打开;变声;n.裂缝;声变;噼啪声;adj.最好的;高明的;
I can't get them to quit cigarettes." 但我无法让他们戒烟。”
A large part of the explanation is the 10-second thing. 很大一部分解释是 那个 10 秒钟。
FDA has it within its regulatory reach to use the tools of product regulation to render cigarettes as we know them minimally or nonaddictive. FDA 已经在监管范围内 使用产品监管工具 让我们所知的香烟 成瘾性最低或不成瘾。
regulatory:adj.管理的;控制的;调整的; render:v.提供;给予;提交;翻译;n.粉刷;[建](墙壁的)初涂;抹灰;精制油; minimally:adv.最低限度地;最低程度地;
We're working on this. 我们正在为此努力。
And this could have a profound impact at a population level from this one policy . 这一个政策可能在人口层面上 产生深远的影响。
profound:adj.深厚的;意义深远的;渊博的; impact:n.影响;效果;碰撞;冲击力;v.挤入,压紧;撞击;对…产生影响; policy:n.政策,方针;保险单;
We did dynamic population-level modeling a year ago, and we published the results in "The New England Journal ." 一年前我们做了人口层面 的动态建模, 我们在《新英格兰杂志》 上发表了研究结果。
dynamic:n.动力; adj.充满活力的; Journal:n.杂志;日记;日志;(用于报纸名)…报;
And because of the generational effect of this policy, which I'll explain in a minute, here's what we project out through the end of the century: more than 33 million people 因为这项政策的世代效应, 我马上会解释, 这是我们预测到的本世纪末的情况: 超过 3300 万
generational:adj.一代的;生育的;
who would otherwise have gone on to become regular smokers won't, because the cigarette that they'll be experimenting with can't create or sustain addiction. 本来会成为常规吸烟者的人 不会成为吸烟者, 因为他们将要试验的香烟 不会产生或维持成瘾。
This would drive the adult smoking rate down to less than one and a half percent. 这将使成人吸烟率 下降到 1.5% 以下。
And these two things combined would result in the saving of more than eight million cigarette-related deaths that would otherwise have occurred from the generational impact of this. 这两件事情相结合 可以拯救那些本会因 800 多万例吸烟有关的死亡。
occurred:v.发生;出现;存在于;出现在;(occur的过去分词和过去式)
Now, why am I saying "generational"? 为什么我提到“世代”？
It's about kids. 这跟儿童有关。
Ninety percent of adult smokers started smoking when they were kids. 90% 的成人吸烟者 从孩童时期就开始吸烟。
Half of them became regular smokers before they were legally old enough to buy a pack of cigarettes. 其中一半人在合法购烟年龄前 就成为了老烟民。
Half of them became regular smokers before they were 18 years old. 其中一半人在 18 岁之前 就成为了老烟民。
Experimentation . 尝试。
Experimentation:n.实验;试验;
Regular smoking. 惯常吸烟。
Addiction. 上瘾。
Decades of smoking. 数十年烟龄。
And then the illness, and that's why we're talking about a product that will kill half of all long-term users prematurely later in life. 然后是疾病, 这就是为什么我们讨论的这个产品 会让一半的长期使用者 在以后过早死亡。
The generational impact of this nicotine-reduction policy is profound. 这个减少尼古丁的政策会带来深远 的世代影响。
Those old industry documents had a word for young people. 那些旧的行业文件中用 一个词形容年轻人。
They were described as "the replacement smokers." 他们被称为“替代吸烟者”。
described:v.描述;形容;把…称为;做…运动;(describe的过去分词和过去式) replacement:n.替换;更换;替代品;接替者;
The replacement smokers for addicted adult smokers who died or quit. 替代那些死亡或戒烟 的成年烟民。
addicted:adj.上瘾的;上瘾;成瘾;有瘾;入迷;
Future generations of kids, especially teens , are going to engage in risky behavior. 未来世代的小孩,尤其是青少年, 将会进行高风险行为。
teens:n.十多岁,十几岁;青少年; engage:v.吸引,占用;使参加;雇佣;使订婚;预定;
We can't stop that. 我们无法阻止他们。
But what if the only cigarette that they could get their hands on could no longer create or sustain addiction? 但如果他们唯一能入手的香烟 无法产生或维持上瘾会怎样？
That's the public health return on investment at a population level over time. 这是长期在人口层面上投资 的公共健康回报。
investment:n.投资;投入;封锁;
Haven't said anything about e-cigarettes. 我还没有说到任何有关 电子烟的事情。
But I have to say something about e-cigarettes. 但我得谈一下电子烟。
(Laughter) （笑声）
We are dealing with an epidemic of kids' use of e-cigarettes. 我们正在应对电子烟 在小孩中的流行使用。
epidemic:n.流行病;蔓延;adj.传染病;流行性的;
And what troubles us the most, in combination with the rising numbers when it comes to prevalence, is frequency . 最让我们感到困扰的, 是与不断上升的流行率相结合的 使用频率。
combination:n.结合;组合;联合;[化学]化合; frequency:n.频率;发生率;重复率;频繁;
Not only are more kids using e-cigarettes, but more kids are using e-cigarettes 20 or more days in the past 30 days than at any time since e-cigarettes came onto the market. 不仅有更多小孩在使用电子烟, 而且自电子烟推出市场以来, 在过去 30 天中 使用电子烟 20 天以上 的小孩数目达到了新高。
And at FDA, we're doing everything that we can using program and policy, first to get the word out to kids that this is not a harmless product and to make sure that kids aren't initiating and experimenting on any tobacco product, whether combustion is present or not. 在 FDA,我们正倾尽全力 使用项目和政策, 首先向小孩传递信息说, 这不是一种无害的产品, 并确保孩子不会主动开始或尝试 任何烟草制品, 无论是否需要点燃。
get the word out:把消息传开去; initiating:v.开始;发起;使了解;传授;使加入;(initiate的现在分词) combustion:n.燃烧,氧化;骚动;
But think about e-cigarettes in a properly regulated marketplace as something that could be of benefit to addicted adult cigarette smokers who are trying to transition away from cigarettes. 但是想想电子烟在 一个合理监管的市场上, 对于那些试图戒掉香烟 的上瘾成年吸烟者来说 可能是有益的。
transition:n.过渡;转变;变革;变迁;v.经历转变过程;过渡;
So, I'll leave you with this vision : imagine a world where the only cigarette that future generations of kids could experiment with could no longer create or sustain addiction because of a single policy. 所以,我将留给你们如下的愿景: 想象这样一个世界, 因为一个政策, 未来世代的儿童 唯一能够尝试到的香烟 无法再产生或维持上瘾。
vision:n.视力;美景;幻象;想象力;v.想象;显现;梦见;
Imagine a world where health-concerned cigarette smokers, especially if a policy goes into effect that takes the nicotine levels down to minimally or nonaddictive levels, 想象这样一个世界, 关注健康的吸烟者 可以过渡到危害更小的 尤其是在让尼古丁水平降低到 最低或不上瘾程度
could transition to alternative and less harmful forms of nicotine delivery , starting with FDA-approved nicotine medications , like the gum , patch and lozenge . 的政策开始生效时。 的政策开始生效时。 他们可以从 FDA 批准的 尼古丁药物开始, 比如口香糖、贴片和嚼锭。
alternative:adj.供选择的;选择性的;交替的;n.二中择一;供替代的选择; delivery:n.[贸易]交付;分娩;递送; medications:n.药;药物;(medication的复数) gum:n.牙龈;树胶;齿龈;树脂;v.在…上涂胶;用黏胶粘; patch:n.补丁;小片;眼罩;色斑;v.修补;打补丁;缝补; lozenge:n.[数]菱形;锭剂;菱形窗玻璃;
And finally, imagine a world and a properly regulated marketplace, whether it's e-cigarettes or whatever the technology of the day, it's not the product developers and the marketers who decide which products come to market and what claims get made for them, it's review scientists at FDA, who look at applications 最后, 想象这样一个世界和 一个合理监管的市场, 无论是电子烟还是 任何当时的科技, 都不是由产品开发者和市场营销者 决定什么产品进入市场 以及对产品做出声明, 而是由 FDA 的审批科学家 审查申请,
technology:n.技术;工艺;术语; developers:n.开发商;发展者;[摄]显影剂(developer的复数); marketers:n.卖主;市场营销者(marketer的复数); claims:v.宣称; n.声明; (claim的第三人称单数和复数)
and decide, using the standard that Congress has entrusted us to implement and enforce , whether a particular product should come to market, because the marketing of that product and the words of our law would be appropriate for the protection of the public health. 并使用国会委托我们 实现和执行的标准, 来决定一个特定的产品 是否能够进入市场, 因为那个产品的营销 和我们遵循的法律 应当有益于保护公众健康。
standard:n.标准;水准;旗;度量衡标准;adj.标准的;合规格的;公认为优秀的; entrusted:v.委托;交托;托付;(entrust的过去式和过去分词) implement:v.实施;执行;贯彻;使生效;n.工具; enforce:v.强制执行;强迫;迫使; appropriate:adj.适当的;恰当的;v.占用,拨出;
These are the kinds of powerful regulatory tools that are within our reach to deal with what remains the leading cause of completely preventable disease and death in the country. 这些都是我们可以使用的 强有力的监管工具, 可以用来处理这个国家的 完全可预防的疾病和死亡 的要因。
If we get this right, that trajectory, those 5.6 million kids, is breakable . 如果我们正确处理, 就能打破那个趋势,拯救那 560 万儿童。
breakable:adj.易碎的;n.易碎的东西,易破的东西;
Thank you. 谢谢。
(Applause) （鼓掌）